Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

221: 1401:(MS) who received a bone-marrow transplant for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), over 600 reports have been published describing HSCTs performed primarily for MS. These have been shown to "reduce or eliminate ongoing clinical relapses, halt further progression, and reduce the burden of disability in some patients" who have aggressive, highly active MS, "in the absence of chronic treatment with disease-modifying agents". A randomized clinical trial including 110 patients showed that HSCT significantly prolonged time to disease progression compared to disease-modifying therapy. Long-term outcome in patients with severe disease has showed that complete disease remission after HSCT is possible. 686: 648: 485:

lower risk of infection during the immune-compromised portion of the treatment, since the recovery of immune function is rapid. Also, the incidence of patients experiencing rejection is very rare (and graft-versus-host disease impossible) due to the donor and recipient being the same individual. These advantages have established autologous HSCT as one of the standard second-line treatments for such diseases as

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immune reaction of the grafted donor T lymphocytes against the diseased bone marrow of the recipient. This lower rate of relapse accounts for the increased success rate of allogeneic transplants, compared to transplants from identical twins, and indicates that allogeneic HSCT is a form of immunotherapy. GVT is the major benefit of transplants that do not employ the highest immunosuppressive regimens.

1369:, researchers cannot detect HIV in the transplant recipient's blood or in various biopsies of his tissues. Levels of HIV-specific antibodies have also declined, leading to speculation that the patient may have been functionally cured of HIV, but scientists emphasise that this is an unusual case. Potentially fatal transplant complications (the "Berlin patient" developed graft-versus-host disease and 42: 1298:. Around 17.9 million of these registered donors had been ABDR typed, allowing easy matching. A further 561,000 cord blood units had been received by one of 46 cord blood banks from 30 countries participating. The highest total number of bone-marrow donors registered were those from the U.S. (8.0 million), and the highest number per capita were those from Cyprus (15.4% of the population). 1229:(primarily back and hips) as a result of filgrastim treatment is observed in 80% of donors. Donation is not recommended for those with a history of back pain. Other symptoms observed in more than 40 percent of donors include muscle pain, headache, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping. These symptoms all returned to baseline 1 month after donation in the majority of patients. 1674:"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplants for autoimmune disease – feasibility and transplant-related mortality. Autoimmune Disease and Lymphoma Working Parties of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, the European League Against Rheumatism and the International Stem Cell Project for Autoimmune Disease" 1053:, are a standard treatment, but this immunosuppressive treatment often leads to deadly infections. Chronic GvHD may also develop after allogeneic transplant. It is the major source of late treatment-related complications, although it less often results in death. In addition to inflammation, chronic GvHD may lead to the development of 1128:, with standardized incidence ratios of 10.04 (3.48–16.61), 6.35 (4.76–7.93), and 3.52 (2.65–4.39), respectively, was significantly increased after HSCT. So, diagnostic tests for these cancers should be included in the screening program of these patients for the prevention and early detection of these cancers. 1242:

study based on a survey of medical teams covered about 24,000 peripheral blood HSCT cases between 1993 and 2005, and found a serious cardiovascular adverse reaction rate of about one in 1,500. This study reported a cardiovascular-related fatality risk within the first 30 days of HSCT of about two in 10,000.

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in HSCT varies widely dependent upon disease type, stage, stem-cell source, HLA-matched status (for allogeneic HSCT), and conditioning regimen. A transplant offers a chance for cure or long-term remission if the inherent complications of graft versus host disease, immunosuppressive treatments and the

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ablation (destruction of patient's bone marrow's ability to grow new blood cells). The patient's own stored stem cells are then transfused into his/her bloodstream, where they replace destroyed tissue and resume the patient's normal blood-cell production. Autologous transplants have the advantage of

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Wickline M, McErlean G, Carpenter PA, Iribarren S, Reding K, Berry DL. Facilitators and Barriers to Successful Revaccination after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation among Adult Survivors: A Scoping Review. Transplant Cell Ther. 2024 Mar;30(3):268-280. doi: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.11.009. Epub 2023

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In one meta-study that incorporated data from 377 donors, 44% of patients reported having adverse side effects after peripheral blood HSCT. Side effects included pain prior to the collection procedure as a result of G-CSF injections, and postprocedural generalized skeletal pain, fatigue, and reduced

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The chemotherapy or irradiation given immediately prior to a transplant is called the conditioning regimen, the purpose of which is to help eradicate the patient's disease prior to the infusion of HSCs and to suppress immune reactions. The bone marrow can be ablated (destroyed) with dose-levels that

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PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. Complications, Graft-Versus-Host Disease, and Late Effects After Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. 2024 Jun 13. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries . Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002–. PMID:

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Nabarrete, J. M.; Pereira, A. Z.; Garófolo, A.; Seber, A.; Venancio, A. M.; Grecco, C. E.; Bonfim, C. M.; Nakamura, C. H.; Fernandes, D.; Campos, D. J.; Oliveira, F. L.; Cousseiro, F. K.; Rossi, F. F.; Gurmini, J.; Viani, K. H.; Guterres, L. F.; Mantovani, L. F.; Darrigo Lg, Junior; Albuquerque, M.

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The question of whether geriatrics (patients over 65) react the same as patients under 65 has not been sufficiently examined. Coagulation issues and inflammation of atherosclerotic plaques are known to occur as a result of G-CSF injection. G-CSF has also been described to induce genetic changes in

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The injury of the mucosal lining of the mouth and throat is a common regimen-related toxicity following ablative HSCT regimens. It is usually not life-threatening, but is very painful, and prevents eating and drinking. Mucositis is treated with pain medications plus intravenous infusions to prevent

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Because of their gentler conditioning regimens, these transplants are associated with a lower risk of transplant-related mortality, so allow patients who are considered too high-risk for conventional allogeneic HSCT to undergo potentially curative therapy for their disease. The optimal conditioning

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to eradicate the remaining recipient HSCs and to induce the graft-versus-tumor effect. This effect is often accompanied by mild graft-versus-host disease, the appearance of which is often a surrogate marker for the emergence of the desirable graft versus tumor effect, and also serves as a signal to

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Prisciandaro M, Santinelli E, Tomarchio V, Tafuri MA, Bonchi C, Palazzo G, Nobile C, Marinucci A, Mele M, Annibali O, Rigacci L, Vacca M. Stem Cells Collection and Mobilization in Adult Autologous/Allogeneic Transplantation: Critical Points and Future Challenges. Cells. 2024 Mar 28;13(7):586. doi:

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Graft-versus-tumor effect (GVT), or "graft versus leukemia" effect, is the beneficial aspect of the GvHD phenomenon. For example, HSCT patients with either acute, or in particular chronic, GvHD after an allogeneic transplant tend to have a lower risk of cancer relapse. This is due to a therapeutic

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A study that surveyed 2,408 donors found that serious adverse events (requiring prolonged hospitalization) occurred in 15 donors (at a rate of 0.6%), although none of these events was fatal. Donors were not observed to have higher than normal rates of cancer with up to 4–8 years of follow-up. One

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Blood is drawn from a peripheral vein in a majority of patients, but a central line to the jugular, subclavian, and femoral veins may be used. Adverse reactions during apheresis were experienced in 20% of women and 8% of men, these adverse events primarily consisted of numbness/tingling, multiple

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In 2006, 50,417 first HSCTs were recorded worldwide, according to a global survey of 1,327 centers in 71 countries conducted by the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Of these, 28,901 (57%) were autologous and 21,516 (43%) were allogeneic (11,928 from family donors and 9,588

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Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is an inflammatory disease that is unique to allogeneic transplantation. It is an attack by the "new" bone marrow's immune cells against the recipient's tissues. This can occur even if the donor and recipient are HLA-identical because the immune system can still

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in children and adults. Results have been promising, but as of 2019, speculating whether these experiments will lead to effective treatments for diabetes is premature. Autologous HSCT is an effective treatment against aggressive Multiple Sclerosis. The type of autologous HSCT used as a Multiple

2015:

Bladé J, Samson D, Reece D, Apperley J, Björkstrand B, Gahrton G, et al. (September 1998). "Criteria for evaluating disease response and progression in patients with multiple myeloma treated by high-dose therapy and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Myeloma Subcommittee of the EBMT.

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in the recipient, which limits its use to conditions that are themselves life-threatening. (The one-year survival rate has been estimated to be roughly 60%, although this figure includes deaths from the underlying disease, as well as from the transplant procedure.) Major complications include

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A newer treatment approach, nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplantation, also termed reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC), uses doses of chemotherapy and radiation too low to eradicate all the bone-marrow cells of the recipient. Instead, nonmyeloablative transplants run lower risks of serious

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or of severe graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic HSCT, the donor should preferably have the same HLA-typing as the recipient. About 25 to 30% of allogeneic HSCT recipients have an HLA-identical sibling. Even so-called "perfect matches" may have mismatched minor alleles that contribute to

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Patients who were successfully treated with HSCT and total body irradiation in childhood were found to have increased fat mass percentage, leading to significantly decreased exercise capacity in adulthood. This suggests patients who underwent successful treatment with HSCT have an increased

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After several weeks of growth in the bone marrow, expansion of HSCs and their progeny is sufficient to normalize the blood cell counts and reinitiate the immune system. The offspring of donor-derived HSCs have been documented to populate many different organs of the recipient, including the

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or identical twin of the patient – necessarily extremely rare since few patients have an identical twin, but offering a source of perfectly HLA-matched stem cells), unrelated (donor who is not related and found to have very close degree of HLA matching), or, as in the case of Haploidentical

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Gottardi F, Leardini D, Muratore E, Baccelli F, Cerasi S, Venturelli F, Zanaroli A, Belotti T, Prete A, Masetti R. Treatment of steroid-refractory graft versus host disease in children. Front Transplant. 2023 Sep 15;2:1251112. doi: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1251112. PMID: 38993897; PMCID:

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as the source of stem cells. In general, by transfusing healthy stem cells to the recipient's bloodstream to reform a healthy immune system, allogeneic HSCTs appear to improve chances for cure or long-term remission once the immediate transplant-related complications are resolved.

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reported results of two stem-cell transplants in patients with HIV. They did not, however, use donors with the Δ32 deletion. After their transplant procedures, both were put on antiretroviral therapies, during which neither showed traces of HIV in their blood plasma and purified

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In 1939, a woman with aplastic anaemia received the first human bone marrow transfusion. This patient received regular blood transfusions, and an attempt was made to increase her leukocyte and platelet counts by intravenous bone marrow injection without unexpected reaction.

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Hornberger K, Yu G, McKenna D, Hubel A. Cryopreservation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Emerging Assays, Cryoprotectant Agents, and Technology to Improve Outcomes. Transfus Med Hemother. 2019 Jun;46(3):188-196. doi: 10.1159/000496068. Epub 2019 Feb 5. PMID: 31244587; PMCID:

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is significant, so perfect matches require knowledge of the exact DNA sequence of these genes for both donor and recipient. Leading transplant centers currently perform testing for all five of these HLA genes before declaring that a donor and recipient are HLA-identical.

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Sawyer J, Elliott T, Orton L, Sowell H, Gatwood K, Shultes K. Prevention and management of acute toxicities from conditioning regimens during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Hematol Int. 2024 Apr 3;6(2):1-10. doi: 10.46989/001c.94952. PMID: 38817311; PMCID:

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Within the U.S., racial minority groups are the least likely to be registered, so are the least likely to find a potentially life-saving match. In 1990, only six African Americans were able to find a bone-marrow match, and all six had common European genetic signatures.

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The spectrum of target antigens associated with tumor immunity and alloimmunity after allogeneic HSCT: Host-derived T and B cells can be induced to recognize tumor-associated antigens, whereas donor-derived B and T cells can recognize both tumor-associated antigens and

942:. Immunosuppressive drugs are given for a minimum of six months after a transplantation, or much longer if required for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. Transplant patients lose their acquired immunity, for example immunity to childhood diseases such as 899:

Bone-marrow transplantation usually requires that the recipient's own bone marrow be destroyed (myeloablation). Prior to the administration of new cells (engraftment), patients may go for several weeks without appreciable numbers of white blood cells to help fight

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monitoring is a method to monitor the balance between the patient's own stem cells and the new stem cells from a donor. In cases where the patient's own stem cells are increasing in number after treatment, the treatment may potentially not have worked as intended.

1266:. Thomas' work showed that bone-marrow cells infused intravenously could repopulate the bone marrow and produce new blood cells. His work also reduced the likelihood of developing a life-threatening graft-versus-host disease. Collaborating with 3506:

Heydari K, Shamshirian A, Lotfi-Foroushani P, Aref A, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Ahmadi M, et al. (October 2020). "The risk of malignancies in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Marszołek A, Leśniak M, Sekunda A, Siwek A, Skiba Z, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. Haploidentical HSCT in the Treatment of Pediatric Hematological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jun 9;25(12):6380. doi: 10.3390/ijms25126380. PMID: 38928087; PMCID:

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Nivison-Smith I, Bradstock KF, Dodds AJ, Hawkins PA, Szer J (January 2005). "Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in Australia and New Zealand, 1992–2001: progress report from the Australasian Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Registry".

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Miura S, Ueda K, Minakawa K, Nollet KE, Ikeda K. Prospects and Potential for Chimerism Analysis after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Cells. 2024 Jun 6;13(11):993. doi: 10.3390/cells13110993. PMID: 38891125; PMCID:

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Gorin NC. Bone Marrow Harvesting for HSCT. In: Carreras E, Dufour C, Mohty M, Kröger N, editors. The EBMT Handbook: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies . 7th ed. Cham (CH): Springer; 2019. Chapter 14. PMID:

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Hashemi Taheri AP, Radmard AR, Kooraki S, Behfar M, Pak N, Hamidieh AA, Ghavamzadeh A (September 2015). "Radiologic resolution of malignant infantile osteopetrosis skeletal changes following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation".

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In 2019, a British man became the second to be cleared of HIV after receiving a bone-marrow transplant from a virus-resistant (Δ32) donor. This patient is being called "the London patient" (a reference to the famous Berlin patient).

496:, though, the reduced mortality of the autogenous relative to allogeneic HSCT may be outweighed by an increased likelihood of cancer relapse and related mortality, so the allogeneic treatment may be preferred for those conditions. 1285:

in 1968. In 1975, John Kersey, also of the University of Minnesota, performed the first successful bone-marrow transplant to cure lymphoma. His patient, a 16-year-old-boy, is today the longest-living lymphoma transplant survivor.

2102:"Outcome of patients with acquired aplastic anemia given first line bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppressive treatment in the last decade: a report from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)" 1957:

Saccardi, Riccardo; Mancardi, Gian Luigi; Solari, Alessandra; Bosi, Alberto; Bruzzi, Paolo; Di Bartolomeo, Paolo; Donelli, Amedea; Filippi, Massimo; Guerrasio, Angelo; Gualandi, Francesca; La Nasa, Giorgio (15 March 2005).

801:. The post-transplant prognosis often includes acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease that may be life-threatening. In certain leukemias, though, this can coincide with protection against cancer relapse owing to the 1831:

Langereis EJ, den Os MM, Breen C, Jones SA, Knaven OC, Mercer J, et al. (March 2016). "Progression of Hip Dysplasia in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Hurler After Successful Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation".

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HSCT remains a dangerous procedure with many possible complications; it is reserved for patients with life-threatening diseases. As survival following the procedure has increased, its use has expanded beyond cancer to

5195: 4495:"Effect of Nonmyeloablative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation vs Continued Disease-Modifying Therapy on Disease Progression in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial" 745:) for prolonged periods without damaging too many cells. This is a necessity with autologous HSCs because the cells must be harvested from the recipient months in advance of the transplant treatment. In the case of 2897:

Rosner M, Horer S, Feichtinger M, Hengstschläger M. Multipotent fetal stem cells in reproductive biology research. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023 Jun 7;14(1):157. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03379-4. PMID: 37287077; PMCID:

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of normal donors. There is no statistically significant evidence either for or against the hypothesis that myelodysplasia (MDS) or acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) can be induced by G-CSF in susceptible individuals.

855:, and these cells had been suggested to have the abilities of regenerating injured tissue in these organs. However, recent research has shown that such lineage infidelity does not occur as a normal phenomenon. 3115:

Sykes M. Immune monitoring of transplant patients in transient mixed chimerism tolerance trials. Hum Immunol. 2018 May;79(5):334-342. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.12.011. Epub 2017 Dec 28. PMID: 29289741; PMCID:

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Graft versus tumor is mainly beneficial in diseases with slow progress, e.g. chronic leukemia, low-grade lymphoma, and in some cases multiple myeloma, but is less effective in rapidly growing acute leukemias.

3186:

Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, Hovan A, Correa ME, Logan R, et al. (August 2010). "A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea".

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strategy for each disease and recipient has not been fully established, but RIC can be used in elderly patients unfit for myeloablative regimens, for whom a higher risk of cancer relapse may be acceptable.

3125:

Ibikunle S, Grosso D, Gergis U. The two-step approach to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol. 2023 Sep 1;14:1237782. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237782. PMID: 37720225; PMCID:

1199:, alveolar hemorrhage, and allergic reactions (usually experienced in first 30 minutes). In addition, platelet and hemoglobin levels dip postprocedurally, not returning to normal until after a month. 814:

infections and transplant-related mortality while relying upon the graft versus tumor effect to resist the inherent increased risk of cancer relapse. Also significantly, while requiring high doses of

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A compatible donor is found by doing additional HLA testing from the blood of potential donors. The HLA genes fall in two categories (types I and II). In general, mismatches of the type-I genes (i.e.

2061:"Unrelated donor marrow transplantation for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after using myeloablative conditioning: results from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant research" 4075: 3550: 2426:"Microvascular Complications in Type 1 Diabetes: A Comparative Analysis of Patients Treated with Autologous Nonmyeloablative Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Conventional Medical Therapy" 455:, stem-cell products provided for unrelated transplantation worldwide had increased to 20,604 (4,149 bone-marrow donations, 12,506 peripheral blood stem-cell donations, and 3,949 cord-blood units). 2142: 1438:

Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S (March 2022). "Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells".

3154: 215: 3347:"Mesenchymal stromal cells as treatment or prophylaxis for acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with a haematological condition" 445:

from unrelated donors). The main indications for transplant were lymphoproliferative disorders (55%) and leukemias (34%), and many took place in either Europe (48%) or the Americas (36%).

3308:

Shizuru JA, Jerabek L, Edwards CT, Weissman IL (February 1996). "Transplantation of purified hematopoietic stem cells: requirements for overcoming the barriers of allogeneic engraftment".

2797: 1875:

Alexander T, Arnold R, Hiepe F, Radbruch A (1 July 2016). "Resetting the immune system with immunoablation and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in autoimmune diseases".

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spectrum of opportunistic infections can be survived. In recent years, survival rates have been gradually improving across almost all populations and subpopulations receiving transplants.

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recognize other differences between their tissues. It is named graft-versus-host disease because the transplanted cells must accept the body rather than the body accepting the new cells.

1365:, but it is rarer in other populations. The transplant was repeated a year later after a leukemia relapse. Over three years after the initial transplant, and despite discontinuing 2340:

Bruno B, Rotta M, Patriarca F, Mordini N, Allione B, Carnevale-Schianca F, et al. (March 2007). "A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma".

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Africans are more genetically diverse than people of European descent, which means that more registrations are needed to find a match. Bone marrow and cord blood banks exist in

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Forman SJ, Negrin RS, Antin JH, Appelbaum FR. Thomas' hematopoietic cell transplantation: stem cell transplantation. 5th ed. Vol. 2. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2016. p.1416.

2641:"Allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma or plasma cell leukaemia using fractionated total body radiation and high-dose melphalan conditioning" 1159:.) The CCI was previously applied to patients undergoing allogeneic HCT, but appears to provide less survival prediction and discrimination than the HCT-CI scoring system. 1061:; it may cause functional disability and require prolonged immunosuppressive therapy. GvHD is usually mediated by T cells, which react to foreign peptides presented on the 2992:"Impact of conditioning regimen intensity on outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for advanced acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome" 3997: 1313:. Many people belonging to different races are requested to donate as a shortage of donors exists in African, mixed race, Latino, aboriginal, and many other communities. 1361:. This genetic trait confers resistance to HIV infection by blocking attachment of HIV to the cell. Roughly one in 1,000 people of European ancestry have this inherited 2385:"C-peptide levels and insulin independence following autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus" 599:

are known to play a major role in donor recruitment drives, as members of the same ethnic group are more likely to have matching genes, including the genes for HLA.

1294:

At the end of 2012, 20.2 million people had registered their willingness to be a bone-marrow donor with one of the 67 registries from 49 countries participating in

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patients. The immunosuppressive agents employed in allogeneic transplants for the prevention or treatment of graft-versus-host disease further increase the risk of

1191:

Filgrastim is typically dosed in the 10 microgram/kg level for 4–5 days during the harvesting of stem cells. The documented adverse effects of filgrastim include

533:

Transplantation, a half-matched relative such as a parent, child, or sibling. Unrelated donors may be found through a registry of bone-marrow donors, such as the

5310: 3558: 4646:"Autologous stem cell transplantation with thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide (TBC) conditioning in patients with CNS involvement by non-Hodgkin lymphoma" 3629:

Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR (1987). "A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation".

2146: 1385:

using a sensitive culture method (less than 3 copies/ml). The virus was once again detected in both patients some time after the discontinuation of therapy.

805:. Autologous transplants may also use similar conditioning regimens, but many other chemotherapy combinations can be used depending on the type of disease. 436:, allowing HSCT to be conducted in the elderly and other patients who would otherwise be considered too weak to withstand a conventional treatment regimen. 4719: 2923:"Myeloablative allografting for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evidence for a potent graft-versus-leukemia effect associated with graft-versus-host disease" 1171:

The risks of a complication depend on patient characteristics, health care providers, and the apheresis procedure, and the colony-stimulating factor used (

220: 4367: 3345:

Fisher SA, Cutler A, Doree C, Brunskill SJ, Stanworth SJ, Navarrete C, Girdlestone J (January 2019). Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group (ed.).

3146: 545:

to match a child both regarding HLA type and being free of any obvious inheritable disorder. Allogeneic transplants are also performed using umbilical

4097: 1414: 528:

medications to mitigate graft-versus-host disease. Allogeneic transplant donors may be related (usually a closely HLA-matched sibling), syngeneic (a

3723: 749:, fresh HSCs are preferred to avoid cell loss that might occur during the freezing and thawing process. Allogeneic cord blood is stored frozen at a 3953:

Thomas ED, Lochte HL, Lu WC, Ferrebee JW (September 1957). "Intravenous infusion of bone marrow in patients receiving radiation and chemotherapy".

636: 3814:"Adverse events among 2408 unrelated donors of peripheral blood stem cells: results of a prospective trial from the National Marrow Donor Program" 1147:., using the Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI). The HCT-CI was derived and validated by investigators at the 472:) of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the patient and storage of the harvested cells in a freezer. The patient is then treated with high-dose 4903: 4255: 3036:"Comparative outcome of nonmyeloablative and myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients older than 50 years of age" 962:

Severe liver injury can result from hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), newly termed sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). Elevated levels of

693:

Peripheral blood stem cells are now the most common source of stem cells for HSCT. They are collected from the blood through a process known as

5546: 57: 2252:

Gratwohl A, Pasquini MC, ALjurf M, et al. (2015). "One million haemopoietic stem-cell transplants: a retrospective observational study".

1756:"Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation" 1902:

Fassas, A.; Kimiskidis, V. K.; Sakellari, I.; Kapinas, K.; Anagnostopoulos, A.; Tsimourtou, V.; Sotirakoglou, K.; Kazis, A. (22 March 2011).

1090:

If cancer relapses after HSCT, another transplant can be performed, infusing the patient with a greater quantity of donor white blood cells (

5145: 4853: 4016: 607: 2754: 2583:"Efficacy and safety of autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2774:

Simaria, Ana Sofia; et al. (March 2013). "Cost-effectiveness of Single-Use Technologies for Commercial Cell Therapy Manufacture".

970:, and fluid retention are clinical hallmarks of this condition. The appreciation of the generalized cellular injury and obstruction in 448:

The Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation reported the millionth transplant to have been undertaken in December 2012.

3467:"Oral cancer in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: long-term follow-up suggests an increased risk for recurrence" 3275:

Hamidieh, A. A.; Behfar, M.; Jabalameli, N.; Jalali, A.; Aliabadi, L. S.; Sadat Hosseini, A.; Basirpanah, S.; Ghavamzadeh, A. (2014).

4067: 3147:"MSK's One-Year Survival Rate after Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant Exceeds Expectations – Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center" 4712: 2516:

Muraro, Paolo A.; Martin, Roland; Mancardi, Giovanni Luigi; Nicholas, Richard; Sormani, Maria Pia; Saccardi, Riccardo (July 2017).

1960:"Autologous HSCT for severe progressive multiple sclerosis in a multicenter trial: impact on disease activity and quality of life" 512:

Allogeneic HSCT involves two people – the (healthy) donor and the (patient) recipient. Allogeneic HSC donors must have a tissue (

3989: 1373:) mean that the procedure could not be performed in others with HIV, even if sufficient numbers of suitable donors were found. 1255: 1148: 639:(half-matched) transplants have permitted successful transplantation of many patients who would otherwise have lacked a donor. 4692: 4828: 1263: 710: 592: 24: 4038: 1068:

Further research is needed to determine whether mesenchymal stromal cells can be use for prophylaxis and treatment of GvHD.

4133: 3582:"Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)-specific comorbidity index: a new tool for risk assessment before allogeneic HCT" 3446:

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center > Blood & Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation > The Graft-versus-Tumor Effect

680: 132: 2477:"Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in new-onset type 1 diabetes: a multicenter analysis" 5408: 5289: 5284: 4896: 4705: 1196: 818:

in the early stages of treatment, these doses are less than for conventional transplants. This leads to a state of mixed

413: 341: 136: 116: 3448: 2974: 2798:"FDA approves omidubicel to reduce time to neutrophil recovery and infection in patients with hematologic malignancies" 2738: 2424:

Penaforte-Saboia JG, Montenegro RM, Couri CE, Batista LA, Montenegro AP, Fernandes VO, et al. (23 November 2017).

5622: 4953: 542: 331: 199: 5215: 5200: 4931: 3396:"Graft-versus-tumor effects after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning" 1062: 381: 258: 765:

cellular injury during ice-crystal formation. HSCs may be stored for years in a cryofreezer, which typically uses

663:

that reaches the center of the bone. The technique is referred to as a bone-marrow harvest and is performed under

5329: 4697: 1143:

Mortality for allogeneic stem cell transplantation can be estimated using the prediction model created by Sorror

5334: 5305: 5279: 4889: 1538:

Felfly H, Haddad GG (2014). "Hematopoietic stem cells: potential new applications for translational medicine".

697:. The donor's blood is withdrawn through a sterile needle in one arm and passed through a machine that removes 520:

of the HLA gene, and a perfect match at these loci is preferred. Even if a good match exists at these critical

3077:"Graft-versus-host disease after nonmyeloablative versus conventional hematopoietic stem cell transplantation" 2634: 2632: 5210: 5190: 4363: 534: 480:

with the intention of eradicating the patient's malignant cell population at the cost of partial or complete

417: 1409:

HSCT can also be used for treating selected, severe cases of other autoimmune neurological diseases such as

1277:

The first physician to perform a successful human bone-marrow transplant on a disease other than cancer was

1113:

may have more aggressive behavior with poorer prognosis, when compared to oral cancer in non-HSCT patients.

655:

In the case of a bone-marrow transplant, the HSCs are removed from a large bone of the donor, typically the

5248: 5175: 2803: 2629: 1317: 1295: 830:

establish an appropriate dosage level for sustained treatment with low levels of immunosuppressive agents.

516:, HLA) type that matches the recipient. Matching is performed on the basis of variability at three or more 452: 425: 253: 4382: 3277:"Hemorrhagic Cystitis Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants in Children: Single Center Experience" 2293: 5253: 4402:"Allogeneic bone marrow transplant for chronic myelogenous leukemia in a patient with multiple sclerosis" 3720: 2686: 2684: 581:) increases the risk of graft-versus-host disease. In addition, a genetic mismatch as small as a single 3916:"Aplastic Anemia Treated with Daily Transfusions and Intravenous Marrow: Case Report Treated with Daily" 392:

who have lost their stem cells after birth. Other conditions treated with stem cell transplants include

5637: 5258: 5114: 5036: 1152: 346: 4263: 3664:Öberg, Anders; Genberg, Margareta; Malinovschi, Andrei; Hedenström, Hans; Frisk, Per (February 2018). 2681: 1479:"Brazilian Nutritional Consensus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Children and adolescents" 5601: 5140: 5011: 5006: 4749: 3075:

Mielcarek M, Martin PJ, Leisenring W, Flowers ME, Maloney DG, Sandmaier BM, et al. (July 2003).

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Cote GM, Hochberg EP, Muzikansky A, Hochberg FH, Drappatz J, McAfee SL, et al. (January 2012).

1477:

I.; Brumatti, M.; Neves, M. A.; Duran, N.; Villela, N. C.; Zecchin, V. G.; Fernandes, J. F. (2021).

5205: 5031: 4685: 1271: 1007:

The mucosal lining of the bladder is affected in about 5% of children undergoing HSCT. This causes

815: 500: 397: 290: 248: 64: 3812:

Pulsipher MA, Chitphakdithai P, Miller JP, Logan BR, King RJ, Rizzo JD, et al. (April 2009).

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D'Addio F, Valderrama Vasquez A, Ben Nasr M, Franek E, Zhu D, Li L, et al. (September 2014).

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Cai B, Guo M, Ai H (November 2018). "Microtransplantation: clinical applications and mechanisms".

761:, must be added, and the cells must be cooled very slowly in a controlled-rate freezer to prevent 5372: 5317: 5068: 4976: 4493:

Burt RK, Balabanov R, Burman J, Sharrack B, Snowden JA, Oliveira MC, et al. (January 2019).

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Locasciulli A, Oneto R, Bacigalupo A, Socié G, Korthof E, Bekassy A, et al. (January 2007).

1672:

Tyndall A, Fassas A, Passweg J, Ruiz de Elvira C, Attal M, Brooks P, et al. (October 1999).

1282: 1106: 939: 513: 499:

Researchers have conducted small studies using nonmyeloablative HSCT as a possible treatment for

2921:

Toze CL, Galal A, Barnett MJ, Shepherd JD, Conneally EA, Hogge DE, et al. (November 2005).

2383:

Couri CE, Oliveira MC, Stracieri AB, Moraes DA, Pieroni F, Barros GM, et al. (April 2009).

2203:

Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Aljurf M, Pasquini MC, Bouzas LF, Yoshimi A, et al. (April 2010).

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Pavletic SZ, Khouri IF, Haagenson M, King RJ, Bierman PJ, Bishop MR, et al. (August 2005).

1715:"Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases" 1033:

Acute GvHD typically occurs in the first three months after transplantation and may involve the

131:, in order to replicate inside a patient and produce additional normal blood cells. HSCT may be 5596: 5581: 5322: 5180: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5016: 4800: 4777: 4320:

van Lunzen J, Fehse B, Hauber J (June 2011). "Gene therapy strategies: can we eradicate HIV?".

1338: 982:

may be effective in reducing the severity of VOD but may also increase bleeding complications.

876: 790: 713:, serving to mobilize stem cells from the donor's bone marrow into the peripheral circulation. 706: 493: 243: 5502: 3394:

Baron F, Maris MB, Sandmaier BM, Storer BE, Sorror M, Diaconescu R, et al. (March 2005).

1316:

Two registries in the U.S. recruit unrelated allogeneic donors: NMDP or Be the Match, and the

1254:

Stem-cell transplantation was pioneered using bone marrow-derived stem cells by a team at the

5586: 5523: 5470: 5434: 5362: 5043: 5021: 5001: 4912: 3866:

Pamphilon D, Siddiq S, Brunskill S, Dorée C, Hyde C, Horowitz M, Stanworth S (October 2009).

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Tolf A, Fagius J, Carlson K, Åkerfeldt T, Granberg T, Larsson EM, Burman J (November 2019).

4206:

Allers K, Hütter G, Hofmann J, Loddenkemper C, Rieger K, Thiel E, Schneider T (March 2011).

3746:

Halter J, Kodera Y, Ispizua AU, Greinix HT, Schmitz N, Favre G, et al. (January 2009).

822:

early after transplant where both recipient and donor HSC coexist in the bone marrow space.

5393: 5150: 5026: 4991: 4729: 1494: 1410: 623: 429: 421: 372:

patients who would not benefit from prolonged treatment with, or are already resistant to,

269: 128: 4012: 3580:

Sorror ML, Maris MB, Storb R, Baron F, Sandmaier BM, Maloney DG, Storer B (October 2005).

8: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5486: 4981: 4943: 4938: 4926: 4544:"Sustained remission in multiple sclerosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation" 3666:"Exercise capacity in young adults after hematopoietic cell transplantation in childhood" 2518:"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of multiple sclerosis" 2140: 1370: 730: 726: 393: 191: 144: 432:

procedures, have been developed requiring smaller doses of preparative chemotherapy and

5357: 4617: 4592: 4573: 4519: 4494: 4470: 4445: 4383:"H.I.V. Is Reported Cured in a Second Patient, a Milestone in the Global AIDS Epidemic" 4345: 4237: 4183: 4156: 3892: 3867: 3838: 3813: 3772: 3747: 3703: 3606: 3581: 3551:"Data analysis slides by Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research" 3532: 3371: 3346: 3212: 3034:

Alyea EP, Kim HT, Ho V, Cutler C, Gribben J, DeAngelo DJ, et al. (February 2005).

2717: 2670: 2618: 2563: 2452: 2425: 2365: 2229: 2204: 2185: 2041: 1997: 1939: 1857: 1813: 1649: 1622: 1598: 1573: 1503: 1478: 1398: 974:

sinuses is now greater. Severe cases of SOS are associated with a high mortality rate.

858: 819: 758: 668: 602:

As of 2013, at least two commercialized allogeneic cell therapies have been developed,

409: 358: 354: 316: 195: 2265: 5591: 5571: 5566: 5465: 5367: 5119: 4833: 4667: 4622: 4577: 4565: 4524: 4475: 4423: 4337: 4302: 4229: 4188: 4102: 3970: 3935: 3897: 3883: 3843: 3777: 3695: 3687: 3646: 3642: 3611: 3536: 3524: 3488: 3425: 3376: 3317: 3204: 3098: 3057: 3013: 2970: 2944: 2870: 2779: 2709: 2705: 2674: 2662: 2610: 2602: 2555: 2547: 2498: 2457: 2406: 2357: 2269: 2234: 2189: 2177: 2123: 2082: 2033: 2029: 1989: 1981: 1931: 1923: 1884: 1861: 1849: 1805: 1736: 1695: 1654: 1603: 1547: 1508: 1455: 1418: 1342: 1259: 794: 698: 660: 525: 433: 175: 52: 4349: 4241: 2990:

Alyea EP, Kim HT, Ho V, Cutler C, DeAngelo DJ, Stone R, et al. (October 2006).

2721: 2622: 2567: 2001: 1943: 1817: 1151:

in the U.S. The HCT-CI modifies and adds to a well-validated comorbidity index, the

5413: 4971: 4733: 4657: 4612: 4604: 4555: 4514: 4506: 4465: 4457: 4413: 4329: 4294: 4219: 4178: 4168: 3962: 3927: 3887: 3879: 3833: 3825: 3767: 3759: 3707: 3677: 3638: 3601: 3593: 3516: 3478: 3417: 3407: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3288: 3216: 3196: 3088: 3047: 3003: 2965:

Kaushansky, K; Lichtman, M; Beutler, E; Kipps, T; Prchal, J; Seligsohn, U. (2010).

2934: 2860: 2701: 2652: 2594: 2537: 2529: 2488: 2447: 2437: 2396: 2369: 2349: 2325: 2320: 2308: 2261: 2224: 2216: 2169: 2113: 2072: 2025: 1971: 1915: 1904:"Long-term results of stem cell transplantation for MS: A single-center experience" 1841: 1797: 1767: 1726: 1713:

Burt RK, Loh Y, Pearce W, Beohar N, Barr WG, Craig R, et al. (February 2008).

1685: 1644: 1634: 1593: 1585: 1574:"Hematopoietic stem cell expansion and generation: the ways to make a breakthrough" 1498: 1490: 1447: 1377: 1012: 786: 785:

cause minimal injury to other tissues. In allogeneic transplants, a combination of

664: 632: 517: 365: 285: 263: 171: 159: 124: 4727: 2045: 84: 5398: 5238: 5096: 5078: 4996: 4986: 4823: 4818: 4224: 4208:"Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation" 4207: 4173: 3829: 3727: 3452: 3240: 2761: 2742: 2173: 1919: 1192: 1046: 766: 750: 569:) increase the risk of graft rejection. A mismatch of an HLA type II gene (i.e. 389: 321: 70: 4446:"Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: top 10 lessons learned" 4125: 3966: 3483: 3466: 2773: 1772: 1755: 705:

are returned to the donor. The peripheral stem cell yield is boosted with daily

5460: 5377: 5170: 5106: 4662: 4645: 4593:"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neurological diseases" 3931: 3597: 3520: 3293: 3276: 3093: 3076: 3052: 3035: 3008: 2991: 2865: 2848: 2657: 2640: 1976: 1959: 1278: 1267: 931: 916: 871: 722: 702: 538: 326: 140: 4461: 4333: 3465:

Elad S, Zadik Y, Zeevi I, Miyazaki A, de Figueiredo MA, Or R (December 2010).

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Levy JA (February 2009). "Not an HIV cure, but encouraging new directions".

3445: 3412: 2735: 2077: 2060: 504:

Sclerosis treatment is considered safe and the serious adverse events rare.

5455: 5429: 4671: 4626: 4569: 4528: 4479: 4418: 4401: 4341: 4306: 4233: 4192: 3974: 3901: 3847: 3781: 3763: 3748:"Severe events in donors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell donation" 3699: 3615: 3528: 3492: 3429: 3395: 3380: 3208: 3102: 3061: 3017: 2948: 2939: 2922: 2874: 2713: 2666: 2614: 2582: 2559: 2542: 2517: 2502: 2474: 2461: 2410: 2361: 2273: 2238: 2181: 2127: 2118: 2101: 2086: 1993: 1935: 1888: 1853: 1809: 1740: 1731: 1714: 1699: 1690: 1673: 1658: 1639: 1623:"Stem Cells Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Disease Therapeutics" 1607: 1551: 1512: 1459: 1451: 1306: 1204: 986:

has been shown to help prevent VOD, presumably by facilitating the flow of

967: 927: 909: 905: 477: 473: 373: 179: 174:. In these cases, the recipient's immune system is usually suppressed with 4427: 3650: 3321: 3024: 2401: 2384: 2220: 2037: 685: 5533: 5185: 5124: 4795: 4741: 4298: 2353: 1845: 1180: 1117: 1110: 1058: 979: 529: 481: 385: 311: 299: 120: 78: 4881: 2639:

Russell N, Bessell E, Stainer C, Haynes A, Das-Gupta E, Byrne J (2000).

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EL-Sobky TA, El-Haddad A, Elsobky E, Elsayed SM, Sakr HM (March 2017).

1176: 1050: 935: 919: 912: 754: 746: 611: 546: 216:

List of conditions treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

4560: 4543: 3682: 3665: 3505: 2849:"Peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic transplantation: a review" 2493: 2476: 2423: 1801: 1226: 1136: 1038: 1008: 963: 923: 901: 880: 694: 647: 603: 596: 585: 469: 377: 19:"Bone marrow transplant" redirects here. For the journal abbreviated 5576: 5263: 4129: 1362: 1125: 1054: 983: 951: 577: 486: 405: 369: 167: 163: 41: 4364:"HIV returns in two Boston patients after bone marrow transplants" 4256:"Transplanting Hope: Stem Cell Experiment Raises Eyebrows at CROI" 3811: 2690: 1786: 1671: 1274:, he discovered genetic markers that could confirm donor matches. 1116:

A meta-analysis showed that the risk of secondary cancers such as

4157:"The geographic spread of the CCR5 Delta32 HIV-resistance allele" 3663: 1310: 1225:

A study involving 2,408 donors (aged 18–60 years) indicated that

943: 762: 614:

was approved for medical use in the United States in April 2023.

3074: 1901: 930:, are quite effective in prevention of HSCT-related outbreak of 4843: 4787: 4764: 4205: 4068:"Finding a Match, and a Mission: Helping Blacks Survive Cancer" 2205:"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a global perspective" 2202: 2141:

Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research.

2099: 1753: 1354: 888: 884: 852: 826: 825:

Decreasing doses of immunosuppressive therapy then allow donor

656: 628: 571: 521: 295: 151: 4643: 3274: 2581:

Ge, Fangfang; Lin, Hong; Li, Zhuyi; Chang, Ting (March 2019).

904:. This puts a patient at high risk of infections, sepsis, and 797:

effect that prevents rejection of the HSCs by the recipient's

3865: 3307: 1475: 1172: 1103: 1042: 848: 844: 565: 559: 555: 155: 3868:"Stem cell donation--what advice can be given to the donor?" 2515: 2382: 1874: 388:

with defective stem cells, and also children or adults with

5243: 4492: 3628: 2638: 2058: 1350: 1034: 987: 950:. So, transplant patients must be retreated with childhood 4541: 3745: 3344: 2888:

10.3390/cells13070586. PMID: 38607025; PMCID: PMC11011310.

2339: 2134: 1956: 4591:

Burman J, Tolf A, Hägglund H, Askmark H (February 2018).

4590: 3455:

Last Updated: 20 November 2003. Retrieved on 6 April 2009

3393: 1830: 1404: 1346: 1333:

In 2007, a team of doctors in Berlin, Germany, including

1011:(blood in urine), frequent urination, abdominal pain and 887:), graft-versus-host disease, and the development of new 582: 3990:"Robert A. Good, 81, Founder of Modern Immunology, Dies" 2920: 2014: 1163:

predisposition to cardiovascular disease later in life.

793:

is conventionally employed. This treatment also has an

16:

Medical procedure to replace blood or immune stem cells

4154: 4010: 3952: 3464: 2251: 1834:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

1760:

The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

741:

Unlike other organs, bone-marrow cells can be frozen (

4319: 4098:"German HIV patient cured after stem cell transplant" 4049: 3579: 1289: 380:

cases where the patient has an inborn defect such as

150:

It is most often performed for patients with certain

4399: 3185: 1349:-positive. From 60 matching donors, they selected a 4155:Novembre J, Galvani AP, Slatkin M (November 2005). 1712: 627:graft-versus-host disease. With recent advances in 4597:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 4400:McAllister LD, Beatty PG, Rose J (February 1997). 2960: 2958: 2016:European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplant". 1415:chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy 1397:Since McAllister's 1997 report on a patient with 954:once they are off immunosuppressive medications. 870:HSCT is associated with a high treatment-related 5614: 3033: 2989: 2306: 3987: 2955: 1437: 617: 234:Indications for stem-cell transplantation are: 5547:List of organ transplant donors and recipients 4443: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 674: 305: 4897: 4713: 1102:Patients after HSCT are at a higher risk for 753:because it is only obtainable at the time of 631:-depleting therapies such as post-transplant 622:To limit the risks of transplanted stem-cell 5146:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder 4854:Template:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx 3573: 3441: 3439: 2790: 2580: 2153: 1537: 1071: 1018: 186:are major complications of allogeneic HSCT. 4650:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 3854: 3788: 3732: 3622: 3351:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3310:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 3281:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2996:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2846: 2767: 1780: 4904: 4890: 4720: 4706: 4380: 4090: 2764:. Be the Match. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 1747: 1571: 725:is possible and may have applications for 182:before the transplantation. Infection and 135:(the patient's own stem cells are used), 40: 4911: 4661: 4616: 4559: 4518: 4469: 4439: 4437: 4417: 4223: 4182: 4172: 4061: 4059: 3891: 3837: 3771: 3681: 3605: 3482: 3436: 3411: 3370: 3292: 3092: 3051: 3007: 2938: 2864: 2656: 2541: 2492: 2451: 2441: 2400: 2324: 2228: 2117: 2076: 1975: 1771: 1730: 1689: 1648: 1638: 1597: 1502: 1262:, whose work was later recognized with a 957: 468:Autologous HSCT requires the extraction ( 4278: 4031: 2736:"The Only Real Cure Out There, for Now " 2196: 2159: 1258:from the 1950s through the 1970s led by 1220: 774: 757:. To cryopreserve HSCs, a preservative, 684: 646: 237: 219: 4755:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 4444:Atkins HL, Freedman MS (January 2013). 3714: 2916: 2914: 1572:Park B, Yoo KH, Kim C (December 2015). 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1533: 1531: 1471: 1469: 1337:, performed a stem-cell transplant for 1002: 439: 105:Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation 35:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 5615: 4434: 4065: 4056: 2840: 1877:Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 1405:Other autoimmune neurological diseases 1256:Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1149:Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 430:mini transplant (microtransplantation) 4885: 4829:Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection 4701: 4686:Bone marrow transplant – What happens 4370:from the original on 8 December 2013. 4000:from the original on 4 November 2012. 3509:Clinical & Translational Oncology 3301: 1627:International Journal of Cell Biology 1620: 1392: 1264:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 711:granulocyte-colony stimulating factor 25:Bone Marrow Transplantation (journal) 4381:Mandavilli, Apoorva (4 March 2019). 4284: 3458: 3157:from the original on 13 October 2017 2911: 1558: 1528: 1495:10.31744/einstein_journal/2021AE5254 1466: 1431: 1309:, and a new program is beginning in 681:Peripheral stem cell transplantation 117:multipotent hematopoietic stem cells 5290:Canadian Society of Transplantation 5285:American Society of Transplantation 4287:The New England Journal of Medicine 4136:from the original on 7 January 2009 4019:from the original on 6 October 2013 3955:The New England Journal of Medicine 3670:American Journal of Transplantation 3179: 2342:The New England Journal of Medicine 1236: 1197:acute respiratory distress syndrome 808: 541:" may be intentionally selected by 501:type I (insulin dependent) diabetes 414:desmoplastic small round cell tumor 342:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 13: 4637: 1290:Donor registration and recruitment 14: 5654: 4679: 4126:"Bone marrow 'cures HIV patient'" 4078:from the original on 5 March 2014 3721:Neupogen Prescription information 2296:. World Marrow Donor Association. 1166: 736: 716: 543:preimplantation genetic diagnosis 332:Malignant infantile osteopetrosis 200:malignant infantile osteopetrosis 5216:United Network for Organ Sharing 5201:National Transplant Organization 3988:Saxon, Wolfgang (18 June 2003). 3884:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07832.x 2706:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2004.00704.x 2030:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00930.x 1440:Briefings in Functional Genomics 1063:major histocompatibility complex 865: 779: 382:severe combined immunodeficiency 259:Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia 5330:Organ transplantation in Israel 4584: 4535: 4486: 4393: 4374: 4356: 4313: 4262:. 11 March 2008. Archived from 4248: 4199: 4148: 4118: 4004: 3981: 3946: 3908: 3657: 3543: 3499: 3387: 3338: 3328: 3268: 3258: 3233: 3223: 3169: 3139: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3068: 2983: 2901: 2891: 2881: 2830: 2820: 2755:"Why race and ethnicity matter" 2748: 2728: 2574: 2509: 2468: 2417: 2376: 2333: 2300: 2285: 2245: 2093: 2052: 2008: 1950: 1895: 1868: 1824: 1211: 1097: 428:. Non-myeloablative, so-called 376:. Candidates for HSCTs include 209: 5335:Organ transplantation in Japan 5306:Organ transplantation in China 5280:American Society of Nephrology 4066:McNeil, Donald (11 May 2012). 4013:"Cancer Research Pioneer Dies" 3872:British Journal of Haematology 3363:10.1002/14651858.CD009768.pub2 2734:Venkat, Chaya (19 July 2005). 2326:10.1634/theoncologist.2-3-181a 2018:British Journal of Haematology 1706: 1665: 1614: 1519: 999:dehydration and malnutrition. 837: 642: 458: 453:World Marrow Donor Association 229: 1: 5211:Trillium Gift of Life Network 5191:National Marrow Donor Program 4548:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2969:(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 2266:10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00028-9 1424: 1186: 1057:, or scar tissue, similar to 535:National Marrow Donor Program 524:, the recipient will require 507: 463: 418:chronic granulomatous disease 364:Many recipients of HSCTs are 5249:Halachic Organ Donor Society 5176:Gift of Life Marrow Registry 4691:HCT-CI (Sorror et al. 2005) 4225:10.1182/blood-2010-09-309591 4174:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030339 4011:The Bone Marrow Foundation. 3830:10.1182/blood-2008-08-175323 3643:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 3400:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2804:Food and Drug Administration 2174:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000470 2065:Journal of Clinical Oncology 1920:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318211c537 1790:Pediatric Blood & Cancer 1318:Gift of Life Marrow Registry 1296:Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide 1131: 993: 894: 618:Sources and storage of cells 254:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 7: 5254:Kidney Foundation of Canada 4728:Procedures relating to the 4406:Bone Marrow Transplantation 3967:10.1056/NEJM195709122571102 3920:Annals of Internal Medicine 3631:Journal of Chronic Diseases 3484:10.1097/TP.0b013e3181f9caaa 2927:Bone Marrow Transplantation 2847:Cutler C, Antin JH (2001). 1773:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013 1678:Bone Marrow Transplantation 1323: 1217:line attempts, and nausea. 721:Extracting stem cells from 689:Peripheral blood stem cells 675:Peripheral blood stem cells 351:Immune deficiency syndromes 306:Nonmalignant (noncancerous) 147:(stem cells from a donor). 10: 5659: 5311:harvesting from Falun Gong 5259:National Kidney Foundation 5115:Non-heart-beating donation 4663:10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.07.006 3932:10.7326/0003-4819-13-2-357 3598:10.1182/blood-2005-05-2004 3521:10.1007/s12094-020-02322-w 3294:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.12.275 3094:10.1182/blood-2002-08-2628 3053:10.1182/blood-2004-05-1947 3009:10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.06.003 2866:10.1634/stemcells.19-2-108 2658:10.1080/028418600750063596 2430:Frontiers in Endocrinology 1977:10.1182/blood-2004-08-3205 1245: 1179:(Neupogen, Neulasta), and 1153:Charlson Comorbidity Index 1075: 1022: 678: 492:For other cancers such as 451:In 2014, according to the 347:Pyruvate kinase deficiency 213: 18: 5559: 5542: 5511: 5495: 5479: 5448: 5422: 5386: 5350: 5343: 5298: 5272: 5224: 5159: 5141:Graft-versus-host disease 5133: 5105: 5077: 4952: 4919: 4863: 4842: 4809: 4786: 4763: 4750:Stem cell transplantation 4740: 4462:10.1007/s13311-012-0162-5 4334:10.1007/s11904-011-0073-9 3926:(2): 357. 1 August 1939. 3201:10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3 3189:Supportive Care in Cancer 2694:Internal Medicine Journal 2599:10.1007/s10072-018-3670-1 2522:Nature Reviews. Neurology 2307:Canellos, George (1997). 2143:"CIBMTR Summary Slides I" 1092:donor lymphocyte infusion 1078:Graft-versus-tumor effect 1072:Graft-versus-tumor effect 1025:Graft-versus-host disease 1019:Graft-versus-host disease 803:graft-versus-tumor effect 291:Myelodysplastic syndromes 184:graft-versus-host disease 91: 77: 63: 51: 39: 34: 5623:Transplantation medicine 5206:NHS Blood and Transplant 4609:10.1136/jnnp-2017-316271 4366:. CNN. 9 December 2013. 4322:Current HIV/AIDS Reports 3241:"Sinusoidal Obstruction" 2534:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.81 2443:10.3389/fendo.2017.00331 1590:10.5045/br.2015.50.4.194 1272:University of Washington 816:immunosuppressive agents 426:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 398:myelodysplastic syndrome 249:Chronic myeloid leukemia 158:or bone marrow, such as 5582:Immunosuppressive drugs 5318:Organ donation in India 4511:10.1001/jama.2018.18743 3413:10.1200/JCO.2005.08.136 3230:Nov 11. PMID: 37952646. 2760:1 February 2014 at the 2309:"Lymphoma Update: 1997" 2078:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.962 1357:of a rare variant of a 1283:University of Minnesota 1175:). G-CSF drugs include 940:opportunistic infection 707:subcutaneous injections 537:(NMDP) in the U.S. A " 514:human leukocyte antigen 119:, usually derived from 5602:Frankenstein's monster 5597:Total body irradiation 5323:Gurgaon kidney scandal 5181:Human Tissue Authority 4419:10.1038/sj.bmt.1700666 3764:10.3324/haematol.13668 2940:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705130 2119:10.3324/haematol.10075 1732:10.1001/jama.299.8.925 1691:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701987 1367:antiretroviral therapy 1328: 958:Veno-occlusive disease 877:veno-occlusive disease 791:total body irradiation 747:allogeneic transplants 690: 652: 494:acute myeloid leukemia 386:congenital neutropenia 272:(relapsed, refractory) 266:(relapsed, refractory) 244:Acute myeloid leukemia 226: 46:Bone marrow transplant 21:Bone Marrow Transplant 5587:Lung allocation score 5524:Jean-Michel Dubernard 4913:Organ transplantation 2587:Neurological Sciences 2402:10.1001/jama.2009.470 2294:"Annual Report, 2014" 2221:10.1001/jama.2010.491 1883:(4 Suppl 98): 53–57. 1540:Journal of Stem Cells 1359:cell surface receptor 1270:, a professor at the 1221:Clinical observations 1122:head and neck cancers 775:Conditioning regimens 688: 650: 337:Mucopolysaccharidosis 238:Malignant (cancerous) 223: 204:mucopolysaccharidosis 5394:J. Hartwell Harrison 5151:Transplant rejection 4299:10.1056/NEJMe0810248 4132:. 13 November 2008. 4052:on 20 December 2013. 2354:10.1056/NEJMoa065464 2282:2015 May; 2(5): e184 2149:on 14 December 2012. 1846:10.2106/JBJS.O.00601 1640:10.1155/2016/6940283 1452:10.1093/bfgp/elac002 1411:neuromyelitis optica 1353:individual with two 1003:Hemorrhagic cystitis 440:Number of procedures 270:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 139:(stem cells from an 129:umbilical cord blood 5503:André van der Merwe 5487:Richard C. Lillehei 5160:Transplant networks 4944:Xenotransplantation 4939:Autotransplantation 4927:Allotransplantation 3726:25 May 2010 at the 3451:4 July 2008 at the 2967:Williams Hematology 2741:30 May 2008 at the 1371:leukoencephalopathy 651:Bone marrow harvest 394:sickle cell disease 355:Autoimmune diseases 196:skeletal dysplasias 192:autoimmune diseases 172:immune deficiencies 5358:Christiaan Barnard 4954:Organs and tissues 4387:The New York Times 4266:on 26 January 2016 4106:. 15 December 2010 4072:The New York Times 3994:The New York Times 2745:. CLL Topics, Inc. 1399:multiple sclerosis 1393:Multiple sclerosis 759:dimethyl sulfoxide 691: 669:general anesthesia 659:, through a large 653: 359:multiple sclerosis 317:Sickle cell anemia 227: 5638:Surgical oncology 5610: 5609: 5592:Machine perfusion 5572:Edmonton protocol 5567:Biomedical tissue 5555: 5554: 5466:Vladimir Demikhov 5368:Adrian Kantrowitz 5120:Organ procurement 4879: 4878: 4834:Lymph node biopsy 4734:lymphatic systems 4693:online calculator 4561:10.1111/ane.13147 4450:Neurotherapeutics 4218:(10): 2791–2799. 4103:Belfast Telegraph 3824:(15): 3604–3611. 3683:10.1111/ajt.14456 3515:(10): 1825–1837. 3477:(11): 1243–1244. 3002:(10): 1047–1055. 2494:10.2337/db14-0295 2395:(15): 1573–1579. 2348:(11): 1110–1120. 2215:(16): 1617–1624. 2162:Curr Opin Hematol 2071:(24): 5788–5794. 1914:(12): 1066–1070. 1802:10.1002/pbc.25524 1621:Mahla RS (2016). 1419:myasthenia gravis 1343:Timothy Ray Brown 1260:E. Donnall Thomas 1155:(CCI) (Charlson, 795:immunosuppressive 699:white blood cells 526:immunosuppressive 434:radiation therapy 422:Hodgkin's disease 102: 101: 5650: 5414:Michael Woodruff 5348: 5347: 5079:Medical grafting 4906: 4899: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4675: 4665: 4631: 4630: 4620: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4563: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4473: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4421: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4227: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4186: 4176: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4048:. Archived from 4043: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3863: 3852: 3851: 3841: 3809: 3786: 3785: 3775: 3743: 3730: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3685: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3592:(8): 2912–2919. 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3561:on 6 August 2012 3557:. Archived from 3547: 3541: 3540: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3462: 3456: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3415: 3406:(9): 1993–2003. 3391: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3287:(2): S169–S170. 3272: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3245:livertox.nih.gov 3237: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3096: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3055: 3046:(4): 1810–1814. 3031: 3022: 3021: 3011: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2942: 2918: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2868: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2771: 2765: 2752: 2746: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2660: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2545: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2496: 2487:(9): 3041–3046. 2472: 2466: 2465: 2455: 2445: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2404: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2283: 2280:Lancet Haematol. 2277: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2232: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2145:. Archived from 2138: 2132: 2131: 2121: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2080: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2024:(5): 1115–1123. 2012: 2006: 2005: 1979: 1970:(6): 2601–2607. 1954: 1948: 1947: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1796:(9): 1645–1649. 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1693: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1652: 1642: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1569: 1556: 1555: 1535: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1506: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1435: 1378:Daniel Kuritzkes 1237:Severe reactions 1013:thrombocytopenia 809:Nonmyeloablative 787:cyclophosphamide 633:cyclophosphamide 476:with or without 366:multiple myeloma 286:Multiple myeloma 264:Hodgkin lymphoma 166:, some types of 160:multiple myeloma 125:peripheral blood 95:edit on Wikidata 87: 73: 44: 32: 31: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5551: 5538: 5507: 5491: 5475: 5444: 5418: 5399:John P. Merrill 5382: 5339: 5294: 5273:Joint societies 5268: 5239:Blood Cancer UK 5226: 5220: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5129: 5101: 5097:Vascular bypass 5073: 4948: 4915: 4910: 4880: 4875: 4859: 4838: 4824:Neck dissection 4819:Lymphadenectomy 4805: 4801:Transplantation 4782: 4778:Transplantation 4759: 4736: 4726: 4682: 4640: 4638:Further reading 4635: 4634: 4589: 4585: 4540: 4536: 4491: 4487: 4442: 4435: 4398: 4394: 4379: 4375: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4318: 4314: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4204: 4200: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4064: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4009: 4005: 3986: 3982: 3961:(11): 491–496. 3951: 3947: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3864: 3855: 3810: 3789: 3744: 3733: 3728:Wayback Machine 3719: 3715: 3662: 3658: 3627: 3623: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3504: 3500: 3471:Transplantation 3463: 3459: 3453:Wayback Machine 3444: 3437: 3392: 3388: 3357:(1): CD009768. 3343: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3306: 3302: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3195:(8): 993–1006. 3184: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3073: 3069: 3032: 3025: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2963: 2956: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2808:. 17 April 2023 2796: 2795: 2791: 2776:Am. Pharm. Rev. 2772: 2768: 2762:Wayback Machine 2753: 2749: 2743:Wayback Machine 2733: 2729: 2689: 2682: 2645:Acta Oncologica 2637: 2630: 2579: 2575: 2514: 2510: 2473: 2469: 2422: 2418: 2381: 2377: 2338: 2334: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2254:Lancet Haematol 2250: 2246: 2201: 2197: 2158: 2154: 2139: 2135: 2098: 2094: 2057: 2053: 2013: 2009: 1955: 1951: 1900: 1896: 1873: 1869: 1829: 1825: 1785: 1781: 1752: 1748: 1711: 1707: 1670: 1666: 1619: 1615: 1570: 1559: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1474: 1467: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1407: 1395: 1351:-Δ32 homozygous 1345:, who was also 1331: 1326: 1292: 1248: 1239: 1223: 1214: 1193:splenic rupture 1189: 1169: 1134: 1100: 1080: 1074: 1047:corticosteroids 1027: 1021: 1005: 996: 960: 897: 868: 840: 811: 782: 777: 767:liquid nitrogen 751:cord blood bank 739: 719: 703:red blood cells 683: 677: 645: 620: 510: 466: 461: 442: 410:Ewing's sarcoma 390:aplastic anemia 322:Aplastic anemia 308: 240: 232: 218: 212: 194:and hereditary 113:transplantation 98: 83: 69: 47: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5656: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5560:Related topics 5557: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5471:James D. Hardy 5468: 5463: 5461:Joel D. Cooper 5458: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5435:James D. Hardy 5432: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5409:Elizabeth Ward 5406: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5378:Norman Shumway 5375: 5370: 5365: 5363:James D. Hardy 5360: 5354: 5352: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5171:Eurotransplant 5167: 5165: 5162:and government 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5107:Organ donation 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4689: 4688:on NHS Choices 4681: 4680:External links 4678: 4677: 4676: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4603:(2): 147–155. 4583: 4554:(5): 320–327. 4534: 4505:(2): 165–174. 4485: 4433: 4412:(4): 395–397. 4392: 4373: 4355: 4312: 4293:(7): 724–725. 4277: 4247: 4198: 4147: 4117: 4089: 4055: 4030: 4003: 3980: 3945: 3907: 3853: 3787: 3731: 3713: 3676:(2): 417–423. 3656: 3637:(5): 373–383. 3621: 3572: 3542: 3498: 3457: 3435: 3386: 3337: 3327: 3300: 3267: 3257: 3232: 3222: 3178: 3168: 3138: 3128: 3118: 3108: 3087:(2): 756–762. 3067: 3023: 2982: 2976:978-0071621519 2975: 2954: 2933:(9): 825–830. 2910: 2900: 2890: 2880: 2859:(2): 108–117. 2839: 2829: 2819: 2789: 2766: 2747: 2727: 2680: 2651:(7): 837–841. 2628: 2593:(3): 479–487. 2573: 2528:(7): 391–405. 2508: 2467: 2416: 2375: 2332: 2319:(3): 181–183. 2313:The Oncologist 2299: 2284: 2260:(3): e91–100. 2244: 2195: 2168:(6): 417–424. 2152: 2133: 2092: 2051: 2007: 1949: 1894: 1867: 1840:(5): 386–395. 1823: 1779: 1766:(1): 237–243. 1746: 1725:(8): 925–936. 1705: 1684:(7): 729–734. 1664: 1633:(7): 6940283. 1613: 1584:(4): 194–203. 1578:Blood Research 1557: 1546:(3): 163–197. 1527: 1518: 1465: 1446:(3): 159–176. 1429: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1391: 1355:genetic copies 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1291: 1288: 1279:Robert A. Good 1268:Eloise Giblett 1247: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1188: 1185: 1168: 1167:Risks to donor 1165: 1133: 1130: 1099: 1096: 1076:Main article: 1073: 1070: 1023:Main article: 1020: 1017: 1004: 1001: 995: 992: 976:Anticoagulants 959: 956: 896: 893: 883:, infections ( 867: 864: 839: 836: 810: 807: 781: 778: 776: 773: 738: 737:Storage of HSC 735: 723:amniotic fluid 718: 717:Amniotic fluid 715: 679:Main article: 676: 673: 644: 641: 637:haploidentical 619: 616: 539:savior sibling 509: 506: 465: 462: 460: 457: 441: 438: 362: 361: 352: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 327:Fanconi anemia 324: 319: 314: 307: 304: 303: 302: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 267: 261: 256: 251: 246: 239: 236: 231: 228: 211: 208: 141:identical twin 100: 99: 92: 89: 88: 81: 75: 74: 67: 61: 60: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5655: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:Donna Mansell 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5519:Alexis Carrel 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5440:Thomas Starzl 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404:Joseph Murray 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373:Richard Lower 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:Anthony Nolan 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227:organizations 5223: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134:Complications 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092:Skin grafting 5090: 5088: 5087:Bone grafting 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4730:haematopoetic 4723: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758:(1): 94–101. 3757: 3753: 3752:Haematologica 3749: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3261: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3132: 3122: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2904: 2894: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2833: 2823: 2807: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2685: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2543:10044/1/50510 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2295: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:Haematologica 2103: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1243: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1218: 1209: 1206: 1205:agranulocytes 1200: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1183:(Graslopin). 1182: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1066: 1065:of the host. 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1000: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 934:infection in 933: 929: 925: 921: 918: 914: 911: 907: 903: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 866:Complications 863: 860: 856: 854: 850: 846: 835: 831: 828: 823: 821: 817: 806: 804: 800: 799:immune system 796: 792: 788: 780:Myeloablative 772: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:cryopreserved 734: 732: 728: 724: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 687: 682: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 649: 640: 638: 634: 630: 625: 615: 613: 609: 605: 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4386: 4376: 4358: 4328:(2): 78–84. 4325: 4321: 4315: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4268:. Retrieved 4264:the original 4260:aidsmeds.com 4259: 4250: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4167:(11): e339. 4164: 4161:PLOS Biology 4160: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4120: 4108:. Retrieved 4101: 4092: 4080:. Retrieved 4071: 4050:the original 4045: 4033: 4021:. Retrieved 4006: 3993: 3983: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3878:(1): 71–76. 3875: 3871: 3821: 3817: 3755: 3751: 3716: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3563:. Retrieved 3559:the original 3554: 3545: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3335:PMC11235274. 3330: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3265:PMC11087001. 3260: 3248:. Retrieved 3244: 3235: 3225: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3171: 3159:. Retrieved 3150: 3141: 3136:PMC11172215. 3131: 3126:PMC10502717. 3121: 3111: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3043: 3039: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2966: 2930: 2926: 2903: 2898:PMC10249329. 2893: 2883: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2832: 2827:PMC11204214. 2822: 2810:. Retrieved 2801: 2792: 2775: 2769: 2750: 2730: 2700:(1): 18–27. 2697: 2693: 2648: 2644: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2291:Charts from 2287: 2279: 2278:Erratum in: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2147:the original 2136: 2112:(1): 11–18. 2109: 2105: 2095: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2021: 2017: 2010: 1967: 1963: 1952: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1581: 1577: 1543: 1539: 1521: 1486: 1482: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1408: 1396: 1387: 1375: 1332: 1315: 1307:South Africa 1304: 1300: 1293: 1276: 1253: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1224: 1215: 1212:Access risks 1201: 1190: 1170: 1161: 1156: 1144: 1142: 1135: 1115: 1109:. Post-HSCT 1101: 1098:Malignancies 1089: 1085: 1081: 1067: 1045:. High-dose 1032: 1028: 1006: 997: 972:hepatic vein 968:hepatomegaly 961: 936:seropositive 928:valacyclovir 910:prophylactic 906:septic shock 898: 889:malignancies 869: 857: 841: 832: 824: 812: 783: 771: 740: 731:heterologous 720: 692: 654: 621: 601: 591: 576: 570: 564: 554: 552: 511: 498: 491: 478:radiotherapy 474:chemotherapy 467: 450: 447: 443: 374:chemotherapy 363: 357:, including 300:solid tumors 233: 210:Medical uses 188: 180:chemotherapy 149: 108: 104: 103: 29: 20: 5534:Bruce Reitz 5186:LifeSharers 5164:departments 5125:Organ trade 4967:Bone marrow 4811:Lymph nodes 4742:Bone marrow 4110:15 December 3422:2268/102049 3316:(1): 3–14. 3116:PMC5924718. 2908:PMC6558318. 1489:: eAE5254. 1383:CD4 T cells 1335:Gero Hütter 1181:lenograstim 1118:bone cancer 1111:oral cancer 1059:scleroderma 980:defibrotide 920:medications 915:. However, 913:antibiotics 838:Engraftment 643:Bone marrow 530:monozygotic 482:bone marrow 459:Graft types 312:Thalassemia 230:Indications 121:bone marrow 79:MedlinePlus 5643:Stem cells 5633:Hematology 5628:Lymphology 5617:Categories 5037:islet cell 5007:Heart–lung 4871:Lymphogram 2853:Stem Cells 1425:References 1187:Drug risks 1177:filgrastim 1051:prednisone 1049:, such as 922:, such as 908:, despite 755:childbirth 727:autologous 612:Omidubicel 547:cord blood 508:Allogeneic 464:Autologous 214:See also: 198:, notably 145:allogeneic 133:autologous 5299:Countries 5012:Intestine 4578:195894616 4140:2 January 4023:6 October 3940:0003-4819 3692:1600-6135 3537:211539024 3176:35133768. 3151:mskcc.org 2837:32091775. 2784:1099-8012 2675:218897646 2607:1590-3478 2552:1759-4766 2190:239799097 1986:0006-4971 1928:0028-3878 1908:Neurology 1862:207284951 1376:In 2012, 1227:bone pain 1137:Prognosis 1132:Prognosis 1107:carcinoma 1039:intestine 1009:hematuria 994:Mucositis 964:bilirubin 924:acyclovir 917:antiviral 902:infection 895:Infection 881:mucositis 872:mortality 859:Chimerism 820:chimerism 695:apheresis 624:rejection 608:Cartistem 604:Prochymal 597:ethnicity 586:base pair 470:apheresis 378:pediatric 176:radiation 137:syngeneic 111:) is the 5577:Eye bank 5480:Pancreas 5264:ORGANIZE 5225:Advocacy 5032:Pancreas 4672:21749848 4627:28866625 4570:31297793 4529:30644983 4480:23192675 4368:Archived 4350:43463970 4342:21331536 4307:19213687 4242:27285440 4234:21148083 4193:16216086 4134:Archived 4130:BBC News 4076:Archived 4017:Archived 3998:Archived 3975:13464965 3902:19681886 3848:19190248 3782:19059940 3724:Archived 3700:28787762 3616:15994282 3529:32108275 3493:21119507 3449:Archived 3430:15774790 3381:30697701 3209:20544224 3155:Archived 3153:. 2012. 3103:12663454 3062:15459007 3018:17067911 2949:16151430 2875:11239165 2812:20 April 2758:Archived 2739:Archived 2722:29779201 2714:15667464 2667:11145442 2623:54461739 2615:30535563 2568:20836380 2560:28621766 2503:24947362 2481:Diabetes 2462:29218029 2411:19366777 2362:17360989 2274:26687803 2239:20424252 2182:30148720 2128:17229630 2087:16043827 2002:22645544 1994:15546956 1944:15117695 1936:21422458 1889:27586805 1854:26935461 1818:11287381 1810:25820806 1741:18314435 1700:10516675 1659:27516776 1608:26770947 1552:25157450 1513:34909973 1483:Einstein 1460:35265979 1363:mutation 1341:patient 1339:leukemia 1324:Research 1233:energy. 1126:melanoma 1055:fibrosis 984:Ursodiol 952:vaccines 932:herpetic 578:HLA-DQB1 487:lymphoma 406:lymphoma 370:leukemia 298:, other 168:lymphoma 164:leukemia 53:ICD-9-CM 4977:Corneal 4864:Imaging 4844:Tonsils 4796:Removal 4773:Removal 4618:5800332 4520:6439765 4471:3557353 4428:9051253 4184:1255740 3893:3409390 3839:2668845 3773:2625420 3708:1397521 3651:3558716 3607:1895304 3555:mcw.edu 3372:6353308 3322:9078349 3250:30 July 3217:2969472 2453:5703738 2436:: 331. 2370:2031300 2230:3219875 2038:9753033 1650:4969512 1599:4705045 1504:8664291 1311:Nigeria 1281:at the 1246:History 944:measles 827:T-cells 763:osmotic 522:alleles 296:Gliomas 154:of the 152:cancers 71:D018380 5387:Kidney 5344:People 5196:NOD-Lb 5069:Vagina 5064:Uterus 5059:Thymus 5054:Spleen 5017:Kidney 4788:Spleen 4765:Thymus 4670: 4625: 4615: 4576: 4568: 4527: 4517: 4478: 4468: 4426: 4348: 4340: 4305: 4240: 4232: 4191: 4181: 4082:15 May 4039:"WMDA" 3973: 3938: 3900: 3890: 3846: 3836: 3780: 3770: 3706: 3698: 3690: 3649: 3614: 3604: 3535: 3527: 3491: 3428: 3379: 3369: 3320: 3215: 3207: 3101: 3060: 3016: 2973: 2947: 2873: 2782: 2778:: 40. 2720: 2712: 2673: 2665: 2621: 2613: 2605: 2566: 2558: 2550: 2501: 2460: 2450: 2409: 2368: 2360: 2272: 2237: 2227: 2188: 2180: 2126: 2085: 2046:767838 2044: 2036: 2000: 1992: 1984: 1942: 1934: 1926: 1887: 1860: 1852: 1816: 1808: 1739: 1698: 1657: 1647: 1606: 1596: 1550: 1511: 1501: 1458: 1417:, and 1124:, and 885:sepsis 853:muscle 851:, and 701:. The 661:needle 657:pelvis 629:T-cell 572:HLA-DR 143:), or 85:003009 23:, see 5512:Other 5496:Penis 5423:Liver 5351:Heart 5044:Penis 5022:Liver 5002:Heart 4972:Brain 4920:Types 4574:S2CID 4346:S2CID 4270:2 May 4238:S2CID 4212:Blood 4042:(PDF) 3818:Blood 3704:S2CID 3586:Blood 3565:2 May 3533:S2CID 3213:S2CID 3161:2 May 3081:Blood 3040:Blood 2806:(FDA) 2802:U.S. 2718:S2CID 2671:S2CID 2619:S2CID 2564:S2CID 2366:S2CID 2186:S2CID 2042:S2CID 1998:S2CID 1964:Blood 1940:S2CID 1858:S2CID 1814:S2CID 1173:G-CSF 1157:et al 1145:et al 1043:liver 1041:, or 948:polio 849:liver 845:heart 789:with 733:use. 665:local 566:HLA-C 563:, or 560:HLA-B 556:HLA-A 156:blood 127:, or 93:[ 5449:Lung 5244:DKMS 5049:Skin 5027:Lung 4997:Head 4992:Hand 4987:Face 4962:Bone 4932:ABOi 4852:see 4732:and 4668:PMID 4623:PMID 4566:PMID 4525:PMID 4499:JAMA 4476:PMID 4424:PMID 4338:PMID 4303:PMID 4272:2018 4230:PMID 4189:PMID 4142:2009 4112:2010 4084:2012 4046:WMDA 4025:2013 3971:PMID 3936:ISSN 3898:PMID 3844:PMID 3778:PMID 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