27:
394:
382:
374:
426:
entering a phone number when the modem was first started, based on the idea that it could not be connected to a remote system when first powered up, so anything sent from the computer could (optionally) be interpreted as a command. The problem was sending a command to hang up, while the modem was already connected. There needed to be some way to indicate that the characters flowing out from the computer to the modem were not simply additional data to be sent to the far end, but commands to be acted on.
462:(three plus signs). When this was received from the computer, the modem would switch from data to command mode. Of course, it was possible that the computer would send this sequence for other reasons, for example, the sequence is contained within the text on this page, and likely would be in any document referring to modems. In order to filter out these "accidental" sequences, Heatherington's design only switched to command mode if the sequence was led and followed by a one-second pause, the
199:
263:
1171:
592:
Smartmodem. BizComp had already implemented the system in its modems in 1980, a year before the
Smartmodem came to market. They offered a sliding scale of terms; an outright license was $ 2 million, but they would accept as little as $ 500,000 with additional per-unit fees. Hayes responded by licensing the patent outright for $ 2 million (equivalent to $ 5,143,000 in 2023).
830:, the user could "call out" at high speed to services around the world, so the need for long-distance data calls was generally eliminated. As a result of this shift, there was no real need to limit the user to the speed of the long-distance lines, giving the Bell companies flexibility in terms of what to install at the user's site. Their attention turned to
534:(BBSes), which created significant market demand. The market grew rapidly in the mid-1980s, and as the Smartmodem was the only truly "universal" modem on the market, Hayes grew to take over much of the market. By 1982, the company was selling 140,000 modems a year, with sales of $ 12 million annually (equivalent to $ 37,886,897 in 2023).
668:(the ampersand) to the Smartmodem 2400. Other companies offering 2400 bit/s generally followed the same syntax. When Hayes moved to the Smartmodem 9600, they extended the set further, using the same syntax. However, by this time the other companies involved had introduced their own syntax; USR used an incompatible set of
566:. At the time, Hayes was one of the few modem companies with the capital and engineering wherewithal to develop entirely new modem architectures. However, this was only a limited competitive advantage, since it was not long before companies offering Hayes "clones" introduced derivative 1200 bit/s models of their own.
1152:
595:
Hayes themselves also had a patent filing working its way through the system since 1981, although it mentioned the escape system and modes only in passing. Having obtained a license, they re-wrote their patent to include a lengthy section on the idea of a guard time, which the original
Bizcomp patent
457:
Heatherington instead came up with the idea of using a rarely seen sequence of characters for this duty. Since these characters could be sent to the modem using the same two data pins that the port would need anyway, they could be sure that such a system would work on every computer. The sequence he
305:
not only to exchange data between the computer and the modem, but command and status information as well. This allowed them to control the entire connection cycle, dialing the phone to start, and hanging up at the end. Such systems were available for large machines, especially the mainframes used by
818:
However, unlike parts of Europe (mainly
Germany) or Japan, ISDN simply never happened in the US consumer market. The whole model was based on end-to-end digital communications, and was thus limited to the speed of the long-distance carrier lines, either 56 or 64 kbit/s. The Bell companies were
429:
Hayes and the company's marketing manager Glenn Sirkis approached
Heatherington with an outline for a new command-driven external modem. Several solutions to the command problem were studied, and in the end, Heatherington decided the only practical one was to have the modem operate in two modes. In
397:
The Stack concept of an extruded aluminum tube open at each end, allowed for easy access of the front side DIP-switch (here left) for configuration. The complete circuit board was slid in from either end and thus easily accessible. This was also a common design copied by most modem manufacturers to
837:
Hayes, having bet the company on a system that was never actually deployed, had no new products in the pipeline. In an attempt at diversification in
January 1991 it had acquired most of the assets of local area network software developer Waterloo Microsystems Inc of Waterloo, Ontario and belatedly
802:
Oddly it was the
Rockwell chipset that also re-standardized the various command sets back on the original high-speed ones introduced by Hayes. As the Rockwell-based systems became more and more common, other companies, like AT&T, introduced new versions of their modem chip sets with identical
603:
Hayes began sending bills to other manufacturers, charging 2% of the retail price per modem that followed the Hayes system, including those modems that had already been built and sold. This resulted in a number of companies launching a patent review, claiming the concept had long been used in the
446:
for this purpose), the computer side often had far fewer pins connected and controllable, if it even used a full 25-pin connector at all. In fact, there were very few pins that were guaranteed to work on all computers, mostly the data in and out, "ready" indications that said whether the modem or
885:. The merger was primarily a way to take the company public. The stock started crashing over the next year, from around US$ 12 in early 1998 to pennies in October, when they once again filed for Chapter 11 protection. No new funding could be found, and in 1999 the company assets were liquidated.
577:
standard for 2400 bit/s operation. This was the first time that the CCITT's standard predated Bell's introductions, avoiding compatibility issues that had plagued earlier standards. Modem companies quickly incorporated V.22bis into their product lines. Hayes was no exception; the company
545:
The modem market in the 1970s was very simple and stagnant. Modems tended to sell at US$ 1 per baud. Hayes saw no need to be different—the original Hayes 300 baud modem sold for US$ 299 retail. At that price point, Hayes could build a "Cadillac of modems", using high-quality components, an
425:
serial port instead of the internal data bus; modems were serial devices in the end, and most computers included an RS-232 port or some variant. The trick would be how to send commands over the same connection as the data. A few external modems already offered the ability to dial the phone by
655:
In 1987 Hayes responded with the Hayes
Express 96 protocol, a 9600 bit/s protocol. It was sometimes referred to as the "Ping-Pong" protocol due to the way the modems could "ping-pong" the single high-speed link between the two ends on demand, in a fashion similar to the USR and Telebit
591:
In June 1983, Hayes and a number of other manufacturers were sent licensing demands by a smaller modem manufacturer, BizComp, who had filed a patent in 1980 but only received it in 1983. The patent covered the use of an escape sequence to switch between command and data mode, just like the
921:
A widely circulated history of computing states that the
Smartmodem 1200 was introduced in 1981. This "history" is confusing the Smartmodem 1200 with the original Smartmodem. Another confuses the original Smartmodem 9600 with the later V-Series modems, reversing the introduction dates and
604:
industry. A flurry of suits and countersuits followed. The bid to overturn the patent failed in 1986. Some time later, Hayes received permission to bring suits in federal court against infringers, and filed an initial suit against several major manufacturers, Everex, Ven-Tel, Omnitel and
582:
at US$ 549 in 1985 (the 1200 bit/s
Smartmodem also remained available at a lower price point). Competition drove prices rapidly downward, and by 1987 a clone 2400 bit/s modem was generally available for around US$ 250. After 1987, modems increasingly became a commodity item.
631:
to meet market demand with faster products. Telebit was the fastest, running up to ~18,500 bit/s and maintaining higher speeds on noisy lines where other models would fall-back to lower speeds. They were also expensive and found mostly in professional settings, notably for
834:(ADSL), which ran over the existing wiring and did not block a telephone connection in the process. The end-user was offered much higher speeds while still being able to use existing phones, with the added "benefit" of helping tie the user to the telephone company's own ISP.
1169:, Dale Heatherington, "Modem with improved escape sequence mechanism to prevent escape in response to random occurrence of escape character in transmitted data", issued 22 October 1985, assigned to Hayes Microcomputer Products and Telogy Networks
550:
and often the Hayes industrial design as well. To compete with Hayes on price, early competitors manufactured modems using low-cost components that were often unreliable. Hayes quickly gained a reputation for high quality, and for a time held a 50% market share.
484:
Hayes added a requirement of his own, that the modem be able to automatically detect what speed the computer's serial port was set to when first powered on. This was not simple unless the modem "knew" what data were initially being sent, allowing it to time the
438:, data forwarded from the computer would be interpreted as commands. In this way, the modem could be instructed by the computer to perform various operations, such as hang up the phone or dial a number. The modem would normally start-up in command mode.
441:
The problem was how to move from mode to mode. One option would be to signal this using one of the many pins in the RS-232 cable. However, while the 25-pin connector on the modem side had more than enough pins for this purpose (even some
691:, offered 9600 bit/s in both directions at the same time, whereas earlier high-speed protocols were high-speed in one direction only. In 1988 Hayes effectively abandoned their Express 96 protocol in favor of V.32, which along with
529:
At the time of its introduction, the modem market was fairly small, and competitors generally ignored the
Smartmodem. But it was not long before hobbyists were able to combine the Smartmodem with new software to create the first real
526:, a printer buffer and primitive email box. Both of these items' sales were apparently dismal. Early advertising referred to the Smartmodem as the "Hayes Stack Smartmodem", but this naming convention was dropped a short time later.
354:-approved system to the Bell network. To comply, Micromodems were supplied their own DAA-like connector in the form of the FCC-approved "microcoupler": a small external box that connected to the internal modem card using a
289:
was heard. Disconnecting at the end of the session was also manual, with the user lifting the handset out of the coupler and hanging it up on the phone body in order to depress the hook switch and return the phone to the
663:
Hayes' slow entry into the high-speed market led to a fracturing of the command set. In order to set up the modem to accept or reject certain types of connections, Hayes had added a number of new commands prefixed by
239:(S&L) market, modifying machines sold by larger companies to large banks with the branding of the smaller S&L. From this company, he learned the value of selling into niche markets the larger players ignored.
306:
banks which had to automatically dial their branches for end-of-day updates. None of these systems were available for microcomputers, and Hayes' initial concept was to offer similar products into this market.
158:
Hayes was a major brand in the modem market from the introduction of the original 300 bit/s Smartmodem in 1981. They remained a major vendor throughout the 1980s, periodically introducing models with higher
707:
error correction and compression system (in addition to MNP). V.32 modems remained fairly rare and expensive, although by 1990 third-party V.32 modems were available for approximately US$ 600.
799:, Hayes increasingly became a follower rather than a leader. By the mid-1990s their modems were also based on the Rockwell chipset and had little to distinguish themselves from other vendors.
466:, in which no other data was sent. In this case it could be safely assumed that the sequence was being sent deliberately by a user, as opposed to being buried in the middle of a data stream.
250:. However, existing modems were simply too expensive and difficult to use or be practical for most users. He felt that this market was likely to be ignored by the larger modem vendors like
819:
interested in deploying ISDN, but doing so required customer-end installations to make their conventional telephones work, which made the system unattractive for wide-scale deployment.
757:, which went on to become a runaway bestseller. Soon there were hundreds of similar models on the market, and Rockwell's competitors also rushed in with similar chipsets of their own.
811:
Hayes realized that changes in the telephone networks would eventually render the modem, in its current form, obsolete. As early as 1985 he started efforts to produce consumer-ready
660:, making it far less attractive than its competition. The design was generally unsuccessful, and for the first time Hayes lost cachet as the leader in modem design and manufacture.
454:
pins. While it would have been possible to use some of these pins for the sort of command-switching they needed, this may not have been universally supported across all machines.
1426:
1421:
764:
which also supported Express 96, but by this point, Express 96 had little cachet and the market was already flooded with lower-cost modems. They then split their line into the
350:
As a result of Bell having lost several key lawsuits related to the connection of unlicensed equipment to its telephone network, by 1978 it finally became legal to connect any
224:, a company that, among its many businesses, handled electronic money transfers and credit card authorizations. Hayes' job was to set up modem connections for NDC's customers.
772:
brands, offering the Accura as a low-cost model, although the feature sets were not that different between the two lines. Hayes eventually purchased two of their competitors,
656:
protocols. The key improvement is that the channel could be switched very rapidly, without a renegotiation procedure. However, Express 96 both was late to market and lacked
648:
offered further speed improvements. USR's designs were simpler than Telebits and ran at "only" 9,600 bit/s, but carved out a strong niche by offering deep discounts to
477:, which were available for only US$ 1 a piece. After six months of trying to get the modem working with the PIC, Heatherington gave up and demanded they use the 8 MHz
402:
Although powerful, the internal modem was commercially impractical. Not only did it require special driver software that often meant it could only be used with a single
147:, which introduced a control language for operating the functions of the modem via the serial interface, in contrast to manual operation with front-panel switches. This
815:"modems", betting the company on ISDN becoming a widespread standard—which was widely believed at the time. By the early 1990s, this was a major focus of the company.
842:(OS) market in June 1991 with LANstep, a network OS for small offices, but this was subsequently abandoned in 1994 in the face of stiff competition particularly from
511:. The Smartmodem was the first modem integrating complete control over the phone line, and that allowed it to be used in exactly the same fashion with any computer.
329:(DAA) which the user rented for a monthly fee. To fill in dead-times in the modem sales, they also took on part work doing electronics assembly for other companies.
326:
228:
803:
commands. Rockwell had taken their commands from the V-series Smartmodems, so by the mid-90s the market was once again based largely on a "real" Hayes command set.
1441:
1466:
389:
provided via DB-25, RJ-11 and power plugs. Later modems dropped the manual volume control and introduced a second RJ-11 for pass through of the telephone line.
1326:
1456:
325:
machines. At this time, it was illegal to connect any non-Bell hardware to the telephone network, so the 80-103A was designed to connect to a Bell-supplied
1461:
1352:
518:
and intending to release a range of products that could be stacked beside the computer. In the end, only two non-modem devices were added to the line. The
1451:
1436:
1416:
285:. Acoustic couplers were entirely manual; the user picked up the phone's handset, dialed manually, and then pressed the handset into the coupler if a
1231:
The immense popularity of the HST modems was partly due to the generous discount program U.S. Robotics offered to the BBS Sysops (SYStem OPerators).
1431:
1411:
546:
extruded aluminum case, and an acrylic front panel with a number of LED indicators. As the modem market expanded, competitors quickly copied the
434:, all data forwarded from the computer was modulated and sent over the connected telephone line as it was with any other modem. In the other,
1476:
1446:
489:
and thereby guess the speed. Heatherington eventually suggested the use of a well-known character sequence for this purpose, recommending
473:
to an otherwise lightly modified version of their existing 300 bit/s hardware. Sirkis was particularly interested in using the 1 MHz
1279:
760:
Hayes was never able to re-establish itself as a market leader through this period. In the fall of 1991 they introduced the US$ 799
623:
Hayes was not as fast as some other manufacturers to release modems that ran faster than 2400 bit/s, which opened the door for
854:
269:
installed in an Apple II. The external "microcoupler" with the phone jacks and analog hardware were connected via the ribbon cable.
187:
1150:, Michael Eaton, "Modem control device code multiplexing", issued 7 June 1983, assigned to Business Computer Corp
850:, but this was a multi-year effort during a period when USR increasingly took over what remained of the high-end modem market.
178:
in 1992, which eroded price points in the market. Hayes was never able to respond effectively. The widespread introduction of
1406:
1088:
723:. During previous speed bumps, the large companies like Hayes and USR were generally the first to respond with new models.
562:
for $ 699, the first practical all-in-one 1200 bit/s Bell 212-compatible modem. The earlier design was redesignated the
831:
174:
In the early 1990s a number of greatly cost-reduced high-performance modems were released by competitors, notably the
1315:
351:
332:
Business picked up quickly, and by January 1978 they had quit their jobs at National Data to form their own company,
680:, and Telebit was based on setting a series of registers. All of these survived for some time into the early 1990s.
612:
611:
Competitors derisively termed it the "modem tax", and a number of manufacturers banded together and introduced the
1259:
213:
1068:"The Smartmodem is the first in a series of products Hays planes to introduce in a standard stack-mount design."
469:
With the basic idea outlined, Hayes and Sirkis gave Heatherington the go-ahead to build a prototype by adding a
1391:
336:. In its first year, the new company sold $ 125,000 worth of product (equivalent to $ 583,929 in 2023).
1381:
692:
1244:
1226:
209:
151:
approach dramatically simplified and automated operation. Today almost all modems use a variant of the
827:
826:
in the mid-1990s made point-to-point communications far less interesting. After dialing their local
418:, and others. As modems became popular, users on these platforms began asking for designs as well.
242:
Hayes was a computer hobbyist, and felt that modems would be highly compelling to users of the new
232:
1366:
1077:
309:
Hayes started producing such a system in his kitchen in April 1977 with his friend and co-worker,
123:
1016:
904:, an early and popular competitor to the Hayes Smartmodem, with which it was partially compatible
719:, the CCITT began the process of standardizing a slightly faster variant, the 14,400 bit/s
615:, or TIES, but it was not as robust as Heatherington's system and never became very successful.
1207:
1189:
1101:
777:
773:
683:
Through the late 1980s and early 1990s, new standard high-speed modes were introduced by the
531:
1129:
1047:
990:
474:
221:
8:
1118:"The Hayes Smartmodem 1200, which was introduced in the middle of 1982, ..." Price $ 699.
754:
605:
504:
451:
175:
1346:
1284:
1264:
780:, turning them into low-cost brands in order to compete with a flood of companies like
310:
282:
217:
163:. Their competition through this period was primarily from two other high-end vendors,
481:
instead, a US$ 10 part. Sirkis acquiesced, and a working prototype was soon complete.
1311:
1109:
1059:
1028:
998:
781:
645:
547:
403:
152:
108:
1037:
The 300 baud auto-dial/auto-answer Smartmodem had a suggested retail price of $ 279.
294:
state and end the call. This was a straightforward and thus a popular solution; the
171:, while other companies mostly sold into niches or were strictly low-end offerings.
26:
1303:
889:
839:
785:
657:
386:
286:
274:
236:
97:
1471:
1370:
878:
870:
470:
198:
127:
1376:
1166:
1147:
843:
243:
37:
892:
in July 1999. Zoom continues to use the Hayes name on some of their products.
1400:
1386:
1113:
1063:
1032:
1002:
743:
739:
727:
704:
574:
273:
At the time, modems generally came in two versions, external modems using an
247:
569:
The 1200 bit/s market existed for a relatively short time; in 1984 the
393:
381:
373:
339:
Sales further improved in early 1979 with the introduction of the 300 bit/s
262:
637:
514:
Hayes originally had big plans for the form factor, referring to it as the
407:
355:
302:
295:
278:
847:
183:
507:
to rest on top, was announced in April 1981. It was known simply as the
796:
792:
747:
716:
688:
624:
164:
160:
866:
555:
554:
In 1982, at the Spring Comdex in Atlantic City, Hayes introduced the
497:
322:
753:
modem capabilities. Their system was introduced commercially in the
703:, which offered both V.32 and Express 96 support, and added the new
823:
731:
673:
500:
478:
411:
318:
537:
Heatherington retired from what was then a large company in 1984.
735:
720:
628:
291:
168:
1306:(1999). "Hayes Microcomputer Products". In Pederson, Jay (ed.).
901:
862:
422:
415:
846:. An effort was started to move into the market for ADSL and
684:
649:
598:
Modem With Improved Escape Sequence With Guard Time Mechanism
570:
140:
1089:
Hayes Smartmodem advertisement from Personal Computing 2/82
812:
641:
633:
421:
A solution to the cross-platform connection was to use the
179:
888:
The brand name was purchased and revived by onetime rival
618:
301:
Internal modems had the advantage that they could use the
750:
738:
supporting the new standard, along with similar V.32 and
486:
251:
857:
protection in November 1994, exiting in October 1995 as
742:(2400 bit/s) versions, all of which supported MNP,
406:, but a different hardware design was needed for every
277:
for connection, and direct-connection modems used with
1427:
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1998
1422:
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1994
1130:"BizComp's patent could raise retail price of modems"
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
946:
944:
493:
for "attention", which is prefixed on all commands.
1093:
881:, and changed the company name again, this time to
1165:
956:
941:
186:in the mid-1990s repeatedly drove the company in
1398:
1351:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1333:. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019
1272:
1257:
1442:Defunct computer companies of the United States
1058:(14). InfoWorld Media Group: 9. July 20, 1981.
1467:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1999
1251:
1146:
1040:
1027:(17). CW Communications: 42. April 27, 1981.
1009:
791:As speeds increased with the introduction of
715:Almost immediately after the introduction of
377:The original model 300 baud Smartmodem (1981)
1457:Electronics companies disestablished in 1999
1308:International Directory of Company Histories
1108:. Vol. 5, no. 27. pp. 90–93.
596:lacked. They received the patent, 4,549,302
190:protection before being liquidated in 1999.
1462:Manufacturing companies established in 1977
991:"Data Communication System from D.C. Hayes"
983:
695:support was built into the US$ 1199 Hayes
25:
1452:Electronics companies established in 1977
1437:Computer companies disestablished in 1999
1417:American companies disestablished in 1999
877:, a builder of ISP rack-mount modems and
361:In 1980, the company changed its name to
1280:"Revamping of PC Modem Inventor cleared"
1102:"Stand-alone Smartmodem 1200 from Hayes"
392:
380:
372:
261:
197:
1324:
1302:
1242:
1224:
1183:
1181:
1127:
1099:
977:
950:
619:Higher speeds and increased competition
257:
1432:Computer companies established in 1977
1412:American companies established in 1977
1399:
1258:Edward A. Gargan (November 18, 1994).
1187:
522:, an external real-time clock and the
202:Dale Heatherington with the prototype
1327:"The Rise and Fall of the Modem King"
1243:Kirksey, Kenneth (25 December 1991).
1225:Kirksey, Kenneth (25 December 1991).
699:. In 1990 the company introduced the
216:in the mid-1970s to work at an early
1477:Telecommunications equipment vendors
1325:Shannon, Victoria (7 January 1999).
1245:"What You Need To Know About Modems"
1227:"What You Need To Know About Modems"
1178:
861:after selling 49% of the company to
1447:Defunct computer hardware companies
1387:The Rise and Fall of the Modem King
1017:"Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc"
806:
726:Not so in this case; shortly after
13:
1188:Martin, James (15 December 1986).
832:Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
298:was a popular modem of this type.
14:
1488:
1360:
1128:Markoff, John (10 October 1983).
746:and, optionally, 9600 bit/s
368:
16:U.S.-based manufacturer of modems
1214:. 20 November 1989. p. 113.
1190:"Can firms fight 'jungle king'?"
1100:Markoff, John (April 25, 1983).
613:Time Independent Escape Sequence
343:for S-100 bus computers and the
227:Hayes also worked for a time at
1296:
1260:"Hayes Move Reveals Modem Woes"
1236:
1218:
1200:
1159:
1140:
1121:
873:firm. In 1997 they merged with
214:Georgia Institute of Technology
193:
143:. The company is known for the
139:was a US-based manufacturer of
1082:
1071:
915:
822:Additionally, the rise of the
540:
447:computer was operational, and
313:. Their first product was the
96:Liquidation; name acquired by
1:
929:
586:
496:The new design, housed in an
1407:Hayes Microcomputer Products
1392:History of Hayes Corporation
1331:International Herald Tribune
995:Intelligent Machines Journal
934:
363:Hayes Microcomputer Products
246:that would soon be known as
137:Hayes Microcomputer Products
20:Hayes Microcomputer Products
7:
1247:. p. Hayes Express 96.
1078:The Hayes Stack Chronograph
895:
57:; 47 years ago
10:
1493:
1373: (archived 1998-02-02)
710:
505:standard desktop telephone
130: (archived 1998-02-02)
828:Internet service provider
233:automated teller machines
222:National Data Corporation
119:
103:
92:
77:
69:
51:
43:
33:
24:
908:
697:V-series Smartmodem 9600
997:(10): 6. 25 June 1979.
578:introduced its V.22bis
520:Hayes Stack Chronograph
327:Data Access Arrangement
321:-compatible design for
229:Financial Data Sciences
1167:US Expired 4549302
1148:US Expired 4387440
734:introduced a low-cost
730:was ratified in 1991,
687:. The first of these,
532:bulletin board systems
503:case sized to allow a
399:
390:
378:
270:
206:
778:Cardinal Technologies
774:Practical Peripherals
396:
384:
376:
334:D.C. Hayes Associates
265:
201:
883:Hayes Communications
762:Smartmodem Ultra 144
672:-prefixed commands,
475:PIC microcontrollers
258:Early Hayes products
755:SupraFAXModem 14400
701:Smartmodem Ultra 96
606:Prometheus Products
600:, in October 1985.
218:data communications
176:SupraFAXModem 14400
21:
1285:The New York Times
1265:The New York Times
1048:"Hayes Smartmodem"
400:
391:
379:
347:for the Apple II.
311:Dale Heatherington
271:
207:
73:Dale Heatherington
19:
1382:Hayes Advertising
1377:Hayes Photo Album
1288:. March 12, 1996.
782:Supra Corporation
646:protocol spoofing
548:Hayes command set
404:terminal emulator
287:carrier frequency
153:Hayes command set
134:
133:
109:Norcross, Georgia
1484:
1367:Official website
1356:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1321:
1310:. Vol. 24.
1290:
1289:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1216:
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560:Smartmodem 1200
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951:Shannon 1999
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848:cable modems
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303:computer bus
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296:Novation CAT
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194:Before Hayes
184:cable modems
173:
157:
148:
144:
136:
135:
104:Headquarters
34:Company type
1337:17 December
859:Hayes Corp.
541:Competition
516:Hayes Stack
149:smart modem
1401:Categories
930:References
855:Chapter 11
627:(USR) and
625:USRobotics
587:Hayes '302
509:Smartmodem
464:guard time
385:Essential
283:mainframes
188:Chapter 11
165:USRobotics
161:throughput
145:Smartmodem
1347:cite news
1134:InfoWorld
1114:0199-6649
1106:InfoWorld
1064:0199-6649
1052:InfoWorld
1033:0010-4841
1003:0199-6649
935:Citations
922:features.
867:Singapore
636:-running
449:sometimes
432:data mode
414:, S-100,
323:S-100 bus
220:company,
212:left the
124:hayes.com
896:See also
824:Internet
732:Rockwell
674:Microcom
556:Bell 212
501:aluminum
498:extruded
479:Zilog Z8
412:Apple II
319:Bell 103
44:Industry
1369:at the
869:-based
744:V.42bis
740:V.22bis
736:chipset
728:V.32bis
721:V.32bis
711:V.32bis
705:V.42bis
629:Telebit
575:V.22bis
315:80-103A
292:on-hook
235:to the
204:80-103A
169:Telebit
126:at the
120:Website
83: (
78:Defunct
70:Founder
60: (
52:Founded
1472:Modems
1314:
1173:
1154:
1112:
1062:
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1001:
902:Popcom
865:and a
863:Nortel
770:Optima
766:Accura
650:sysops
423:RS-232
416:TRS-80
141:modems
47:Modems
38:Public
909:Notes
685:CCITT
676:used
670:&
666:&
571:CCITT
444:meant
430:one,
398:come.
1353:link
1339:2019
1312:ISBN
1110:ISSN
1060:ISSN
1029:ISSN
999:ISSN
813:ISDN
797:V.90
795:and
793:V.34
784:and
776:and
768:and
748:V.29
717:V.32
689:V.32
642:UUCP
640:for
634:Unix
487:bits
182:and
180:ADSL
167:and
114:U.S.
93:Fate
85:1999
81:1999
62:1977
55:1977
751:fax
693:MNP
460:+++
352:FCC
281:or
252:IBM
1403::
1349:}}
1345:{{
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491:AT
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