Hepatitis C virus - Knowledge

884:-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6). The duration of standard interferon-based therapy for genotypes 1 and 4 is 48 weeks, whereas treatment for genotypes 2 and 3 is completed in 24 weeks. Sustained virological responses occur in 70% of genotype 1 cases, ~90% of genotypes 2 and 3, ~65% of genotype 4 and ~80% of genotype 6. In addition, people of African descent are much less likely to respond to treatment when infected with genotypes 1 or 4. The substantial proportion of this lack of response to treatment is proposed to be caused by a 47: 1034: 850: 75: 292: 504: 676: 785:

nonstructural (NS) proteins. Alternatively, a frameshift may occur in the Core region to produce an alternate reading frame protein (ARFP). HCV encodes two proteases, the NS2 cysteine autoprotease and the NS3-4A serine protease. The NS proteins then recruit the viral genome into an RNA replication complex, which is associated with rearranged cytoplasmic membranes. RNA replication takes place via the viral RNA-dependent

888:(SNP) on chromosome 19 of the human genome that is predictive of treatment success. HCV genotypes 1 and 4 have been distributed endemically in overlapping areas of West and Central Africa, infecting for centuries human populations carrying the genetic polymorphism in question. This has prompted scientists to suggest that the protracted persistence of HCV genotypes 1 and 4 in people of African origin is an 369: 836:(1–6) with several subtypes within each genotype (represented by lowercase letters). Subtypes are further broken down into quasispecies based on their genetic diversity. Genotypes differ by 30–35% of the nucleotide sites over the complete genome. The difference in genomic composition of subtypes of a genotype is usually 20–25%. Subtypes 1a and 1b are found worldwide and cause 60% of all cases. 483: 491: 1165:, for example, is a root extract found in the continent of Asia that has been reported to have antiviral activity against HCV in cell cultures and animal studies. Small and promising human trials have shown beneficial results and no serious side effects, but they were too small to generalize conclusions. 985:

The genotype 2 strains from Africa can be divided into four clades that correlate with their country of origin: (1) Cameroon and Central African Republic (2) Benin, Ghana and Burkina Faso (3) Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal (4) Madagascar. There is also strong evidence for the dissemination

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Infection with one genotype does not confer immunity against others, and concurrent infection with two strains is possible. In most of these cases, one of the strains outcompetes the other in a short time. This finding may be useful in treatment, in replacing strains non-responsive to medication with

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NS4B is a small (27 kDa) hydrophobic integral membrane protein with four transmembrane domains. It is located within the endoplasmic reticulum and plays an important role for recruitment of other viral proteins. It induces morphological changes to the endoplasmic reticulum forming a structure termed

651:, unique to NS5B, is contained within the palm structure of the protein. Recent studies on NS5B protein genotype 1b strain J4's (HC-J4) structure indicate a presence of an active site where possible control of nucleotide binding occurs and initiation of de-novo RNA synthesis. De-novo adds necessary 556:

The proteins of this virus are arranged along the genome in the following order: N terminal-core-envelope (E1)–E2–p7-nonstructural protein 2 (NS2)–NS3–NS4A–NS4B–NS5A–NS5B–C terminal. The mature nonstructural proteins (NS2 to NS5B) generation relies on the activity of viral proteinases. The NS2/NS3

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was lifted. Once introduced to a country its spread has been influenced by many local factors including blood transfusions, vaccination programmes, intravenous drug use and treatment regimes. Given the reduction in the rate of spread once screening for HCV in blood products was implemented in the

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A study of genotype 1a and 1b estimated the dates of origin to be 1914–1930 for type 1a and 1911–1944 for type 1b. Both types 1a and 1b underwent massive expansions in their effective population size between 1940 and 1960. The expansion of HCV subtype 1b preceded that of subtype 1a by at least 16

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work has shown that vitamin D may be able to reduce viral replication. While this work looks promising the results of clinical trials are pending. However, it has been proposed that vitamin D supplementation is important in addition to standard treatment, in order to enhance treatment response.

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are not correctly followed in the clinic. A number of cultural or ritual practices have been proposed as a potential historical mode of spread for HCV, including circumcision, genital mutilation, ritual scarification, traditional tattooing and acupuncture. It has also been argued that given the

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for use against chronic hepatitis C infection was approved by the FDA on December 6, 2013. It has been reported to be the first drug that has demonstrated safety and efficacy to treat certain types of HCV infection without the need for co-administration of interferon. On November 22, the FDA

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HCV takes over portions of the intracellular machinery to replicate. The HCV genome is translated to produce a single protein of around 3,011 amino acids. The polyprotein is then proteolytically processed by viral and cellular proteases to produce three structural (virion-associated) and seven

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Ahmed, Ali Mahmoud; Doheim, Mohamed Fahmy; Mattar, Omar Mohamed; Sherif, Nourin Ali; Truong, Duy Hieu; Pham T.L., Hoa; Hirayama, Kenji; Huy, Nguyen Tien (May 2018). "Beclabuvir in combination with asunaprevir and daclatasvir for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: A systematic review and

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A study of European, US and Japanese isolates suggested that the date of origin of genotype 1b was approximately in the year 1925. The estimated dates of origin of types 2a and 3a were 1917 and 1943 respectively. The time of divergence of types 1a and 1b was estimated to be 200–300 years.

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The virus replicates on intracellular lipid membranes. The endoplasmic reticulum in particular is deformed into uniquely shaped membrane structures termed 'membranous webs'. These structures can be induced by sole expression of the viral protein NS4B. The core protein associates with

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from latching onto its respective receptor on the virus. In addition, E2 can shield E1 from the immune system. Although HVR1 is quite variable in amino acid sequence, this region has similar chemical, physical, and conformational characteristics across many E2 glycoproteins.

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NS5B, which produces a negative strand RNA intermediate. The negative strand RNA then serves as a template for the production of new positive strand viral genomes. Nascent genomes can then be translated, further replicated or packaged within new virus particles.

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extremely prolonged periods of persistence of HCV in humans, even very low and undetectable rates of mechanical transmission via biting insects may be sufficient to maintain endemic infection in the tropics, where people receive large number of insect bites.

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Simmonds P; Bukh J; Combet C; Deléage G; Enomoto N; Feinstone S; Halfon P; Inchauspé G; Kuiken C; Maertens G; Mizokami M; Murphy, DG; Okamoto, H; Pawlotsky, JM; Penin, F; Sablon, E; Shin-I, T; Stuyver, LJ; Thiel, HJ; Viazov, S; Weiner, AJ; Widell, A (2005).

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Branch, A. D.; Stump, D. D.; Gutierrez, J. A.; Eng, F.; Walewski, J. L. (2005). "The Hepatitis C Virus Alternate Reading Frame (ARF) and Its Family of Novel Products: The Alternate Reading Frame Protein/F-Protein, the Double-Frameshift Protein, and Others".

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into the 10 smaller proteins that allow viral replication within the host cell, or assemble into the mature viral particles. Structural proteins made by the hepatitis C virus include Core protein, E1 and E2; nonstructural proteins include

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Baghbani-arani F, Roohvand F, Aghasadeghi MR, Eidi A, Amini S, Motevalli F, Sadat SM, Memarnejadian A, Khalili G, et al. (2012). "Expression and characterization of Escherichia coli derived hepatitis C virus ARFP/F protein".

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1990s, it would seem that previously blood transfusion was an important method of spread. Additional work is required to determine the dates of evolution of the various genotypes and the timing of their spread across the globe.

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Both envelope proteins (E1 and E2) are highly glycosylated and important in cell entry. E1 serves as the fusogenic subunit and E2 acts as the receptor binding protein. E1 has 4–5 N-linked glycans and E2 has 11 N-glycosylation

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bases long. This single open reading frame is translated to produce a single protein product, which is then further processed to produce smaller active proteins. This is why on publicly available databases, such as the

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Bitetto D, Fabris C, Fornasiere E, Pipan C, Fumolo E, Cussigh A, Bignulin S, Cmet S, Fontanini E, et al. (2011). "Vitamin D supplementation improves response to antiviral treatment for recurrent hepatitis C".

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Nakano, Tatsunori; Lau, Gillian M. G.; Lau, Grace M. L.; Sugiyama, Masaya; Mizokami, Masashi (9 October 2011). "An updated analysis of hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes based on the complete coding region".

1124:, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and other fruits and herbs, has been shown to block the assembly of intracellular infectious viral particles without affecting intracellular levels of the viral RNA or protein. 3011: 974:. The estimated rate of mutation was 1.8 × 10. An experimental study estimated the mutation rate at 2.5–2.9 × 10 base substitutions per site per year. This genotype may be the ancestor of the other genotypes. 569:; domain 2 (residues 118–174) is less basic and more hydrophobic and its C-terminus is at the end of p21; domain 3 (residues 175–191) is highly hydrophobic and acts as a signal sequence for E1 envelope protein. 996:

These dates from these various countries suggests that this virus may have evolved in South East Asia and was spread to West Africa by traders from Western Europe. It was later introduced into Japan once that

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Kato N, Ueda Y, Sejima H, Gu W, Satoh S, Dansako H, Ikeda M, Shimotohno K (2019) Study of multiple genetic variations caused by persistent hepatitis C virus replication in long-term cell culture. Arch Virol

3424:"Exposure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-positive recipients to HCV RNA-positive blood donors results in rapid predominance of a single donor strain and exclusion and/or suppression of the recipient strain" 773:

around the hepatocytes which are being infected. This triggers the migration of occludin, which is another tight-junction complex, to the basolateral membrane. The HCV particle is ready to enter the cell.

355:, the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) can be found on the E2 glycoprotein. HVR1 is flexible and quite accessible to surrounding molecules. HVR1 helps E2 shield the virus from the immune system. It prevents 639:. NS5B has the key function of replicating the HCV's viral RNA by using the viral positive sense RNA strand as its template and catalyzes the polymerization of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTP) during 1312: 691:, where it is estimated that daily each infected cell produces approximately fifty virions (virus particles) with a calculated total of one trillion virions generated. The virus may also replicate in 2392:

O'Farrell D, Trowbridge R, Rowlands D, Jäger J (February 2003). "Substrate complexes of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase (HC-J4): structural evidence for nucleotide import and de-novo initiation".

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NS1 (p7) protein is dispensable for viral genome replication but plays a critical role in virus morphogenesis. This protein is a 63 amino acid membrane-spanning protein which locates itself in the

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distribution. Release from the hepatocyte may involve the VLDL secretory pathway. Another hypothesis states that the viral particle may be secreted from the endoplasmic reticulum through the

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by blood flow. These sinusoids neighbor hepatocyte cells. HCV is able to pass through the endothelium of the sinusoids and make its way to the basolateral surface of the hepatocyte cells.

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Cacopardo B, Camma C, Petta S, Pinzone MR, Cappellani A, Zanghi A, Nicolosi A, Nunnari G (2012). "Diagnostic and therapeutical role of vitamin D in chronic hepatitis C virus infection".

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Ge, D; Fellay, J; Thompson, AJ; Simon, SJ; Shianna, KV; Urban, TJ; Heinzen, EL; et al. (2009). "Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance".

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rather than a conventional virus species. Entry into host cells occur through complex interactions between virions, especially through their glycoproteins, and cell-surface molecules

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may occur. Although infrequent, HCV recombination has been observed between different genotypes, between subtypes of the same genotype and even between strains of the same subtype.

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of the viral particle. This process is aided by clathrin proteins. Once inside an early endosome, the endosome and the viral envelope fuse and the RNA is allowed into the cytoplasm.

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junction is cleaved by a metal-dependent autocatalytic proteinase encoded within NS2 and the N-terminus of NS3. The remaining cleavages downstream from this site are catalysed by a

2353:"Crystal structures of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genotype 2a of hepatitis C virus reveal two conformations and suggest mechanisms of inhibition by non-nucleoside inhibitors" 565:

The core protein has 191 amino acids and can be divided into three domains on the basis of hydrophobicity: domain 1 (residues 1–117) contains mainly basic residues with two short

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for initiation of RNA replication. Current research attempts to bind structures to this active site to alter its functionality in order to prevent further viral RNA replication.

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Rose, R; Markov, PV; Lam, TT; Pybus, OG (2013). "Viral evolution explains the associations among hepatitis C virus genotype, clinical outcomes, and human genetic variation".

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Kaito, Masahiko; Ishida, Satoshi; Tanaka, Hideaki; Horiike, Shinichiro; Fujita, Naoki; Adachi, Yukihiko; Kohara, Michinori; Konishi, Masayoshi; Watanabe, Shozo (June 2006).

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Biswal BK, Wang M, Cherney MM, et al. (August 2006). "Non-nucleoside inhibitors binding to hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase reveal a novel mechanism of inhibition".

1223: 1911:"The Hypervariable Region 1 of the E2 Glycoprotein of Hepatitis C Virus Binds to Glycosaminoglycans, but This Binding Does Not Lead to Infection in a Pseudotype System" 814:(ESCRT) pathway. This pathway is normally utilized to bud vesicles out of the cell. The only limitation to this hypothesis is that the pathway is normally used for 5550: 1049: 967:

virus. The minor genotypes diverged about 200 years ago from their major genotypes. All of the extant genotypes appear to have evolved from genotype 1 subtype 1b.

1320: 2615: 4392:"Vitamin D deficiency and a CYP27B1-1260 promoter polymorphism are associated with chronic hepatitis C and poor response to interferon-alfa based therapy" 4487:"Complementary role of vitamin D deficiency and the interleukin-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism in predicting antiviral response in chronic hepatitis C" 283:. There is also at least one virus in this genus that infects horses. Several additional viruses in the genus have been described in bats and rodents. 4438:"The vitamin D receptor gene bAt (CCA) haplotype impairs the response to pegylated-interferon/ribavirin-based therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients" 4973: 606:

activity. It is located within the endoplasmic reticulum and forms a heterodimeric complex with NS4A—a 54 amino acid membrane protein that acts as a

3525: 757:. It could surround itself with lipoproteins, partially covering up E1 and E2. Recent research indicates that these apolipoproteins interact with 322:

into the cell. Within the envelope is an icosahedral core that is 33 to 40 nm in diameter. Inside the core is the RNA material of the virus.

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inhibitors and non-nucleoside inhibitors of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibitors of NSP5A, and host-targeted compounds such as

761:(SR-B1). SR-B1 is able to remove lipids from the lipoproteins around the virus to better allow for HVR1 contact. Claudin 1, which is a 5101: 3123:"New hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping system that allows for identification of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5a, and 6a" 3828:

Simmonds P, Smith DB (1997). "Investigation of the pattern of diversity of hepatitis C virus in relation to times of transmission".

6029: 3012:"Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region" 2556: 438: 2316:

Rigat K, Wang Y, Hudyma TW, et al. (November 2010). "Ligand-induced changes in hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase structure".

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Lange CM, Bojunga J, Ramos-Lopez E, von Wagner M, Hassler A, Vermehren J, Herrmann E, Badenhoop K, Zeuzem S, et al. (2011).

2865:"Expression of hepatitis C virus proteins induces distinct membrane alterations including a candidate viral replication complex" 1336:"HCV syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancer" 1050:

https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174730/http://www.who.int/hepatitis/news-events/direct-acting-antiviral-cure-hepatitis-c/en/

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BK (HCV-BK, genotype 1). The structure can be represented by a right hand shape with fingers, palm, and thumb. The encircled

275:. Before 2011, it was considered to be the only member of this genus. However a member of this genus has been discovered in 5194: 4153:

Rauch, A.; Gaudieri, S.; Thio, C.; Bochud, P. Y. (2009). "Host genetic determinants of spontaneous hepatitis C clearance".

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Pybus OG, Barnes E, Taggart R, Lemey P, Markov PV, Rasachak B, Syhavong B, Phetsouvanah R, Sheridan I, et al. (2009).

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Dubuisson J, Penin F, Moradpour D (2002). "Interaction of hepatitis C virus proteins with host cell membranes and lipids".

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Bitetto D, Fattovich G, Fabris C, Ceriani E, Falleti E, Fornasiere E, Pasino M, Ieluzzi D, Cussigh A, et al. (2011).

5251: 3965:"Colonial History and Contemporary Transmission Shape the Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2 in Amsterdam" 3543: 2224:"Assembly, purification, and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase elongation complex" 348:. E2 is globular and seems to protrude 6 nm out from the envelope membrane according to electron microscope images. 765:, and CD81 link to create a complex, priming them for later HCV infection processes. As the immune system is triggered, 425:(IRES) that initiates the translation of a very long protein containing about 3,000 amino acids. The core domain of the 3624:

Pybus, OG; Markov, PV; Wu, A; Tatem, AJ (Jul 2007). "Investigating the endemic transmission of the hepatitis C virus".

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Identification of the origin of this virus has been difficult but genotypes 1 and 4 appear to share a common origin. A

521: 5570: 5096: 5053: 1083: 692: 543: 399: 4585:"Vitamin D supplementation improves sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C (genotype 1)-naïve patients" 3963:

Markov, PV; van de Laar, TJ; Thomas, XV; Aronson, SJ; Weegink, CJ; van den Berk, GE; Prins, M.; et al. (2012).

643:. Several crystal structures of NS5B polymerase in several crystalline forms have been determined based on the same 230: 5556: 5485: 4959: 3718:"NS4A protein as a marker of HCV history suggests that different HCV genotypes originally evolved from genotype 1b" 2914:"Hepatitis C virus core protein induces lipid droplet redistribution in a microtubule- and dynein-dependent manner" 1218: 1213: 3271:"Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in blacks and non-Hispanic whites" 1966:

Kato N (2000). "Genome of human hepatitis C virus (HCV): gene organization, sequence diversity, and variation".

1280: 5155: 5141: 1228: 927: 885: 525: 4892:"Medivir: Simeprevir has been approved in Japan for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C infection" 4391: 1075:

has been successful but these have only been recently discovered. HCV, as with most RNA viruses, exists as a

437:. The conformation of this core domain constrains the open reading frame's orientation for positioning on the 5516: 2686:

Kohaar, I.; Ploss, A.; Korol, E.; Mu, K.; Schoggins, J.; O'Brien, T.; Rice, C.; Prokunina-Olsson, L. (2010).

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Sarrazin C, Hézode C, Zeuzem S, Pawlotsky JM (2012). "Antiviral strategies in hepatitis C virus infection".

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Ohno O, Mizokami M, Wu RR, Saleh MG, Ohba K, Orito E, Mukaide M, Williams R, Lau JY, et al. (2007).

1737:"Morphology of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus particles as detected by immunogold electron microscopy" 1158:. Simeprevir has been approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection, genotype 1. 818:, and it is not known how HCV would commandeer the ESCRT pathway for use with the endoplasmic reticulum. 758: 351:

These glycoproteins play an important role in the interactions hepatitis C has with the immune system. A

1106:—both inhibitors of NS3 protease were approved for use on May 13, 2011, and May 23, 2011, respectively. 970:

A study of genotype 6 strains suggests an earlier date of evolution: approximately 1,100 to 1,350 years

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Based on genetic differences between HCV isolates, the hepatitis C virus species is classified into six

74: 6070: 2688:"Splicing diversity of the human OCLN gene and its biological significance for hepatitis C virus entry" 1043: 987: 652: 620:

NS5A is a hydrophilic phosphoprotein which plays an important role in viral replication, modulation of

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of p7 are connected by a cytoplasmic loop and are oriented towards the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen.

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found in chronically infected HCV patients. In the liver, the HCV particles are brought into the

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Cholongitas E, Theocharidou E, Goulis J, Tsochatzis E, Akriviadis E, Burroughs K (March 2012).

3873:"The global spread of hepatitis C virus 1a and 1b: a phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis" 3268: 3026: 2568: 2030:"Crystal structure of the HCV IRES central domain reveals strategy for start-codon positioning" 1103: 1840:

Castelli, Matteo; Clementi, Nicola; Pfaff, Jennifer; Sautto, Giuseppe A.; Diotti, Roberta A.;

5664: 5245: 5115: 5086: 3519: 2609: 1395:"Mechanisms of HCV-induced liver cancer: what did we learn from in vitro and animal studies?" 935: 931: 905: 598:

NS3 is 67 kDa protein whose N-terminal has serine protease activity and whose C-terminal has

577: 414: 6016: 5928: 5760: 5395: 5224: 3672: 3661:"Hepatitis C virus evolutionary patterns studied through analysis of full-genome sequences" 3378: 3327: 2748: 2642: 2176: 1857: 1792:

Op De Beeck A, Dubuisson J (2003). "Topology of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins".

1563: 1455: 1128: 960: 807: 585: 566: 352: 69: 4680:"Review article: the extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D in chronic hepatitis C infection" 4188:

Meier V, Ramadori G (April 2009). "Hepatitis C virus virology and new treatment targets".

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Muir, AJ; Bornstein, JD; Killenberg, PG; Atlantic Coast Hepatitis Treatment Group (2004).

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years. Both types appear to have spread from the developed world to the developing world.

8: 5346: 5067: 4891: 4536:"Vitamin D: an innate antiviral agent suppressing hepatitis C virus in human hepatocytes" 3173:"Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes" 1193: 1072: 1011: 410: 54: 3676: 3382: 3331: 2752: 2646: 2594: 2180: 1861: 1567: 1459: 1054:

Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Parts of this article (those related to direct-acting antiviral medications) need to be

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Jubin R (2001). "Hepatitis C IRES: translating translation into a therapeutic target".

1886: 1845: 1817: 1774: 1635: 1610: 1586: 1551: 1527: 1502: 1478: 1443: 1419: 1394: 1370: 1335: 1151: 1076: 715: 644: 629: 390: 280: 194: 4831: 3559: 3448: 3423: 3147: 3122: 2889: 2864: 2841: 2464:"Evidence for a new hepatitis C virus antigen encoded in an overlapping reading frame" 2405: 2141: 1943: 1910: 917: 5913: 5845: 5826: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5521: 5426: 5008: 4946: 4835: 4800: 4744: 4701: 4696: 4679: 4652: 4648: 4616: 4557: 4508: 4459: 4411: 4372: 4298: 4254: 4205: 4170: 4135: 4084: 4035: 3994: 3945: 3924:"Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 in Africa" 3904: 3845: 3801: 3749: 3690: 3641: 3610: 3598: 3563: 3507: 3453: 3404: 3343: 3292: 3243: 3238: 3221: 3194: 3152: 3095: 3091: 3044: 2992: 2935: 2930: 2913: 2894: 2880: 2845: 2814: 2802: 2766: 2717: 2668: 2586: 2529: 2493: 2444: 2409: 2374: 2333: 2290: 2255: 2204: 2145: 2110: 2059: 2010: 1983: 1948: 1930: 1891: 1873: 1809: 1766: 1758: 1712: 1640: 1591: 1532: 1483: 1424: 1375: 1357: 963:

analysis suggests that the major genotypes diverged about 300–400 years ago from the

923: 753:(LDL). Because of this similarity, the virus is thought to be able to associate with 430: 341: 4713: 4664: 4569: 4471: 4266: 4217: 3857: 3702: 3439: 3255: 3206: 3107: 3056: 2947: 2329: 2302: 1926: 1821: 1778: 5888: 5598: 5278: 5210: 5091: 5022: 4827: 4790: 4780: 4736: 4691: 4644: 4606: 4596: 4547: 4534:

Gal-Tanamy M, Bachmetov L, Ravid A, Koren R, Erman A, Tur-Kaspa R, Zemel R (2011).

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Manns MP, Foster GR, Rockstroh JK, Zeuzem S, Zoulim F, Houghton M (December 2007).

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Alter, MJ (Nov 2011). "HCV routes of transmission: what goes around comes around".

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Laskus T, Wang LF, Radkowski M, Vargas H, Nowicki M, Wilkinson J, Rakela J (2001).

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Boulant S, Douglas MW, Moody L, Budkowska A, Targett-Adams P, McLauchlan J (2008).

2884: 2876: 2837: 2794: 2756: 2707: 2699: 2658: 2650: 2578: 2541: 2521: 2483: 2475: 2436: 2401: 2364: 2325: 2282: 2245: 2235: 2194: 2184: 2137: 2100: 2090: 2049: 2041: 1975: 1938: 1922: 1881: 1865: 1801: 1748: 1702: 1692: 1630: 1622: 1581: 1571: 1522: 1514: 1473: 1463: 1414: 1406: 1365: 1347: 700: 581: 5852: 3138: 1079:, making it very difficult to isolate a single strain or receptor type for study. 5812: 5717: 5637: 5626: 5497: 5461: 5381: 5167: 5028: 4935: 4932: 3889: 3637: 3473: 3390: 3040: 2631:"Hepatitis C virus entry: molecular mechanisms and targets for antiviral therapy" 2189: 1841: 1410: 1177: 1169: 964: 640: 558: 380: 345: 123: 3306: 2654: 2582: 1071:

The study of HCV has been hampered by the narrow host range of HCV. The use of

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NS4A—a 54 amino acid membrane protein that acts as a cofactor of the proteinase.

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Markov PV, Pepin J, Frost E, Deslandes S, Labbé AC, Pybus OG (September 2009).

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Moradpour D, Penin F, Rice CM (June 2007). "Replication of hepatitis C virus".

1869: 1697: 1680: 1503:"Serology-enabled discovery of genetically diverse hepaciviruses in a new host" 1095: 1087: 971: 786: 754: 636: 621: 377: 303: 300: 226: 3685: 3660: 2978: 2525: 2479: 2440: 2045: 1753: 1736: 1707: 714:. The mutation rate produces so many variants of the virus it is considered a 683:

Replication of HCV involves several steps. The virus replicates mainly in the

6064: 5992: 5043: 5038: 4986: 4601: 2095: 1934: 1877: 1762: 1361: 939: 827: 795: 318:, are embedded in the lipid envelope. They take part in viral attachment and 111: 3734: 2863:

Egger D, Wölk B, Gosert R, Bianchi L, Blum HE, Moradpour D, Bienz K (2002).

2240: 1576: 1468: 1281:"Create 13 new species in the genus Hepacivirusand rename 1 species (family 5904: 5754: 5432: 5293: 4839: 4804: 4748: 4705: 4656: 4620: 4561: 4512: 4463: 4415: 4376: 4358: 4302: 4258: 4209: 4174: 4139: 4088: 4070: 4039: 3998: 3949: 3940: 3923: 3908: 3805: 3753: 3694: 3645: 3602: 3594: 3567: 3511: 3457: 3408: 3347: 3296: 3247: 3198: 3099: 2996: 2939: 2898: 2849: 2806: 2770: 2721: 2672: 2590: 2533: 2497: 2448: 2413: 2378: 2369: 2352: 2337: 2294: 2259: 2208: 2149: 2114: 2063: 2014: 1987: 1979: 1952: 1895: 1844:; Doranz, Benjamin J.; Dal Peraro, Matteo; Clementi, Massimo (2017-03-16). 1813: 1770: 1716: 1681:"Virology and cell biology of the hepatitis C virus life cycle – An update" 1644: 1595: 1536: 1487: 1428: 1379: 1161:

There is also current experimental research on non drug related therapies.

1048:. The reason given is: HCV is now curable as a result of medical research: 723: 664: 307: 291: 271: 239: 159: 147: 135: 4343:"Classical and emerging roles of vitamin d in hepatitis C virus infection" 4120: 4030: 4013: 3849: 3156: 3048: 2798: 1626: 1352: 892:

of HCV over many centuries to these populations’ immunogenetic responses.

6001: 5944: 5893: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5857: 5831: 5801: 5703: 5542: 5454: 5437: 5372: 5033: 3980: 3871:

Magiorkinis G, Magiorkinis E, Paraskevis D, et al. (December 2009).

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An 11th protein has also been described. This protein is encoded by a +1

648: 319: 265: 244: 171: 31: 6034: 4785: 3399: 3339: 2761: 2736: 2286: 1611:"Identification of rodent homologs of hepatitis C virus and pegiviruses" 5794: 5578: 5335: 4677: 4166: 1162: 1147: 1142: 1121: 1091: 943: 881: 766: 710:

and mutates rapidly due to a high error rate on the part of the virus'

696: 684: 660: 625: 592: 528: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 442: 434: 394: 4552: 4535: 4503: 4486: 4294: 4201: 3189: 3172: 2128:

De Francesco R (1999). "Molecular virology of the hepatitis C virus".

1552:"Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses" 1082:

Current research is focused on small-molecule inhibitors of the viral

880:

Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to

628:

response. It is known to bind to endoplasmic reticulum-anchored human

5839: 5820: 5787: 5775: 5769: 5748: 5694: 5622: 5508: 5470: 5239: 5218: 5124: 5002: 4994: 4982: 3492: 2510: 1198: 1155: 1136: 1110: 833: 455: 451: 234: 222: 99: 62: 5963: 4454: 4437: 4249: 4232: 2391: 1805: 503: 5986: 5937: 5584: 5326: 5182: 2737:"Unravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to function" 2028:

Berry KE, Waghray S, Mortimer SA, Bai Y, Doudna JA (October 2011).

739: 707: 675: 603: 446: 418: 403: 335: 331: 315: 311: 252: 46: 4947:

Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Flaviviridae

4014:"Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus—15 years on" 1909:

Basu, Arnab; Beyene, Aster; Meyer, Keith; Ray, Ranjit (May 2004).

770: 413:(UTR), that are not translated into proteins but are important to 6021: 5690: 4981: 4740: 4389: 3169: 1099: 1017: 942:. Common setting for transmission of HCV is also intra-hospital ( 815: 731: 3870: 3222:"Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Asia: when East meets West" 1846:"A Biologically-validated HCV E1E2 Heterodimer Structural Model" 5299: 4767:

Halegoua-De Marzio, Dina; Fenkel, Jonathan (January 27, 2014).

4583:

Abu-Mouch S, Fireman Z, Jarchovsky J, Zeina AR, Assy N (2011).

4582: 998: 938:(IDUs), recipients of blood products and sometimes patients on 803: 727: 679:

A simplified diagram of the hepatitis C virus replication cycle

599: 386: 3962: 3474:

González-Candelas F, López-Labrador FX, Bracho MA (Oct 2011).

30:

This article is about the virus species. For the disease, see

5950: 5709: 5341: 4817: 4533: 4484: 2222:

Jin, Z; Leveque, V; Ma, H; Johnson, K. A.; Klumpp, K (2012).

993:

Genotype 3 is thought to have its origin in South East Asia.

735: 688: 482: 86: 4633: 3010:

Simmonds P, Holmes EC, Cha TA, et al. (November 1993).

2911: 1501:

Burbelo PD, Dubovi EJ, Simmonds P, et al. (June 2012).

1224:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cis-acting replication element (CRE)

934:. Because of this mode of spread the key groups at risk are 580:. Cleavage of p7 is mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum's 1839: 1444:"Characterization of a canine homolog of hepatitis C virus" 1113:

levels and a poor response to treatment has been reported.

986:

of HCV genotype 2 from West Africa to the Caribbean by the

719: 471: 467: 463: 459: 368: 356: 344:

when embedded in the envelope of HCV and are stabilized by

4726: 4230: 2628: 1441: 494:

Diagram of the structure of the hepatitis C virus particle

5176: 4233:"The way forward in HCV treatment—finding the right path" 3921: 3421: 2629:

Zeisel, M.; Barth, H.; Schuster, C.; Baumert, T. (2009).

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that is 55 to 65 nm in diameter. Two viral envelope

276: 4766: 3469: 3467: 1734: 4940: 4279: 4152: 4055:"Reconstructing the origins of human hepatitis viruses" 3769: 2827: 2783: 2351:

Biswal BK, Cherney MM, Wang M, et al. (May 2005).

2027: 2862: 490: 4340: 3715: 3464: 3317: 2554: 1609:

Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Scheel TK, et al. (2013).

1500: 1292:

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

635:

The NS5B protein (65 kDa) is the viral RNA-dependent

61:

purified from cell culture. Scale bar = 50

4104:"A new insight into hepatitis C vaccine development" 3544:"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection" 3076: 2462:

Walewski JL, Keller TR, Stump DD, Branch AD (2001).

1791: 1608: 1550:

Quan PL, Firth C, Conte JM, et al. (May 2013).

561:

also contained within the N-terminal region of NS3.

4436:Baur K, Mertens JC, Schmitt J, et al. (2012). 3772:"Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in East Asia" 3541: 3120: 2221: 595:(kDa) transmembrane protein with protease activity. 417:and replication of the viral RNA. The 5′ UTR has a 4874:"FDA approves new treatment for hepatitis C virus" 4769:"Alternative medications in Hepatitis C infection" 4435: 3623: 3368: 2685: 2504: 2272: 1908: 1127:Other agents that are under investigation include 372:Structure of the IRES located in the 5′-UTR of HCV 3009: 2963:"Hepatitis C virus hijacks host lipid metabolism" 2960: 2614:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2426: 2350: 1046:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 6062: 4906:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020" 1016:Unlike hepatitis A and B, there is currently no 812:endosomal sorting complex required for transport 695:, potentially accounting for the high levels of 4671: 3864: 3542:Shepard, CW; Finelli, L; Alter, MJ (Sep 2005). 2315: 2121: 1679:Dubuisson, Jean; Cosset, François-Loïc (2014). 1678: 4894:. The Wall Street Journal. September 27, 2013. 4527: 3658: 3537: 3535: 2734: 2127: 1549: 1317:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 1279:Smith, Donald B.; et al. (23 June 2016). 946:) transmission, when practices of hygiene and 4967: 4926:Academic articles about the HCV six genotypes 4720: 4576: 4334: 4187: 3827: 2821: 1257:National Center for Biotechnology Information 299:The hepatitis C virus particle consists of a 4811: 4181: 4046: 4005: 3821: 3765: 3763: 3524:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3003: 2455: 2162: 2070: 1994: 1959: 1785: 1204:Discovery and development of NS5A inhibitors 3532: 2905: 2076: 1272: 263:The hepatitis C virus belongs to the genus 5231:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 4974: 4960: 4854:"Press announcement, FDA, December 6 2013" 4341:Gutierrez JA, Parikh N, Branch AD (2011). 3915: 3709: 3652: 2728: 1494: 1392: 1182:2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1168:On October 5, 2020, it was announced that 1090:and other nonstructural genes. Two agents— 325: 45: 5102:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type 4794: 4784: 4695: 4610: 4600: 4551: 4502: 4453: 4383: 4366: 4248: 4129: 4119: 4078: 4029: 3988: 3939: 3898: 3888: 3795: 3760: 3743: 3733: 3684: 3501: 3491: 3447: 3398: 3286: 3237: 3188: 3146: 3030: 2986: 2929: 2888: 2856: 2760: 2711: 2662: 2572: 2555:Bartenschlager R, Lohmann V (July 2000). 2487: 2368: 2249: 2239: 2198: 2188: 2156: 2104: 2094: 2053: 2021: 1942: 1885: 1752: 1706: 1696: 1634: 1602: 1585: 1575: 1526: 1477: 1467: 1435: 1418: 1369: 1351: 544:Learn how and when to remove this message 409:At the 5′ and 3′ ends of the RNA are the 4429: 4325:"FDA approves Victrelis for Hepatitis C" 4101: 4052: 4011: 3812: 3219: 3163: 3114: 2954: 1327: 674: 489: 486:Genome organisation of hepatitis C virus 481: 367: 290: 243:. The hepatitis C virus is the cause of 2000: 1543: 904:When two viruses infect the same cell, 445:is later cleaved by cellular and viral 247:and some cancers such as liver cancer ( 14: 6063: 3213: 3070: 1965: 1674: 839: 433:that is integrated within a predicted 5968: 5967: 4955: 4941:HCV Sequence and Immunology Databases 4762: 4760: 4758: 3580: 2961:Syed GH, Amako Y, Siddiqui A (2010). 1835: 1833: 1831: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1333: 1278: 922:Hepatitis C virus is predominantly a 663:in the capsid gene. It appears to be 3476:"Recombination in hepatitis C virus" 1027: 843: 526:adding citations to reliable sources 497: 477: 5252:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 1109:A possible association between low 1023: 24: 4755: 4059:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 3842:10.1111/j.1365-2893.1997.tb00163.x 2557:"Replication of hepatitis C virus" 1828: 1723: 1651: 1129:nucleoside and nucleotide analogue 1020:to prevent hepatitis C infection. 745:The envelope of HCV is similar to 693:peripheral blood mononuclear cells 389:. The genome consists of a single 25: 6087: 5571:Severe acute respiratory syndrome 5097:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma 4943:at Los Alamos National Laboratory 4919: 400:European Bioinformatics Institute 5557:Middle East respiratory syndrome 4697:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05000.x 4649:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01141.x 3239:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05789.x 3092:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02684.x 2931:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00767.x 2881:10.1128/JVI.76.12.5974-5984.2002 1032: 999:country's self-imposed isolation 899: 848: 502: 73: 4898: 4884: 4866: 4846: 4627: 4478: 4317: 4273: 4224: 4146: 4095: 3956: 3716:Sarwar MT, et al. (2011). 3617: 3574: 3440:10.1128/JVI.75.5.2059-2066.2001 3415: 3362: 3311: 3262: 2777: 2679: 2622: 2548: 2420: 2385: 2344: 2330:10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.014 2309: 2266: 2228:Journal of Biological Chemistry 2215: 2163:Gupta G, Qin H, Song J (2012). 1927:10.1128/JVI.78.9.4478-4486.2004 1902: 1214:Hepatitis C virus stem-loop VII 918:Hepatitis C § Epidemiology 911: 777:These interactions lead to the 513:needs additional citations for 5156:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 5142:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma 3659:Salemi M, Vandamme AM (2002). 1442:Kapoor A, et al. (2011). 1386: 1305: 1240: 1229:Sexually transmitted infection 1005: 886:single-nucleotide polymorphism 670: 295:Structure of Hepatitis C Virus 13: 1: 4832:10.1016/S0168-8278(12)60010-5 3560:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70216-4 3139:10.1128/JCM.35.1.201-207.1997 2842:10.1016/S0962-8924(02)02383-8 2735:Lindenbach B, Rice C (2005). 2406:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01439-0 2142:10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80374-2 1234: 1219:Hepatitis C virus 3′X element 806:to alter their location to a 747:very low-density lipoproteins 667:but its function is unknown. 406:only consists of 2 proteins. 5361:Tropical spastic paraparesis 5266:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis 4878:Food and Drug Administration 4859:Food and Drug Administration 4012:Simmonds P (November 2004). 3890:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000198 3638:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.009 3391:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.029 3041:10.1099/0022-1317-74-11-2391 2190:10.1371/journal.pone.0039261 2079:"Hepatitis C virus proteins" 1741:Medical Molecular Morphology 1556:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1411:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.028 1150:for use in combination with 954: 821: 712:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 429:contains a four-way helical 423:internal ribosome entry site 286: 7: 5724:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis 5644:Human parainfluenza viruses 5317:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 4773:World Journal of Hepatology 4190:Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 3307:10.1056/nejm200409163511229 2655:10.1016/j.cnsns.2008.11.006 2583:10.1099/0022-1317-81-7-1631 1340:World Journal of Hepatology 1319:. July 2018. Archived from 1187: 258: 10: 6092: 4408:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.036 3830:Journal of Viral Hepatitis 1870:10.1038/s41598-017-00320-7 1698:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.031 1393:Rusyn I, Lemon SM (2014). 1184:for the discovery of HCV. 1009: 988:trans-Atlantic slave trade 915: 825: 706:HCV has a wide variety of 329: 29: 5976: 5927: 5903: 5811: 5734: 5689: 5678: 5507: 5469: 5448: 5416: 5388:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 5371: 5325: 5204: 5193: 5166: 4993: 4102:Yu CI, Chiang BL (2010). 3686:10.1007/s00239-001-0018-9 3220:Yu ML, Chuang WL (2009). 2979:10.1016/j.tem.2009.07.005 2787:Seminars in Liver Disease 2526:10.1134/S0026893312020033 2480:10.1017/S1355838201010111 2441:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.074 2046:10.1016/j.str.2011.08.002 1754:10.1007/s00795-006-0317-8 363: 269:, a member of the family 200: 193: 68: 53: 44: 39: 5490:Infectious mononucleosis 5307:Chandipura vesiculovirus 5137:Hepatocellular carcinoma 5082:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 5015:Hepatocellular carcinoma 4684:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther 4602:10.3748/wjg.v17.i47.5184 2096:10.3748/wjg.v13.i17.2406 1448:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1334:Ferri, Clodoveo (2015). 926:, with very low risk of 896:others easier to treat. 751:low-density lipoproteins 376:Hepatitis C virus has a 249:hepatocellular carcinoma 206:human hepatitis C virus 5286:Encephalitis lethargica 4987:viral systemic diseases 3735:10.1186/1743-422X-8-317 3226:J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2967:Trends Endocrinol Metab 2635:Frontiers in Bioscience 2585:(inactive 2024-09-18). 2241:10.1074/jbc.M111.325530 1577:10.1073/pnas.1303037110 1469:10.1073/pnas.1101794108 890:evolutionary adaptation 769:increase the amount of 697:immunological disorders 591:NS2 protein is a 21–23 326:E1 and E2 glycoproteins 251:, abbreviated HCC) and 5658:Human orthopneumovirus 5312:Herpesviral meningitis 5273:Arbovirus encephalitis 4359:10.1055/s-0031-1297927 4071:10.1098/rstb.2001.0890 3941:10.1099/vir.0.011569-0 3595:10.1055/s-0031-1297923 2370:10.1074/jbc.M413410200 2083:World J. Gastroenterol 1980:10.1089/mcg.2000.5.129 1104:Vertex Pharmaceuticals 936:intravenous drug users 763:tight-junction protein 680: 495: 487: 373: 296: 5116:Merkel-cell carcinoma 4589:World J Gastroenterol 4108:J. Biomed. Biotechnol 4031:10.1099/vir.0.80401-0 2799:10.1055/s-2005-864786 2003:Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther 1685:Journal of Hepatology 1627:10.1128/mBio.00216-13 1353:10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.327 1323:on February 19, 2020. 1180:had been awarded the 932:vertical transmission 916:Further information: 906:genetic recombination 759:scavenger receptor B1 678: 586:transmembrane domains 578:endoplasmic reticulum 493: 485: 439:40S ribosomal subunit 371: 294: 5761:Adenovirus infection 5225:Human polyomavirus 2 5054:Oropharyngeal cancer 4826:(Suppl 1): S88–100. 4330:. FDA. May 13, 2011. 3981:10.1128/JVI.06910-11 3788:10.1128/JVI.01501-08 3288:10.1056/NEJMoa032502 2704:10.1128/JVI.00196-10 2077:Dubuisson J (2007). 1519:10.1128/JVI.00250-12 1313:"Genus: Hepacivirus" 522:improve this article 411:untranslated regions 353:hypervariable region 221:) is a small (55–65 70:Virus classification 5347:Post-polio syndrome 4983:Infectious diseases 4786:10.4254/wjh.v6.i1.9 4237:Nat Rev Drug Discov 4121:10.1155/2010/548280 4053:Simmonds P (2001). 3677:2002JMolE..54...62S 3428:Journal of Virology 3383:2013InfGE..20..418R 3340:10.1038/nature08309 3332:2009Natur.461..399G 3080:Liver International 2762:10.1038/nature04077 2753:2005Natur.436..933L 2692:Journal of Virology 2647:2009CNSNS..14.3274H 2287:10.1038/nrmicro1645 2275:Nat. Rev. Microbiol 2181:2012PLoSO...739261G 1968:Microb. Comp. Genom 1915:Journal of Virology 1862:2017NatSR...7..214C 1568:2013PNAS..110.8194Q 1460:2011PNAS..10811608K 1194:Blood-borne disease 1012:Hepatitis C vaccine 840:Clinical importance 617:the membranous web. 567:hydrophobic regions 55:Electron micrograph 5480:Epstein–Barr virus 5450:Respiratory system 5087:Burkitt's lymphoma 4931:2020-10-11 at the 4167:10.2217/pgs.09.121 4024:(Pt 11): 3173–88. 3836:(Suppl 1): 69–74. 2136:(Suppl 1): 47–53. 1850:Scientific Reports 1708:20.500.12210/28720 1152:peginterferon-alfa 1077:viral quasispecies 681: 645:consensus sequence 610:of the proteinase. 496: 488: 391:open reading frame 374: 297: 281:canine hepacivirus 6071:Hepatitis C virus 6058: 6057: 5978:Hepatitis C virus 5970:Taxon identifiers 5961: 5960: 5923: 5922: 5674: 5673: 5605:Influenza virus A 5522:Human coronavirus 5412: 5411: 5402:Herpes of the eye 4553:10.1002/hep.24575 4504:10.1002/hep.24201 4295:10.1002/jmv.24947 4202:10.1586/eri.09.12 4161:(11): 1819–1837. 4065:(1411): 1013–26. 3975:(14): 7677–7687. 3934:(Pt 9): 2086–96. 3548:Lancet Infect Dis 3371:Infect Genet Evol 3326:(7262): 399–401. 3190:10.1002/hep.20819 3025:(Pt 11): 2391–9. 2698:(14): 6987–6994. 2567:(Pt 7): 1631–48. 1069: 1068: 924:blood-borne virus 878: 877: 701:hepatic sinusoids 624:pathways and the 582:signal peptidases 554: 553: 546: 478:Molecular biology 431:Holliday junction 342:covalently bonded 215:hepatitis C virus 211: 210: 202:Hepatitis C virus 16:(Redirected from 6083: 6051: 6050: 6038: 6037: 6025: 6024: 6012: 6011: 6010: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5965: 5964: 5687: 5686: 5682:digestive system 5599:Orthomyxoviridae 5565:SARS coronavirus 5551:MERS coronavirus 5467: 5466: 5279:Orthomyxoviridae 5202: 5201: 5168:Immune disorders 5092:Hodgkin lymphoma 5068:Kaposi's sarcoma 4976: 4969: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4914: 4913: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4788: 4764: 4753: 4752: 4735:(4): 1276–1286. 4724: 4718: 4717: 4699: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4604: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4555: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4506: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4457: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4370: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4281:meta-analysis". 4277: 4271: 4270: 4252: 4243:(12): 991–1000. 4228: 4222: 4221: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4155:Pharmacogenomics 4150: 4144: 4143: 4133: 4123: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4033: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3892: 3883:(12): e1000198. 3868: 3862: 3861: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3799: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3737: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3688: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3515: 3505: 3495: 3493:10.3390/v3102006 3471: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3402: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3290: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3241: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3192: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3127:J Clin Microbiol 3118: 3112: 3111: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3034: 3016: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2990: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2933: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2892: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2830:Trends Cell Biol 2825: 2819: 2818: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2764: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2666: 2641:(8): 3274–3285. 2626: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2593:. Archived from 2576: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2491: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2372: 2363:(18): 18202–10. 2348: 2342: 2341: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2253: 2243: 2234:(13): 10674–83. 2219: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2192: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2098: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2025: 2019: 2018: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1921:(9): 4478–4486. 1906: 1900: 1899: 1889: 1842:Burioni, Roberto 1837: 1826: 1825: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1756: 1732: 1721: 1720: 1710: 1700: 1676: 1649: 1648: 1638: 1621:(2): e00216–13. 1606: 1600: 1599: 1589: 1579: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1530: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1471: 1454:(28): 11608–13. 1439: 1433: 1432: 1422: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1373: 1355: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1289: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1244: 1174:Michael Houghton 1064: 1061: 1055: 1044:factual accuracy 1036: 1035: 1028: 1024:Current research 873: 870: 864: 852: 851: 844: 816:cellular budding 549: 542: 538: 535: 529: 506: 498: 421:binding site or 233:single-stranded 78: 77: 49: 37: 36: 27:Species of virus 21: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6046: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6020: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5972: 5962: 5957: 5919: 5899: 5807: 5781:Gastroenteritis 5739: 5736:Gastroenteritis 5730: 5718:Cytomegalovirus 5681: 5670: 5638:Paramyxoviridae 5627:Avian influenza 5503: 5498:Cytomegalovirus 5462:viral pneumonia 5460: 5457:nasopharyngitis 5456: 5453: 5444: 5408: 5382:Cytomegalovirus 5367: 5321: 5209: 5196: 5189: 5162: 5029:Cervical cancer 4989: 4980: 4936:Clodovero Ferri 4933:Wayback Machine 4922: 4917: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4880:. Nov 22, 2013. 4872: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4816: 4812: 4765: 4756: 4725: 4721: 4676: 4672: 4632: 4628: 4595:(47): 5184–90. 4581: 4577: 4532: 4528: 4483: 4479: 4455:10.3851/IMP2018 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4388: 4384: 4347:Semin Liver Dis 4339: 4335: 4328:(press release) 4327: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4278: 4274: 4250:10.1038/nrd2411 4229: 4225: 4186: 4182: 4151: 4147: 4100: 4096: 4051: 4047: 4010: 4006: 3961: 3957: 3920: 3916: 3869: 3865: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3768: 3761: 3714: 3710: 3657: 3653: 3632:(8–9): 839–49. 3626:Int J Parasitol 3622: 3618: 3583:Semin Liver Dis 3579: 3575: 3540: 3533: 3517: 3516: 3486:(10): 2006–24. 3472: 3465: 3420: 3416: 3367: 3363: 3316: 3312: 3281:(22): 2265–71. 3267: 3263: 3218: 3214: 3168: 3164: 3119: 3115: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3032:10.1.1.325.7888 3014: 3008: 3004: 2959: 2955: 2910: 2906: 2875:(12): 5974–84. 2861: 2857: 2836:(11): 517–523. 2826: 2822: 2782: 2778: 2747:(7053): 933–8. 2733: 2729: 2684: 2680: 2627: 2623: 2607: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2574:10.1.1.319.8775 2553: 2549: 2514:Mol Biol (Mosk) 2509: 2505: 2460: 2456: 2425: 2421: 2390: 2386: 2349: 2345: 2314: 2310: 2271: 2267: 2220: 2216: 2161: 2157: 2126: 2122: 2089:(17): 2406–15. 2075: 2071: 2040:(10): 1456–66. 2026: 2022: 1999: 1995: 1964: 1960: 1907: 1903: 1838: 1829: 1806:10.1002/rmv.391 1794:Rev. Med. Virol 1790: 1786: 1733: 1724: 1677: 1652: 1607: 1603: 1548: 1544: 1499: 1495: 1440: 1436: 1391: 1387: 1332: 1328: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1287: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1190: 1178:Charles M. Rice 1170:Harvey J. Alter 1135:inhibitors and 1065: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1041:This article's 1037: 1033: 1026: 1014: 1008: 965:common ancestor 957: 920: 914: 902: 874: 868: 865: 862: 853: 849: 842: 830: 824: 755:apolipoproteins 673: 641:RNA replication 559:serine protease 550: 539: 533: 530: 519: 507: 480: 381:single-stranded 366: 346:disulfide bonds 338: 330:Main articles: 328: 289: 261: 205: 203: 189: 149:Amarillovirales 125:Kitrinoviricota 72: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6089: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6039: 6026: 6013: 5998: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5941: 5933: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5699: 5697: 5684: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5513: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5422: 5420: 5418:Cardiovascular 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5199: 5197:nervous system 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5172: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5049:Vaginal cancer 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4921: 4920:External links 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910:NobelPrize.org 4897: 4883: 4865: 4845: 4810: 4754: 4719: 4670: 4626: 4575: 4526: 4497:(4): 1118–26. 4477: 4428: 4402:(5): 887–893. 4382: 4353:(4): 387–398. 4333: 4316: 4289:(5): 907–918. 4272: 4223: 4180: 4145: 4094: 4045: 4004: 3955: 3914: 3863: 3820: 3811: 3782:(2): 1071–82. 3759: 3708: 3651: 3616: 3573: 3531: 3463: 3434:(5): 2059–66. 3414: 3361: 3310: 3261: 3232:(3): 336–345. 3212: 3162: 3113: 3069: 3002: 2953: 2924:(8): 1268–82. 2904: 2855: 2820: 2793:(1): 105–117. 2776: 2727: 2678: 2621: 2547: 2503: 2474:(5): 710–721. 2454: 2419: 2400:(4): 1025–35. 2384: 2343: 2324:(2): 197–206. 2308: 2265: 2214: 2155: 2120: 2069: 2020: 1993: 1958: 1901: 1827: 1784: 1722: 1650: 1601: 1562:(20): 8194–9. 1542: 1513:(11): 6171–8. 1493: 1434: 1385: 1326: 1304: 1271: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1088:RNA polymerase 1067: 1066: 1040: 1038: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1010:Main article: 1007: 1004: 972:Before Present 956: 953: 913: 910: 901: 898: 876: 875: 856: 854: 847: 841: 838: 826:Main article: 823: 820: 796:lipid droplets 787:RNA polymerase 672: 669: 657: 656: 637:RNA polymerase 633: 622:cell signaling 618: 614: 611: 596: 589: 574: 570: 552: 551: 510: 508: 501: 479: 476: 393:that is 9,600 378:positive sense 365: 362: 340:E1 and E2 are 327: 324: 301:lipid membrane 288: 285: 260: 257: 237:of the family 231:positive-sense 209: 208: 198: 197: 191: 190: 183: 181: 177: 176: 169: 165: 164: 157: 153: 152: 145: 141: 140: 137:Flasuviricetes 133: 129: 128: 121: 117: 116: 109: 105: 104: 97: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 66: 65: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40:Hepacivirus C 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6088: 6077: 6076:Hepaciviruses 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6008:Hepacivirus C 6003: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5650:Parainfluenza 5648: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5486:EBV infection 5484: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342:Poliomyelitis 5340: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044:Vulvar cancer 5042: 5040: 5039:Penile cancer 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4690:(6): 634–46. 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4546:(5): 1570–9. 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4442:Antivir. Ther 4439: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4326: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4196:(3): 329–50. 4195: 4191: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018:J. Gen. Virol 4015: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928:J. Gen. Virol 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3554:(9): 558–67. 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3183:(4): 962–73. 3182: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086:(2): 339–45. 3085: 3081: 3073: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019:J. Gen. Virol 3013: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2611: 2597:on 2009-12-03 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:J. Gen. Virol 2558: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:J. Biol. Chem 2354: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:Antiviral Res 2312: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281:(6): 453–63. 2280: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175:(6): e39261. 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2009:(3): 278–87. 2008: 2004: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974:(3): 129–51. 1973: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800:(4): 233–41. 1799: 1795: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1691:(1): S3–S13. 1690: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1346:(3): 327–43. 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1275: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1250:Hepacivirus C 1243: 1239: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1063: 1060:November 2019 1051: 1047: 1045: 1039: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1013: 1003: 1000: 994: 991: 989: 983: 979: 975: 973: 968: 966: 962: 952: 949: 948:sterilization 945: 941: 940:haemodialysis 937: 933: 929: 925: 919: 909: 907: 900:Recombination 897: 893: 891: 887: 883: 872: 860: 855: 846: 845: 837: 835: 829: 828:HCV genotypes 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 798:and utilises 797: 791: 788: 782: 780: 775: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 677: 668: 666: 662: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 612: 609: 605: 601: 597: 594: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 568: 564: 563: 562: 560: 548: 545: 537: 527: 523: 517: 516: 511:This section 509: 505: 500: 499: 492: 484: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 396: 392: 388: 385: 382: 379: 370: 361: 358: 354: 349: 347: 343: 337: 333: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308:glycoproteins 305: 302: 293: 284: 282: 278: 274: 273: 268: 267: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 207: 199: 196: 192: 188: 187: 186:Hepacivirus C 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 113:Orthornavirae 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 98: 95: 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 81: 76: 71: 67: 64: 60: 59:Hepacivirus C 56: 52: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 18:Hepacivirus C 5977: 5943: 5936: 5912: 5905:Pancreatitis 5887: 5875: 5864: 5863: 5851: 5844: 5825: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5774: 5753: 5716: 5702: 5663: 5656: 5642: 5636: 5603: 5597: 5577: 5563: 5549: 5520: 5496: 5478: 5433:Pericarditis 5425: 5394: 5380: 5353: 5334: 5292: 5277: 5258: 5244: 5223: 5206:Encephalitis 5175: 5148: 5130: 5129: 5108: 5074: 5060: 5021: 5007: 4909: 4900: 4886: 4868: 4857: 4848: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4776: 4772: 4741:10.2741/e458 4732: 4729:Front Biosci 4728: 4722: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4643:(1): 43–50. 4640: 4636: 4629: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4448:(3): 541–7. 4445: 4441: 4431: 4419:. 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Mol. Biol 2393: 2387: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1853: 1849: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1747:(2): 63–71. 1744: 1740: 1688: 1684: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1405:(2): 210–5. 1402: 1398: 1388: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1321:the original 1307: 1295:. Retrieved 1291: 1283:Flaviviridae 1282: 1274: 1262:. Retrieved 1255: 1249: 1242: 1199:Cancer virus 1167: 1160: 1141: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1081: 1070: 1057: 1042: 1015: 995: 992: 984: 980: 976: 969: 958: 921: 912:Epidemiology 903: 894: 879: 869:January 2024 866: 858: 831: 800:microtubules 792: 783: 776: 744: 724:LDL receptor 716:quasispecies 705: 682: 658: 555: 540: 531: 520:Please help 515:verification 512: 441:. The large 408: 402:, the viral 375: 350: 339: 298: 272:Flaviviridae 270: 264: 262: 240:Flaviviridae 238: 218: 214: 212: 201: 185: 184: 172: 161:Flaviviridae 160: 148: 136: 124: 112: 100: 93: 83:(unranked): 58: 6002:Wikispecies 5802:Coronavirus 5543:Common cold 5455:acute viral 5438:Myocarditis 5282:(probable) 5034:Anal cancer 4779:(1): 9–16. 4637:Transpl Int 4283:J Med Virol 1399:Cancer Lett 1133:cyclophilin 1006:Vaccination 808:perinuclear 779:endocytosis 767:macrophages 749:(VLDL) and 685:hepatocytes 671:Replication 649:active site 443:pre-protein 415:translation 266:Hepacivirus 255:in humans. 245:hepatitis C 173:Hepacivirus 32:Hepatitis C 6065:Categories 5929:Urogenital 5795:Astrovirus 5755:Adenovirus 5579:SARS-CoV-2 5336:Poliovirus 5211:meningitis 4820:J. Hepatol 4540:Hepatology 4491:Hepatology 3665:J Mol Evol 3377:: 418–21. 3177:Hepatology 2601:2010-07-16 1856:(1): 214. 1235:References 1163:Oxymatrine 1148:simeprevir 1143:Sofosbuvir 1122:Naringenin 1100:telaprevir 1092:boceprevir 944:nosocomial 882:interferon 661:frameshift 626:interferon 593:kilodalton 435:pseudoknot 395:nucleotide 225:in size), 63:nanometres 5840:RNA virus 5821:DNA virus 5813:Hepatitis 5788:Norovirus 5776:Rotavirus 5770:RNA virus 5749:DNA virus 5695:Esophagus 5623:Influenza 5509:RNA virus 5471:DNA virus 5240:RNA virus 5219:DNA virus 5125:RNA virus 5003:DNA virus 4995:Oncovirus 4396:J Hepatol 3611:260310609 3301:Erratum: 3027:CiteSeerX 2815:260316882 2569:CiteSeerX 2130:J Hepatol 2034:Structure 1935:0022-538X 1878:2045-2322 1763:1860-1480 1362:1948-5182 1264:3 January 1156:ribavirin 1146:approved 1137:silibinin 1111:Vitamin D 1073:replicons 955:Evolution 834:genotypes 822:Genotypes 736:Claudin-1 708:genotypes 665:antigenic 632:proteins. 447:proteases 287:Structure 253:lymphomas 235:RNA virus 227:enveloped 180:Species: 108:Kingdom: 101:Riboviria 6048:11459944 6035:10092132 6022:46700538 5987:Wikidata 5938:BK virus 5741:diarrhea 5585:COVID-19 5327:Myelitis 4929:Archived 4840:22300469 4805:24653790 4749:22201953 4714:25534747 4706:22316435 4665:22124427 4657:20649944 4621:22215943 4570:10090454 4562:21793032 4513:21480318 4472:32175340 4464:22300961 4416:21145801 4377:22189978 4303:28892235 4267:52874660 4259:18049473 4218:38411966 4210:19344246 4175:19891557 4140:20625493 4114:: 1–12. 4089:11516379 4040:15483230 3999:22573865 3950:19474244 3909:20041120 3877:PLOS Med 3858:41594303 3806:18971279 3754:21696641 3722:Virol. J 3703:35899454 3695:11734899 3646:17521655 3603:22189974 3568:16122679 3512:22069526 3458:11160710 3409:24140473 3348:19684573 3297:15163776 3256:27333980 3248:19335784 3207:21393716 3199:16149085 3108:23271017 3100:22142261 3057:17597460 2997:19854061 2948:20609887 2940:18489704 2899:12021330 2850:12446113 2807:15732002 2771:16107832 2722:20463075 2673:19273272 2591:10859368 2534:22670521 2498:11350035 2449:16828488 2414:12589751 2379:15746101 2338:20813137 2303:13176201 2295:17487147 2260:22303022 2209:22720086 2169:PLOS ONE 2150:10622560 2115:17552023 2064:22000514 2015:11497352 1988:11252351 1953:15078928 1896:28303031 1822:22280227 1814:12820185 1779:24668769 1771:16821143 1717:25443344 1645:23572554 1596:23610427 1537:22491452 1507:J. Virol 1488:21610165 1429:23871966 1380:25848462 1297:13 March 1209:HCV IRES 1188:See also 1115:In vitro 1084:protease 961:Bayesian 740:Occludin 608:cofactor 604:helicase 534:May 2016 427:HCV IRES 419:ribosome 404:proteome 336:E2 (HCV) 332:E1 (HCV) 304:envelope 259:Taxonomy 195:Synonyms 156:Family: 120:Phylum: 5993:Q708693 5691:Pharynx 5195:Central 4796:3953807 4612:3243885 4521:5329252 4421:10 July 4368:4107414 4311:3829214 4131:2896694 4080:1088496 3990:3416291 3969:J Virol 3900:2795363 3850:9097281 3797:2612398 3776:J Virol 3745:3145594 3728:: 317. 3673:Bibcode 3503:3205392 3480:Viruses 3379:Bibcode 3356:1707096 3328:Bibcode 3157:8968908 3062:10 July 3049:8245854 2988:2818172 2918:Traffic 2869:J Virol 2749:Bibcode 2713:2898237 2664:3235086 2643:Bibcode 2542:7379944 2489:1370123 2251:3323022 2200:3374797 2177:Bibcode 2106:4146758 2055:3209822 1887:5428263 1858:Bibcode 1636:3622934 1587:3657805 1564:Bibcode 1528:3372197 1479:3136326 1456:Bibcode 1420:3844040 1371:4381161 1018:vaccine 859:updated 804:dyneins 732:DC-SIGN 687:of the 653:primers 168:Genus: 144:Order: 132:Class: 5355:HTLV-I 5300:Rabies 5150:HTLV-I 4838: 4803: 4793: 4747: 4712: 4704: 4663: 4655: 4619: 4609: 4568: 4560: 4519: 4511: 4470: 4462: 4414: 4375: 4365: 4309: 4301: 4265: 4257: 4216: 4208: 4173: 4138: 4128: 4087: 4077: 4038: 3997: 3987: 3948: 3907: 3897: 3856: 3848: 3804: 3794: 3752: 3742: 3701: 3693: 3644: 3609: 3601: 3566: 3510: 3500: 3456: 3449:114790 3446: 3407: 3354: 3346: 3320:Nature 3295: 3254: 3246: 3205: 3197: 3155: 3148:229539 3145: 3106: 3098: 3055: 3047: 3029: 2995: 2985: 2946: 2938: 2897: 2890:136238 2887: 2848: 2813: 2805: 2769: 2741:Nature 2720: 2710: 2671: 2661: 2589: 2571: 2540: 2532: 2496: 2486: 2447: 2412: 2377: 2336: 2301: 2293: 2258: 2248: 2207: 2197: 2148: 2113: 2103: 2062: 2052: 2013: 1986: 1951: 1944:387685 1941: 1933: 1894: 1884: 1876: 1820: 1812: 1777: 1769: 1761: 1715: 1643: 1633: 1594: 1584: 1535: 1525: 1486: 1476: 1427: 1417: 1378: 1368: 1360: 1259:(NCBI) 1176:, and 928:sexual 738:, and 600:NTPase 584:. Two 573:sites. 470:, and 387:genome 364:Genome 6043:IRMNG 5951:Mumps 5710:Mumps 5680:Human 5110:MCPyV 4710:S2CID 4661:S2CID 4566:S2CID 4517:S2CID 4468:S2CID 4307:S2CID 4263:S2CID 4214:S2CID 3854:S2CID 3699:S2CID 3607:S2CID 3352:S2CID 3252:S2CID 3203:S2CID 3104:S2CID 3053:S2CID 3015:(PDF) 2944:S2CID 2811:S2CID 2538:S2CID 2299:S2CID 1818:S2CID 1775:S2CID 1288:(PDF) 1096:Merck 771:TNF-α 728:SR-BI 689:liver 320:entry 94:Realm 87:Virus 6030:GBIF 5665:hMPV 5537:OC43 5533:HKU1 5529:NL63 5525:229E 5183:AIDS 5062:KSHV 4836:PMID 4801:PMID 4745:PMID 4702:PMID 4653:PMID 4617:PMID 4558:PMID 4509:PMID 4460:PMID 4423:2020 4412:PMID 4373:PMID 4299:PMID 4255:PMID 4206:PMID 4171:PMID 4136:PMID 4112:2010 4085:PMID 4036:PMID 3995:PMID 3946:PMID 3905:PMID 3846:PMID 3802:PMID 3750:PMID 3691:PMID 3642:PMID 3599:PMID 3564:PMID 3526:link 3508:PMID 3454:PMID 3405:PMID 3344:PMID 3293:PMID 3244:PMID 3195:PMID 3153:PMID 3096:PMID 3064:2020 3045:PMID 2993:PMID 2936:PMID 2895:PMID 2846:PMID 2803:PMID 2767:PMID 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