252:(the political union of Germany and Austria), Mark was arrested and thrown into a Gestapo prison. He was released with a warning not to contact anyone Jewish. He was also stripped of his passport. He retrieved his passport by paying a bribe equal to a year's salary, and he obtained a visa to enter Canada and transit visas through Switzerland, France, and England. At the end of April, Mark and his family mounted a Nazi flag on the radiator of their car, strapped ski equipment on the roof, and drove across the border, reaching Zurich the next day. From there, the family traveled to England via France, and in September, Mark, temporarily leaving his family behind, boarded a boat to Montreal.
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With the rise of Nazi power, Mark's plant manager recognised that as a foreigner and the son of a Jewish father he would be most vulnerable. Mark took his manager's advice and accepted a position as professor of physical chemistry at the
University of Vienna, which brought him back to the city where
244:
In early 1938 Mark began preparing to leave
Austria by delegating his administrative duties to colleagues. At the same time he clandestinely started to buy platinum wire, worth roughly $ 50,000, which he bent into coat hangers while his wife knitted covers so that the hangers could be taken out of
20:
116:. His friend's father, who taught science, arranged the tour. The visit excited both boys and before long they turned their bedrooms into laboratories. Both had access to chemicals through their fathers, and they were soon performing experiments.
111:
Several early stimuli apparently steered Herman Mark to science. He was greatly influenced by a teacher, Franz
Hlawaty, who made mathematics and physics understandable. At the age of twelve, he and his friend toured the laboratories of the
294:, the first research facility in the United States dedicated to polymer research. Mark is also recognized as a pioneer in establishing curriculum and pedagogy for the field of polymer science. In 1950, the POLY division of the
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offered Mark the assistant directorship of research at one of the company's laboratories. In his years at Farben, Mark worked on the first serious attempts at the commercialization of
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Herman Mark, Transcript of
Interviews Conducted by James J. Bohning and Jeffrey L. Sturchio at Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York on 3 February, 17 March, and 20 June 1986
562:
Herman Mark, Transcript of
Interviews Conducted by James J. Bohning and Jeffrey L. Sturchio at Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York on 3 February, 17 March, and 20 June 1986
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he grew up. Mark's stay in Vienna lasted six very successful years during which he designed a new curriculum in polymer chemistry and continued research in the field of
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264:. There he established a strong polymer program which included not only research but the first undergraduate polymer education in the United States.
491:"Herman F. Mark – Pioneer of polymer chemistry and initiator of the gas-phase electron diffraction technique of molecular structure determination"
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236:. Mark replied that he was busy but that he would try to visit Canada the following year to help reorganize the company's research facilities.
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Mark was born in Vienna in 1895, the son of
Hermann Carl Mark, a physician, and Lili Mueller. Mark's father was Jewish, but converted to
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Some of Mark's earliest work at the
Brooklyn Polytechnic involved experiments with reinforcing ice by mixing water with
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asked Mark and his colleagues to use the intense and powerful X-ray tubes available at their laboratory to verify the
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learned X-ray diffraction from Mark, and that knowledge led to
Pauling's seminal work on the structure of proteins.
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In
September 1937, Mark met C.B. Thorne, an official with the Canadian International Pulp and Paper Company, in
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was formed, and has since grown to the second-largest division in this association with nearly 8,000 members.
1936:
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198:. Mark helped make Farben a leader in manufacturing and distribution of new polymers and co-polymers.
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220:. At the meeting, Thorne offered Mark a position as research manager with the company in
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Mark served as an
Officer in the elite k.k. KaiserschĂĽtzen Regiment Nr. II of the
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before freezing. In 1942, the results of these experiments were later passed to
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work on the molecular structure of fibers provided important evidence for the
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Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States
19:
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1975: Aachen and Munich Prize for Technology and Applied Sciences
284:
279:
who had been a student of Mark in Vienna, but was now in the UK.
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From Canada, Mark went to the United States, where he joined the
217:
46:
35:
132:. He was highly decorated and the Austrian hero of the alpine
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225:
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290:
In 1946, Mark established the Polymer Research Institute at
152:. This led to the computation of intermolecular distances.
205:(1929–2021) later became an American government official.
5945:
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
1541:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures
1536:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
731:
Bohning, James J.; Sturchio, Jeffrey L. (20 June 1986).
559:
Bohning, James J.; Sturchio, Jeffrey L. (20 June 1986).
1429:
248:
When Hitler's troops invaded Austria and declared the
148:
caused by passage through gases along with physicist
49:
regarded for his contributions to the development of
5955:
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
705:
Herman Francis Mark, 1895—1992 A Biographical Memoir
715:
537:
5970:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
5935:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1737:
5871:
4022:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
584:"Herman Mark and the Polymer Research Institute"
465:"Herman Mark and the Polymer Research Institute"
5930:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
742:The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry
730:
711:. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
680:(paperback ed.). Oxford University Press.
635:
570:The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry
558:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
305:designated the Polymer Research Institute as a
413:Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology
67:Mark–Houwink or Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation
5464:
1707:
773:
438:"Herman Francis Mark | American chemist"
73:of a polymer on its relative molecular mass (
69:, describing the dependence of the intrinsic
444:
61:theory of polymer structure. Together with
1610:
5471:
5457:
1714:
1700:
780:
766:
239:
65:he formulated an equation, now called the
552:
506:
488:
312:
283:'s work would lead to the development of
5975:Fellows of the American Physical Society
3431:
701:
18:
2001:
1723:United States National Medal of Science
749:Interview (in german) with Hermann Mark
326:Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
5872:
883:
672:
5980:Presidents of the Society of Rheology
5452:
4551:
4550:
4020:
3430:
2944:
2000:
1736:
1695:
761:
666:
1674:
1014:Phase transformation crystallography
469:National Historic Chemical Landmarks
139:
5940:National Medal of Science laureates
1521:Journal of Chemical Crystallography
787:
307:National Historic Chemical Landmark
13:
14:
5991:
5950:Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
695:
531:
292:Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
262:Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
79:Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
77:). He was a long-time faculty at
5925:Polymer scientists and engineers
1673:
1662:
1661:
1268:
255:
678:I Wish I Made You Angry Earlier
178:In 1926, chemist Kurt Meyer of
5895:20th-century American chemists
1463:Bilbao Crystallographic Server
610:
601:
576:
482:
430:
119:
81:. In 1946, he established the
1:
2945:
1738:Behavioral and social science
751:in the online archive of the
419:
95:
618:"Colwyn Medal award winners"
330:1966: Foreign member of the
173:
90:
7:
1511:Crystal Growth & Design
803:Timeline of crystallography
471:. American Chemical Society
415:1st. Ed. 1964 4th. Ed. 2007
10:
5996:
5965:20th-century American Jews
5910:Jewish American scientists
4626:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1322:Nuclear magnetic resonance
702:Morawetz, Herbert (1995).
508:10.1007/s11224-022-01937-9
489:Hargittai, Istvan (2022).
332:Soviet Academy of Sciences
84:Journal of Polymer Science
5818:
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5672:
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5510:
5487:
5388:
5237:
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4907:
4713:
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4480:
4382:
4271:
4182:
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4031:
4027:
4016:
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3665:
3601:William Hayward Pickering
3546:
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3098:
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2940:
2851:
2660:
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2292:
2148:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1953:
1894:
1806:
1766:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1657:
1577:
1549:
1526:Journal of Crystal Growth
1501:
1453:
1400:
1347:
1278:
1266:
1061:
1052:
975:
828:
795:
753:Ă–sterreichische Mediathek
723:Science History Institute
716:Center for Oral History.
648:Science History Institute
545:Science History Institute
538:Center for Oral History.
365:National Medal of Science
303:American Chemical Society
296:American Chemical Society
16:Austrian-American chemist
5050:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
4496:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2127:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1392:Single particle analysis
1250:Hermann–Mauguin notation
424:
396:
320:William H. Nichols Medal
134:Battle of Mount Ortigara
5751:Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
5481:Wolf Prize in Chemistry
4361:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2279:George Ledyard Stebbins
2200:James Augustine Shannon
1516:Crystallography Reviews
1360:Isomorphous replacement
1154:Lomer–Cottrell junction
240:Escape from Nazi Europe
5960:20th-century Lutherans
5880:Scientists from Vienna
4818:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4805:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3761:Harry George Drickamer
3707:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
3381:M. Frederick Hawthorne
3255:John D. Baldeschwieler
2495:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
2177:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1029:Spinodal decomposition
391:Charles Goodyear Medal
344:Chemical Pioneer Award
313:Decorations and awards
168:Nobel Prize in Physics
24:
5647:Samuel J. Danishefsky
5409:Sylvester James Gates
4795:William Alfred Fowler
4777:Robert Rathbun Wilson
4590:Robert Burns Woodward
3402:Geraldine L. Richmond
3150:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
2433:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
2362:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2218:Sterling B. Hendricks
2035:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2030:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1878:William Julius Wilson
1569:Gregori Aminoff Prize
1365:Molecular replacement
338:Elliott Cresson Medal
126:Austro-Hungarian Army
22:
5584:Raphael David Levine
5530:John Charles Polanyi
5380:Warren M. Washington
5344:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
5253:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
5198:Martin Schwarzschild
4979:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4971:J. Robert Schrieffer
4941:E. Margaret Burbidge
4785:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4762:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
4641:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4393:John Griggs Thompson
4316:Martin David Kruskal
4156:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
3629:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
3583:Ralph Brazelton Peck
3538:Jack St. Clair Kilby
3465:John Robinson Pierce
3432:Engineering sciences
3363:Jacqueline K. Barton
3218:George M. Whitesides
3137:Dudley R. Herschbach
3075:Richard B. Bernstein
3044:Walter H. Stockmayer
2592:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2523:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
2413:Stanley Norman Cohen
2400:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2236:Keith Roberts Porter
2099:Alfred H. Sturtevant
2094:Michael Heidelberger
2066:Fritz Albert Lipmann
875:Structure prediction
740:. Philadelphia, PA:
568:. Philadelphia, PA:
495:Structural Chemistry
407:LIFE Science Library
114:University of Vienna
5844:Benjamin F. Cravatt
5840:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
5805:Stephen L. Buchwald
5544:Harden M. McConnell
5540:Herbert S. Gutowsky
5430:Shirley Ann Jackson
5349:Charles P. Slichter
5193:Marshall Rosenbluth
5185:Wallace S. Broecker
5138:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4899:Victor F. Weisskopf
4846:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4828:Edgar Bright Wilson
4669:George Kistiakowsky
4287:Stephen Cole Kleene
3798:George H. Heilmeier
3785:Mildred Dresselhaus
3676:Edward H. Heinemann
3606:Frederick E. Terman
3570:Richard T. Whitcomb
3491:Clarence L. Johnson
3452:Theodore von Kármán
3339:Stephen J. Benkovic
3318:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
3305:Marvin H. Caruthers
3260:Ralph F. Hirschmann
3200:Darleane C. Hoffman
3090:Harden M. McConnell
3031:Frank H. Westheimer
2843:Stanley B. Prusiner
2807:Robert J. Lefkowitz
2566:Howard Martin Temin
2423:Maurice R. Hilleman
2418:Joseph L. Goldstein
2357:Donald A. Henderson
2274:Earl Reece Stadtman
2259:Elizabeth C. Crosby
2223:Orville Alvin Vogel
2053:Donald D. Van Slyke
2002:Biological sciences
1139:Cottrell atmosphere
1119:Partial dislocation
863:Restriction theorem
607:Perutz, 2002, p. 83
350:Willard Gibbs Award
222:Hawkesbury, Ontario
28:Herman Francis Mark
23:Herman Francis Mark
5905:Austrian Lutherans
5826:Leslie Leiserowitz
5722:William E. Moerner
5694:K. Barry Sharpless
5564:Albert Eschenmoser
5534:George C. Pimentel
5302:G. Brent Dalrymple
5120:Arthur L. Schawlow
5027:James A. Van Allen
4918:Philip W. Anderson
4874:Richard P. Feynman
4800:Linus Carl Pauling
4435:Dennis P. Sullivan
3992:John B. Goodenough
3925:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3893:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3874:Kenneth N. Stevens
3642:Raymond D. Mindlin
3565:Harold E. Edgerton
3410:A. Paul Alivisatos
3289:Stephen J. Lippard
3268:Ernest R. Davidson
3205:Harold S. Johnston
3039:William S. Johnson
3003:George C. Pimentel
2838:Susan L. Lindquist
2820:Francis S. Collins
2714:Victor A. McKusick
2689:Francisco J. Ayala
2671:Nancy C. Andreasen
2621:Robert A. Weinberg
2395:Har Gobind Khorana
2380:Michael E. DeBakey
2367:George Emil Palade
2339:Wendell L. Roelofs
2329:Howard L. Bachrach
2159:Barbara McClintock
2061:Edward F. Knipling
1559:Carl Hermann Medal
1370:Molecular dynamics
1217:Defects in diamond
1212:Stone–Wales defect
858:Reciprocal lattice
820:Biocrystallography
667:General references
643:"SCI Perkin Medal"
188:polyvinyl chloride
32:Hermann Franz Mark
25:
5900:Austrian chemists
5867:
5866:
5836:Bonnie L. Bassler
5789:Robert G. Bergman
5761:Charles M. Lieber
5657:Gabor A. Somorjai
5594:Alan R. Battersby
5570:David C. Phillips
5560:Elias James Corey
5554:Rudolph A. Marcus
5479:Laureates of the
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5375:Esther M. Conwell
5315:Robert N. Clayton
5307:Riccardo Giacconi
5271:Raymond Davis Jr.
5159:Albert Overhauser
5102:Edwin M. McMillan
5063:Arnold O. Beckman
5040:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
5017:Paul C. Lauterbur
4994:Robert Hofstadter
4946:Maurice Goldhaber
4933:Charles H. Townes
4884:Edward M. Purcell
4851:Frederick Rossini
4705:Wolfgang Panofsky
4636:John H. Van Vleck
4552:Physical sciences
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4504:Solomon W. Golomb
4464:Andrew J. Viterbi
4459:Leonard Kleinrock
4406:Calyampudi R. Rao
4374:Ronald R. Coifman
4282:George F. Carrier
4263:Donald C. Spencer
4258:Saunders Mac Lane
4193:Marshall H. Stone
4143:Shiing-Shen Chern
4050:Solomon Lefschetz
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
3949:David J. Wineland
3917:John M. Prausnitz
3858:C. Kumar N. Patel
3853:James L. Flanagan
3821:John Roy Whinnery
3808:H. Guyford Stever
3790:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3753:George W. Housner
3748:Willis M. Hawkins
3743:Daniel C. Drucker
3725:Robert Byron Bird
3717:Bernard M. Oliver
3624:Peter C. Goldmark
3611:Wernher von Braun
3557:George E. Mueller
3530:Nathan M. Newmark
3525:J. Presper Eckert
3504:Claude E. Shannon
3473:Charles S. Draper
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3389:Judith P. Klinman
3273:Gábor A. Somorjai
3184:Isabella L. Karle
3171:George S. Hammond
3132:Gertrude B. Elion
3085:Rudolph A. Marcus
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2862:Ralph L. Brinster
2781:Torsten N. Wiesel
2758:Norman E. Borlaug
2745:Solomon H. Snyder
2740:J. Michael Bishop
2699:Mario R. Capecchi
2579:Salome G. Waelsch
2510:E. Donnall Thomas
2385:Theodor O. Diener
2284:Paul Alfred Weiss
2112:Bernard B. Brodie
2048:George G. Simpson
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1937:Michael I. Posner
1838:Eleanor J. Gibson
1790:George J. Stigler
1758:Neal Elgar Miller
1689:
1688:
1653:
1652:
1260:Thermal ellipsoid
1225:
1224:
1134:Frank–Read source
1094:
1093:
960:Aperiodic crystal
926:
925:
808:Crystallographers
230:cellulose acetate
196:synthetic rubbers
192:polyvinyl alcohol
146:X-ray diffraction
140:X-ray diffraction
108:) upon marriage.
55:X-ray diffraction
44:Austrian-American
38:– April 6, 1992,
5987:
5858:Jeffery W. Kelly
5783:Stuart Schreiber
5767:Robert S. Langer
5680:F. Albert Cotton
5611:Richard R. Ernst
5473:
5466:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5258:Gilbert F. White
5203:George Wetherill
5097:Allan M. Cormack
5055:Jack Steinberger
5035:D. Allan Bromley
4984:H. Richard Crane
4961:Frederick Reines
4951:Helmut Landsberg
4866:George Uhlenbeck
4767:Vladimir Haensel
4729:Allan R. Sandage
4700:Herbert C. Brown
4682:Herbert Friedman
4608:Leon M. Lederman
4580:Julian Schwinger
4559:
4558:
4548:
4547:
4517:Alexandre Chorin
4491:Richard A. Tapia
4472:David B. Mumford
4300:Alberto CalderĂłn
4245:Joseph B. Keller
4232:Michael Freedman
4201:Herman Goldstine
4055:H. Marston Morse
4029:
4028:
4018:
4017:
3957:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3941:Robert S. Langer
3933:Jan D. Achenbach
3766:Herbert E. Grier
3517:Igor I. Sikorsky
3478:Othmar H. Ammann
3439:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3394:Jerrold Meinwald
3163:Norman Hackerman
3142:Glenn T. Seaborg
3057:William O. Baker
2985:F. Albert Cotton
2953:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2919:Mary-Claire King
2812:Bert W. O'Malley
2768:Thomas E. Starzl
2763:Phillip A. Sharp
2750:Charles Yanofsky
2732:Evelyn M. Witkin
2727:James E. Darnell
2553:Paul C. Zamecnik
2518:Mary Ellen Avery
2490:Herbert W. Boyer
2485:Baruj Benacerraf
2456:Joshua Lederberg
2446:Viktor Hamburger
2408:Michael S. Brown
2254:Robert H. Burris
2009:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1945:Mortimer Mishkin
1870:William K. Estes
1854:Roger N. Shepard
1846:Robert K. Merton
1830:George A. Miller
1777:Herbert A. Simon
1745:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1608:
1607:
1531:Kristallografija
1385:Gerchberg–Saxton
1280:Characterisation
1272:
1255:Structure factor
1059:
1058:
1044:Ostwald ripening
881:
880:
826:
825:
782:
775:
768:
759:
758:
745:
739:
727:
712:
710:
691:
661:
660:
658:
656:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
614:
608:
605:
599:
598:
596:
595:
586:. Archived from
580:
574:
573:
567:
556:
550:
549:
535:
529:
528:
510:
501:(4): 1379–1384.
486:
480:
479:
477:
476:
461:
442:
441:
440:. 30 April 2024.
434:
194:, and the first
75:molecular weight
5995:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5915:Jewish chemists
5870:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5814:
5809:John F. Hartwig
5757:Paul Alivisatos
5731:
5706:Richard N. Zare
5668:
5663:Raymond Lemieux
5615:Alexander Pines
5599:
5506:
5483:
5477:
5447:
5434:
5422:Sean C. Solomon
5384:
5336:Daniel Kleppner
5328:Lonnie Thompson
5323:Ralph A. Alpher
5289:W. Jason Morgan
5276:Charles Keeling
5266:Marvin L. Cohen
5233:
5216:John N. Bahcall
5211:Don L. Anderson
5177:Peter Goldreich
5130:Steven Weinberg
5082:
5012:Walter Elsasser
4989:Herman Feshbach
4903:
4841:Samuel Goudsmit
4833:Chien-Shiung Wu
4772:Frederick Seitz
4739:John A. Wheeler
4724:Robert H. Dicke
4709:
4572:Luis W. Alvarez
4553:
4534:
4522:David Blackwell
4476:
4427:Carl R. de Boor
4398:Karen Uhlenbeck
4378:
4332:Louis Nirenberg
4267:
4240:Ralph E. Gomory
4178:
4174:Donald E. Knuth
4161:Hassler Whitney
4099:
4023:
4004:
3969:
3901:Andreas Acrivos
3878:
3866:Eli Ruckenstein
3845:Hermann A. Haus
3816:Calvin F. Quate
3803:Luna B. Leopold
3770:
3661:
3647:Robert N. Noyce
3637:Emmett N. Leith
3596:Manson Benedict
3578:Rudolf Kompfner
3542:
3496:Warren K. Lewis
3433:
3414:
3348:
3310:Peter B. Dervan
3281:John I. Brauman
3240:
3192:Norman Davidson
3119:John D. Roberts
3094:
3062:Konrad E. Bloch
3008:Richard N. Zare
2970:
2947:
2928:
2885:Sallie Chisholm
2867:Rudolf Jaenisch
2847:
2830:J. Craig Venter
2789:Rita R. Colwell
2656:
2642:David Baltimore
2533:Robert W. Kates
2505:David G. Nathan
2500:Edward B. Lewis
2470:
2466:Harland G. Wood
2461:Roger W. Sperry
2316:Glenn W. Burton
2288:
2264:Arthur Kornberg
2231:Roger Guillemin
2208:Hallowell Davis
2172:Daniel I. Arnon
2164:Albert B. Sabin
2144:
2117:Detlev W. Bronk
2089:Harry F. Harlow
2084:Kenneth S. Cole
2071:William C. Rose
2043:Francis P. Rous
2003:
1984:
1949:
1929:Gordon H. Bower
1890:
1886:Robert M. Solow
1802:
1798:Milton Friedman
1762:
1739:
1728:
1720:
1690:
1685:
1649:
1606:
1573:
1545:
1497:
1449:
1420:CrystalExplorer
1396:
1380:Phase retrieval
1343:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1221:
1200:Schottky defect
1099:Perfect crystal
1090:
1086:Abnormal growth
1048:
1034:Supersaturation
997:Miscibility gap
978:
971:
922:
879:
843:Bravais lattice
824:
791:
789:Crystallography
786:
737:
708:
698:
688:
669:
664:
654:
652:
641:
640:
636:
626:
624:
616:
615:
611:
606:
602:
593:
591:
582:
581:
577:
565:
557:
553:
536:
532:
487:
483:
474:
472:
463:
462:
445:
436:
435:
431:
427:
422:
403:Giant Molecules
399:
367:(United States)
315:
258:
242:
176:
160:Albert Einstein
144:Mark worked on
142:
122:
106:Lutheran Church
98:
93:
51:polymer science
34:; May 3, 1895,
17:
12:
11:
5:
5993:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5847:
5833:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5802:
5792:
5786:
5779:K. C. Nicolaou
5776:
5770:
5764:
5754:
5747:Ching Wan Tang
5743:Stuart A. Rice
5739:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5719:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5686:Henri B. Kagan
5683:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5660:
5650:
5640:
5633:Richard Lerner
5630:
5624:
5618:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5590:Duilio Arigoni
5587:
5580:Joshua Jortner
5577:
5567:
5557:
5551:
5537:
5527:
5521:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5476:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5417:Burton Richter
5414:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Yakir Aharonov
5367:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Richard Garwin
5281:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5248:Willis E. Lamb
5245:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5007:Philip Abelson
5004:
5001:
4999:Chen-Ning Yang
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4966:Bruno B. Rossi
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4923:Yoichiro Nambu
4920:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:John C. Slater
4731:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4621:Jacob Bjerknes
4618:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4419:James G. Glimm
4416:
4413:
4411:Elias M. Stein
4408:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4353:Shing-Tung Yau
4350:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4219:Antoni Zygmund
4216:
4211:
4208:
4206:Isadore Singer
4203:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4169:Joseph L. Doob
4166:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4148:George Dantzig
4145:
4140:
4138:John W. Backus
4135:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4114:Richard Brauer
4111:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4095:William Feller
4092:
4089:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4042:Norbert Wiener
4039:
4035:
4033:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4000:Thomas Kailath
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3730:H. Bolton Seed
3727:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3681:Donald L. Katz
3678:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3652:Earl R. Parker
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Hugh L. Dryden
3483:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3368:Peter J. Stang
3365:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3344:Marye Anne Fox
3341:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3297:Tobin J. Marks
3294:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Stuart A. Rice
3223:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3158:Donald J. Cram
3155:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Ronald Breslow
3124:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3067:Elias J. Corey
3064:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3026:Carl S. Marvel
3023:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Roald Hoffmann
2995:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Stanley Falkow
2911:
2908:
2906:Rakesh K. Jain
2903:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Gene E. Likens
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:George F. Bass
2691:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2676:Peter H. Raven
2673:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2600:Alexander Rich
2597:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2574:Daniel Nathans
2571:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2548:Folke K. Skoog
2545:
2540:
2538:Salvador Luria
2535:
2530:
2528:Elvin A. Kabat
2525:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Katherine Esau
2438:
2435:
2430:
2428:Eric R. Kandel
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2372:Joan A. Steitz
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2344:Berta Scharrer
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Seymour Benzer
2308:
2305:
2303:Philip Handler
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:Erwin Chargaff
2187:
2185:Britton Chance
2182:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:Robert Huebner
2132:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2022:C. B. van Niel
2019:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1980:Albert Bandura
1977:
1974:
1972:Robert Axelrod
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1913:R. Duncan Luce
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1862:Paul Samuelson
1859:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1822:Patrick Suppes
1819:
1817:Leonid Hurwicz
1814:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Direct methods
1351:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Ewald's sphere
1237:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1183:Frenkel defect
1180:
1178:Bjerrum defect
1170:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1144:Peierls stress
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1114:Burgers vector
1106:
1104:Stacking fault
1101:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1063:Grain boundary
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1007:Liquid crystal
1004:
999:
994:
983:
981:
973:
972:
970:
969:
968:
967:
957:
956:
955:
945:
944:
943:
938:
927:
924:
923:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
889:
887:
878:
877:
872:
870:Periodic table
867:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
834:
832:
823:
822:
817:
812:
811:
810:
799:
797:
793:
792:
785:
784:
777:
770:
762:
756:
755:
746:
728:
713:
697:
696:External links
694:
693:
692:
686:
668:
665:
663:
662:
634:
609:
600:
575:
551:
530:
481:
443:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
410:
398:
395:
394:
393:
387:
381:
375:
368:
361:
355:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
314:
311:
257:
254:
241:
238:
211:macromolecules
175:
172:
164:Compton Effect
141:
138:
136:in June 1917.
121:
118:
97:
94:
92:
89:
59:macromolecular
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5992:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5799:Makoto Fujita
5796:
5795:Omar M. Yaghi
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5773:Chi-Huey Wong
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5726:Allen J. Bard
5723:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5700:Harry B. Gray
5698:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5643:Gilbert Stork
5641:
5638:
5637:Peter Schultz
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5548:John S. Waugh
5545:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5495:Carl Djerassi
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5462:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:James E. Gunn
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:Edward Witten
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Roger Revelle
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5078:Henry Stommel
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:Eugene Parker
5066:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Edward Teller
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Lyman Spitzer
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Hans A. Bethe
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Maurice Ewing
4755:
4753:
4752:Carl Djerassi
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:Saul Winstein
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Eugene Wigner
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Paul Bartlett
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Louis Hammett
4662:
4660:
4659:Gregory Breit
4657:
4655:
4654:Francis Birch
4652:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:William Rubey
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4545:
4531:
4530:Michael Artin
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Bradley Efron
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Felix Browder
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Stephen Smale
4343:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:John McCarthy
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Samuel Karlin
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Oscar Zariski
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4015:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Ray W. Clough
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Alfred Y. Cho
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:John G. Trump
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
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3545:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Edwin H. Land
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Vannevar Bush
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Allen J. Bard
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:JoAnne Stubbe
3329:
3327:
3326:Joanna Fowler
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
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3287:
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3276:
3274:
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3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3236:Susan Solomon
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
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3190:
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3182:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
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3148:
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3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Melvin Calvin
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Yuan Tseh Lee
3019:
3017:
3016:Harry B. Gray
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Gilbert Stork
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
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2925:
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2920:
2917:
2915:
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2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Bruce Alberts
2896:
2894:
2893:May Berenbaum
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
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2876:
2873:
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2823:
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2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Lubert Stryer
2797:
2795:
2794:Nina Fedoroff
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Anthony Fauci
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Harold Varmus
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2652:Lynn Margulis
2650:
2648:
2647:Jared Diamond
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Thomas Eisner
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Maxine Singer
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Paul A. Marks
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
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2513:
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2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Stanley Cohen
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
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2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2298:
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2282:
2280:
2277:
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2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Efraim Racker
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:James V. Neel
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Horace Barker
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Sewall Wright
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Anne Treisman
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Kenneth Arrow
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Anne Anastasi
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
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1682:
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1672:
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1669:
1660:
1659:
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1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
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1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
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1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
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1529:
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1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Patterson map
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Friedel's law
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:Wigner effect
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:Interstitials
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:Precipitation
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
987:Phase diagram
985:
984:
982:
980:
974:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
928:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
888:
886:
882:
876:
873:
871:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
836:
835:
833:
831:
827:
821:
818:
816:
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:
800:
798:
794:
790:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
763:
760:
754:
750:
747:
743:
736:
735:
729:
725:
724:
719:
718:"Herman Mark"
714:
707:
706:
700:
699:
689:
687:0-19-859027-X
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
651:. 31 May 2016
650:
649:
644:
638:
623:
619:
613:
604:
590:on 2009-05-05
589:
585:
579:
571:
564:
563:
555:
547:
546:
541:
540:"Herman Mark"
534:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
470:
466:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
439:
433:
429:
414:
411:
408:
404:
401:
400:
392:
388:
386:
382:
380:
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
360:
356:
353:
351:
347:
345:
341:
339:
335:
333:
329:
327:
323:
321:
317:
316:
310:
308:
304:
301:In 2003, the
299:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
256:United States
253:
251:
246:
245:the country.
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
206:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
154:Linus Pauling
151:
150:Raimund Wierl
147:
137:
135:
131:
127:
117:
115:
109:
107:
103:
88:
86:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
40:Austin, Texas
37:
33:
29:
21:
5854:Hiroaki Suga
5716:George Feher
5690:RyĹŤji Noyori
5653:Gerhard Ertl
5627:Ahmed Zewail
5524:Joseph Chatt
5518:Henry Eyring
5500:
5404:Sandra Faber
5399:Sidney Drell
5229:Leo Kadanoff
5224:James Cronin
5172:Hans Dehmelt
5107:Robert Pound
5073:Robert Sharp
4889:John Sinfelt
4856:Verner Suomi
4823:Lewis Sarett
4687:Lars Onsager
4631:Henry Eyring
4598:John Bardeen
4340:Richard Karp
4308:Allen Newell
4087:Jerzy Neyman
3712:Tung-Yen Lin
3689:Bill Hewlett
3619:Morris Cohen
3213:John W. Cahn
3114:Karl Folkers
2875:Lucy Shapiro
2825:Elaine Fuchs
2704:Ann Graybiel
2634:Janet Rowley
2616:James Watson
2608:Ruth Patrick
2451:Philip Leder
2321:Mildred Cohn
2269:Severo Ochoa
2246:E. O. Wilson
1678:
1666:
1611:Associations
1579:Organisation
1071:Disclination
1002:Polymorphism
965:Quasicrystal
908:Orthorhombic
848:Miller index
796:Key concepts
733:
721:
704:
677:
653:. Retrieved
646:
637:
627:25 September
625:. Retrieved
621:
612:
603:
592:. Retrieved
588:the original
578:
561:
554:
543:
533:
498:
494:
484:
473:. Retrieved
468:
432:
412:
402:
385:Perkin Medal
379:Colwyn medal
374:in Chemistry
359:Harvey Prize
300:
289:
266:
259:
247:
243:
215:
207:
201:Mark's son
200:
177:
158:
143:
123:
110:
102:Christianity
99:
82:
31:
27:
26:
5890:1992 deaths
5885:1895 births
5501:Herman Mark
5357:Berni Alder
5164:Frank Press
5045:Walter Kohn
5022:George Pake
4956:Walter Munk
4879:Herman Mark
4861:Henry Taube
4649:Jesse Beams
4603:Peter Debye
4585:Harold Urey
4509:Barry Mazur
4071:John Milnor
3965:Amnon Yariv
3909:Leo Beranek
3735:Ernst Weber
3588:Abel Wolman
3179:Thomas Cech
3109:Elkan Blout
3049:Max Tishler
2966:Roger Adams
2924:Simon Levin
2390:Harry Eagle
2213:Paul Gyorgy
1905:Gary Becker
1564:Ewald Prize
1332:Diffraction
1310:Diffraction
1293:Diffraction
1235:Bragg plane
1230:Bragg's law
1109:Dislocation
1024:Segregation
936:Crystallite
853:Point group
674:Perutz, Max
273:cotton wool
184:polystyrene
130:World War I
120:World War I
5874:Categories
5830:Meir Lahav
5712:Ada Yonath
5621:John Pople
5574:David Blow
5151:Vera Rubin
4790:Paul Flory
4451:Hyman Bass
4324:John Cocke
4227:Raoul Bott
4130:Kurt Gödel
4122:John Tukey
4079:Paul Cohen
3694:George Low
3657:Simon Ramo
2880:Leroy Hood
2681:Carl Woese
2629:Bruce Ames
2140:Ernst Mayr
1348:Algorithms
1337:Scattering
1315:Scattering
1298:Scattering
1166:Slip bands
1129:Cross slip
979:transition
913:Tetragonal
903:Monoclinic
815:Metallurgy
594:2007-11-07
475:2015-12-01
420:References
372:Wolf Prize
281:Max Perutz
277:Max Perutz
234:cellophane
96:Early life
53:. Mark's
5146:Val Fitch
4214:Peter Lax
3984:Shu Chien
3231:John Ross
2946:Chemistry
2334:Paul Berg
1726:laureates
1455:Databases
918:Triclinic
898:Hexagonal
838:Unit cell
830:Structure
525:248121005
517:1040-0400
405:(Series:
269:wood pulp
250:Anschluss
203:Hans Mark
180:IG Farben
174:IG Farben
91:Biography
71:viscosity
42:) was an
5850:Chuan He
5718:(2006/7)
5649:(1995/6)
5639:(1994/5)
5556:(1984/5)
5550:(1983/4)
5125:Ed Stone
2122:Jay Lush
1668:Category
1503:Journals
1435:OctaDist
1430:JANA2020
1402:Software
1288:Electron
1205:F-center
992:Eutectic
953:Fiveling
948:Twinning
941:Equiaxed
676:(2002).
655:24 March
409:) (1966)
1680:Commons
1628:Germany
1305:Neutron
1195:Vacancy
1054:Defects
1039:GP-zone
885:Systems
285:Pykrete
218:Dresden
128:during
63:Houwink
47:chemist
5860:(2023)
5846:(2022)
5832:(2021)
5811:(2019)
5801:(2018)
5791:(2017)
5785:(2016)
5775:(2014)
5769:(2013)
5763:(2012)
5753:(2011)
5728:(2008)
5708:(2005)
5702:(2004)
5696:(2001)
5682:(2000)
5665:(1999)
5659:(1998)
5629:(1993)
5623:(1992)
5617:(1991)
5596:(1989)
5586:(1988)
5576:(1987)
5566:(1986)
5536:(1982)
5526:(1981)
5520:(1980)
5503:(1979)
5497:(1978)
1623:France
1618:Europe
1551:Awards
1081:Growth
931:Growth
684:
523:
515:
389:1988:
383:1980:
377:1980:
370:1979:
363:1979:
357:1976:
348:1975:
342:1972:
336:1966:
324:1965:
318:1960:
232:, and
36:Vienna
30:(born
5819:2020s
5736:2010s
5673:2000s
5604:1990s
5511:1980s
5488:1970s
5389:2010s
5238:2000s
5087:1990s
4908:1980s
4714:1970s
4562:1960s
4481:2010s
4383:2000s
4272:1990s
4183:1980s
4104:1970s
4032:1960s
3974:2010s
3883:2000s
3775:1990s
3666:1980s
3547:1970s
3442:1960s
3353:2010s
3245:2000s
3099:1990s
2975:1980s
2956:1960s
2852:2010s
2661:2000s
2475:1990s
2293:1980s
2149:1970s
2012:1960s
1954:2010s
1895:2000s
1807:1990s
1767:1980s
1748:1960s
1645:Japan
1592:IOBCr
1445:SHELX
1440:Olex2
1327:X-ray
977:Phase
893:Cubic
738:(PDF)
709:(PDF)
566:(PDF)
521:S2CID
425:Notes
397:Books
226:rayon
5426:2014
5413:2012
5395:2011
5366:2009
5353:2008
5340:2007
5332:2006
5319:2005
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5207:1998
5189:1997
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5155:1994
5142:1993
5134:1992
5116:1991
5093:1990
5059:1989
5031:1988
5003:1987
4975:1986
4937:1983
4914:1982
4870:1979
4837:1976
4809:1975
4781:1974
4748:1973
4720:1970
4696:1969
4673:1968
4645:1967
4617:1966
4594:1965
4576:1964
4568:1963
4526:2013
4513:2012
4500:2011
4487:2010
4468:2009
4455:2007
4447:2006
4439:2005
4431:2004
4423:2003
4415:2002
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4389:2000
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4357:1998
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4320:1994
4312:1993
4304:1992
4296:1991
4278:1990
4249:1989
4236:1988
4223:1987
4210:1986
4197:1983
4189:1982
4165:1979
4152:1976
4134:1975
4126:1974
4118:1973
4110:1970
4091:1969
4083:1968
4075:1967
4067:1966
4059:1965
4046:1964
4038:1963
3996:2012
3988:2011
3980:2010
3961:2009
3953:2008
3945:2007
3937:2006
3929:2005
3921:2004
3913:2003
3905:2002
3897:2001
3889:2000
3870:1999
3862:1998
3849:1996
3841:1995
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3825:1993
3812:1992
3794:1991
3781:1990
3757:1989
3739:1988
3721:1987
3703:1986
3685:1983
3672:1982
3633:1979
3615:1976
3592:1975
3574:1974
3561:1973
3553:1970
3534:1969
3521:1968
3508:1967
3500:1966
3482:1965
3469:1964
3456:1963
3448:1962
3406:2014
3398:2013
3385:2012
3372:2011
3359:2010
3335:2009
3322:2008
3314:2007
3301:2006
3293:2005
3285:2004
3277:2002
3264:2001
3251:2000
3222:1999
3209:1998
3196:1997
3188:1996
3175:1995
3167:1994
3154:1993
3146:1992
3123:1991
3105:1990
3071:1989
3053:1988
3035:1987
3012:1986
2994:1983
2981:1982
2962:1964
2910:2014
2902:2013
2889:2012
2871:2011
2858:2010
2834:2009
2816:2008
2803:2007
2785:2006
2772:2005
2754:2004
2736:2003
2723:2002
2685:2001
2667:2000
2638:1999
2625:1998
2612:1997
2604:1996
2596:1995
2583:1994
2570:1993
2557:1992
2514:1991
2481:1990
2437:1989
2404:1988
2376:1987
2348:1986
2325:1983
2307:1982
2299:1981
2250:1979
2227:1976
2204:1975
2181:1974
2168:1973
2155:1970
2131:1969
2103:1968
2080:1967
2057:1966
2039:1965
2026:1964
2018:1963
1976:2015
1968:2014
1960:2011
1941:2009
1933:2008
1925:2005
1917:2004
1909:2003
1901:2000
1882:1999
1874:1998
1866:1997
1858:1996
1850:1995
1842:1994
1834:1992
1826:1991
1813:1990
1794:1988
1781:1987
1773:1986
1754:1964
1587:IUCr
1488:ICDD
1483:ICSD
1468:CCDC
1415:Coot
1410:CCP4
1161:Slip
1124:Kink
682:ISBN
657:2018
629:2017
622:iom3
513:ISSN
1602:DMG
1597:RAS
1493:PDB
1478:COD
1473:CIF
1425:DSR
1149:GND
1076:CSL
503:doi
271:or
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