309:
277:(R-744) is used as a working fluid in climate control systems for cars, residential air conditioning, commercial refrigeration, and vending machines. Many otherwise excellent refrigerants are phased out for environmental reasons (the CFCs due to ozone layer effects, now many of their successors face restrictions due to global warming, e.g. the R134a).
832:) dispersed into the carrier liquid enhance the heat transfer capabilities of the resulting coolant compared to the carrier liquid alone. The enhancement can be theoretically as high as 350%. The experiments however did not prove so high thermal conductivity improvements, but found significant increase of the
299:
Liquid gases may fall here, or into refrigerants, as their temperature is often maintained by evaporation. Liquid nitrogen is the best known example encountered in laboratories. The phase change may not occur at the cooled interface, but on the surface of the liquid, to where the heat is transferred
440:
are also used. Due to their high boiling points, mineral oils are used in portable electric radiator-style space heaters in residential applications, and in closed-loop systems for industrial process heating and cooling. Mineral oil is often used in submerged PC systems as it is non-conductive and
729:
greatly extends tool life, and on most materials allows the operation to run faster. This is considered a very environmentally friendly method, especially when compared to the use of petroleum oils as lubricants; parts remain clean and dry which often can eliminate secondary cleaning operations.
428:
are often used for applications where water is unsuitable. With higher boiling points than water, oils can be raised to considerably higher temperatures (above 100 degrees
Celsius) without introducing high pressures within the container or loop system in question. Many oils have uses encompassing
844:
based coolant by 98%. Alumina nanoparticles at 0.1% can increase the critical heat flux of water by as much as 70%; the particles form rough porous surface on the cooled object, which encourages formation of new bubbles, and their hydrophilic nature then helps pushing them away, hindering the
839:
Some significant improvements are achievable; e.g. silver nanorods of 55±12 nm diameter and 12.8 μm average length at 0.5 vol.% increased the thermal conductivity of water by 68%, and 0.5 vol.% of silver nanorods increased thermal conductivity of
73:. Industrial cutting fluid has broadly been classified as water-soluble coolant and neat cutting fluid. Water-soluble coolant is oil in water emulsion. It has varying oil content from nil oil (synthetic coolant).
879:
can be also used as coolants, when in direct contact with the structure being cooled. Sometimes an additional heat transfer fluid is used; water with ice and dry ice in acetone are two popular pairings.
472:
were used in heat transfer applications, favored due to their low flammability, chemical resistance, hydrophobicity, and favorable electrical properties, but are now phased out due to their toxicity and
507:. Mineral oils are usually used. Silicone oils are employed for special applications. Polychlorinated biphenyls were commonly used in old equipment, which now can possess risk of contamination.
857:
In some applications, solid materials are used as coolants. The materials require high energy to vaporize; this energy is then carried away by the vaporized gases. This approach is common in
2401:
1072:
Oldenburg, Steven J.; Siekkinen, Andrew R.; Darlington, Thomas K.; Baldwin, Richard K. (9 July 2007). "Optimized
Nanofluid Coolants for Spacecraft Thermal Control Systems".
408:(PAG) is used as high temperature, thermally stable heat transfer fluids exhibiting strong resistance to oxidation. Modern PAGs can also be non-toxic and non-hazardous.
401:, use both types; heavy water in the nonpressurized calandria tank as the moderator and a supplementary coolant, and light water as the primary heat transfer fluid.
2351:
2381:
1056:
725:
can provide controlled cooling at the cutting interface such that the cutting tool and the workpiece are held at ambient temperatures. The use of CO
909:
2396:
447:
oils are suitable for applications needing high temperature stability, very low volatility, inherent lubricity, and/or radiation resistance.
343:) in water, is used when the water-based coolant has to withstand temperatures below 0 °C, or when its boiling point has to be raised.
347:
is a similar coolant, with the exception that it is made from pure plant juice, and is not toxic or difficult to dispose of ecologically.
1889:
1138:
69:
is one technical term more often used in high temperature as well as low-temperature manufacturing applications. The term also covers
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2323:
948:
970:
2196:
34:
is a substance, typically liquid, that is used to reduce or regulate the temperature of a system. An ideal coolant has high
2356:
2318:
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heat transfer, lubrication, pressure transfer (hydraulic fluids), sometimes even fuel, or several such functions at once.
17:
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1934:
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Some coolants are used in both liquid and gas form in the same circuit, taking advantage of the high specific
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are frequently used as coolants for engines. A cold fuel flows over some parts of the engine, absorbing its
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content which makes it prone to cause fire or explosions when in contact with combustible materials (see
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1974:
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869:. The same approach is also used for fire protection of structures, where ablative coating is applied.
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which consist of a carrier liquid, such as water, dispersed with tiny nano-scale particles known as
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2004:
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are coolants used for reaching low temperatures by undergoing phase change between liquid and gas.
232:
862:
736:, which boils at about -196 °C (77K), is the most common and least expensive coolant in use.
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can be used as coolants in applications where high temperature stability is required, e.g. some
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at -250 to -265 °C can also be used as a coolant. Liquid hydrogen is also used both as a
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and low cost make it a suitable heat-transfer medium. It is usually used with additives, like
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serve as both coolants and lubricants in many mechanical gears. Some vegetable oils, e.g.
359:, is used to cool some electrical equipment, often high-power transmitters and high-power
8:
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is required in gaseous form and the corrosive properties of hot water are accounted for.
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which boils at about -246 °C. The lowest temperatures, used for the most powerful
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formation of the steam layer. Nanofluid with the concentration more than 5% acts like
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1994:
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Device to measure the temperature to which the coolant protects the car from freezing
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This coolant can either keep its phase and stay liquid or gaseous, or can undergo a
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548:(around 370F), the cooling technology resists boil over. The liquid also prevents
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is used for cooling and additional electric insulation of high-power electric
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may be hollow and filled with sodium to improve heat transport and transfer.
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70:
462:(26.5%) is used for its wide temperature range and stability to 400 °C.
290:. The phase change effect can be intentionally used, or can be detrimental.
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2019:
2014:
2009:
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are currently the most common electrical generators in large power plants.
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of the cooling system. Some applications also require the coolant to be an
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adding to the cooling efficiency. The latter, when used to achieve below-
81:
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can be used as coolants. One of the possible combinations is the mix of
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is used for cooling and insulating of some high-voltage power systems (
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331:. Antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic chemical (most often
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1023:"A review on nanofluids - part II: experiments and applications"
27:
Substance used to reduce or regulate the temperature of a system
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and ethylene glycol coolants. With higher boiling points than
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208:
61:
While the term "coolant" is commonly used in automotive and
1884:
1804:
999:
752:
721:) - is used as a coolant replacement for cutting fluids. CO
612:
611:
can be employed. Another liquid metal used as a coolant is
511:
137:, which is an advantage for rotary machines susceptible to
62:
876:
604:
425:
296:
use the other phase transition between solid and liquid.
111:
airflow (passive cooling), or a forced circulation using
576:
Thermal energy storage § Molten salt technology
497:. However their high cost limits their applications.
269:
is frequently used in large commercial systems, and
1021:Wang, Xiang-Qi; Mujumdar, Arun S. (December 2008).
526:frequently serve in this role in aviation engines.
441:therefore won't short circuit or damage any parts.
121:is used as a high-performance gaseous coolant. Its
751:Lower temperatures can be reached using liquified
634:For certain applications the stems of automotive
2504:
286:Water is sometimes employed this way, e.g. in
235:, in addition to the fluid's non-phase-change
1123:
641:For very high temperature applications, e.g.
451:oils are their more chemically inert variant.
1020:
273:was used in early mechanical refrigerators.
125:is higher than all other gases, it has high
696:of computer processors, applications using
393:the most common type, use ordinary (light)
283:are a special application of refrigerants.
1890:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1139:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1130:
1116:
565:
540:is used as an alternative to conventional
1038:
1027:Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering
801:. Purpose-designed nanoparticles of e.g.
2324:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
946:
307:
940:
740:is used to a lesser extent, due to its
518:and being preheated before combustion.
65:applications, in industrial processing
14:
2505:
1076:. Vol. 1. pp. 2007–01–3128.
886:of water ice was used for cooling the
607:are frequently used; in special cases
493:) are favored for their wide range of
377:; it also has a secondary function as
2197:Programmable communicating thermostat
1111:
319:is the most common coolant. Its high
2319:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
863:ablative atmospheric reentry shields
414:is a coolant that also serves as a
24:
2180:Minimum efficiency reporting value
25:
2534:
2222:Standard temperature and pressure
1935:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1471:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1200:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1103:
249:were frequently used, most often
1291:Absorption-compression heat pump
50:and neither causes nor promotes
2186:Normal temperature and pressure
1566:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1088:
1040:10.1590/S0104-66322008000400002
947:Sturgess, Steve (August 2009).
676:
143:Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerators
103:is a common form of a coolant.
1065:
1047:
1014:
988:
963:
929:
925:Duratherm Extended Life Fluids
918:
900:
647:very high temperature reactors
300:by convective or forced flow.
13:
1:
2334:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2278:Building information modeling
2273:Building services engineering
1850:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1378:Demand controlled ventilation
1326:Building insulation materials
893:
888:space suit for Project Apollo
788:
1895:High-pressure cut-off switch
1446:Ice storage air conditioning
1367:Dedicated outdoor air system
793:A new class of coolants are
355:, due to its relatively low
218:
88:, is more commonly known as
7:
2238:Thermostatic radiator valve
2040:Thermostatic radiator valve
1551:Underfloor air distribution
1486:Radiant heating and cooling
1404:Energy recovery ventilation
1316:Automobile air conditioning
1180:Domestic energy consumption
996:"Noghrehabadi Bibliography"
597:sodium cooled fast reactors
530:is used to cool nozzles of
157:gas-cooled nuclear reactors
10:
2539:
2387:Institute of Refrigeration
2268:Architectural technologist
1740:Electrostatic precipitator
1074:SAE Technical Paper Series
569:
470:polychlorinated terphenyls
391:pressurised water reactors
303:
261:or other haloalkanes like
2449:
2440:Volatile organic compound
2415:
2342:
2299:Environmental engineering
2263:Architectural engineering
2246:
2094:
2065:Ultra-low particulate air
1650:Automatic balancing valve
1597:
1578:Variable refrigerant flow
1430:Heat recovery ventilation
1373:Deep water source cooling
1283:
1145:
852:
773:and as a coolant to cool
700:, or extremely sensitive
684:are used as coolants for
617:lead cooled fast reactors
558:were frequently used for
466:Polychlorinated biphenyls
2487:Template:Home automation
2309:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2005:Solar-assisted heat pump
1605:Air conditioner inverter
1384:Displacement ventilation
1275:Vapour pressure of water
1260:Thermal destratification
1059:January 5, 2010, at the
949:"Column: Keep Your Cool"
690:cryo-electron microscopy
688:applications, including
659:sodium tetrafluoroborate
233:enthalpy of vaporization
95:
2482:World Refrigeration Day
2329:Refrigerant reclamation
2258:Architectural acoustics
2202:Programmable thermostat
2134:Clean air delivery rate
2030:Thermal expansion valve
1945:Pressurisation ductwork
1855:Ground source heat pump
1296:Absorption refrigerator
757:superconducting magnets
717:(chemical formula is CO
572:Nuclear reactor coolant
566:Molten metals and salts
357:electrical conductivity
211:can be used where high
2513:Engine cooling systems
2472:Glossary of HVAC terms
2434:Sick building syndrome
2314:Mechanical engineering
2025:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1456:Mixed-mode ventilation
495:operating temperatures
454:A eutectic mixture of
313:
294:Phase-change materials
288:boiling water reactors
227:of boiling/condensing
213:specific heat capacity
127:specific heat capacity
2492:Template:Solar energy
2170:Intelligent buildings
2129:Carbon dioxide sensor
1516:Room air distribution
1336:Central solar heating
951:. Heavy Duty Trucking
936:Paratherm Corporation
867:rocket engine nozzles
665:). Other choices are
625:fast neutron reactors
562:of e.g. electronics.
397:. Some designs, e.g.
375:some nuclear reactors
311:
2294:Duct leakage testing
2284:Deep energy retrofit
2228:Thermographic camera
2165:Infrared thermometer
1640:Air source heat pump
1589:Water heat recycling
1155:Air changes per hour
1082:10.4271/2007-01-3128
1002:on November 13, 2013
847:non-Newtonian fluids
759:, are reached using
643:molten salt reactors
383:Light water reactors
325:corrosion inhibitors
123:thermal conductivity
56:electrical insulator
2160:HVAC control system
2150:Home energy monitor
2124:Building automation
1910:Inverter compressor
1572:Variable air volume
1481:Passive ventilation
1451:Kitchen ventilation
1351:Constant air volume
1321:Autonomous building
865:and for cooling of
779:combustion chambers
406:Polyalkylene glycol
191:Sulfur hexafluoride
86:ambient temperature
67:heat-transfer fluid
18:Heat transfer agent
2518:Cooling technology
2423:Indoor air quality
2367:ASTM International
2304:Hydronic balancing
2081:Wood-burning stove
1960:Radiator reflector
1745:Evaporative cooler
1556:Underfloor heating
1541:Thermal insulation
912:2011-04-09 at the
907:Betaine as coolant
834:critical heat flux
821:, or metals (e.g.
623:alloy. Some early
449:Perfluoropolyether
418:for metal-shaping
314:
173:become radioactive
133:and therefore low
2500:
2499:
2416:Health and safety
1995:Scroll compressor
1950:Process duct work
1705:Convection heater
1700:Condensing boiler
1630:Air-mixing plenum
1526:Solar combisystem
1362:Cross ventilation
1165:Building envelope
836:of the coolants.
560:immersive cooling
538:Waterless coolant
371:neutron moderator
337:diethylene glycol
259:liquified propane
16:(Redirected from
2530:
2462:Building science
2217:Smart thermostat
2212:Room temperature
1795:Fireplace insert
1501:Radon mitigation
1399:Electric heating
1394:District heating
1389:District cooling
1306:Air conditioning
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1069:
1063:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
998:. Archived from
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
973:. Archived from
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
944:
938:
933:
927:
922:
916:
904:
815:carbon nanotubes
811:titanium dioxide
589:nuclear reactors
445:Polyphenyl ether
341:propylene glycol
195:circuit breakers
78:phase transition
48:chemically inert
36:thermal capacity
21:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2457:ASHRAE Handbook
2445:
2429:Passive smoking
2411:
2344:
2338:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2096:
2090:
2071:Whole-house fan
1985:Run-around coil
1980:Reversing valve
1925:Mechanical room
1915:Kerosene heater
1905:Infrared heater
1835:Gasoline heater
1775:Fan filter unit
1690:Condensate pump
1675:Centrifugal fan
1593:
1496:Radiant heating
1491:Radiant cooling
1466:Passive cooling
1461:Microgeneration
1331:Central heating
1279:
1255:Thermal comfort
1147:
1141:
1136:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1070:
1066:
1061:Wayback Machine
1054:scienceblog.com
1052:
1048:
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934:
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923:
919:
914:Wayback Machine
905:
901:
896:
855:
842:ethylene glycol
791:
767:Liquid hydrogen
734:Liquid nitrogen
728:
724:
720:
698:superconductors
682:Liquified gases
679:
664:
655:sodium fluoride
578:
568:
528:Liquid hydrogen
501:Transformer oil
475:bioaccumulation
353:deionized water
333:ethylene glycol
306:
221:
169:absorb neutrons
98:
42:, is low-cost,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2209:
2207:Psychrometrics
2204:
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2104:Air flow meter
2100:
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1937:
1932:
1927:
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1882:
1880:Heating system
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Heat exchanger
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:Gas compressor
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
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1240:Psychrometrics
1237:
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1195:Gas compressor
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1190:Fluid dynamics
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1104:External links
1102:
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1033:(4): 631–648.
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854:
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787:
783:rocket engines
726:
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715:Carbon Dioxide
678:
675:
662:
582:fusible alloys
567:
564:
532:rocket engines
509:
508:
498:
480:
479:
478:
463:
456:diphenyl ether
452:
403:
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364:
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275:Carbon dioxide
271:sulfur dioxide
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177:Carbon dioxide
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71:cutting fluids
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2060:Turning vanes
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2035:Thermal wheel
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2013:
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2000:Solar chimney
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1770:Fan coil unit
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1561:Vapor barrier
1559:
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1536:Solar heating
1534:
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1531:Solar cooling
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1506:Refrigeration
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1476:Passive house
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1225:Noise control
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977:on 2013-03-23
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799:nanoparticles
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780:
776:
772:
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761:liquid helium
758:
754:
749:
747:
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742:liquid oxygen
739:
735:
731:
716:
712:
710:
707:
704:and very low-
703:
699:
695:
691:
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683:
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672:
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648:
644:
639:
637:
636:poppet valves
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484:
483:Silicone oils
481:
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467:
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457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
442:
439:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
423:
421:
420:machine tools
417:
413:
412:Cutting fluid
409:
407:
400:
399:CANDU reactor
396:
392:
388:
387:boiling water
384:
380:
379:their coolant
376:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
354:
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342:
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321:heat capacity
318:
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282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:, often with
256:
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237:heat capacity
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49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2467:Fireproofing
2251:and services
2247:Professions,
2145:Gas detector
2045:Trickle vent
2020:Smoke damper
2015:Smoke canopy
2010:Space heater
1940:Plenum space
1875:Heating film
1755:Exhaust hood
1725:Dehumidifier
1665:Blast damper
1660:Barrier pipe
1635:Air purifier
1546:Thermosiphon
1425:Free cooling
1356:
1341:Chilled beam
1265:Thermal mass
1250:Stack effect
1235:Particulates
1215:Infiltration
1146:Fundamental
1090:
1073:
1067:
1049:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1006:November 13,
1004:. Retrieved
1000:the original
990:
979:. Retrieved
975:the original
971:"ctemag.com"
965:
953:. Retrieved
942:
931:
920:
902:
882:
871:
856:
838:
792:
765:
750:
732:
713:
694:overclocking
680:
677:Liquid gases
640:
633:
619:, or a lead-
599:) or sodium-
586:fast breeder
579:
554:
536:
510:
505:transformers
487:fluorocarbon
458:(73.5%) and
434:Mineral oils
424:
410:
404:
361:vacuum tubes
315:
298:
292:
285:
279:
265:. Anhydrous
247:Halomethanes
243:Refrigerants
241:
229:phase change
222:
207:
203:transformers
189:
151:are used as
147:
117:
107:uses either
99:
75:
60:
31:
29:
2477:Warm Spaces
2119:Blower door
2097:and control
2095:Measurement
2076:Windcatcher
2050:Trombe wall
1990:Sail switch
1970:Refrigerant
1965:Recuperator
1840:Grease duct
1800:Freeze stat
1785:Fire damper
1655:Back boiler
1625:Air ionizer
1620:Air handler
1584:Ventilation
1436:Hybrid heat
1301:Air barrier
1220:Latent heat
884:Sublimation
859:spaceflight
489:oils (like
367:Heavy water
225:latent heat
179:is used in
149:Inert gases
105:Air cooling
90:refrigerant
82:latent heat
80:, with the
2507:Categories
2233:Thermostat
2155:Humidistat
2086:Zone valve
2055:TurboSwing
1930:Oil heater
1900:Humidifier
1830:Gas heater
1780:Fan heater
1750:Evaporator
1735:Economizer
1710:Compressor
1615:Air filter
1598:Components
1415:Forced-air
1311:Antifreeze
1284:Technology
1230:Outgassing
1170:Convection
981:2011-10-02
894:References
795:nanofluids
789:Nanofluids
746:oxyliquits
738:Liquid air
709:amplifiers
615:, in e.g.
570:See also:
522:and other
516:waste heat
491:fluorinert
438:castor oil
351:Very pure
329:antifreeze
281:Heat pipes
187:reactors.
163:has a low
109:convective
2343:Industry
2192:OpenTherm
1870:Heat pump
1865:Heat pipe
1815:Fume hood
1790:Fireplace
1695:Condenser
1645:Attic fan
1441:Hydronics
877:water ice
686:cryogenic
661:(NaF-NaBF
649:, molten
601:potassium
550:corrosion
524:jet fuels
416:lubricant
219:Two-phase
205:, etc.).
135:viscosity
52:corrosion
44:non-toxic
40:viscosity
2523:Coolants
2450:See also
2175:LonWorks
2109:Aquastat
1975:Register
1955:Radiator
1610:Air door
1410:Firestop
1210:Humidity
1185:Enthalpy
1175:Dilution
1160:Bake-out
1148:concepts
1057:Archived
955:April 2,
910:Archived
830:nanorods
520:Kerosene
460:biphenyl
373:used in
199:switches
165:tendency
153:coolants
141:losses.
119:Hydrogen
2249:trades,
1820:Furnace
1685:Chiller
1357:Coolant
1095:mit.edu
873:Dry ice
807:alumina
775:nozzles
702:sensors
629:mercury
621:bismuth
609:lithium
580:Liquid
385:, both
345:Betaine
304:Liquids
267:ammonia
201:, some
139:windage
131:density
32:coolant
2402:SMACNA
2362:ASHRAE
2182:(MERV)
2136:(CADR)
2114:BACnet
2067:(ULPA)
1920:Louver
1845:Grille
1720:Damper
1670:Boiler
1568:(VCRS)
1369:(DOAS)
861:, for
853:Solids
827:silver
823:copper
819:silica
671:FLiNaK
603:alloy
593:Sodium
556:Freons
263:R-134a
231:, the
181:Magnox
161:Helium
129:, low
38:, low
2442:(VOC)
2436:(SBS)
2425:(IAQ)
2382:CIBSE
2377:BSRIA
2280:(BIM)
2224:(STP)
2188:(NTP)
1810:Freon
1580:(VRF)
1574:(VAV)
1432:(HRV)
1406:(ERV)
1380:(DCV)
1353:(CAV)
825:, or
706:noise
667:FLiBe
651:salts
627:used
546:water
542:water
512:Fuels
395:water
369:is a
339:, or
317:Water
209:Steam
96:Gases
2397:LEED
2357:AMCA
2352:AHRI
1885:HEPA
1805:Flue
1730:Duct
1008:2013
957:2018
875:and
777:and
771:fuel
753:neon
669:and
657:and
613:lead
595:(in
574:and
485:and
468:and
426:Oils
389:and
327:and
255:R-22
253:and
251:R-12
183:and
171:and
113:fans
63:HVAC
2407:UMC
2392:IIR
2372:BRE
1765:Fan
1078:doi
1035:doi
803:CuO
781:of
748:).
645:or
605:NaK
552:.
185:AGR
167:to
155:in
101:Air
2509::
1031:25
1029:.
1025:.
890:.
849:.
817:,
813:,
809:,
805:,
785:.
763:.
711:.
692:,
673:.
631:.
591:.
534:.
422:.
381:.
335:,
239:.
197:,
175:.
159:.
115:.
92:.
58:.
46:,
30:A
1131:e
1124:t
1117:v
1084:.
1080::
1043:.
1037::
1010:.
984:.
959:.
727:2
723:2
719:2
663:4
477:.
363:.
20:)
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