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401:. He made it very clear that Switzerland would resist any Nazi invasion. If they ran out of bullets they were to resort to the bayonet. He said that Switzerland would defend itself against any invader and would never surrender. Guisan became a symbol of resistance to Nazism that was widespread amongst the Swiss public. At a time when military commanders remained distant, he rejected formalities and maintained contact with civilians and soldiers.
527:
337:, a unique rank used only in time of war or national emergency. On 30 August 1939, Guisan was elected general by 204 votes out of 231 members of the Assembly, against 21 votes for divisional commander Jules Borel, who was mostly supported by the socialists. He was given the directive to safeguard the independence of the country and to maintain the integrity of Swiss territory. During the
382:
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proving that Guisan had been secretly making military preparations with France, despite Swiss neutrality. The Swiss military would have been remiss in not pursuing contacts with the French based on their perception of a German threat. Nonetheless, this was politically very risky, and represented a
365:
government. Whereas the government preferred an understated and politically riskless neutrality, Guisan, charged with actually preventing invasion, opted to call for determined resistance. In May 1940 he ordered an investigation against 124 army officers suspected of Nazi sympathies. After the
364:
In 1939 the Swiss military were able to muster 430,000 men, approximately 20% of the work force. At one point, up to 850,000 Swiss soldiers were mobilized. However, Swiss military equipment was not on a par with that of the German military. Guisan's command was dominated by conflict with the
168:. He was the fourth and the most recent person to be appointed to the rarely used Swiss rank of general, and was possibly Switzerland's most famous soldier. He is best remembered for effectively mobilizing the Swiss military and population in order to prepare resistance against a
259:
Guisan reached the ranks of brigadier in 1921, divisional commander in 1927, and was made corps commander in 1932, the highest Swiss rank achievable during peacetime. His appointment as corps commander was supported by
Federal Councillor
480:
on 7 April 1960, aged 85. He was buried on 12 April in Pully, with 300,000 participating in his funeral procession through
Lausanne, the biggest attendance at a funeral in Swiss history. His grave is a work by
1698:
1143:, and General Henri Guisan, whose service as commander-in-chief of the Swiss army in the Second World War has never been forgotten, finished in fourth position. In order of votes, they were followed by
441:(Resistant National Action), formed from contacts between selected army figures and conservative civilian circles, had the explicit task of persuading the civilian population to resist invaders.
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However, Guisan's and
Switzerland's main strategy was deterrence rather than fighting, and Germany never risked invasion. Its 1940 planned invasion of Switzerland, codenamed
1706:
1393:
Edgar
Bonjour, NeutralitĂ€t, Bd. IV, 1970, p. 379 quoted after Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland â World War II, final report, German edition, p. 92.
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In his life, Guisan heavily propagandized his public image, banning 5,600 images of himself from being printed from 1939 to 1945. Unlike
General
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World War II: The
Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
1916:
1808:
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in 1908. In 1911, Guisan was promoted to major and was transferred to the infantry on the order of the Chief of the
General Staff,
281:
224:. That same year, Guisan married Mary Doelker, with whom he had two children, Henry and Myriam. In 1903 he moved to Verte-Rive in
1075:
Bonjour, Edgar (1978). "Swiss
Neutrality During Two World Wars". In Luck, James Murray; Burckhardt, Lukas F.; Haug, Hans (eds.).
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397:, a location charged with symbolism in Swiss Romantic nationalism by virtue of being identified as the site of the legendary
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became priorities. On 20 August 1945, Guisan left his command, considering his mission to be fulfilled.
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On 25 July 1940, Guisan delivered a historic address to the entire Swiss
Officer Corps assembled on the
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252:. In 1916, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the General Staff in the "Operations" section in
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501:, Guisan was an extremely popular figure in Switzerland. He has been criticized for admiring
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200:. He was the son of Louise-Jeanne (née Bérengier) and Charles Ernest Guisan, a doctor from
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Henri Guisan being sworn in as general before the
Federal Assembly, in the chamber of the
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In 1940, Guisan delivered an address to the entire Swiss Officer Corps at this field in
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relatively soon if attacked, but would have kept up resistance based on some sort of
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in 1940. Guisan was voted the fourth-greatest Swiss figure of all time in 2010.
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1839:"Ehrung General Henri Guisan und General Bronislaw Prugar-Ketling in Warschau"
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was voted the most outstanding Swiss citizen in history. In second place came
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as a lieutenant. He was promoted to captain in 1904 and became captain of the
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Having become a national hero by successfully avoiding war, Guisan died in
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1409:
General Henri Guisan: Commander-In-Chief of the Swiss Army in World War II
389:, calling for the Swiss to defend themselves to the death against invasion
216:, Germany. Upon completing his studies, in 1897, he moved to and became a
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1324:"Resultate der Wahlen des Bundesrats, der Bundeskanzler und des Generals"
1083:. The Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship Inc. pp.
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concept, according to which the Swiss Army would have retreated into the
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very typical example to be seized upon by Germany to justify aggression,
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In summer 1940, after the Battle of France, Guisan developed his famous
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551: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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208:, graduating in 1893, and later studied at the agricultural schools of
1369:"Guisan 1918, 1934, 1940: les constantes d'une mission â A l'encontre"
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Numerous cities and towns in Switzerland have streets named for him:
631:. His office, living room and dining room are preserved as a museum.
268:. Guisan was first at the head of the Field Army Corps 2 then of the
240:
Upon entering the Swiss military in 1894, Guisan was assigned to the
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On 28 August 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the
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1865:"Photo of General Guisan Gedenkstein, LĂ€gern oberhalb Regensberg"
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prior to the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II.
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1699:"Centre GĂ©nĂ©ral Guisan â Official site of the City of Lausanne"
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1962:
1354:
A Survey of Nazi and Pro-Nazi Groups in Switzerland: 1930â1945
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1758:"RĂŒtlirapport Gedenktafel wĂ€hrend dem Aktivdienst im zweiteâŠ"
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1430:. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.
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commemorating his speech on RĂŒtli in 1940, inaugurated by
1425:"The Swiss Security Sector: Structure, Control, Reforms"
1418:
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tactics from there. The Swiss paramilitary organization
1945:
1041:
titled "General-Guisan-Marsch" was composed in 1939 by
353:
political tendency, and was a member of the right-wing
1921:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 158.
1117:"General Guisan â Did he save Switzerland in the war?"
685:
Library am Guisanplatz, Bern: equestrian sculpture by
357:. Nevertheless, he maintained good relations with the
1413:
1375:
736:
General-Guisan Quai, Lucerne: plaque on the lakeshore
282:
Switzerland during the World Wars § World War II
1783:"Il generale Guisan torna alla Guisanplatz di Berna"
1240:
General Guisan â Did he save Switzerland in the war?
2052:
1965:âBiography and bibliography, in French and German.
1646:Haver, Gianni; Middleton, Robert (15 April 2015).
1522:Pauchard, Olivier; Dacey, Jessica (7 April 2010).
1076:
947:Town squares and open spaces are named after him:
1548:
1546:
1462:The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland
689:, created in 1949 and installed in September 2008
472:during Guisan's funeral procession, 12 April 1960
286:National Redoubt (Switzerland) § Guisan plan
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1986:
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1219:
1980:
1974:
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1543:
1496:
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1213:
1207:
152:; 21 October 1874 – 7 April 1960) was a
2131:Swiss International Olympic Committee members
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1521:
1065:gives Guisan an important role in the story.
1605:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1552:
1281:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
695:, Warsaw, Plaque: plaque inaugurated in 2010
184:Henri Guisan was born on 21 October 1874 in
1475:, Vol. 20, n°4, December 2005, pp. 553â580
1403:
1401:
1399:
2045:
2031:
1139:, the founder of the Red Cross, third was
31:
1755:
1582:"Swiss national hero seen in a new light"
1524:"Swiss National Hero Seen in a New Light"
1258:"Swiss national hero seen in a new light"
611:Learn how and when to remove this message
361:for the entire duration of World War II.
2000:Complete genealogy of the Général Guisan
1914:
1891:"General Henri Guisan Historical Marker"
1422:
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156:military officer who held the office of
2009:on the Geneva Genealogy Society website
1622:"Memories of active service and réduit"
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1296:Tucker, Spencer C. (6 September 2016).
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674:: a memorial plaque with his relief by
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1756:Christoph, Hurni (28 September 2012).
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646:Memorial in Schlossgarten, Interlaken
147:
1993:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1811:[Polish tribute to Guisan].
1509:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1226:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
549:adding citations to reliable sources
520:
1957:Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland
1052:has been named in Guisan's honour.
13:
1580:Dacey, Olivier Pauchard, Jessica.
1555:"La Place de la Concorde Suisse-I"
1473:Intelligence and National Security
1256:Dacey, Olivier Pauchard, Jessica.
1160:
670:On the main deck of the steamship
14:
2142:
1939:
1674:"Centre GĂ©nĂ©ral Guisan â accueil"
1579:
1255:
509:as well as having a meeting with
2111:People from Lavaux-Oron District
1918:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
1915:Schmadel, Lutz (5 August 2003).
1553:McPhee, John (31 October 1983).
525:
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2054:Federal Generals of Switzerland
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536:needs additional citations for
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1:
1729:"Aufruf An Das Schweizervolk"
1620:SFA, Swiss Federal Archives.
1102:
989:place du Général Henri-Guisan
667:: a bust, inaugurated in 1969
657:-Ouchy: equestrian statue by
638:Memorial on Allmend, Zollikon
459:
369:, Germany found documents in
341:, Guisan had belonged to the
250:Theophil Sprecher von Bernegg
179:
1242:" (PDF) . The Swiss Review.
682:in 1980, 40 years afterwards
516:
448:, was soon abandoned as the
438:Aktion Nationaler Widerstand
314:Guisan inspecting troops in
7:
2126:Switzerland in World War II
1841:(in German). Archived from
1815:(in French). Archived from
1809:"Hommage polonais Ă Guisan"
266:Federal Military Department
198:French-speaking Switzerland
10:
2147:
2013:Henri Guisan (1874 â 1960)
1736:Stiftungschweizerjugend.ch
1423:Haltiner, Karl W. (2002).
1357:. Simon Wiesenthal Center.
355:Swiss Patriotic Federation
279:
275:
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918:via Generale Henri Guisan
408:Guisan during a visit to
306:, in Bern, 30 August 1939
128:
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23:
2005:6 September 2010 at the
1968: Hervé de Weck:
1201: Hervé de Weck:
969:Guisanplatz/Place Guisan
878:General Guisan-Promenade
870:Promenade Général Guisan
726:/Muri bei Bern: Memorial
709:: memorial with a relief
627:in Pully is now used as
204:. He attended school in
1649:Swissness in a Nutshell
1512:, 12 February 2008.
1229:, 10 February 2020.
680:Georges-André Chevallaz
331:United Federal Assembly
2065:Guillaume Henri Dufour
1996:, 11 January 2005.
1484: Walter Wolf:
1443:Cite journal requires
1000:quai du Général-Guisan
742:General Guisan-Strasse
702:: monumental sculpture
647:
639:
473:
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327:Swiss Federal Assembly
322:
307:
1963:Centre Général Guisan
1471:, Daniele Ganser, in
1467:30 April 2007 at the
1149:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
854:rue du Général Guisan
822:avenue Général-Guisan
790:General Guisanstrasse
733:: plaque in the hotel
645:
637:
629:Centre Général Guisan
623:Guisan's former home
483:Edouard-Marcel Sandoz
468:Crowds at Lausanne's
467:
407:
384:
313:
297:
236:Early military career
145:French pronunciation:
106:Years of service
1709:on 28 September 2013
1351:Schom, Alan (1998).
977:place Général-Guisan
545:improve this article
454:Operation Barbarossa
446:Operation Tannenbaum
371:La Charité-sur-Loire
290:Operation Tannenbaum
1789:. 23 September 2008
1141:Heinrich Pestalozzi
1012:General-Guisan-Quai
894:via Generale Guisan
729:Victoria-Jungfrau,
722:Dentenbergstrasse,
511:Walter Schellenberg
470:Place de la Riponne
188:, in the canton of
149:[ÉÌÊiÉĄizÉÌ]
83:, Vaud, Switzerland
2017:Swiss Armed Forces
1845:on 20 October 2013
1819:on 20 October 2013
1813:Tribune de GenĂšve
1153:Alberto Giacometti
1130:: 5. August 2010.
1079:Modern Switzerland
650:Memorials are at:
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270:Field Army Corps 1
162:Swiss Armed Forces
133:Swiss Armed Forces
2116:Swiss Protestants
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1762:Secure.flickr.com
938:Via Enrico Guisan
850:Yverdon-les-Bains
719:: memorial plaque
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450:Battle of Britain
170:possible invasion
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886:via Henri Guisan
693:PowÄ
zki Cemetery
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503:Benito Mussolini
421:National Redoubt
414:Basel-Landschaft
376:such as occurred
367:Battle of France
300:National Council
218:gentleman farmer
166:Second World War
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1871:. 24 April 2010
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698:Schlossgarten,
687:Laurent Boillat
617:
606:
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597:
554:
552:
542:
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519:
513:in March 1943.
507:Philippe PĂ©tain
499:First World War
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359:Socialist Party
339:Interwar period
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242:field artillery
238:
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1997:
1990:in the online
1966:
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1941:
1940:External links
1938:
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1934:
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1907:
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1856:
1830:
1800:
1774:
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1652:. Schwabe AG.
1638:
1612:
1572:
1559:The New Yorker
1542:
1514:
1506:in the online
1477:
1454:
1445:|journal=
1412:
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1384:, p. 431.
1374:
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1223:in the online
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659:Otto BĂ€nninger
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560:"Henri Guisan"
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351:anti-socialist
304:Federal Palace
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264:, head of the
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538:verification
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495:Ulrich Wille
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489:Public image
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174:Nazi Germany
141:Henri Guisan
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76:(1960-04-07)
74:7 April 1960
25:Henri Guisan
18:
2106:1960 deaths
2101:1874 births
2070:Hans Herzog
1703:Lausanne.ch
1535:15 February
1050:1960 Guisan
1037:A military
1028:Lake Zurich
1004:Lake Geneva
973:Biel/Bienne
949:Guisanplatz
497:during the
433:stay-behind
333:to elect a
230:Lake Geneva
164:during the
100:Switzerland
2095:Categories
1900:12 January
1875:12 January
1849:20 October
1823:20 October
1793:12 January
1767:12 January
1741:12 January
1713:12 January
1683:12 January
1631:21 October
1267:21 October
1103:References
1058:Alpen Rose
1055:The manga
926:via Guisan
890:Bellinzona
818:Weinfelden
814:St. Gallen
798:Jegenstorf
794:Interlaken
778:Winterthur
774:Seltisberg
762:Nussbaumen
731:Interlaken
717:Regensberg
700:Interlaken
625:Verte Rive
571:newspapers
460:Later life
452:and later
399:RĂŒtli Oath
347:federalist
280:See also:
194:Protestant
180:Early life
88:Allegiance
53:1874-10-21
37:Guisan in
1601:cite news
1529:Swissinfo
1277:cite news
1048:Asteroid
1024:Stansstad
942:Mendrisio
750:Arlesheim
705:Allmend,
517:Memorials
429:guerrilla
329:called a
214:Hohenheim
109:1894â1945
2003:Archived
1895:Hmdb.org
1591:17 March
1465:Archived
993:Lausanne
961:Grenchen
934:Paradiso
930:Massagno
862:MĂ©ziĂšres
858:Courroux
830:Fribourg
826:Avenches
810:Burgdorf
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782:Zofingen
724:GĂŒmligen
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655:Lausanne
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202:Avenches
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186:MĂ©ziĂšres
129:Commands
60:MĂ©ziĂšres
2019:website
1987:Italian
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1565:22 July
1503:Italian
1336:4 April
1220:Italian
1020:Lucerne
985:Pleigne
981:Payerne
922:Chiasso
910:Vacallo
898:Balerna
866:Montana
770:Reinach
585:scholar
410:Liestal
335:general
316:Brunnen
302:at the
276:General
220:in the
160:of the
158:General
123:General
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1975:German
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