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35:
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correction accommodates the display position, providing an accurate image to the pilot and allowing the
Scorpion HMCS to be installed onto a pilot's existing helmet. A visor can be deployed in front of the display providing protection during ejection. The visor can be clear, glare, high contrast, gradient, or laser protective. For night operations, an NVG mount can be installed in place of the visor during flight. Once installed, NVGs can be placed in front of the display, thus allowing the pilot to view both the display symbols as well as the NVG image simultaneously.
998:
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404:) infrared detectors in the flightdeck (or helmet), to measure the pilot's head position. The main limitations are restricted fields of regard and sensitivity to sunlight or other heat sources. The MiG-29/AA-11 Archer system uses this technology. The Cobra HMD as used on both the Eurofighter Typhoon and the JAS39 Gripen both employ the optical helmet tracker developed by Denel Optronics (now part of Zeiss Optronics).
1009:
537:
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377:(IMU) and an optical sensor to provide reference to the aircraft. MEMS based IMUs benefit from high update rates such as 1,000 Hz but suffer from precession and drift over time, so they cannot be used alone. In this class of tracker, the optical sensor is used to constrain IMU drift. As a result, hybrid inertial/optical trackers feature low latency and high accuracy. The
58:) is a headworn device that uses displays and optics to project imagery and/or symbology to the eyes. It provides visual information to the user where head protection is required – most notably in military aircraft. The display-optics assembly can be attached to a helmet or integrated into the design of the helmet. An HMD provides the pilot with
886:
TopNight, a
Topsight derivative, is designed specifically for adverse weather and night air to ground operations, employing more complex optics to project infrared imagery overlaid with symbology. The most recent version the Topsight has been designated TopOwl-F, and is qualified on the Mirage-2000-5
762:
Scorpion uses a novel optical system featuring a light-guide optical element (LOE) which provides a compact color collimated image to the pilot. The display can be positioned by each pilot, thereby eliminating the need for precise helmet position on the user's head or special helmet fitting. Software
742:
introduced the
Scorpion® Head/Helmet-Mounted Display System to the military aviation market in 2008. In 2010, Scorpion was the winner of the USAF/ANG/AFRes Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT) program. The HMIT system was qualified and deployed on both A-10 and F-16 platforms in 2012. Starting
707:
When combined with the AIM-9X, an advanced short-range dogfight weapon that employs a Focal Plane Array seeker and a thrust vectoring tail control package, JHMCS allows effective target designation up to 80 degrees either side of the aircraft's nose. In March 2009, a successful 'Lock on After Launch'
1028:
Joint Strike
Fighter aircraft. In addition to standard HMD capabilities offered by other systems, HMDS fully utilizes the advanced avionics architecture of the F-35 and provides the pilot video with imagery in day or night conditions. Consequently, the F-35 is the first tactical fighter jet in 50
581:
DASH III was the first modern
Western HMD to achieve operational service. Development of the DASH began during the mid-1980s, when the IAF issued a requirement for F-15 and F-16 aircraft. The first design entered production around 1986, and the current GEN III helmet entered production during the
882:
fighters was accompanied by the
Topsight HMD by Sextant Avionique. TopSight provides a 20 degree FoV for the pilot's right eye, and cursive symbology generated from target and aircraft parameters. Electromagnetic position sensing is employed. The Topsight helmet uses an integral embedded design,
601:
The DASH GEN III is a wholly embedded design, where the complete optical and position sensing coil package is built within the helmet (either USAF standard HGU-55/P or the
Israeli standard HGU-22/P) using a spherical visor to provide a collimated image to the pilot. A quick-disconnect wire powers
743:
in 2018, the installed base of HMIT systems went through a helmet tracker upgrade. The original AC magnetic tracking sensor was replaced by an inertial-optical hybrid tracker called Hybrid
Optical based Inertial Tracker (HObIT). The HObIT was developed by InterSense and tested by Thales in 2014.
226:
V3A heat seeking missile. This enables the pilot to make off-bore attacks, without having to maneuver to the optimum firing position. After the South
African system had been proven in combat, playing a role in downing Soviet aircraft over Angola, it is popularly claimed the Soviets embarked on a
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Unlike the DASH, which is integrated into the helmet itself, JHMCS assemblies attach to modified HGU-55/P, HGU-56/P or HGU-68/P helmets. JHMCS employs a newer, faster digital processing package, but retains the same type of electromagnetic position sensing as the DASH. The CRT package is more
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Scorpion has the distinction of being the first HMD introduced and deployed that can display full-color conformal symbology. It is used along with the aircraft mission system to cue the aircraft targeting pods, gimbaled sensors, and high off-boresight missiles. Scorpion provides an "eyes out"
365:", vibration, and during rapid head movement. Five basic methods are used in current HMD technology – inertial, optical, electromagnetic, sonic, and hybrid. Hybrid trackers use a combination of sensors such as inertial and optical to improve tracking accuracy, update rate, and latency.
140:(HOBS) weapons, allow aircrew to attack and destroy nearly any target seen by the pilot. These systems allow targets to be designated with minimal aircraft maneuvering, minimizing the time spent in the threat environment, and allowing greater lethality, survivability, and pilot
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years to fly without a HUD. A BAE Systems helmet was considered when HMDS development was experiencing significant problems, but these issues were eventually worked out. The Helmet-Mounted
Display System was fully operational and ready for delivery in July 2014.
2045:
Atac, Robert; Spink, Scott; Calloway, Tom; Foxlin, Eric (2014-06-13). "Scorpion Hybrid Optical-based Inertial Tracker (HObIT) test results". In Desjardins, Daniel D; Sarma, Kalluri R; Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R; Browne, Michael P; Melzer, James E (eds.).
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capability: even when objects may be obscured from view, Scorpion can provide visual graphic cues to the near-field display. Unlike most HMDs which require custom helmets, Scorpion was designed to be installed on a standard issue
2416:
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and with it the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS), a new helmet concept in which the role of the helmet was expanded to provide a visually coupled interface between the aviator and the aircraft. The
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fighter utilizes the Cobra HMD. The helmet is a further development and refinement of the Striker helmet developed for the Eurofighter by BAE Systems. The refinement is done by BAE in partnership with Denel Cumulus.
27:
361:
HMD designs must sense the orientation (elevation, azimuth and roll) and in some cases the position (x, y, and z) of the pilot's head relative to the airframe with sufficient precision even under high "
1937:
438:
sensing designs use ultrasonic sensors to monitor the pilot's head position while being updated by computer software in multiple axes. Typical operating frequencies are in the 50 to 100
1449:
704:
pictures for night operations and provides collimated symbology and imagery to the pilot. The integration of the night-vision goggles with the JHMCS was a key requirement of the program.
1069:– eye trackers measure the point of gaze relative to the direction of the head, allowing the system to compute where the user is looking. These systems are not currently used in aircraft.
292:(LOS) between the aircraft and the intended target. The user's eye must stay aligned with the sight; in other words, current HMDs cannot sense where the eye is looking, but can place a
70:, to the direction their head is pointing. Applications which allow cuing of weapon systems are referred to as helmet-mounted sight and display (HMSD) or helmet-mounted sights (HMS).
1830:
313:" maneuvers. Weight is the largest problem faced by fighter aircraft HMD designers. This is much less a concern for helicopter applications, making elaborate helicopter HMDs common.
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and HGU-68/P helmets and is fully compatible with standard issue U.S. Pilot Flight Equipment without special fitting. It is also fully compatible with standard unmodified AN/AVS-9
195:
fighters. VTAS received praise for its effectiveness in targeting off-boresight missiles, but the U.S. did not pursue fielding it except for integration into late-model Navy
1037:
Jedeye is a new system recently introduced by Elbit Systems especially to meet Apache and other rotary wing platform requirements. The system is designed for day, night and
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1300:
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of Turkey is working to develop a similar system to the French TopOwl Helmet, called the AVCI Helmet Integrated Cueing System. The system will also be utilized into the
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2202:
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firing of an ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the ‘shooter' aircraft, was demonstrated by a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) F/A-18 using JHMCS.
352:
make helmet-fitting a crucial factor in the aviator's ability to interface with the aircraft systems. Misalignment or helmet shift can cause an inaccurate picture.
1558:
668:
JHMCS is a derivative of the DASH III and the Kaiser Agile Eye HMDs, and was developed by Vision Systems International (VSI), a joint venture company formed by
106:, without HMDs, pilots have to align the aircraft to shoot at a target. HMDs allow pilots to simply point their heads at a target, designate a weapon and shoot.
1972:
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242:) combination once its effectiveness was known, principally through access to former East German MiG-29s that were operated by the unified German Air Force.
2228:
1912:
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2174:
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435:
981:. Named the Striker and later version Striker II, it is capable of displaying both raster imagery and cursive symbology, with provisions for embedded
3346:
1163:
Kocian, Dean F.; Task, H. Lee (1995). "Visually coupled systems hardware and the human interface". In Barfield, Woodrow; Furness, Thomas A. (eds.).
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capable, but remains limited to monochrome presentation of cursive symbology. JHMCS provides support for raster scanned imagery to display FLIR/
442:
range and can be made to carry audio sound information directly to the pilot's ears via subcarrier modulation of the ultrasonic sensing signals.
284:
is what is used to point the missile; it thus must be calibrated and fit securely on the pilot's head. The line between the pilot's eye and the
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157:
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and the Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System in 1990. American and European fighter HMDs became widely used in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
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382:
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2442:
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Proc. SPIE 9086, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics VIII; and Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XIX
553:
The Russian designed Shchel-3UM HMD design has been fitted to the ZSh-5 series helmet (and later ZSh-7 helmets), and has been used on the
2077:
Atac, Robert (2010-05-05). "Applications of the Scorpion color helmet-mounted cueing system". In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.).
419:
based on the movement of the helmet in multiple axes. This technique requires precise magnetic mapping of the flightdeck to account for
415:
sensing designs use coils (in the helmet) placed in an alternating field (generated in the flightdeck) to produce alternating electrical
127:
verification that the chosen sensor has been cued to the right target or location without requiring the pilot to look inside the cockpit
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M142 IHADSS is fitted with a 40°-by-30° field of view, video-with-symbology monocular display. IR emitters allow a slewable
2460:
2108:
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569:: AA-11 Archer). The HMD/Archer combination gave the MiG-29 and Su-27 a significantly improved close combat capability.
171:
One of the first aircraft with simple HMD devices appeared for experimental purpose in the mid-1960s to aid in targeting
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joint venture) along with Helmet Integrated Systems, Ltd. developed the Helmet-Mounted Display System (HMDS) for the
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sensor, mounted on the nose of the aircraft, to be slaved to the aviator's head movements. The display also enables
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field of regard – the angular range over which the sight can still produce a suitably accurate measurement.
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3000:
2632:
1336:"HOW THE FORMER SOVIET UNION AC QUIRED THE "HELMET MOUNTED SIGHT" FOR THEIR AIR FORCE: Wolfgang Witschas"
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to ensure that symbols representing outside-world entities move in line with the pilot's head movements.
775:
685:
265:
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327:, a technique used to present the images at a distant focus, which improves the readability of images),
276:
While conceptually simple, implementation of aircraft HMDs is quite complex. There are many variables:
222:
of the South African Air Force (SAAF) used a locally developed helmet-mounted sight integrated with the
2652:
2350:"Lockheed Martin Selects BAE Systems to Supply F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Helmet Display Solution"
1831:"RAAF has successfully fired ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the 'shooter' aircraft"
1119:
215:
2535:
1787:
1335:
1202:
759:(PNVG). Pilots, using Scorpion, can view both the night vision image and the symbols on the display.
474:
along with an LED illuminator to generate the displayed image. Advanced HMDs can also project FLIR or
257:
systems. Technical difficulties led to the U.S. abandoning ASRAAM, instead funding development of the
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2417:"Saab & BAE Systems sign agreement for new integrated Helmet Mounted Display System for Gripen"
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and its contoured shape is designed to provide the pilot with a wholly unobstructed field of view.
817:
98:) to a target by the pilot merely turning the helmet towards the target and operating a switch via
1583:
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915:
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precision – the angular error between the line-of-sight and the derived cue. The position of the
153:
1218:
Dr. James Miller, Fullerton, CA, research psychologist for the Ground Systems Group at Hughes, "
498:
427:
materials in the seat, flightdeck sills and canopy to reduce angular errors in the measurement.
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2672:
1063:
RCEVS is developing a standard view Night Vision Cueing & Display (NVCD) for the U.S. Navy.
471:
293:
223:
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2667:
1667:"The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design"
1635:"The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design"
594:. The DASH III has been exported and integrated into various legacy aircraft, including the
141:
2482:
1868:
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2725:
2125:
1301:
The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design
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20:
8:
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26:
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with the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSiSy) demonstrated in 1985.
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2811:
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2059:
1973:"The A-10C Warthog Gets New Upgrades To Be Ready To Fight In Future High-end Conflicts"
1953:
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flight environments. Jedeye has a 70 x 40 degree FOV and 2250x1200 pixels resolution.
121:, etc.) to the pilot while "heads-up", eliminating the need to look inside the cockpit.
83:
1434:
3341:
2873:
2677:
2593:
2094:
2063:
1957:
1913:"Up Close And Personal With The A-10 Warthog's Scorpion Helmet-Mounted Cueing System"
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1424:
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1002:
997:
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Scorpion is also used by Tactical Air Support Inc. on F-5AT, by French Air Force for
622:
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imagery. A recent improvement is the capability to display color symbols and video.
306:
246:
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Several nations responded with programs to counter the MiG-29/HMD/R-73 (and later
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3015:
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early to mid-1990s. The current production variant is deployed on IDF F-15, and
172:
2203:"Thales to deliver Scorpion helmet mounted cueing systems for Spanish Air Force"
1869:"The French Air Force Is Testing The New Rafale F4-1 Standard – The Aviationist"
1257:
3238:
3108:
2976:
2847:
2229:"Check Out This AC-130 Gunship Pilot Wearing A Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display"
2126:"Raytheon Wins US Air Force HMIT Contract at Farnborough – Airforce Technology"
1188:
Rash, Clarence E. (2001). "Introductory Overview". In Rash, Clarence E. (ed.).
871:
562:
232:
196:
39:
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Proc. SPIE 7688, Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XV: Design and Applications
466:. Modern HMDs have dispensed with the CRT in favor of micro-displays such as
3320:
3133:
3101:
2785:
2697:
2605:
1692:"Fact Sheets : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A"
1017:
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642:
578:
345:
317:
184:
87:
2328:
2175:"Private Aggressor F-5 Fighter Force is Flying with Helmet Mounted Displays"
1278:
606:(CRT). DASH is closely integrated with the aircraft's weapon system, via a
299:
latency or slew rate – how much lag there is between the helmet and the cue.
253:, in the early 1990s. The U.S., UK, and Germany pursued a HMD combined with
3169:
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2918:
2903:
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2742:
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1507:
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739:
607:
591:
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378:
103:
2526:
USAARL Helmet Mounted Displays- Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues
1854:
1508:"InterSense | Precision Motion Tracking Solutions | IS-1200+ HObIT System"
3138:
3091:
3020:
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2913:
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879:
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Block 40/50/50+/60/70 with a design that is 95% common to all platforms.
324:
130:
viewing outside terrain using sensor video in degraded visual conditions.
2550:
3123:
2993:
2966:
2662:
2055:
1461:
1247:"‘Seeing Things’ with Electrocular", Science & Mechanics, Aug, 1962
978:
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E and F aircraft in 2003. The USAF is also integrating JHMCS into its
424:
401:
264:
The first civilian use of HMD on aircraft was the Elbit SkyLens HMD on
192:
165:
2086:
1949:
1138:
Rash, C. E.; Russo, M. R.; Letowski, T. R.; Schmeisser, E. T. (2010).
493:
3206:
3118:
3081:
2657:
2637:
611:
516:
507:
328:
289:
180:
1808:
1720:
1640:. United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. Archived from
900:
806:
731:
323:
optical characteristics – calibration, sharpness, distant focus (or
3253:
2961:
2956:
2303:"VSI's Helmet Mounted Display System flies on Joint Strike Fighter"
1766:
1420:
Helmet Mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues
1303:(Report). Army Aeromedical Research Lab Fort Rucker. Archived from
1140:
Helmet-Mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception and Cognition Issues
635:
463:
397:
250:
114:
110:
109:
displaying targeting and aircraft performance information (such as
3174:
2971:
2530:
1483:
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utilizes the Helmet-Mounted Symbology System (HMSS) developed by
786:
771:
420:
416:
393:
349:
285:
231:
was fielded in 1985 with an HMD and a high off-boresight weapon (
176:
118:
2150:
1454:
Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVIII: Design and Applications
1325:{{cite web |last1=Lake |first1=Jon |title=Looks Really Can Kill!
1008:
3233:
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Helmet-Mounted Displays: Design Issues for Rotary-Wing Aircraft
1076:
1050:
767:
720:
689:
681:
677:
646:
641:, in November 2003 with the 12th and 19th Fighter Squadrons at
638:
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B bus. Latest model DASH IV is currently integrated on India's
595:
587:
554:
536:
455:
258:
254:
228:
1942:
Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVI: Design and Applications
1142:. Fort Rucker AL: U. S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory.
1075:– systems that project information directly onto the wearer's
890:
344:
fit and interfacing the aviator's head to the aircraft – head
235:), giving them an advantage in close maneuvering engagements.
183:
Corporation that was flown in early 1970s in F-4J and 1974–78
3263:
3046:
3025:
3010:
2109:"Thales Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display for fighter aircraft"
1533:"Denel Optronics Head-Tracker System for Eurofighter Typhoon"
1080:
1012:
Helmet Mounted System Striker II from BAE System on DSEI-2019
868:
790:
726:
716:
673:
662:
658:
654:
634:, the U.S. pursued and fielded JHMCS in conjunction with the
617:
558:
439:
239:
99:
91:
2021:
1998:"Nothing Can Kill the A-10 Warthog (And We Meaning Nothing)"
602:
the display and carries video drive signals to the helmet's
3153:
1137:
1114:
701:
693:
598:. It also forms the baseline technology for the US JHMCS.
583:
227:
crash program to counter the technology. As a result, the
188:
95:
649:
C as lead platform for JHMCS, but fielded it first on the
385:
called the Hybrid Optical-based Inertial Tracker (HObIT).
338:
durability and ability to handle day-to-day wear and tear.
2254:"F-22 Raptor Spotted Flying With Stealthy Underwing Pods"
2022:"InterSense | Precision Motion Tracking Solutions | Home"
1632:
1223:
985:. As with the DASH helmet, the system employs integrated
2483:"How It Works: Retinal Displays Add a Second Data Layer"
1742:"MiG-21 2000 Fighter Ground Attack Air Force Technology"
1450:"Scorpion hybrid optical-based inertial tracker (HObIT)"
688:
delivery in fiscal year 2002. JHMCS is employed in the
2044:
676:(Kaiser Electronics is now owned by Rockwell Collins).
381:
Scorpion® HMCS and HMIT HMDs utilize a tracker made by
30:
The Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System (IHADSS)
2546:
Resolution analysis for HMD helmets / Comparison Chart
2189:"France invests €2 billion for Rafale new F4 standard"
1603:
1601:
527:
night navigation. IHADSS is also used on the Italian
486:
Systems are presented in rough chronological order of
586:
aircraft. Additionally, it has been certified on the
2369:"BAE Systems Lands Contract for New F-35 JSF Helmet"
1938:"Qualification of the scorpion helmet cueing system"
373:
Hybrid inertial tracking systems employ a sensitive
179:'s Visual Target Acquisition System (VTAS), made by
2327:. F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program. Archived from
1694:. Nationalmuseum.af.mil. 1977-10-06. Archived from
1598:
1423:. U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. 2009.
494:
Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS)
249:Elbit DASH series, fielded in conjunction with the
2305:. Rockwell Collins. April 10, 2007. Archived from
1883:"Raytheon to produce HMIT system for US Air Force"
1299:Rash, Clarence E.; Martin, John S. (August 1988).
1192:. U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.
1165:Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design
572:
164:, head-mounted monocular display that reflected a
1559:"FIRST GRIPEN FLIGHT WITH HELMET MOUNTED DISPLAY"
1413:
1411:
1409:
305:weight and balance – total helmet weight and its
3318:
992:
2352:. BAE Systems. October 10, 2011. Archived from
1607:
645:, Alaska. The Navy conducted RDT&E on the
462:on to the pilot's visor or reticle, focused at
316:safety and flightdeck compatibility, including
309:, which are particularly important under high "
2396:
1406:
796:
719:designed system is used by Qatar and India on
335:imagery, eye dominance, and binocular rivalry.
16:Headworn device projecting imagery to the eyes
2566:
2512:Head Mounted Displays: Designing for the user
2509:
1940:. In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.).
1828:
1452:. In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.).
2399:""Magic Helmet" for F-35 ready for delivery"
692:A++/C/D/E/F, F-15C/D/E/S/K/SG/SA/QA/EX, and
124:displaying sensor video for the purpose of:
82:using the head angle as a pointer to direct
1855:"TARGO™ II — Helmet Mounted Display System"
929:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
891:Eurofighter Helmet-Mounted Symbology System
835:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
770:F4, by the Spanish Airforce on EF-18s, the
78:Aviation HMD designs serve these purposes:
66:of the scene, and in military applications
2573:
2559:
1970:
1447:
1298:
1162:
727:Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT)
618:Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS)
368:
2580:
2480:
1935:
1910:
1633:Sensory Research Division (August 1988).
1448:Atac, Robert; Foxlin, Eric (2013-05-16).
949:Learn how and when to remove this message
855:Learn how and when to remove this message
341:cost, including integration and training.
203:from 1969. HMDs were also introduced in
3347:Equipment of the United States Air Force
1936:Atac, Robert; Bugno, Tony (2011-06-01).
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621:
497:
207:during this time – examples include the
90:weapons seekers or other sensors (e.g.,
46:being aimed with a helmet-mounted sight.
33:
25:
2366:
2251:
1016:Vision Systems International (VSI; the
3319:
2944:
2226:
1805:"Vision Systems International – JHMCS"
1001:Helmet-Mounted Display System for the
450:Older HMDs typically employ a compact
296:marker between the eye and the target.
117:, target range, weapon seeker status,
3244:Software related to augmented reality
2791:Simultaneous localization and mapping
2554:
1763:"Vision Systems International – DASH"
1744:. Airforce-technology.com. 1995-05-24
1584:"Denel, Zeiss in optical partnership"
1375:Dunnigan, James (12 September 2015).
548:
454:embedded in the helmet, and suitable
2457:"Virtual Retinal Display Technology"
2445:from the original on March 10, 2021.
2076:
2050:. Vol. 9086. pp. 172–181.
1944:. Vol. 8041. pp. 182–188.
1610:"Helmet Mounted Sights and Displays"
1377:"The Helmet that Changed Everything"
1187:
1057:
927:adding citations to reliable sources
894:
833:adding citations to reliable sources
800:
168:signal onto a transparent eyepiece.
136:HMD systems, combined with High Off-
2843:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera
2367:McGlaun, Shane (October 17, 2011).
1995:
19:For non-aviation applications, see
13:
2817:Image-based modeling and rendering
2252:Rogoway, Tyler (8 February 2022).
2081:. Vol. 7688. pp. 18–24.
1829:Industry News, Your (2009-03-09).
1456:. Vol. 8735. p. 873502.
1401:ATR, Elbit Developing Wearable HUD
407:
14:
3363:
2519:
1669:. Stinet.dtic.mil. Archived from
1234:"Third Eye for Space Explorers",
2541:User survey of HMD requirements
2227:Hunter, Jamie (18 August 2020).
899:
805:
535:
481:
468:liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)
356:
2503:
2474:
2449:
2431:
2423:. June 17, 2003. Archived from
2409:
2390:
2360:
2342:
2313:
2295:
2270:
2245:
2220:
2195:
2181:
2167:
2143:
2118:
2101:
2070:
2038:
2014:
1989:
1964:
1929:
1911:Cenciotti, David (2018-12-13).
1904:
1875:
1861:
1847:
1822:
1797:
1780:
1755:
1734:
1709:
1684:
1659:
1626:
1576:
1551:
1525:
1500:
1476:
1441:
1394:
1368:
1342:
1328:
1319:
1292:
781:
735:Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display
680:integrated the system into the
630:After the U.S. withdrawal from
573:Display and sight helmet (DASH)
2280:. Monch.com.tr. Archived from
1971:D'Urso, Stefano (2019-09-10).
1889:. 19 July 2010. Archived from
1807:. Vsi-hmcs.com. Archived from
1765:. Vsi-hmcs.com. Archived from
1271:
1250:
1241:
1228:
1212:
1196:
1181:
1156:
1131:
1087:) are also in experimentation.
757:Panoramic Night Vision Goggles
73:
1:
3259:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK
2510:Melzer & Moffitt (1997).
2397:SEAN GALLAGHER (2014-07-24).
1125:
993:Helmet-Mounted Display System
288:on the visor is known as the
271:
3295:List of PlayStation VR games
2688:Virtual reality applications
2536:Vision Systems International
2481:MATT LAKE (April 26, 2001).
1717:"Fighter Aircraft, MiG-29/1"
867:The French thrust vectoring
774:Stinger II Gunship, and the
488:initial operating capability
472:liquid crystal display (LCD)
214:At the same time (1975) the
7:
2207:www.airforce-technology.com
1167:. Oxford University Press.
1091:
797:TopOwl-F(Topsight/TopNight)
793:Turkish Attack Helicopter.
776:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
711:
686:low-rate initial production
400:emitters on the helmet (or
245:One successful HMD was the
10:
3370:
2653:Projection augmented model
1120:Index of aviation articles
388:
147:
18:
3290:List of Oculus Rift games
3272:
3194:
3187:
3162:
3039:
2937:
2886:
2869:Omnidirectional treadmill
2856:
2838:Free viewpoint television
2825:
2807:Asynchronous reprojection
2799:
2768:
2713:
2706:
2643:On-set virtual production
2628:Computer-mediated reality
2623:Cinematic virtual reality
2615:
2589:
2278:"Monch Yayıncılık – AVCI"
1996:Axe, David (2019-10-06).
1073:direct retinal projection
1032:
445:
375:Inertial Measurement Unit
3285:List of Meta Quest games
2693:Virtual reality sickness
1719:. Sci.fi. Archived from
1350:"Looks Really Can Kill!"
1044:
561:in conjunction with the
430:
2760:Virtual retinal display
2748:Virtual reality headset
1281:. Best-of-flightgear.dk
1260:. Best-of-flightgear.dk
1258:"VTAS/HELMET INTERFACE"
1209:, Friday, Apr. 13, 1962
1203:"Science: Second Sight"
1085:virtual retinal display
369:Hybrid inertial optical
154:Hughes Aircraft Company
3280:List of HTC Vive games
2673:Six degrees of freedom
2155:www.thalesvisionix.com
1788:ADA 31st Annual Report
1488:www.thalesvisionix.com
1403:AIN online (July 2016)
1013:
1005:
966:
736:
627:
503:
294:predicted impact point
52:helmet-mounted display
47:
31:
3332:Head-mounted displays
3129:The Sword of Damocles
3031:Windows Mixed Reality
2668:Simulation hypothesis
2002:The National Interest
1608:Air Power Australia.
1354:Asian Military Review
1011:
1000:
964:
734:
625:
501:
173:heat seeking missiles
142:situational awareness
37:
29:
3337:Military electronics
3249:Virtual reality game
2894:Cyberith Virtualizer
2726:Head-mounted display
2356:on October 11, 2011.
1647:on December 23, 2016
1222:", April 9, 1962 on
1098:Head-mounted display
979:Pilkington Optronics
923:improve this section
829:improve this section
753:Night Vision Goggles
544:at Wikimedia Commons
529:Agusta A129 Mangusta
521:thermographic camera
21:Head-mounted display
2427:on August 17, 2016.
2151:"Thales | Visionix"
2130:Airforce Technology
1484:"Thales | Visionix"
1307:on 27 February 2012
1236:Popular Electronics
1079:with a low-powered
1049:Sweden's JAS 39C/D
971:Eurofighter Typhoon
651:F/A-18 Super Hornet
567:NATO reporting name
209:Boeing AH-64 Apache
68:cue weapons systems
60:situation awareness
44:Boeing AH-64 Apache
3352:Wearable computers
3327:Display technology
2989:Microsoft HoloLens
2812:Foveated rendering
2487:The New York Times
2056:10.1117/12.2050363
2026:www.intersense.com
1835:Your Industry News
1512:www.intersense.com
1462:10.1117/12.2012194
1356:. 26 November 2020
1014:
1006:
967:
737:
628:
549:ZSh-5 / Shchel-3UM
504:
199:equipped with the
48:
32:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3183:
3182:
2957:Golden-i headsets
2882:
2881:
2874:Wearable computer
2678:Spatial computing
2594:Augmented reality
2087:10.1117/12.849287
1950:10.1117/12.884195
1437:on March 3, 2012.
1220:I've Got a Secret
1149:978-0-615-28375-3
1110:Augmented reality
1058:Future technology
1003:F-35 Lightning II
959:
958:
951:
887:Mk2 and Mig-29K.
865:
864:
857:
540:Media related to
307:center of gravity
247:Israeli Air Force
3359:
3217:virtual graffiti
3192:
3191:
3062:Google Cardboard
2952:Apple Vision Pro
2942:
2941:
2909:PlayStation Move
2833:360-degree video
2711:
2710:
2648:Persistent world
2582:Extended reality
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2515:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2459:. Archived from
2453:
2447:
2446:
2439:"Eyes on target"
2435:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2375:. Archived from
2364:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2309:on May 16, 2007.
2299:
2293:
2292:
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2289:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2249:
2243:
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2239:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2177:. 16 March 2020.
2171:
2165:
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2161:
2147:
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2116:
2115:
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2105:
2099:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1857:. Elbit Systems.
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1801:
1795:
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1544:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:. 2 October 2017
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:. Archived from
1430:978-0-6152-83753
1415:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
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1210:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1022:Rockwell Collins
987:position sensing
954:
947:
943:
940:
934:
903:
895:
860:
853:
849:
846:
840:
809:
801:
670:Rockwell Collins
604:Cathode Ray Tube
539:
525:Nap-of-the-earth
268:72/42 airplane.
201:AIM-9 Sidewinder
3369:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3306:
3268:
3224:Meta Horizon OS
3212:Interactive art
3179:
3158:
3144:Virtual fixture
3114:Samsung Gear VR
3067:Google Daydream
3035:
3016:PlayStation VR2
2933:
2878:
2852:
2821:
2795:
2781:Finger tracking
2764:
2738:Head-up display
2702:
2611:
2600:Virtual reality
2585:
2579:
2531:Thales Visionix
2522:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2479:
2475:
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2149:
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2144:
2135:
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2124:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2075:
2071:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1977:The Aviationist
1969:
1965:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1917:The Aviationist
1909:
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1618:
1616:
1614:Ausairpower.net
1606:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1586:. 27 March 2007
1582:
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1213:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1104:Virtual reality
1094:
1060:
1047:
1035:
995:
955:
944:
938:
935:
920:
904:
893:
878:and late-model
876:Dassault Rafale
861:
850:
844:
841:
826:
810:
799:
784:
729:
714:
620:
575:
551:
496:
484:
448:
433:
413:Electromagnetic
410:
408:Electromagnetic
396:systems employ
391:
371:
359:
274:
150:
76:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3367:
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3239:Pervasive game
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3126:
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3116:
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3109:PlayStation VR
3106:
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3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
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2848:VR photography
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2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
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2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
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2769:3D interaction
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2521:
2520:External links
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:. McGraw Hill.
2505:
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2500:
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2473:
2448:
2430:
2421:SAAB CORPORATE
2408:
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64:enhanced image
40:M230 chain gun
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3134:VFX1 Headgear
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2786:Pose tracking
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2698:Virtual world
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2607:
2606:Mixed reality
2604:
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2477:
2463:on 2008-04-13
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2400:
2393:
2379:on 2017-07-01
2378:
2374:
2373:Dailytech.com
2370:
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2355:
2351:
2345:
2331:on 2012-05-06
2330:
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2298:
2284:on 2009-09-07
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2209:. 12 May 2016
2208:
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2092:
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2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1893:on 2021-05-08
1892:
1888:
1884:
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1870:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1811:on 2010-08-03
1810:
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1800:
1789:
1783:
1769:on 2010-08-03
1768:
1764:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1723:on 2011-05-14
1722:
1718:
1712:
1698:on 2010-08-12
1697:
1693:
1687:
1673:on 2012-02-27
1672:
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1643:
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1629:
1615:
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1539:. 4 June 2007
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1302:
1295:
1280:
1279:"VTAS helmet"
1274:
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1221:
1215:
1208:
1204:
1199:
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1174:0-19-507555-2
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1019:
1018:Elbit Systems
1010:
1004:
999:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
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963:
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918:
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908:This section
906:
902:
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881:
877:
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870:
859:
856:
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838:
834:
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814:This section
812:
808:
803:
802:
794:
792:
788:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
760:
758:
754:
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733:
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709:
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703:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:Elmendorf AFB
640:
637:
633:
624:
615:
613:
609:
605:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
579:Elbit Systems
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
543:
538:
534:
533:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
506:In 1985, the
500:
491:
489:
482:Major systems
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
441:
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
405:
403:
399:
395:
386:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
357:Head tracking
351:
347:
346:anthropometry
343:
340:
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
318:ejection seat
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
291:
290:line of sight
287:
283:
279:
278:
277:
269:
267:
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260:
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248:
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241:
236:
234:
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206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:ACEVAL/AIMVAL
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
156:revealed the
155:
145:
143:
139:
129:
126:
125:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:air-to-ground
85:
81:
80:
79:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
36:
28:
22:
3170:Project Iris
3087:Oculus Quest
3077:Liquid Image
3072:Google Glass
2984:Meta Quest 3
2972:Meta Quest 2
2929:Wizdish ROVR
2919:Virtuix Omni
2904:Oculus Touch
2776:Eye tracking
2743:Smartglasses
2707:Technologies
2683:Telepresence
2511:
2504:Bibliography
2490:. Retrieved
2486:
2476:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:the original
2451:
2433:
2425:the original
2420:
2411:
2403:Ars Technica
2402:
2392:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:the original
2372:
2362:
2354:the original
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:the original
2324:
2315:
2307:the original
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2272:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2183:
2169:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2132:. 2010-07-21
2129:
2120:
2103:
2078:
2072:
2047:
2040:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1966:
1941:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1887:The Engineer
1886:
1877:
1871:. June 2021.
1863:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1799:
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1736:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1642:the original
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1588:. Retrieved
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:Defence Talk
1536:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1511:
1502:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1453:
1443:
1435:the original
1419:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1381:StrategyPage
1380:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1330:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:the original
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1252:
1243:
1230:
1214:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1067:eye tracking
1048:
1036:
1015:
968:
945:
936:
921:Please help
909:
885:
866:
851:
842:
827:Please help
815:
785:
782:Aselsan AVCI
765:
761:
745:
738:
715:
706:
698:
667:
629:
608:MIL-STD-1553
600:
576:
552:
512:AH-64 Apache
510:fielded the
505:
485:
476:night vision
449:
434:
411:
392:
372:
362:
360:
310:
281:
275:
263:
244:
237:
213:
197:F-4 Phantoms
170:
158:Electrocular
151:
135:
104:close combat
77:
55:
51:
49:
42:turret on a
3139:Virtual Boy
3092:Oculus Rift
3026:Vuzix Blade
3021:Valve Index
2924:Wired glove
2914:Razer Hydra
2899:Leap Motion
2887:Peripherals
2864:Haptic suit
2826:Photography
1238:, July 1962
975:BAE Systems
880:Mirage 2000
458:to display
348:and facial
325:collimation
220:Mirage F1AZ
205:helicopters
162:compact CRT
74:Requirement
3321:Categories
3163:Unreleased
3149:Virtuality
3124:SixthSense
2967:Magic Leap
2663:Room-scale
2492:August 17,
2467:2009-10-02
2383:2017-01-04
2335:2010-08-20
2288:2010-08-20
2263:2022-02-09
2238:2021-12-21
2213:2021-12-21
2160:2018-09-23
2136:2018-09-23
2031:2018-09-23
2007:2019-10-08
1982:2019-10-08
1922:2018-12-14
1897:2018-09-23
1840:2009-03-10
1815:2010-08-20
1773:2010-08-20
1748:2010-08-20
1727:2010-08-20
1702:2010-08-20
1677:2010-08-20
1651:August 17,
1619:2010-08-20
1518:2018-09-22
1493:2018-09-30
1311:31 January
1285:2010-08-20
1264:2024-04-30
1126:References
755:(NVG) and
684:and began
665:aircraft.
425:conductive
402:flightdeck
383:InterSense
272:Technology
216:Mirage 3CZ
84:air-to-air
3207:ARToolKit
3119:Sensorama
3082:Oculus Go
2658:Real life
2638:Metaverse
2633:Immersion
2258:The Drive
2233:The Drive
2095:120094908
2064:121689580
1958:121603702
1793:(Report).
1470:120186142
939:June 2024
910:does not
845:June 2024
816:does not
612:HAL Tejas
565:missile (
517:Honeywell
508:U.S. Army
460:symbology
333:binocular
329:monocular
181:Honeywell
152:In 1962,
138:Boresight
3342:Avionics
3254:visionOS
3188:Software
3057:EyePhone
2962:HTC Vive
2800:Software
2616:Concepts
2443:Archived
1386:22 April
1360:22 April
1092:See also
1039:brownout
874:for its
749:HGU-55/P
712:TARGO II
636:Raytheon
464:infinity
436:Acoustic
417:voltages
398:infrared
251:Python 4
187:on U.S.
115:altitude
111:airspeed
3195:General
3175:Sega VR
2945:Current
2938:Devices
2731:optical
2714:Display
2325:JSF.mil
1590:12 July
1568:12 July
1543:12 July
931:removed
916:sources
837:removed
822:sources
787:Aselsan
772:AC-130W
421:ferrous
394:Optical
389:Optical
350:anatomy
286:reticle
224:Armscor
177:US Navy
148:History
3234:OpenXR
3229:OpenVR
3202:ARCore
3102:Rift S
3052:castAR
3040:Former
3006:PICO 4
2721:EyeTap
2321:"F-35"
2093:
2062:
1956:
1468:
1427:
1171:
1146:
1077:retina
1051:Gripen
1033:Jedeye
768:Rafale
740:Thales
721:Rafale
690:F/A-18
682:F/A-18
678:Boeing
661:, and
647:F/A-18
639:AIM-9X
632:ASRAAM
596:MiG-21
588:F/A-18
555:MiG-29
542:IHADSS
502:IHADSS
456:optics
446:Optics
379:Thales
282:helmet
259:AIM-9X
255:ASRAAM
229:MiG-29
175:. The
38:30 mm
3273:Games
3264:WebXR
3047:AntVR
3011:Pimax
2857:Other
2112:(PDF)
2091:S2CID
2060:S2CID
1954:S2CID
1791:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1638:(PDF)
1466:S2CID
1100:(HMD)
1081:laser
1045:Cobra
869:Matra
791:T-129
717:Elbit
674:Elbit
663:F-16C
659:F-15C
655:F-15E
626:JHMCS
559:Su-27
431:Sonic
240:Su-27
102:. In
100:HOTAS
92:radar
62:, an
3154:VR-1
3001:OSVR
2753:list
2608:(MR)
2602:(VR)
2596:(AR)
2584:(XR)
2494:2016
1653:2016
1592:2011
1570:2011
1563:Saab
1545:2011
1425:ISBN
1388:2021
1362:2021
1313:2010
1207:Time
1169:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1115:VRML
1106:(VR)
1026:F-35
983:NVGs
977:and
969:The
965:HMSS
914:any
912:cite
820:any
818:cite
723:F3R
702:IRST
694:F-16
672:and
590:and
584:F-16
577:The
563:R-73
557:and
423:and
331:vs.
233:R-73
218:and
193:F-15
191:and
189:F-14
160:, a
96:FLIR
86:and
3300:VR2
3097:CV1
2977:Pro
2083:doi
2052:doi
1946:doi
1458:doi
1224:CBS
925:by
831:by
592:F-5
470:or
452:CRT
440:kHz
266:ATR
119:"g"
56:HMD
3323::
2485:.
2441:.
2419:.
2401:.
2371:.
2323:.
2256:.
2231:.
2205:.
2153:.
2128:.
2089:.
2058:.
2024:.
2000:.
1975:.
1952:.
1915:.
1885:.
1833:.
1612:.
1600:^
1561:.
1535:.
1510:.
1486:.
1464:.
1408:^
1379:.
1352:.
1205:,
778:.
657:,
614:.
531:.
490:.
166:TV
144:.
113:,
94:,
50:A
2994:2
2574:e
2567:t
2560:v
2496:.
2470:.
2405:.
2386:.
2338:.
2291:.
2266:.
2241:.
2216:.
2191:.
2163:.
2139:.
2114:.
2097:.
2085::
2066:.
2054::
2034:.
2010:.
1985:.
1960:.
1948::
1925:.
1900:.
1843:.
1818:.
1776:.
1751:.
1730:.
1705:.
1680:.
1655:.
1622:.
1594:.
1572:.
1547:.
1521:.
1496:.
1472:.
1460::
1390:.
1364:.
1338:.
1315:.
1288:.
1267:.
1177:.
1152:.
1083:(
1020:/
952:)
946:(
941:)
937:(
933:.
919:.
858:)
852:(
847:)
843:(
839:.
825:.
363:g
311:g
54:(
23:.
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