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century, Heinrich Graetz... It was this Graetz, in some places so altered as to be unrecognizable, that was to go through numerous editions in Hebrew and later be used as a textbook in
Israeli schools. This explains why readers of the Hebrew editions often regarded Graetz as a Zionist. The truth is more complicated, however. His support for the construction of Palestine is as un- questionable as is his positive attitude toward the continuation of the Jewish nation. In addition, he reported enthusiastically on his journey to Palestine. But at the same time he felt himself to be a German who did not want to reverse the achievements of emancipation, rejected plans for the establishment of a Jewish state, and had no intention of leaving his homeland. "The fence around the Talmud makes every Jewish house in the world into a distinctly circumscribed Palestine," he had written in his Die Konstruktion der juedischen Geschichte (A Construction of Jewish History). Until recently, however, Israeli historians tried to present Graetz as a proto-Zionist. Yet it may be typical of Graetz's indecision regarding the question of a "return" to Palestine that in his fictional Correspondence with an English Lady regarding Judaism and Semitism, first published anonymously in 1883, he answered all his correspondent's questions, but left open the last one, in which she asked him about his attitude toward the construction of Palestine. Her comment, "So you haven't said anything indicating what you think about the Palestine question," is applicable to his general attitude with regard to this issue. The last sentence of the final letter, "You must later explain what you think about this," remained an unfulfilled demand.
534:. In these essays, Hirsch argues that Graetz is guilty of sloppiness of scholarship: e.g., Graetz omits the second halves of quotations which, if quoted in their entirety, contradict his thesis. Graetz claims, on the basis of quotations from certain Talmudic sages, that they "were wont to do" something – despite sources explicitly to the contrary – and goes on to develop these suppositions into theories affecting the entire Torah tradition. Hirsch accuses Graetz of fabricating dates, rearranging generations, overstating results, misinterpreting and distorting the Talmudic tradition to serve his narrative needs. David N. Myers argues that Hirsch's criticisms of his one-time student's work were motivated by a complete difference of opinion on the value of historicism. "Hirsch came to regard his erstwhile disciple as the embodiment of history's destructive tendencies."
851:, opposed the view of Jewish history as being 'all darkness and no light' and sought to restore balance, by writing a social history. Baron strove to integrate the religious dimension of Jewish history into a full picture of Jewish life and to integrate the history of Jews into the wider history of the eras and societies in which they lived. Baron brought very distinctive views to his scholarship. He inveighed against what he termed the "lachrymose conception of Jewish history," sometimes identified with Heinrich Graetz. In a 1975 interview Baron said: "Suffering is part of the destiny , but so is repeated joy as well as ultimate redemption." According to
519:, that he would show little sympathy for the Reform element, and therefore refused to publish the volume unless the manuscript was submitted for examination. This Graetz refused to do; and the volume therefore appeared without the support of the publication society. Volumes I and II were published, as stated above, after Graetz had returned from Palestine. These volumes, of which the second practically consisted of two, appeared in 1872–1875, and completed the stupendous undertaking. For more popular purposes Graetz published later an abstract of his work under the title
660:, 1880. In the early years of the anti-Semitic movement he wrote, besides the articles in which he defended himself against the accusations of Treitschke, an anonymous essay entitled "Briefwechsel einer Englischen Dame über Judenthum und Semitismus" (Stuttgart, 1883). To supplement his lectures on Jewish literature he published an anthology of neo-Hebraic poetry under the title "Leḳeṭ Shoshannim" (Breslau, 1862), in which he made the mistake of reading the verses of a poem horizontally instead of vertically, which mistake Geiger mercilessly criticized (
829:
undertaking. Graetz performed his task skillfully, mastering most of the details while not losing sight of the whole. Another reason for the popularity of the work is its sympathetic treatment. Also, Graetz has been credited with finding a copying error in I Corinthians 1:12 which should have referred to a very early
Christian teacher. This history of the Jews is not written by a cool observer, but by a warm-hearted Jew. On the other hand, some of these commendable features are at the same time shortcomings.
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427:
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304:, to which place he was attracted by the fame of its old yeshivah and the facilities afforded by the university. Being rejected by the immigration officers, he returned to Zerkov and wrote to Hirsch, then rabbi of Oldenburg, indicating his desire. Hirsch offered him a place in his house. Graetz arrived there on May 8, 1837, and spent three years with his patron as a pupil, companion, and
1117:
399:, for the purpose of studying the scenes of the earliest period of Jewish history, which he treated in volumes one and two of his history, published in 1874–1876; these volumes brought that great work to a close. While in Palestine, he gave the first impetus to the foundation of an orphan asylum there. He also took a great interest in the progress of the
375:. It seems that Hirsch's departure from Nikolsburg had an influence on Graetz's position; for in 1852 the latter left Lundenburg and went to Berlin, where he delivered a course of less than successful lectures on Jewish history to rabbinical students. His advocacy of Frankel's approach had brought him into close contact with the latter, for whose
494:, in its day a very remarkable production; and it has been translated into many languages. The fourth volume, beginning with the period following the destruction of Jerusalem, was published first. It appeared in 1853; but the publication was not a financial success, and the publisher refused to continue it. However, the publication society
570:, it "was passing through the press in its English version, and had received the author's final touches, when Graetz died in September 1891". In 1919, the Jordan Publishing Co. of New York published a two-volume "improved" edition, with a supplement of recent events by Dr. Max Raisin. Rabbi A. B. Rhine provided the English translation.
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essays dealing with exegetical subjects, as "Fälschungen in dem Texte der LXX." (1853) and "Die Grosse
Versammlung: Keneset Hagedola" (1857); and with his translation of and commentaries on Ecclesiastes and Canticles (Breslau, 1871) he began the publication of separate exegetical works. A commentary
449:
invited him in 1887 to open the
Exhibition with a lecture. His seventieth birthday was the occasion for his friends and disciples to bear testimony to the universal esteem in which he was held among them; and a volume of scientific essays was published in his honor ("Jubelschrift zum 70. Geburtstage
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At the same time, during the second half of the nineteenth century a new variant of Jewish historiography developed that put passionate emphasis on the existence of a unified Jewish national history. Its beginnings are found in the work of the most important Jewish historian of the nineteenth
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Graetz's history became very popular and influential in its time. The material for Jewish history being so varied, the sources so scattered in the literatures of all nations, and the chronological sequence so often interrupted, made the presentation of this history as a whole a very difficult
31:
510:. This was published in 1856 and was followed by the fifth, after which the volumes appeared in regular succession up to the eleventh, which was published in 1870 and brought the history down to 1848, with which year the author closed, not wishing to include living persons.
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he frequently wrote articles; and accordingly in 1854 he was appointed a member of the teaching staff of the seminary at
Breslau, over which Frankel presided. In this position he remained up to his death, teaching history and Bible exegesis, with a preparatory course on the
603:, was issued in the form in which the author had intended to publish it; the rest contained only the textual notes, not the text itself. It was edited, under the title "Emendationes in Plerosque Sacræ Scripturæ Veteris Testamenti Libros," by W. Bacher (Breslau, 1892–94).
441:, and advocates of Judaism within the Jewish fold expressed their condemnation of Graetz's passionate language. It was due to this comparative unpopularity that Graetz was not invited to join the commission created by the union of German Jewish congregations (
610:
text, although he always carefully consulted the ancient versions. He also determined with too much certainty the period of a
Biblical book or a certain passage, when at best there could only be a probable hypothesis. Thus his hypothesis of the origin of
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championed by the likes of Graetz and
Zecharias Frankel. Thus, within the Jewish fold the lawsuit also had its consequences, as the Orthodox raised against Graetz the accusation of heresy because he had denied the personal character of the prophetic
367:, where Hirsch was residing as Moravian chief rabbi. Hirsch, who then contemplated the start of a rabbinical seminary, employed Graetz temporarily as teacher at Nikolsburg, and made him principal of the Jewish school in the neighboring city of
651:
Graetz's activity was not limited to his special field. He enriched other branches of Jewish science and wrote here and there on general literature or on questions of the day. To the field of general literature also belongs his essay on
840:: " still remains, a century later, the best single introduction to the totality of Jewish history.... The extraordinary combination of narrative skill and basic research which was the hallmark of Graetz's work has never been matched."
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351:
und
Judenthum"), he was made principal of a religious school founded by the Conservatives in Breslau, again under the leadership of Frankel. In the same year he was invited to preach a trial sermon before the congregation of
784:, but rather to the entire people of Israel. Graetz and Kompert were brought to court in Vienna for publishing claims that were contrary to the Catholic faith, as well as contradicting Jewish tradition. Viennese rabbis
627:
Graetz had contributed scholarly articles on
Judaism and history to the scholarly periodicals started by Frankel since his graduation from the university in 1846. He continued steadily in this task once the
296:, which were published under the pseudonym of "Ben Uziel" at Altona in 1836, made a powerful impression on him; and he resolved to prepare himself for academic studies in order to champion the cause of
247:
was the first Jewish history which threaded together a unified national history across the global Jewish communities. It was quickly translated into other languages and ignited worldwide interest in
251:, and later was used as a textbook in Israeli schools. As a result, Graetz was widely considered a Zionist or proto-Zionist, but historians have also noted his support for European assimilation.
243:
442:
634:
was firmly established under
Frankel's editorship in Breslau, between 1851 and 1853. Frankel and Graetz practically took over the periodical with the leadership of the concept of
619:, while brilliant in its presentation, is hardly tenable. His textual emendations display fine tact, and of late they have become more and more respected and adopted.
319:
was at its height, and Graetz, true to the principles which he had imbibed from Hirsch, began his literary career by writing contributions to the "Orient", edited by
446:
843:
Some characterize Graetz's main elements of Jewish experience through the ages to be 'suffering and spiritual scholarship', while later Jewish scholarly works like
502:, had just come into existence, and it undertook the publication of the subsequent volumes, beginning with the third, which covered the period from the death of
445:) for the promotion of the study of the history of the Jews of Germany (1885). On the other hand, his fame spread to foreign countries; and the promoters of the
415:
had published his "Ein Wort über Unser Judenthum" (1879–1880), in which the latter, referring to the eleventh volume of the history, accused Graetz of hatred of
855:, Baron was writing social history, insisting that spiritual creativity and the political situation were all borne by a living society and its changing forms.
363:
He remained in Breslau until 1848, when, upon the advice of a friend, he went to Vienna, purposing to follow a journalistic career. On the way he stopped at
648:. After Frankel's retirement from the editorship in 1869, Graetz took over the task himself for the next 18 years, until he reached the age of 70 in 1887.
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867:: 11 vols. (History of the Jews; 1853–75), impr. and ext. ed., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, reprint of the edition of last hand (1900): Berlin: arani, 1998,
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343:
in 1845 after the majority had decided against prayers in Hebrew, and for prayers in the vernacular. After Graetz had obtained his Ph.D. from the
591:
and translation of the Psalms followed (ib. 1882–83). Toward the end of his life he planned an edition of the whole Hebrew Bible with his own
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The most characteristic features of Graetz's exegesis are his bold textual emendations, which often substitute something conjectural for the
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347:(his dissertation being "De Auctoritate et Vi Quam Gnosis in Judaismum Habuerit," 1845; published a year later under the title "
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made him popular with the Orthodox party. This was especially the case when he agitated for a vote of confidence to be given to
530:
received a detailed review by Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in a series of essays in Vols. II-IV (1855-8) of his monthly journal
466:
232:
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In spite of this reserve he gravely offended the Liberal party, which inferred, from articles that Graetz contributed to the
461:; but alarming symptoms of heart disease forced him to discontinue his use of the waters. He went to Munich to visit his son
550:
384:. In 1869 the government conferred upon him the title of professor, and thenceforward he lectured at Breslau University.
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469:, and died there after a brief illness. He was buried in Breslau. Besides Leo, Graetz left three sons and one daughter.
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332:
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Writing for the Masses: Heinrich Graetz, the Popularization of Jewish History, and the Reception of National Judaism
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des Prof. Dr. H. Graetz," Breslau, 1887). A year later (27 October 1888) he was appointed an honorary member of the
400:
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Ph. Bloch, in the Index volume of the English translation of Graetz's work, History of the Jews Philadelphia, 1898.
714:
564:(5 vols.; edited and in part translated by Bella Löwy). According to a review in the January–April 1893 edition of
371:(1850). In October 1850, Graetz married Marie Monasch, the daughter of the printer and publisher B. L. Monasch, of
431:
718:
454:, to which, as a token of his gratitude, he dedicated the third edition of the eighth volume of his history.
331:("Orient", 1844). These contributions and his championship of the Conservative cause during the time of the
1090:, by Heinrich Graetz, ed. and trans. Ismar Schorsch. New York: The Jewish Publication Society, 1975, p. 1.
258:(Wrocław) granted him the title of Honorary Professor. In 1888 he was appointed an Honorary Member of the
219:, but since Jews at that time were barred from receiving Ph.D.s there, he obtained his doctorate from the
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In his introduction to a 1975 volume of Graetz's essays translated into English, rabbi and historian
403:, and participated as a delegate in the convention assembled at Paris in 1878 in the interest of the
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Graetz is chiefly known as the Jewish historian, although he did considerable work in the field of
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This arraignment of Graetz had a decided effect upon the public. Even friends of the Jews, like
423:, quoting him as a proof that the Jews could never assimilate themselves to their surroundings.
595:. A prospectus of this work appeared in 1891. Shortly before the author's death, a part of it,
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8:
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Bibliography: Rippner, in the third edition of the first volume of Graetz's Geschichte;
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This case, known as the "Kompert Affair," was important in defining the wedge between
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549:". The fourth volume was translated by James K. Gutheim under the auspices of the
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in one volume (Krotoschin, 1866). A bibliography of his works has been given by
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833:
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Graetz's essay "Die Verjüngung des jüdischen Stammes", in Wertheimer-Kompert's
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a translation of part of Vol. IX under the title "Influence of Judaism on the
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Schorsch, "Ideology and History in the Age of Emancipation," introduction to
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Resisting History: Historicism and Its Discontents in German-Jewish Thought
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239:
1120: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Littell, Eliakim; Project, Making of America; Littell, Robert S (1893).
192:
and one of the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the
953:"The Memoirs of B. L. Monasch of Krotoschin", edited and translated by
761:, p. 99, Brünn, 1903), caused a suit to be brought against him by
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462:
368:
348:
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1194:(Göttingen 2008) (Jüdische Religion, Geschichte und Kultur (JRGK), 5).
228:
1069:, III ii 423 n.3; cf. p. 371 n.4, and IV 77 n. I in Joseph Klausner,
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372:
340:
757:, Vol. X, Vienna, 1863 (reprinted with comments by Th. Zlocisti, in
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664:, 1, p. 68-75). A very meritorious work was his edition of the
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A five-volume English edition was published in London in 1891-92 as
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Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
30:
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781:
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553:, the title being "History of the Jews from the Down-fall of the
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after he had left in protest the Second Rabbinical Conference in
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Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums
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entry on "Graetz, Heinrich," by Shmuel Ettinger and Marcus Pyka
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entry on "Graetz, Heinrich," by Shmuel Ettinger and Marcus Pyka
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323:, in which he severely criticized the Reform party, as well as
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History of the Jews from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
62:
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312:, and in October 1842 he entered the University of Breslau.
1102:, By Peter Steinfels, November 26, 1989, The New York Times
630:
515:
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274:, where his parents had relocated, and in 1831 was sent to
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Born Tzvi Hirsch Graetz to a butcher family in Xions (now
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Kabbalah – Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts
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George Y. Kohler: "Heinrich Graetz and the Kabbalah", in
978:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, pp. 30–34.
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for libeling him as an anti-Semite. As Graetz was not an
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superseded all former works of its kind, notably that of
193:
773:
as editor, and the latter was fined (30 December 1863).
523:, in which he brought the history down to his own time.
1073:, The Macmillan Company 1925, pp. 60-1. Cf Suetonius,
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Jews. Graetz's name was prominently mentioned in the
920:
Prophets of the Past: Interpreters of Jewish History
496:
Institut zur Förderung der Israelitischen Litteratur
557:to the Conclusion of the Talmud" (New York, 1873).
315:At that time the controversy between Orthodoxy and
308:. In 1840 he accepted a tutorship with a family at
188:; 31 October 1817 – 7 September 1891) was a German
1169:M. Wiener, "Zur Würdigung des Verfahrens G. ...",
1125:
1100:Salo W. Baron, 94, Scholar of Jewish History, Dies
1088:The Structure of Jewish History, and Other Essays
1261:
1159:I. Abrahams, "H. Graetz, the Jewish Historian,"
780:chapters 52 and 53 to refer not to the personal
769:subject, the suit was nominally brought against
586:. As early as the fifties he had written in the
662:Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben
578:Graetz's historical studies, extending back to
1001:"Quarterly Review" (January & April 1893).
923:. Princeton University Press. p. 50, 76.
916:
1224:Complete German text (all 11 volumes) of the
287:
721:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
582:times, naturally led him into the field of
231:community, and later taught history at the
849:A Social and Religious History of the Jews
29:
741:Learn how and when to remove this message
270:Graetz received his first instruction at
537:A translation into English was begun by
457:As usual he spent the summer of 1891 in
425:
1163:, Vol. 4 (Jan. 1892), pp. 165–203.
1262:
1192:Jüdische Identität bei Heinrich Graetz
961:(1979) 24 (1): 195-223; here: p. 213.
622:
477:
233:Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
121:Historian, principal, teacher, exegete
682:
223:. After 1845 he was principal of the
183:
173:Prussian Jewish historian (1817–1891)
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
719:adding citations to reliable sources
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551:American Jewish Publication Society
521:Volksthümliche Geschichte der Juden
443:Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeindebund
300:. His first intention was to go to
292:("Nineteen Letters on Judaism") by
13:
1201:, vol. 40, 2018, pp. 107–130.
196:people from a Jewish perspective.
14:
1336:
1320:People from the Province of Posen
1242:Works by or about Heinrich Graetz
1228:, including a biography of Graetz
1205:
917:Brenner, M.; Rendall, S. (2010).
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260:Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
1280:19th-century German male writers
1211:
1143:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
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691:
286:knowledge by private study. The
1325:German male non-fiction writers
858:
804:in support of their testimony.
150:
1300:Historians of Jews and Judaism
1295:19th-century German historians
1129:; Singer, Isidor (1901–1906).
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1080:
1059:
994:
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963:doi: 10.1093/leobaeck/24.1.195
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800:published a pamphlet entitled
796:criticized them for doing so;
411:controversy, especially after
401:Alliance Israélite Universelle
289:Neunzehn Briefe über Judenthum
1:
1178:History and Jewish Historians
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391:in the company of his friend
333:Reform Rabbinical Conferences
36:
959:Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook
640:from its Reform initiators,
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7:
1187:. Ph.D. diss. (UCLA, 2003).
1161:The Jewish Quarterly Review
1131:"Graetz, Heinrich (Hirsch)"
573:
541:, who in 1867 published in
10:
1341:
637:Wissenschaft des Judentums
506:to the destruction of the
432:Jewish Cemetery in Wrocław
1305:University of Jena alumni
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526:The fourth volume of the
360:, but failed completely.
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1285:19th-century German Jews
1251:Who Was Heinrich Graetz?
1233:Works by Heinrich Graetz
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759:Jüdischer Volks-Kalender
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419:and of bias against the
278:, where he attended the
235:(now Wrocław, Poland).
1315:People from Śrem County
1140:The Jewish Encyclopedia
776:Graetz had interpreted
755:Jahrbuch für Israeliten
679:(4, pp. 194–203).
676:Jewish Quarterly Review
467:university of that city
447:Anglo-Jewish Exhibition
387:In 1872 Graetz went to
1183:Jeffrey C. Blutinger,
1137:; et al. (eds.).
1047:Cite journal requires
1028:"Littell's Living Age"
1014:Cite journal requires
547:Protestant Reformation
434:
288:
282:up to 1836, acquiring
1149:Encyclopaedia Judaica
903:Encyclopaedia Judaica
792:defended Graetz, and
786:Isaak Noah Mannheimer
465:, a professor at the
430:Graetz's tomb in the
429:
294:Samson Raphael Hirsch
256:University of Breslau
1220:at Wikimedia Commons
1173:, 1863, Nos. 22, 23.
1067:Geschichte der Juden
813:Conservative Judaism
715:improve this section
656:," published in the
488:Geschichte der Juden
327:'s text-book of the
205:Grand Duchy of Posen
1226:History of the Jews
838:History of the Jews
794:Azriel Hildesheimer
623:Other literary work
593:textual emendations
528:History of the Jews
508:Temple of Jerusalem
478:History of the Jews
244:History of the Jews
132:History of the Jews
1255:Dr. Henry Abramson
1034:(April–June 1893).
798:Isaac Hirsch Weiss
683:The Kompert Affair
435:
345:University of Jena
221:University of Jena
217:Breslau University
201:Książ Wielkopolski
112:University of Jena
108:Breslau University
89:Kingdom of Bavaria
67:Kingdom of Prussia
49:Tzvi Hirsch Graetz
1290:Jewish historians
1237:Project Gutenberg
1216:Media related to
1127:Deutsch, Gotthard
1071:Jesus of Nazareth
989:Resisting History
930:978-1-4008-3661-1
763:Sebastian Brunner
751:
750:
743:
500:Ludwig Philippson
337:Zecharias Frankel
171:
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77:September 7, 1891
35:Heinrich Graetz,
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1246:Internet Archive
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666:Jerusalem Talmud
567:Quarterly Review
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1151:(2007, 2nd ed.)
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127:Notable work
79:(1891-09-07)
1275:1891 deaths
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646:Eduard Gans
240:magnum opus
96:Nationality
1264:Categories
1110:References
936:2023-09-17
543:Cincinnati
486:also. His
413:Treitschke
373:Krotoschin
369:Lundenburg
365:Nikolsburg
306:amanuensis
55:1817-10-31
836:wrote of
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389:Palestine
341:Frankfurt
276:Wollstein
266:Biography
104:Education
1065:Graetz,
991:, p. 31.
847:'s 1937
767:Austrian
731:May 2022
601:Jeremiah
584:exegesis
580:Biblical
574:Exegesis
539:S. Tuska
484:exegesis
459:Carlsbad
405:Romanian
377:magazine
354:Gleiwitz
280:yeshivah
211:(now in
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110:, later
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1124::
987:Myers,
818:Messiah
782:Messiah
723:removed
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654:Shylock
439:Mommsen
358:Silesia
329:Mishnah
310:Ostrowo
284:secular
229:Breslau
209:Prussia
190:exegete
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824:Legacy
778:Isaiah
597:Isaiah
397:Berlin
382:Talmud
325:Geiger
302:Prague
272:Zerkow
213:Poland
194:Jewish
138:Spouse
99:German
85:Munich
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1133:. In
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473:Works
207:, in
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1053:help
1020:help
925:ISBN
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788:and
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674:The
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492:Jost
238:His
74:Died
45:Born
39:1885
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