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century, Heinrich Graetz... It was this Graetz, in some places so altered as to be unrecognizable, that was to go through numerous editions in Hebrew and later be used as a textbook in
Israeli schools. This explains why readers of the Hebrew editions often regarded Graetz as a Zionist. The truth is more complicated, however. His support for the construction of Palestine is as un- questionable as is his positive attitude toward the continuation of the Jewish nation. In addition, he reported enthusiastically on his journey to Palestine. But at the same time he felt himself to be a German who did not want to reverse the achievements of emancipation, rejected plans for the establishment of a Jewish state, and had no intention of leaving his homeland. "The fence around the Talmud makes every Jewish house in the world into a distinctly circumscribed Palestine," he had written in his Die Konstruktion der juedischen Geschichte (A Construction of Jewish History). Until recently, however, Israeli historians tried to present Graetz as a proto-Zionist. Yet it may be typical of Graetz's indecision regarding the question of a "return" to Palestine that in his fictional Correspondence with an English Lady regarding Judaism and Semitism, first published anonymously in 1883, he answered all his correspondent's questions, but left open the last one, in which she asked him about his attitude toward the construction of Palestine. Her comment, "So you haven't said anything indicating what you think about the Palestine question," is applicable to his general attitude with regard to this issue. The last sentence of the final letter, "You must later explain what you think about this," remained an unfulfilled demand.
545:. In these essays, Hirsch argues that Graetz is guilty of sloppiness of scholarship: e.g., Graetz omits the second halves of quotations which, if quoted in their entirety, contradict his thesis. Graetz claims, on the basis of quotations from certain Talmudic sages, that they "were wont to do" something – despite sources explicitly to the contrary – and goes on to develop these suppositions into theories affecting the entire Torah tradition. Hirsch accuses Graetz of fabricating dates, rearranging generations, overstating results, misinterpreting and distorting the Talmudic tradition to serve his narrative needs. David N. Myers argues that Hirsch's criticisms of his one-time student's work were motivated by a complete difference of opinion on the value of historicism. "Hirsch came to regard his erstwhile disciple as the embodiment of history's destructive tendencies."
862:, opposed the view of Jewish history as being 'all darkness and no light' and sought to restore balance, by writing a social history. Baron strove to integrate the religious dimension of Jewish history into a full picture of Jewish life and to integrate the history of Jews into the wider history of the eras and societies in which they lived. Baron brought very distinctive views to his scholarship. He inveighed against what he termed the "lachrymose conception of Jewish history," sometimes identified with Heinrich Graetz. In a 1975 interview Baron said: "Suffering is part of the destiny , but so is repeated joy as well as ultimate redemption." According to
530:, that he would show little sympathy for the Reform element, and therefore refused to publish the volume unless the manuscript was submitted for examination. This Graetz refused to do; and the volume therefore appeared without the support of the publication society. Volumes I and II were published, as stated above, after Graetz had returned from Palestine. These volumes, of which the second practically consisted of two, appeared in 1872–1875, and completed the stupendous undertaking. For more popular purposes Graetz published later an abstract of his work under the title
671:, 1880. In the early years of the anti-Semitic movement he wrote, besides the articles in which he defended himself against the accusations of Treitschke, an anonymous essay entitled "Briefwechsel einer Englischen Dame über Judenthum und Semitismus" (Stuttgart, 1883). To supplement his lectures on Jewish literature he published an anthology of neo-Hebraic poetry under the title "Leḳeṭ Shoshannim" (Breslau, 1862), in which he made the mistake of reading the verses of a poem horizontally instead of vertically, which mistake Geiger mercilessly criticized (
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undertaking. Graetz performed his task skillfully, mastering most of the details while not losing sight of the whole. Another reason for the popularity of the work is its sympathetic treatment. Also, Graetz has been credited with finding a copying error in I Corinthians 1:12 which should have referred to a very early
Christian teacher. This history of the Jews is not written by a cool observer, but by a warm-hearted Jew. On the other hand, some of these commendable features are at the same time shortcomings.
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438:
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315:, to which place he was attracted by the fame of its old yeshivah and the facilities afforded by the university. Being rejected by the immigration officers, he returned to Zerkov and wrote to Hirsch, then rabbi of Oldenburg, indicating his desire. Hirsch offered him a place in his house. Graetz arrived there on May 8, 1837, and spent three years with his patron as a pupil, companion, and
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410:, for the purpose of studying the scenes of the earliest period of Jewish history, which he treated in volumes one and two of his history, published in 1874–1876; these volumes brought that great work to a close. While in Palestine, he gave the first impetus to the foundation of an orphan asylum there. He also took a great interest in the progress of the
386:. It seems that Hirsch's departure from Nikolsburg had an influence on Graetz's position; for in 1852 the latter left Lundenburg and went to Berlin, where he delivered a course of less than successful lectures on Jewish history to rabbinical students. His advocacy of Frankel's approach had brought him into close contact with the latter, for whose
505:, in its day a very remarkable production; and it has been translated into many languages. The fourth volume, beginning with the period following the destruction of Jerusalem, was published first. It appeared in 1853; but the publication was not a financial success, and the publisher refused to continue it. However, the publication society
581:, it "was passing through the press in its English version, and had received the author's final touches, when Graetz died in September 1891". In 1919, the Jordan Publishing Co. of New York published a two-volume "improved" edition, with a supplement of recent events by Dr. Max Raisin. Rabbi A. B. Rhine provided the English translation.
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essays dealing with exegetical subjects, as "Fälschungen in dem Texte der LXX." (1853) and "Die Grosse
Versammlung: Keneset Hagedola" (1857); and with his translation of and commentaries on Ecclesiastes and Canticles (Breslau, 1871) he began the publication of separate exegetical works. A commentary
460:
invited him in 1887 to open the
Exhibition with a lecture. His seventieth birthday was the occasion for his friends and disciples to bear testimony to the universal esteem in which he was held among them; and a volume of scientific essays was published in his honor ("Jubelschrift zum 70. Geburtstage
952:
At the same time, during the second half of the nineteenth century a new variant of Jewish historiography developed that put passionate emphasis on the existence of a unified Jewish national history. Its beginnings are found in the work of the most important Jewish historian of the nineteenth
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Graetz's history became very popular and influential in its time. The material for Jewish history being so varied, the sources so scattered in the literatures of all nations, and the chronological sequence so often interrupted, made the presentation of this history as a whole a very difficult
42:
521:. This was published in 1856 and was followed by the fifth, after which the volumes appeared in regular succession up to the eleventh, which was published in 1870 and brought the history down to 1848, with which year the author closed, not wishing to include living persons.
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he frequently wrote articles; and accordingly in 1854 he was appointed a member of the teaching staff of the seminary at
Breslau, over which Frankel presided. In this position he remained up to his death, teaching history and Bible exegesis, with a preparatory course on the
614:, was issued in the form in which the author had intended to publish it; the rest contained only the textual notes, not the text itself. It was edited, under the title "Emendationes in Plerosque Sacræ Scripturæ Veteris Testamenti Libros," by W. Bacher (Breslau, 1892–94).
452:, and advocates of Judaism within the Jewish fold expressed their condemnation of Graetz's passionate language. It was due to this comparative unpopularity that Graetz was not invited to join the commission created by the union of German Jewish congregations (
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text, although he always carefully consulted the ancient versions. He also determined with too much certainty the period of a
Biblical book or a certain passage, when at best there could only be a probable hypothesis. Thus his hypothesis of the origin of
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championed by the likes of Graetz and
Zecharias Frankel. Thus, within the Jewish fold the lawsuit also had its consequences, as the Orthodox raised against Graetz the accusation of heresy because he had denied the personal character of the prophetic
378:, where Hirsch was residing as Moravian chief rabbi. Hirsch, who then contemplated the start of a rabbinical seminary, employed Graetz temporarily as teacher at Nikolsburg, and made him principal of the Jewish school in the neighboring city of
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Graetz's activity was not limited to his special field. He enriched other branches of Jewish science and wrote here and there on general literature or on questions of the day. To the field of general literature also belongs his essay on
851:: " still remains, a century later, the best single introduction to the totality of Jewish history.... The extraordinary combination of narrative skill and basic research which was the hallmark of Graetz's work has never been matched."
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und
Judenthum"), he was made principal of a religious school founded by the Conservatives in Breslau, again under the leadership of Frankel. In the same year he was invited to preach a trial sermon before the congregation of
795:, but rather to the entire people of Israel. Graetz and Kompert were brought to court in Vienna for publishing claims that were contrary to the Catholic faith, as well as contradicting Jewish tradition. Viennese rabbis
638:
Graetz had contributed scholarly articles on
Judaism and history to the scholarly periodicals started by Frankel since his graduation from the university in 1846. He continued steadily in this task once the
307:, which were published under the pseudonym of "Ben Uziel" at Altona in 1836, made a powerful impression on him; and he resolved to prepare himself for academic studies in order to champion the cause of
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was the first Jewish history which threaded together a unified national history across the global Jewish communities. It was quickly translated into other languages and ignited worldwide interest in
262:, and later was used as a textbook in Israeli schools. As a result, Graetz was widely considered a Zionist or proto-Zionist, but historians have also noted his support for European assimilation.
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453:
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was firmly established under
Frankel's editorship in Breslau, between 1851 and 1853. Frankel and Graetz practically took over the periodical with the leadership of the concept of
630:, while brilliant in its presentation, is hardly tenable. His textual emendations display fine tact, and of late they have become more and more respected and adopted.
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was at its height, and Graetz, true to the principles which he had imbibed from Hirsch, began his literary career by writing contributions to the "Orient", edited by
457:
854:
Some characterize Graetz's main elements of Jewish experience through the ages to be 'suffering and spiritual scholarship', while later Jewish scholarly works like
513:, had just come into existence, and it undertook the publication of the subsequent volumes, beginning with the third, which covered the period from the death of
456:) for the promotion of the study of the history of the Jews of Germany (1885). On the other hand, his fame spread to foreign countries; and the promoters of the
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had published his "Ein Wort über Unser Judenthum" (1879–1880), in which the latter, referring to the eleventh volume of the history, accused Graetz of hatred of
866:, Baron was writing social history, insisting that spiritual creativity and the political situation were all borne by a living society and its changing forms.
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He remained in Breslau until 1848, when, upon the advice of a friend, he went to Vienna, purposing to follow a journalistic career. On the way he stopped at
659:. After Frankel's retirement from the editorship in 1869, Graetz took over the task himself for the next 18 years, until he reached the age of 70 in 1887.
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878:: 11 vols. (History of the Jews; 1853–75), impr. and ext. ed., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, reprint of the edition of last hand (1900): Berlin: arani, 1998,
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in 1845 after the majority had decided against prayers in Hebrew, and for prayers in the vernacular. After Graetz had obtained his Ph.D. from the
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and translation of the Psalms followed (ib. 1882–83). Toward the end of his life he planned an edition of the whole Hebrew Bible with his own
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The most characteristic features of Graetz's exegesis are his bold textual emendations, which often substitute something conjectural for the
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made him popular with the Orthodox party. This was especially the case when he agitated for a vote of confidence to be given to
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received a detailed review by Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in a series of essays in Vols. II-IV (1855-8) of his monthly journal
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In spite of this reserve he gravely offended the Liberal party, which inferred, from articles that Graetz contributed to the
472:; but alarming symptoms of heart disease forced him to discontinue his use of the waters. He went to Munich to visit his son
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395:. In 1869 the government conferred upon him the title of professor, and thenceforward he lectured at Breslau University.
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480:, and died there after a brief illness. He was buried in Breslau. Besides Leo, Graetz left three sons and one daughter.
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Writing for the Masses: Heinrich Graetz, the Popularization of Jewish History, and the Reception of National Judaism
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des Prof. Dr. H. Graetz," Breslau, 1887). A year later (27 October 1888) he was appointed an honorary member of the
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Ph. Bloch, in the Index volume of the English translation of Graetz's work, History of the Jews Philadelphia, 1898.
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575:(5 vols.; edited and in part translated by Bella Löwy). According to a review in the January–April 1893 edition of
382:(1850). In October 1850, Graetz married Marie Monasch, the daughter of the printer and publisher B. L. Monasch, of
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729:
465:, to which, as a token of his gratitude, he dedicated the third edition of the eighth volume of his history.
342:("Orient", 1844). These contributions and his championship of the Conservative cause during the time of the
1101:, by Heinrich Graetz, ed. and trans. Ismar Schorsch. New York: The Jewish Publication Society, 1975, p. 1.
269:(Wrocław) granted him the title of Honorary Professor. In 1888 he was appointed an Honorary Member of the
230:, but since Jews at that time were barred from receiving Ph.D.s there, he obtained his doctorate from the
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In his introduction to a 1975 volume of Graetz's essays translated into English, rabbi and historian
414:, and participated as a delegate in the convention assembled at Paris in 1878 in the interest of the
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Graetz is chiefly known as the Jewish historian, although he did considerable work in the field of
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This arraignment of Graetz had a decided effect upon the public. Even friends of the Jews, like
434:, quoting him as a proof that the Jews could never assimilate themselves to their surroundings.
606:. A prospectus of this work appeared in 1891. Shortly before the author's death, a part of it,
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Bibliography: Rippner, in the third edition of the first volume of Graetz's Geschichte;
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This case, known as the "Kompert Affair," was important in defining the wedge between
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in one volume (Krotoschin, 1866). A bibliography of his works has been given by
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Graetz's essay "Die Verjüngung des jüdischen Stammes", in Wertheimer-Kompert's
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a translation of part of Vol. IX under the title "Influence of Judaism on the
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Schorsch, "Ideology and History in the Age of Emancipation," introduction to
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Resisting History: Historicism and Its Discontents in German-Jewish Thought
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1131: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Littell, Eliakim; Project, Making of America; Littell, Robert S (1893).
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and one of the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the
964:"The Memoirs of B. L. Monasch of Krotoschin", edited and translated by
772:, p. 99, Brünn, 1903), caused a suit to be brought against him by
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1205:(Göttingen 2008) (Jüdische Religion, Geschichte und Kultur (JRGK), 5).
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1080:, III ii 423 n.3; cf. p. 371 n.4, and IV 77 n. I in Joseph Klausner,
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768:, Vol. X, Vienna, 1863 (reprinted with comments by Th. Zlocisti, in
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675:, 1, p. 68-75). A very meritorious work was his edition of the
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A five-volume English edition was published in London in 1891-92 as
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Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
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564:, the title being "History of the Jews from the Down-fall of the
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after he had left in protest the Second Rabbinical Conference in
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Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums
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entry on "Graetz, Heinrich," by Shmuel Ettinger and Marcus Pyka
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entry on "Graetz, Heinrich," by Shmuel Ettinger and Marcus Pyka
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334:, in which he severely criticized the Reform party, as well as
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History of the Jews from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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323:, and in October 1842 he entered the University of Breslau.
1113:, By Peter Steinfels, November 26, 1989, The New York Times
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285:, where his parents had relocated, and in 1831 was sent to
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Born Tzvi Hirsch Graetz to a butcher family in Xions (now
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Kabbalah – Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts
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George Y. Kohler: "Heinrich Graetz and the Kabbalah", in
989:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, pp. 30–34.
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for libeling him as an anti-Semite. As Graetz was not an
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superseded all former works of its kind, notably that of
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as editor, and the latter was fined (30 December 1863).
534:, in which he brought the history down to his own time.
1084:, The Macmillan Company 1925, pp. 60-1. Cf Suetonius,
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Jews. Graetz's name was prominently mentioned in the
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Prophets of the Past: Interpreters of Jewish History
507:
Institut zur Förderung der Israelitischen Litteratur
568:to the Conclusion of the Talmud" (New York, 1873).
326:At that time the controversy between Orthodoxy and
319:. In 1840 he accepted a tutorship with a family at
199:; 31 October 1817 – 7 September 1891) was a German
1180:M. Wiener, "Zur Würdigung des Verfahrens G. ...",
1136:
1111:Salo W. Baron, 94, Scholar of Jewish History, Dies
1099:The Structure of Jewish History, and Other Essays
1272:
1170:I. Abrahams, "H. Graetz, the Jewish Historian,"
791:chapters 52 and 53 to refer not to the personal
780:subject, the suit was nominally brought against
597:. As early as the fifties he had written in the
673:Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben
589:Graetz's historical studies, extending back to
1012:"Quarterly Review" (January & April 1893).
934:. Princeton University Press. p. 50, 76.
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1235:Complete German text (all 11 volumes) of the
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732:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
593:times, naturally led him into the field of
242:community, and later taught history at the
860:A Social and Religious History of the Jews
40:
752:Learn how and when to remove this message
281:Graetz received his first instruction at
548:A translation into English was begun by
468:As usual he spent the summer of 1891 in
436:
1174:, Vol. 4 (Jan. 1892), pp. 165–203.
14:
1273:
1203:Jüdische Identität bei Heinrich Graetz
972:(1979) 24 (1): 195-223; here: p. 213.
633:
488:
244:Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
132:Historian, principal, teacher, exegete
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234:. After 1845 he was principal of the
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184:Prussian Jewish historian (1817–1891)
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730:adding citations to reliable sources
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562:American Jewish Publication Society
532:Volksthümliche Geschichte der Juden
454:Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeindebund
311:. His first intention was to go to
303:("Nineteen Letters on Judaism") by
24:
1212:, vol. 40, 2018, pp. 107–130.
207:people from a Jewish perspective.
25:
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1331:People from the Province of Posen
1253:Works by or about Heinrich Graetz
1239:, including a biography of Graetz
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928:Brenner, M.; Rendall, S. (2010).
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271:Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
1291:19th-century German male writers
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1154:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
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702:
297:knowledge by private study. The
1336:German male non-fiction writers
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815:in support of their testimony.
161:
1311:Historians of Jews and Judaism
1306:19th-century German historians
1140:; Singer, Isidor (1901–1906).
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1005:
992:
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974:doi: 10.1093/leobaeck/24.1.195
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811:published a pamphlet entitled
807:criticized them for doing so;
422:controversy, especially after
412:Alliance Israélite Universelle
300:Neunzehn Briefe über Judenthum
13:
1:
1189:History and Jewish Historians
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402:in the company of his friend
344:Reform Rabbinical Conferences
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970:Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook
651:from its Reform initiators,
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7:
1198:. Ph.D. diss. (UCLA, 2003).
1172:The Jewish Quarterly Review
1142:"Graetz, Heinrich (Hirsch)"
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552:, who in 1867 published in
10:
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648:Wissenschaft des Judentums
517:to the destruction of the
443:Jewish Cemetery in Wrocław
1316:University of Jena alumni
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537:The fourth volume of the
371:, but failed completely.
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1296:19th-century German Jews
1262:Who Was Heinrich Graetz?
1244:Works by Heinrich Graetz
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770:Jüdischer Volks-Kalender
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430:and of bias against the
289:, where he attended the
246:(now Wrocław, Poland).
1326:People from Śrem County
1151:The Jewish Encyclopedia
787:Graetz had interpreted
766:Jahrbuch für Israeliten
690:(4, pp. 194–203).
687:Jewish Quarterly Review
478:university of that city
458:Anglo-Jewish Exhibition
398:In 1872 Graetz went to
1194:Jeffrey C. Blutinger,
1148:; et al. (eds.).
1058:Cite journal requires
1039:"Littell's Living Age"
1025:Cite journal requires
558:Protestant Reformation
445:
299:
293:up to 1836, acquiring
1160:Encyclopaedia Judaica
914:Encyclopaedia Judaica
803:defended Graetz, and
797:Isaak Noah Mannheimer
476:, a professor at the
441:Graetz's tomb in the
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305:Samson Raphael Hirsch
267:University of Breslau
1231:at Wikimedia Commons
1184:, 1863, Nos. 22, 23.
1078:Geschichte der Juden
824:Conservative Judaism
726:improve this section
667:," published in the
499:Geschichte der Juden
338:'s text-book of the
216:Grand Duchy of Posen
1237:History of the Jews
849:History of the Jews
805:Azriel Hildesheimer
634:Other literary work
604:textual emendations
539:History of the Jews
519:Temple of Jerusalem
489:History of the Jews
255:History of the Jews
143:History of the Jews
1266:Dr. Henry Abramson
1045:(April–June 1893).
809:Isaac Hirsch Weiss
694:The Kompert Affair
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356:University of Jena
232:University of Jena
228:Breslau University
212:Książ Wielkopolski
123:University of Jena
119:Breslau University
100:Kingdom of Bavaria
78:Kingdom of Prussia
60:Tzvi Hirsch Graetz
1301:Jewish historians
1248:Project Gutenberg
1227:Media related to
1138:Deutsch, Gotthard
1082:Jesus of Nazareth
1000:Resisting History
941:978-1-4008-3661-1
774:Sebastian Brunner
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511:Ludwig Philippson
348:Zecharias Frankel
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88:September 7, 1891
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107:Nationality
1275:Categories
1121:References
947:2023-09-17
554:Cincinnati
497:also. His
424:Treitschke
384:Krotoschin
380:Lundenburg
376:Nikolsburg
317:amanuensis
66:1817-10-31
847:wrote of
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619:Masoretic
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400:Palestine
352:Frankfurt
287:Wollstein
277:Biography
115:Education
1076:Graetz,
1002:, p. 31.
858:'s 1937
778:Austrian
742:May 2022
612:Jeremiah
595:exegesis
591:Biblical
585:Exegesis
550:S. Tuska
495:exegesis
470:Carlsbad
416:Romanian
388:magazine
365:Gleiwitz
291:yeshivah
222:(now in
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1135::
998:Myers,
829:Messiah
793:Messiah
734:removed
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450:Mommsen
369:Silesia
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220:Prussia
201:exegete
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835:Legacy
789:Isaiah
608:Isaiah
408:Berlin
393:Talmud
336:Geiger
313:Prague
283:Zerkow
224:Poland
205:Jewish
149:Spouse
110:German
96:Munich
31:Doctor
1144:. In
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484:Works
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160:(
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1064:help
1031:help
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