596:"Then ordered the general Heraclius who was located in the country of Armenia to take his troops and go against in battle...Then looted whatever they found, taking a great deal of booty, and departed to the secure Korduats' country. They wanted to have the stronghold there. Now the Byzantine forces with general Heraclius and Hamazasp Mamikonean pursued them. approached the stronghold, crossing by bridge the river called Jermay (which is styled Daniel's bridge). They cut down the bridge and fortified themselves in a pass where they held the site of the bridge. were on the riverbank wondering what to do. Because they were unable to find a ford, they wanted to depart. But unexpectedly, a traveling priest strayed into their midst. They seized him and said: 'If you do not show us the river's ford, we will kill you.' took the forces and showed them the ford below where they were. All the troops crossed the river. Some of them held the stronghold, others the bridgehead. held the mouth of the valley, others entered the stronghold and battled with them. The devastation was enormous, and were worn out...Killed in the battle were Nerses, Vstam, and Samuel, who killed quite a few around them in fight. But Sargis and Varaz Nerseh were arrested along with some others. They were taken to the city of
729:. The subsequent campaign against Phocas was portrayed by Byzantine historians as avenging the death of Maurice, which might have been part of the motivation for this revolt. The other part, however, would be what Walter Emil Kaegi termed "cold political calculations": Carthage was at a safe distance from Constantinople and Phocas could not easily launch an attack against it. The relative wealth of the Exarchate of Africa could well enough finance a revolt. Phocas's regime arguably needed the grain and revenues from Africa, while the Exarchate sustained itself with relative ease. Meanwhile, the Persian shah
33:
428:
634:. According to Patriarch Nikephoros, Heraclius the Elder had been appointed to the position by Maurice prior to the latter's deposition and death in 602. He might have replaced Innocentius, a temporary exarch appointed between 598 and 600. The appointment suggests that Heraclius the Elder enjoyed the favor of Maurice and would have reason to remain loyal to him. Heraclius the Elder and his African court notably lamented the death and execution of Maurice and posthumously praised the fallen emperor.
767:
was major dissension in
Constantinople and Priscus did in time defect to Heraclius the Elder, there is nothing to suggest that Priscus helped incite the revolt. Patriarch Nikephoros reports that Heraclius the Elder held a council with his brother Gregoras before proclaiming his revolt, possibly indicating that Gregoras was acting as his advisor. He also reports that Gregoras hoped to promote his son Nicetas to the throne, although this is considered unlikely at best by modern historians.
526:, leaving Heraclius the Elder in charge of the army for the winter season. Heraclius the Elder took measures to restore discipline to the troops. According to Theophylact, "Heraclius inflicted penalties for desertion on the vagrants from the Roman force; and those who had bidden farewell to labour, and who were aimlessly wandering hither and thither, were converted to good sense by punishments." In early 588, Emperor
563:) while the battle was still ongoing. Heraclius the Elder took charge of the remaining troops and led them to victory. Theophylact, however, lived and wrote during the reign of Heraclius the Younger, and is strongly biased in favour of his father. His account is thus suspected of exaggerating or even inventing Comentiolus' cowardice with the aim of glorifying Heraclius the Elder. The contemporary
395:, whom Heraclius the Younger would go on to marry. Both Kedrenos and Michael the Syrian consider Martina to have been a daughter of an unnamed brother of Heraclius the Younger, thus casting some doubt on the precise relation. Finally, Theophanes briefly mentions another Gregoras as a brother of Heraclius the Younger on the occasion of the former's death at Heliopolis (modern
251:. In a letter, Priscus, a general who had replaced Heraclius the Elder, wrote to him "to leave the army and return to his own city in Armenia". Kaldellis interprets it as the command headquarters of Heraclius the Elder, and not his hometown. Heraclius the Elder's city is not specifically mentioned. Mary and Michael Whitby suggest that Heraclius the Elder was at the time the
748:. There is no indication in the sources on how this was achieved, i.e., whether Heraclius the Elder was self-appointed or officially proclaimed by the Senate of Carthage, "whose members had no legal right to designate a Roman consul". Nevertheless, the significance of the proclamation was evident. No private individuals had been proclaimed consuls since the reign of
845:
of his bodyguard and the irregular forces of the Blues and Greens, the city's racing factions. Priscus, the commander of the
Excubitors, chose the moment to reveal his allegiance to Heraclius the Younger. The Greens also changed sides in support of Heraclius the Younger and Constantinople fell to the
752:(r. 527–565). Since then it was merely another title exclusively used by the Byzantine emperors. By this proclamation, Heraclius the Elder was arguably making a first step towards becoming emperor himself, while legitimizing his connection to the long history of Rome. The mints of Carthage and later
766:
and former commander of the army. By that time, Priscus was the son-in-law of Phocas but reportedly held a grudge against the emperor. He allegedly promised
Heraclius the Elder support in case of a rebellion and confirmed it once the rebellion had started. The story is somewhat suspect. While there
538:
and return to
Armenia. But the same letters notified the soldiers of an imperial decree which reduced their pay by one-quarter. This led to a mutiny of the troops, who refused to follow Priscus' orders. The mutiny only ended when the order was rescinded and Philippicus was re-appointed as commander
600:
and later beheaded. When they were about to be beheaded, Varaz Nerseh said to Sargis: 'Let's cast lots to see whom they kill first.' But Sargis replied: 'I am an old, blame-worthy man. I beg you, grant me this little respite, that I not see your death.' So they beheaded him first. Now T'eodoros
518:
day and night until it fell. After installing a garrison in the captured fort, Theophanes the
Confessor reports that Heraclius the Elder proceeded to join General Theodore at the siege of Beioudaes, but this seems to be an error. Theophanes seems to have misunderstood the relevant passage of
468:
leading a new
Persian army. Theophylact notes that "Kardarigan was marching against the Romans, having enrolled throngs, who were not soldiers but men inexperienced in martial clamour; he had in addition assembled a herd of baggage animals and camels, and was moving forwards." Nevertheless,
513:
In spring 587, Philippicus was again ill, and unable to campaign in person. He assigned two-thirds of his army to
Heraclius the Elder and the remainder to generals Theodore and Andreas, and sent them to raid Persian territory. Heraclius the Elder besieged an unnamed strong fort, using his
439:. Philippicus besieged Chlomaron, the chief city of the area. At this point, Jovius and Maruthas, two local leaders, defected to the Byzantines. They promised to help locate the ideal positions for building impregnable forts that would control the passage through the
497:, and ravaged the whole of that area. He even traversed the Tigris and urged the army forward, burning everything of importance in that part of Media. Then he re-entered the Roman state, circled past Theodosiopolis, and once again rejoined the men with Philippicus."
861:
While
Heraclius the Elder was a prominent general of his time, his military achievements were rather modest. The Byzantine historians covering his career were arguably attempting to magnify their importance to give Heraclius the Younger an exalted ancestry.
649:. Later historians pointed out, however, that this appointment was part of a wider pattern. In the 6th century, several prominent Byzantine military commanders had started their careers in the eastern regions of the Empire, often in the vicinity of
489:"He gave part of the army to Heraclius, since he was himself overwhelmed by pain and unable to fight. Heraclius marshaled his soldiery and camped opposite the foothills of Izala, or rather the banks of the river
958:
he composed messages to
Heraclius the Elder which indicated that, after leaving the army, he should return to his own city when he came to Armenia, and surrender the army to Narses, the commander of the city of
265:), the headquarters of the Roman forces in Armenia. As the chief military stronghold along the northeastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held an important strategic location that was contested in
645:. Historians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries ascribed much significance to this appointment, even suggesting it would require prominent ties between Heraclius the Elder and Africa or the wider
348:
mentions
Epiphania as the mother of Emperor Heraclius, thus wife of Heraclius the Elder. Heraclius the Elder is mentioned as the father of Emperor Heraclius in several sources, including Theophylact,
1370:, p. 21: "Although the achievements of his father, Heraclius the Elder, were modest, later historians magnified his military achievements as part of their program to exalt and praise his son."
737:
and was mobilizing his troops for a large-scale invasion into Byzantine territories. News of this campaign could have well reached Heraclius the Elder. With Phocas facing two separate military
671:
evidence: the Exarchate was among the most affluent areas of the Byzantine Empire, though of lesser wealth and significance than Egypt. It seems to have seen much less warfare than the
699:
seems to have been another thriving field. The local elite seems to have invested in the building of churches. The main testaments to their existence and activities are examples of
741:, the emperor would be unable to concentrate the majority of his troops on either one of them, encouraging Heraclius the Elder of his chances to succeed in this confrontation.
587:
provides the main account of his term. He was sent by Maurice to face Armenian rebels led by Samuel Vahewuni and Atat Khorkhoruni. Heraclius the Elder was assisted by Hamazasp
829:, was approaching Antioch, but the rebels of Africa posed a more immediate threat than the Persian front. Having secured control of Egypt, they proceeded to invade Syria and
247:. Anthony Kaldellis argues that "there is not a single primary source that says that Heraclius was an Armenian" and that the assertion is based on an erroneous reading of
384:. In contrast, there is no source mentioning him in the same sentence as the siblings of Emperor Heraclius. That he was their father can be safely assumed, though.
841:, and Thessalonica, were joining his campaign. The rebels reached Constantinople in October 610. The only forces available to Phocas to defend the city were the
552:
399:) circa 652/653. This is the only mention of this sibling. Theophanes, however, might have misunderstood the relationship between Gregoras and the emperor.
657:
at some point in their respective careers. There is therefore no indication that this rotation from the eastern to the western provinces was unusual.
605:), for refuge. But ordered him bound and delivered into the hands of his enemies to be put to death. And visited severe misfortunes upon him."
1741:
849:
Heraclius the Younger ultimately became the new emperor and Phocas was executed, along with several of his kinsmen and loyalists. According to
280:
Nothing is known of the specific ancestry of Heraclius the Elder, but this has not prevented modern historians from speculating on the matter.
219:, which would rule Byzantium for a century. Heraclius the Elder died soon after receiving news of his son's accession to the Byzantine throne.
1731:
618:
Heraclius the Elder seems to have been replaced by Suren. His service in Armenia was brief, but arguably reinforced his ties to the country.
663:
regarded early 7th-century Byzantine Africa to have undergone an economic and demographic decline, being under constant threat by hostile
1612:
883:
Evans, Helen C. (2018). Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-58839-660-0.
424:
in spring 586. Following the battle, he was sent on a scouting mission to confirm the rumour of the arrival of Persian reinforcements.
92:
683:
did in that era, thus allowing its residents a safer way of life. There is evidence of ongoing trade between Byzantine Africa and
1716:
1711:
535:
695:. The production of grain, olive oil, and wine kept the local population well-fed and probably supplied their maritime trade.
1572:
1416:
707:. Heraclius the Elder seems to have established ties with this elite. His son, Heraclius the Younger, married his first wife
199:(r. 582–602) to quell an Armenian rebellion led by Samuel Vahewuni and Atat Khorkhoruni. Circa 600, he was appointed as the
1746:
464:
Twenty men accompanied Heraclius the Elder in the mission. They left without their armour and their party soon encountered
417:
160:
567:, for instance, credits Comentiolus with being in the thick of combat, and does not mention Heraclius the Elder at all.
795:
1593:
1551:
1509:
1485:
1461:
1440:
981:
381:
943:
413:
388:
174:
114:
337:
305:
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and the Patriarch Nikephoros both report that Heraclius the Elder maintained correspondence with Priscus, the
341:
1756:
1499:
807:
803:
775:
770:
The situation in 609–610 was quickly becoming dire for Phocas and his loyalists. Their defense against the
759:
676:
976:
Kaldellis, Anthony (2019). Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium, p.183, Harvard University Press.
1721:
1691:
708:
484:. There, possibly due to illness, he handed over command of his army to Heraclius. Theophylact narrates:
444:
469:
Kardarigan attempted to attack Heraclius' ill-equipped unit, and Heraclius had to escape by moving from
43:
struck during the revolt of the Heraclii, depicting Heraclius the Elder and his son, the future Emperor
1736:
1726:
1706:
947:
531:
391:. Maria, sister of Heraclius the Younger, is mentioned by Nikephoros I and identified as the mother of
297:
853:, Heraclius the Elder rejoiced at the news of his son rising to the throne, but died soon afterwards.
559:. According to the account of Theophylact, Comentiolus supposedly fled towards Theodosiopolis (modern
1701:
1543:
1389:. History of the Armenian People (in Armenian). Vol. III. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences.
830:
1426:
465:
345:
763:
787:
779:
654:
560:
510:
Theophylact indicates Philipiccus and Heraclius the Elder wintered together at Theodosiopolis.
270:
1619:
1408:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600
833:
while a large fleet under Heraclius the Younger set sail for Constantinople. Supporters from
564:
353:
248:
240:
646:
317:
32:
1585:
The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare
756:
produced coins depicting Heraclius the Elder and his namesake son wearing consular robes.
534:. Philippicus wrote to Heraclius the Elder, ordering him to leave the army in the care of
455:. Philippicus assigned Heraclius the Elder, noted at this point as his second-in-command (
8:
1696:
631:
285:
204:
82:
744:
After their revolt, Heraclius the Elder and Heraclius the Younger were proclaimed joint
340:
mentions a single brother of Heraclius the Elder, named Gregoras, who was the father of
1751:
1519:
1495:
1398:
815:
734:
477:
473:
to ridge. By night, he sent a messenger to warn Philippicus of the approaching threat.
421:
371:
321:
266:
178:
1589:
1568:
1547:
1505:
1481:
1457:
1436:
1412:
977:
951:
650:
527:
452:
392:
376:
363:
244:
232:
216:
196:
476:
Philippicus' forces fled in disorder back into Roman territory. He managed to reach
1533:
738:
725:
In 608, the Exarchate of Africa under Heraclius the Elder revolted against Emperor
720:
638:
440:
277:(r. 527–565) both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.
253:
187:
148:
67:
56:
349:
313:
185:
during the Battle of Sisarbanon. Circa 595, Heraclius the Elder is mentioned as a
1583:
1562:
1537:
1523:
1475:
1451:
1432:
The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text
1430:
1406:
771:
427:
367:
301:
164:
309:
1402:
1394:
955:
791:
692:
523:
493:. Accordingly Heraclius left Thamanon , advanced towards the southern parts of
236:
136:
39:
1685:
850:
664:
660:
580:
457:
447:, allowing the Byzantines to control the routes that connected Arzanene with
257:
191:
169:
71:
960:
711:
during the 7th century. Her father was Rogas, a landowner in the Exarchate.
215:
as a base, the younger Heraclius managed to overthrow Phocas, beginning the
1652:
1471:
806:
were settling their differences with open conflict. In areas of Syria, the
799:
745:
700:
515:
284:
has supported a theory which suggests that he was a namesake descendant of
212:
942:
The passage is from Book III of Theophylact Simocatta's history: "And so
749:
688:
668:
667:. Later historians, however, have had to revise this picture in light of
548:
448:
412:
Heraclius the Elder is first mentioned in 586 as a general serving under
281:
274:
182:
420:. Heraclius the Elder commanded the center of the Byzantine army at the
842:
826:
819:
811:
753:
730:
602:
588:
481:
324:, which might indicate his place of birth rather than actual ancestry.
1673:
1661:
1453:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
627:
300:
origin of Heraclius the Elder. This theory was strongly supported by
228:
156:
152:
110:
77:
44:
814:. Even in Constantinople, the crowds taunted Phocas for his love of
1501:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume III, AD 527–641
783:
680:
642:
556:
436:
547:
Heraclius the Elder resurfaces a year later, under the command of
519:
Theophylact which has Theodore and Andreas joining at that siege.
239:) at an early age. His Armenian origin is deduced by a passage of
1200:
696:
684:
672:
597:
396:
262:
641:
with both civilian and military powers. Their seat of power was
387:
The best-attested sibling of Heraclius the Younger was arguably
1665:
1642:
834:
726:
704:
584:
490:
289:
208:
200:
838:
494:
470:
358:
1456:. New York and London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
1393:
1387:Հայաստանի Խոշոր Քաղաքները ("The Great Cities of Armenia")
901:
320:
seem to consider his son, Heraclius the Younger, to be a
207:
and in 608, he rebelled with his son against the usurper
461:), to follow the guides to the strong points indicated.
575:
Heraclius the Elder is mentioned again circa 595 as
159:, Heraclius the Elder distinguished himself in the
786:provinces. Rebel Byzantine forces held Africa and
691:was thriving, particularly in the vicinity of the
1076:Theophylact Simocatta, II.9.16–10.1, 10.4–5; ed.
1683:
626:Heraclius the Elder is next mentioned in 608 as
601:Trpatuni fled to the court of the Iranian king (
1450:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002).
1339:
1337:
950:had been accredited as general by the emperor (
431:The Roman-Persian frontier between 565 and 591.
261:. If so, "his city" was Theodosiopolis (modern
1129:Theophylact Simocatta, II.18.26 and III.1.1–2.
1101:Theophylact Simocatta, II.10.6–7, 18.1–6; ed.
522:In late 587, Philippicus planned to return to
480:and then set about restoring the old forts on
288:, a 5th-century Roman general. A passage from
269:between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors
802:and various towns of Anatolia and Syria, the
1560:
1539:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1449:
1334:
1154:
1102:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1038:
994:
964:
155:(r. 610–641). Generally considered to be of
151:general and the father of Byzantine emperor
1518:
1435:. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing.
1113:
1111:
1050:Theophylact Simocatta, II.7.1, 7.6–11; ed.
1494:
1264:
1262:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1138:
1117:
1089:
930:
167:in the 580s. As a subordinate general (or
31:
1532:
1504:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1480:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1411:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1384:
1343:
1328:
1280:
1189:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1006:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
774:had failed. There were Persian forces in
173:), Heraclius served under the command of
1613:"Theophylact Simocatta and the Persians"
1108:
714:
426:
1425:
1355:
1259:
1230:
1160:
902:Cameron, Ward-Perkins & Whitby 2000
637:The exarchs of Africa were effectively
530:(r. 582–602) replaced Philippicus with
1684:
1581:
1561:Whitby, Michael; Whitby, Mary (1986).
1183:
1142:
1037:Theophylact Simocatta, II.5.9–11; ed.
1012:
911:
435:The Byzantine force went on to invade
1470:
1367:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1268:
1253:
1241:
1212:
1148:
1063:Theophylact Simocatta, II.8.1–5; ed.
1025:
905:
1732:Byzantine people of Armenian descent
1564:The History of Theophylact Simocatta
993:Theophylact Simocatta, III.1.1; ed.
946:had learned during his journey that
542:
503:The History of Theophylact Simocatta
407:
227:Heraclius the Elder was possibly of
1588:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
621:
13:
1618:. Sasanika Sources. Archived from
1610:
570:
296:has been understood to suggest an
243:, which considers him a native of
14:
1768:
1742:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
1604:
555:(autumn 589), in the vicinity of
382:Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos
231:origin and presumably bilingual (
93:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591
653:. Then they were transferred to
1477:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium
1361:
1349:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1247:
1218:
1206:
1177:
1132:
1123:
1095:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1717:7th-century Byzantine generals
1712:6th-century Byzantine generals
1525:History of the Byzantine State
1000:
987:
970:
936:
895:
886:
877:
338:Nikephoros I of Constantinople
1:
1385:Arakelyan, Babken N. (1976).
865:
856:
846:Heraclii with relative ease.
825:In 610, the Persian general,
577:magister militum per Armeniam
304:, while considered likely by
870:
810:were revolting and lynching
418:Roman–Persian War of 572–591
352:, Nikephoros I, Theophanes,
7:
1747:6th-century Armenian people
1567:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1028:, p. 21 (Footnote #4).
10:
1773:
1528:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1377:
718:
181:and possibly served under
1670:
1650:
1639:
1544:Stanford University Press
1227:, pp. 511, 585, 622.
1092:, pp. 584–585, 1023.
402:
327:
222:
140:
122:
106:
98:
88:
62:
52:
47:, wearing consular robes.
30:
23:
1582:Whitby, Michael (1988).
1542:. Stanford, California:
1155:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1145:, pp. 154, 286–288.
1103:Whitby & Whitby 1986
1078:Whitby & Whitby 1986
1065:Whitby & Whitby 1986
1052:Whitby & Whitby 1986
1039:Whitby & Whitby 1986
995:Whitby & Whitby 1986
965:Whitby & Whitby 1986
794:were occupying northern
687:during the 7th century.
346:Theophanes the Confessor
764:Count of the Excubitors
733:had secured control of
126:Emperor Heraclius (son)
1141:, pp. 1052–1053;
892:Kaegi 2003, pp. 21–22.
655:Byzantine North Africa
607:
579:, probably succeeding
499:
432:
1120:, pp. 585, 1023.
715:Revolt against Phocas
594:
565:Evagrius Scholasticus
539:of the eastern army.
487:
430:
354:Agapius the historian
249:Theophylact Simocatta
241:Theophylact Simocatta
1358:, Chapter CX, 11–13.
1199:(1985 Translation),
647:Western Roman Empire
553:Battle of Sisarbanon
318:Constantine Manasses
211:(r. 602–610). Using
1757:Generals of Maurice
1520:Ostrogorsky, George
1496:Martindale, John R.
1399:Ward-Perkins, Bryan
1331:, pp. 240–241.
286:Heraclius of Edessa
133:Heraclius the Elder
25:Heraclius the Elder
1722:7th-century rebels
1692:6th-century births
1472:Kaegi, Walter Emil
1427:Charles, Robert H.
1195:Robert Bedrosian,
1105:, pp. 57, 68.
433:
422:Battle of Solachon
372:Michael the Syrian
306:Alexander Vasiliev
179:Battle of Solachon
147:; died 610) was a
1737:Heraclian dynasty
1727:Exarchs of Africa
1707:Byzantine consuls
1680:
1679:
1671:Succeeded by
1574:978-0-19-822799-1
1534:Treadgold, Warren
1418:978-0-5213-2591-2
1319:, pp. 42–43.
1256:, pp. 27–28.
1080:, pp. 55–56.
1067:, pp. 52–53.
1054:, pp. 51–52.
1041:, pp. 49–50.
908:, pp. 21–22.
651:Upper Mesopotamia
639:Governor-Generals
611:History of Sebeos
583:. The history of
543:Under Comentiolus
453:Lower Mesopotamia
408:Under Philippicus
377:Chronicle of 1234
364:Georgios Kedrenos
334:Historia syntomos
273:(r. 491–518) and
245:Byzantine Armenia
217:Heraclian dynasty
165:Sassanid Persians
130:
129:
16:Byzantine general
1764:
1702:Magistri militum
1640:Preceded by
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:Soward, Warren.
1599:
1578:
1557:
1529:
1515:
1491:
1467:
1446:
1422:
1390:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
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804:Blues and Greens
721:Heraclian revolt
632:Exarch of Africa
622:Exarch of Africa
614:
506:
441:Taurus Mountains
254:magister militum
188:magister militum
142:
83:Exarch of Africa
68:Magister militum
57:Byzantine Empire
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1403:Whitby, Michael
1395:Cameron, Averil
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571:Armenian revolt
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1605:External links
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1344:Treadgold 1997
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1281:Treadgold 1997
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1653:Roman consul
1651:
1627:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1584:
1563:
1538:
1524:
1500:
1476:
1452:
1431:
1407:
1386:
1363:
1356:Charles 2007
1351:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1249:
1220:
1208:
1201:Chapters 6–7
1196:
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1125:
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824:
800:Thessalonica
769:
758:
743:
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701:funerary art
659:
636:
625:
617:
610:
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574:
561:Ra's al-'Ayn
546:
521:
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411:
386:
375:
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310:Irfan Shahîd
293:
279:
271:Anastasius I
252:
226:
213:North Africa
186:
168:
163:against the
144:
132:
131:
89:Battles/wars
76:
66:
38:
18:
1647:then lapsed
1184:Whitby 1988
1143:Whitby 1988
961:Constantina
944:Philippicus
818:, implying
778:, Armenia,
776:Mesopotamia
750:Justinian I
689:Agriculture
677:Mesopotamia
549:Comentiolus
482:Mount Izala
449:Persarmenia
416:during the
414:Philippicus
322:Cappadocian
282:Cyril Mango
275:Justinian I
183:Comentiolus
177:during the
175:Philippicus
1697:610 deaths
1686:Categories
1664:, against
1629:2016-07-12
1368:Kaegi 2003
1317:Kaegi 2003
1305:Kaegi 2003
1293:Kaegi 2003
1269:Kaegi 2003
1254:Kaegi 2003
1242:Kaegi 2003
1213:Kaegi 2003
1026:Kaegi 2003
906:Kaegi 2003
866:References
857:Assessment
843:Excubitors
827:Shahrbaraz
820:alcoholism
812:Christians
754:Alexandria
731:Khosrau II
679:, and the
603:Khosrau II
589:Mamikonian
466:Kardarigan
145:Herákleios
53:Allegiance
1752:Heraclius
1674:Heraclius
1662:Heraclius
1429:(2007) .
871:Citations
796:Illyricum
784:Anatolian
628:Patrician
551:, in the
505:, Book II
153:Heraclius
149:Byzantine
141:Ἡράκλειος
123:Relations
111:Heraclius
102:Epiphania
99:Spouse(s)
78:patrikios
45:Heraclius
1536:(1997).
1522:(1956).
1474:(2003).
782:and the
681:Caucasus
643:Carthage
437:Arzanene
389:Theodore
258:Armeniam
233:Armenian
229:Armenian
195:sent by
192:Armeniam
115:Theodore
107:Children
72:Armeniam
1645:in 603,
1378:Sources
952:Maurice
948:Priscus
746:consuls
709:Eudokia
705:mosaics
697:Fishing
673:Balkans
665:Berbers
557:Nisibis
532:Priscus
528:Maurice
445:Hakkâri
397:Baalbek
393:Martina
342:Nicetas
298:Arsacid
294:History
263:Erzurum
40:solidus
1666:Phocas
1643:Phocas
1592:
1571:
1550:
1508:
1484:
1460:
1439:
1415:
980:
956:Tarsus
835:Sicily
831:Cyprus
816:liquor
739:fronts
727:Phocas
585:Sebeos
536:Narses
491:Tigris
403:Career
374:, the
356:, the
328:Family
290:Sebeos
223:Origin
209:Phocas
205:Africa
201:Exarch
1660:with
1623:(PDF)
1616:(PDF)
839:Crete
798:. In
792:Slavs
788:Egypt
780:Syria
598:Karin
495:Media
478:Amida
471:ridge
237:Greek
137:Greek
118:Maria
37:Gold
1590:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1413:ISBN
978:ISBN
963:." (
808:Jews
735:Dara
630:and
451:and
443:and
380:and
359:Suda
332:The
316:and
308:and
267:wars
256:per
235:and
190:per
70:per
63:Rank
1657:608
292:'s
203:of
161:war
1688::
1546:.
1401:;
1397:;
1336:^
1261:^
1232:^
1162:^
1110:^
1014:^
913:^
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822:.
790:.
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312:.
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1632:.
1598:.
1577:.
1556:.
1514:.
1490:.
1466:.
1445:.
1421:.
1203:.
984:.
135:(
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