519:; then, he was put on trial in Alabama by a jury in a town where the crime was notorious, and where 75 of 82 prospective jurors were aware that Heath had already pleaded guilty in Georgia. The judge, rather than exclude the jurors who knew that the defendant had already pleaded guilty, simply asked them if they would be able to "put aside their knowledge of the prior guilty plea in order to give petitioner a fair trial in Alabama." It strains credibility that the jurors could remain impartial in spite of their knowledge of the guilty plea. Furthermore, given that the jurors had this knowledge, defense counsel "could do little but attempt to elicit information from prosecution witnesses tending to show that the crime was committed exclusively in Georgia"; any argument tending to show actual innocence would likely be disbelieved by the jury, in spite of the fact that the guilty plea in Georgia was part of a
31:
576:
Alabama and
Georgia were so inextricably linked that it was as if they were acting together as a single governmental entity. Furthermore, the interests of justice, according to Marshall, were frustrated by having the defendant plead guilty to a crime in Georgia to avoid the death penalty, only to have the guilty plea prevent him from mounting a meaningful defense to capital charges in Alabama. For these reasons, in the interests "of fundamental fairness," Justice Marshall voted against the majority decision.
338:, the first section of which says, in part, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" that any serious consideration was given to the proposition that the Bill of Rights is binding on the
504:, in a minority opinion, sought to distinguish between the long-held principle that the Fifth Amendment does not prohibit the U.S. federal government and the state governments from separately prosecuting the same individual for the same illegal act, and the majority holding that two separate state governments can do likewise.
479:
ruled that "the dual sovereignty doctrine . . . compels the conclusion that successive prosecutions by two States for the same conduct are not barred by the Double
Jeopardy Clause." "The dual sovereignty doctrine," she wrote, "is founded on the common-law conception of crime as an offense against the
575:
Finally, Justice
Marshall points out that "Even where the power of two sovereigns to pursue separate prosecutions for the same crime has been undisputed, this Court has barred both governments from combining to do what each could not constitutionally do on its own." In this case, the prosecutions in
533:
by
Georgia is that here Alabama, not Georgia, was offended by the notion that petitioner might not forfeit his life in punishment for his crime. The only reason the Court gives for permitting Alabama to go forward is that Georgia and Alabama are separate sovereigns." He then goes on to criticize the
526:
Justice
Marshall also comments that it would, without question, have been unconstitutional if the State of Georgia had decided to re-prosecute Heath on a capital charge because of its dissatisfaction with the life sentence that he had already received. "The only difference between this case and such
312:
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the
Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the
587:
joined
Justice Marshall in his dissent, but wrote a separate statement (joined by Justice Marshall), in which he indicated that the "interests" mentioned by Justice Marshall, which would justify allowing Federal and State prosecutions for the same illegal act, are not of a nature that would justify
559:
do not apply. Indeed, in 1909 the
Supreme Court had held that in case of an incident that occurs on territory subject to "'the one first acquiring jurisdiction of the person may prosecute the offense, and its judgment is a finality in both States, so that one convicted or acquitted in the courts of
514:
Furthermore, even if the reasoning of the majority was correct, the dual sovereignty doctrine must "not legitimate the collusion between
Georgia and Alabama in this case to ensure that petitioner is executed for his crime." Specifically, in this case the defendant pleaded guilty in Georgia for the
483:
When a person commits a crime against the laws of two different states, then the question of whether the states constitute two different sovereigns or just one is determined by whether the state governments "draw their authority to punish the offender from distinct sources of power." Answering the
549:
Conversely, because "the States under our federal system have the principal responsibility for defining and prosecuting crimes," Abbate v. United States, supra, at 195, it would be inappropriate - in the absence of a specific congressional intent to pre-empt state action pursuant to the
Supremacy
487:
The majority opinion concluded that by violating the laws of two different states, the defendant committed separate offenses against each state; for this reason, the Constitutional prohibition on prosecuting or convicting a person "for the same offense" did not apply, and the Court affirmed the
317:
The clause "nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb" means that the government cannot re-prosecute somebody for a crime of which he or she has been found "not guilty"; likewise, the government cannot appeal against a verdict of acquittal.
431:
and former jeopardy under the Alabama and United States Constitutions," by which he stated that he was not eligible to be punished in Alabama because a Georgia court had already convicted and sentenced him for the same crime, and that the crime had, in fact, not taken place in Alabama. The
313:
same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
484:
question, Justice O'Connor wrote that the "powers" of state governments "to undertake criminal prosecutions derive from separate and independent sources of power and authority originally belonging to them before admission to the Union and preserved to them by the Tenth Amendment."
480:
sovereignty of the government. When a defendant in a single act violates the 'peace and dignity' of two sovereigns by breaking the laws of each, he has committed two distinct 'offences.' United States v. Lanza, 260 U.S. 377, 382, 43 S.Ct. 141, 67 L.Ed. 314 (1922)."
406:, where he met with two other individuals whom he had hired to kill his pregnant wife Rebecca. They returned with him to his house and, after he left the scene, they killed his wife in exchange for $ 2,000. He was arrested later that year and, on 10 February 1982,
550:
Clause - to allow a federal prosecution to preclude state authorities from vindicating "the historic right and obligation of the States to maintain peace and order within their confines," Bartkus v. Illinois, supra, at 137.
554:
No such "interests" need to be protected when two different states are seeking to prosecute the same offense, and so the underlying reasons behind the "dual-sovereignty" exception to the prohibition against
541:
were a prosecution by a State, however zealously pursued, allowed to preclude further prosecution by the Federal Government for the same crime, an entire range of national interests could be frustrated
560:
the one State cannot be prosecuted for the same offense in the courts of the other' Nielsen v. Oregon, 212 U.S. 315, 320 (1909)," (The majority decision of the Court stated that the holding of
134:
The Fifth Amendment rule against double jeopardy does not prohibit two different states from separately prosecuting and convicting the same individual for the same illegal act.
1863:
248:
1527:
436:
argued, however, that because the defendant's wife had been kidnapped in Alabama, the murder "may be punished" there. On 12 January 1983, a jury in the Alabama court
1767:
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467:, 432 U.S. 161 (1977), in which the Court had held that one cannot be punished consecutively for two different offenses if the proof of both offenses is identical.
1463:
305:
282:
244:
1259:
568:, two States jointly had jurisdiction over the river that separates them from each other, and one state had prosecuted somebody for an act that was specifically
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does not prohibit one state from prosecuting and punishing somebody for an act of which they had already been convicted of and sentenced for in another state.
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72:
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The only reasons why there needs to be a dual-sovereignty exception to the Fifth Amendment prohibition of double jeopardy, argues Marshall, are that
1081:
440:
Heath of "murder during a kidnapping in the first degree," a capital offense, He was sentenced to death, and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
1093:
596:
The defendant in this case subsequently filed a petition for post-conviction relief in the Alabama state court system, and for a Federal writ of
463:
511:
was designed specifically "to accommodate complementary state and federal concerns within our system of concurrent territorial jurisdictions."
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and a state government, or the governments of more than one state, from prosecuting the same individual separately for the same illegal act.
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1107:
807:, 435 U.S. 313 (1978) (applying the doctrine of dual sovereignty to the internal affairs of Native American tribes).
751:
1898:
1711:
1307:
1487:
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1374:
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330:; for example, the First Amendment, which guarantees freedom of religion, expressly begins with the words, "
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to determine whether the conviction of Heath violated the precedent that had been set by an earlier case,
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ruled that, because of the doctrine of "dual sovereignty" (the concept that the United States and each
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any other exception to the rule that one may not be prosecuted more than once for the same offense.
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523:, and some defendants, to avoid execution, may plead guilty without actually being guilty.
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359:, 395 U.S. 784 (1969), the Supreme Court held that the Fifth Amendment prohibition against
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Full text of the amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America
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has long been considered to have its own sovereignty, which it shares with the
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by the majority, 474 U.S. at 91, but cited by Justice Marshall in support of
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him for the crime of murder during a kidnapping, and he entered a plea of "
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this decision on direct appeal. The Alabama Supreme Court, after granting
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can punish the same individual for the same set of actions was left open.
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In his dissent, he explains that the "dual sovereignty" exception to the
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This decision is one of several that holds that the Fifth Amendment does
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O'Connor, joined by Burger, White, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist, Stevens
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court to the crime of murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment.
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Post-conviction proceedings at 536 So. 2d 142 (Ala. Crim. App. 1988);
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under the laws of the other, and the Court reversed the conviction.)
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majority for its "restrictive" interpretation of the word "offence."
387:
79:
390:, Larry Gene Heath (5 October 1951 – 20 March 1992), traveled from
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96:
convicted, Superior Court of Troup County, Georgia, affirmed 456
422:
334:
shall make no law . . . ." It was not until the passage of the
30:
897:, 474 U.S. at 97-98 (Marshall & Brennan, JJ., dissenting).
120:, 502 U.S. 1077 (1992); motion to set execution date granted,
97:
1051:, including the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment.
921:, 474 U.S. at 99 (Marshall & Brennan, JJ., dissenting).
843:, 474 U.S. at 95 (Marshall & Brennan, JJ., dissenting).
407:
564:
was applicable only to a unique set of circumstances. In
306:
Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
989:"Alabama Executes Man Who Arranged His Wife's Murder".
1864:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
326:, were originally interpreted as binding only on the
116:
denied, 941 F.2d 1126 (11th Cir. 1991), cert. denied
448:, affirmed the decision of the lower court as well.
816:
353:actions within the scope of the Bill of Rights. In
645:see also United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co.
1850:
381:
1869:United States Double Jeopardy Clause case law
1610:
1075:
496:
349:have gradually evolved so as to include most
261:, 474 U.S. 82 (1985), is a case in which the
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579:
100:898 (Ala. Crim. App. 1988), affirmed again
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863:
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811:, 212 U.S. 315 (1909) (distinguished from
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363:applies to the states. Nevertheless, each
1055:FindLaw annotation on the Fifth Amendment
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975:, 536 So. 2d 142 (Ala. Crim. App. 1988);
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1563:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
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18:1985 United States Supreme Court case
602:, both of which were denied; he was
421:in Alabama, his state of residence,
993:. Associated Press. March 21, 1992.
283:Fifth Amendment to the Constitution
13:
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1910:
1859:United States Supreme Court cases
1000:
991:The New York Times (Late Edition)
345:Since then, the decisions of the
1308:Bravo-Fernandez v. United States
1018:82 (1985) is available from:
979:, 941 F.2d 1126 (11th Cir. 1991)
515:express purpose of avoiding the
371:; thus, the question of whether
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1874:1985 in United States case law
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320:amendments to the Constitution
1:
1091:United States Fifth Amendment
609:
299:
124:, 601 So. 2d 217 (Ala. 1992).
1512:Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle
1445:Blockburger v. United States
1209:Blockburger v. United States
766:, 455 So.2d 905 (Ala. 1984).
475:Writing for a 7–2 majority,
382:Facts and procedural history
7:
1252:United States v. Randenbush
685:, 283 U.S. 359, 368 (1931).
470:
453:United States Supreme Court
347:United States Supreme Court
263:United States Supreme Court
234:Marshall, joined by Brennan
226:Brennan, joined by Marshall
54:Larry Gene Heath v. Alabama
10:
1915:
1800:J. D. B. v. North Carolina
1728:Dickerson v. United States
1137:Wong Wing v. United States
1041:Oyez (oral argument audio)
677:, 388 U.S. 14, 18 (1967);
497:Justice Marshall's dissent
491:
1712:Mitchell v. United States
1618:
1612:Self-Incrimination Clause
1605:
1538:
1456:Dual sovereignty doctrine
1455:
1436:
1385:
1326:
1276:Fong Foo v. United States
1243:
1201:Meaning of "same offense"
1200:
1196:
1183:
1153:United States v. Moreland
1115:
1101:
809:But see Nielsen v. Oregon
641:Fong Foo v. United States
580:Justice Brennan's dissent
273:– a consequence of
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1884:Legal history of Alabama
1720:United States v. Hubbell
1579:North Carolina v. Pearce
1528:Denezpi v. United States
1488:United States v. Wheeler
882:North Carolina v. Alford
488:defendant's conviction.
45:Decided December 3, 1985
1899:Russell County, Alabama
1768:Corley v. United States
1760:United States v. Patane
1624:Curcio v. United States
1520:Gamble v. United States
1410:United States v. Dinitz
1343:Ludwig v. Massachusetts
1335:United States v. Wilson
1268:Burton v. United States
1169:United States v. Cotton
683:Stromberg v. California
643:, 369 U.S. 141 (1962);
369:U.S. federal government
318:However, the first ten
294:U.S. federal government
104:, 455 So.2d 905 (1984).
1744:Yarborough v. Alvarado
1464:United States v. Lanza
1394:United States v. Perez
1375:Smith v. United States
1367:United States v. Dixon
1359:United States v. Felix
1292:Burks v. United States
1233:United States v. Dixon
1225:United States v. Felix
1190:Double Jeopardy Clause
647:, 430 U.S. 464 (1977).
552:
543:
509:double jeopardy clause
315:
158:William J. Brennan Jr.
43:Argued October 9, 1985
1894:Troup County, Georgia
1889:Murder-for-hire cases
1792:Berghuis v. Thompkins
1632:Griffin v. California
1504:United States v. Lara
1402:United States v. Jorn
1260:Ball v. United States
1121:Hurtado v. California
885:, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).
681:, 378 U.S. 1 (1964);
662:, 211 U.S. 78 (1908).
659:Twining v. New Jersey
547:
539:
310:
245:U.S. Const. amends. V
1688:Doe v. United States
1555:Palko v. Connecticut
1426:Blueford v. Arkansas
721:, 474 U.S. at 83-84.
698:U.S. Const. amend. X
622:U.S. Const. amend. V
336:Fourteenth Amendment
1784:Maryland v. Shatzer
1752:Missouri v. Seibert
1704:McNeil v. Wisconsin
1696:Illinois v. Perkins
1656:Williams v. Florida
1472:Bartkus v. Illinois
1437:Multiple punishment
1316:McElrath v. Georgia
1032:Library of Congress
954:212 U.S. 315 (1909)
819:, 474 U.S. at 100).
805:cf. U.S. v. Wheeler
674:Washington v. Texas
202:Sandra Day O'Connor
182:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
78:106 S. Ct. 433; 88
1736:Chavez v. Martinez
1672:Edwards v. Arizona
1664:Michigan v. Tucker
1640:Miranda v. Arizona
1587:Benton v. Maryland
1571:Baxstrom v. Herold
1161:Beck v. Washington
1094:criminal procedure
933:, 474 U.S. at 100.
750:, 455 So. 2d 898 (
703:2008-05-28 at the
627:2008-05-28 at the
606:on 20 March 1992.
592:Subsequent history
356:Benton v. Maryland
328:Federal government
154:Associate Justices
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1776:Florida v. Powell
1648:Boulden v. Holman
1601:
1600:
1597:
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1480:Waller v. Florida
1418:Oregon v. Kennedy
1300:Evans v. Michigan
1179:
1178:
945:, 474 U.S. at 91.
909:, 474 U.S. at 98.
870:, 474 U.S. at 97.
855:, 474 U.S. at 96.
783:, 474 U.S. at 88.
738:, 474 U.S. at 85.
566:Nielsen v. Oregon
562:Nielsen v. Oregon
428:autrefois convict
254:
253:
190:William Rehnquist
170:Thurgood Marshall
1906:
1824:Salinas v. Texas
1680:Oregon v. Elstad
1607:
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1547:Ex parte Bigelow
1496:Heath v. Alabama
1327:After conviction
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150:Warren E. Burger
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1351:Grady v. Corbin
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1284:Ashe v. Swenson
1244:After acquittal
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752:Ala. Crim. App.
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679:Malloy v. Hogan
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585:Justice Brennan
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557:double jeopardy
527:a hypothetical
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361:double jeopardy
322:, known as the
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194:John P. Stevens
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1001:External links
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977:Heath v. Jones
973:Heath v. State
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911:
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764:Ex parte Heath
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748:Heath v. State
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392:Russell County
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324:Bill of Rights
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281:clause of the
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178:Harry Blackmun
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122:Heath v. Jones
118:Heath v. Jones
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102:Ex parte Heath
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464:Brown v. Ohio
460:
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455:then granted
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146:Chief Justice
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1007:
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521:plea bargain
513:
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410:guilty in a
400:Troup County
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239:Laws applied
197:
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101:
88:Case history
71:
53:
15:
817:his dissent
292:forbid the
271:sovereignty
166:Byron White
1853:Categories
1108:Grand Jury
671:See, e.g.
610:References
530:volte-face
458:certiorari
446:certiorari
434:prosecutor
419:grand jury
365:U.S. state
300:Background
275:federalism
109:Subsequent
570:permitted
545:and that
438:convicted
388:defendant
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
1096:case law
1006:Text of
701:Archived
625:Archived
604:executed
471:Decision
442:affirmed
423:indicted
332:Congress
269:possess
215:Majority
492:Dissent
412:Georgia
404:Georgia
396:Alabama
277:), the
231:Dissent
223:Dissent
129:Holding
1835:(2022)
1827:(2013)
1819:(2012)
1811:(2011)
1803:(2011)
1795:(2010)
1787:(2010)
1779:(2010)
1771:(2009)
1763:(2004)
1755:(2004)
1747:(2004)
1739:(2003)
1731:(2000)
1723:(2000)
1715:(1999)
1707:(1991)
1699:(1990)
1691:(1988)
1683:(1985)
1675:(1981)
1667:(1974)
1659:(1970)
1651:(1969)
1643:(1966)
1635:(1965)
1627:(1957)
1590:(1969)
1582:(1969)
1574:(1966)
1566:(1947)
1558:(1937)
1550:(1885)
1531:(2022)
1523:(2019)
1515:(2016)
1507:(2004)
1499:(1985)
1491:(1978)
1483:(1970)
1475:(1959)
1467:(1922)
1448:(1932)
1429:(2012)
1421:(1982)
1413:(1976)
1405:(1971)
1397:(1824)
1378:(2023)
1370:(1993)
1362:(1992)
1354:(1990)
1346:(1976)
1338:(1833)
1319:(2024)
1311:(2016)
1303:(2013)
1295:(1978)
1287:(1970)
1279:(1962)
1271:(1906)
1263:(1896)
1255:(1834)
1236:(1993)
1228:(1992)
1220:(1990)
1212:(1932)
1172:(2002)
1164:(1962)
1156:(1922)
1148:(1900)
1140:(1896)
1132:(1887)
1124:(1884)
1110:Clause
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1023:Justia
1020:
754:1983).
340:states
308:says:
200:
198:·
196:
188:
186:·
184:
176:
174:·
172:
164:
162:·
160:
114:habeas
1539:Other
1014:
943:Heath
931:Heath
919:Heath
907:Heath
895:Heath
868:Heath
853:Heath
841:Heath
813:Heath
793:Heath
781:Heath
736:Heath
376:state
351:state
267:state
98:So.2d
93:Prior
1016:U.S.
879:Cf.
656:Cf.
451:The
408:pled
304:The
73:more
65:U.S.
63:474
1012:474
695:See
398:to
290:not
249:XIV
82:387
1855::
1010:,
860:^
833:^
771:^
726:^
711:^
402:,
394:,
342:.
247:,
68:82
1083:e
1076:t
1069:v
631:.
76:)
70:(
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