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silica dust that quickly caused acute silicosis, a fatal lung disease. This is considered
America's worst industrial disaster. Workers in the tunnel were primarily migrant workers, mostly black, who were paid a few dollars per day. When they became sick, many were driven out of the camps to die elsewhere. Those African Americans who died in the camps could not be buried in local "white" cemeteries. A few were sent by rail back to their families. More were taken at night under the cover of darkness to Summersville and buried unceremoniously on a farm. Later these graves had to be moved to widen US Route 19. The remains were disinterred in 1972 and transported several miles to the present site. The decomposed remains were placed in child size coffins and reburied here, resulting in about 48 small grave depressions seen at this grave site.
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198:) sand. The workers completed the project more than twice as quickly as original projections. They were not given any masks or breathing equipment to use while mining, although management wore such equipment during inspection visits. Black workers told Congress in 1936 that they were denied breaks and even forced to work at gunpoint. As a result of the exposure to silica dust, many workers developed
443:, these standards were merely advisory, as the USBM had no enforcement power at the time. After the disaster, an explicit approval program was established in 1934, along with the introduction of combination Type A/B/C respirator ratings, corresponding to Dusts/Fumes/Mists respectively, with Type D blocking all three.
366:
This
Memorial honors an estimated 764 tunnel workers who died from mining a 3.8 mile tunnel through Gauley Mountain to divert water from the New River to a hydroelectric plant near Gauley Bridge in 1930–31. The tunnel cut through almost pure silica in some areas and exposed the unprotected workers to
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There are no definitive statistics as to the death toll from the Hawks Nest disaster. According to a historical marker on site, there were 109 admitted deaths. A Congressional hearing placed the death toll at 476. Other sources range from 700 to over 1,000 deaths amongst the 3,000 workers. Many of
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Construction of nearby tunnel, diverting waters of New River through Gauley Mt for hydroelectric power, resulted in state's worst industrial disaster. Silica rock dust caused 109 admitted deaths in mostly black, migrant underground work force of 3,000. Congressional hearing placed toll at 476 for
439:(USBM). An example of an early respirator standard, Type A, established in 1926, was intended to protect against mechanically generated dusts produced in mines. These standards were intended to obviate miner deaths, noted to have reached 3,243 by 1907. However, prior to the
190:, about three thousand men, three-quarters of whom were black, came to West Virginia to dig the tunnel. They worked ten to fifteen hour shifts, using drills and dynamite to mine the sandstone, which was composed primarily of cemented
256:
which followed the fictional accounts of several tunnel workers and their families. Skidmore wrote the book only a few years after the incident (originally published in 1941) and likely used direct sources for his story
170:. Beginning in March of 1930, its contractor Rinehart & Dennis began construction of the 3-mile (4.8 km) tunnel carrying the river under Gauley Mountain. A dam was constructed immediately below
202:, a debilitating and incurable lung disease caused by the effects of silica dust in the lungs. A large number of the workers eventually died from silicosis, in some cases as quickly as within a year.
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the workers at the site were
African-Americans from the southern United States who returned home or left the region after becoming sick, making it difficult to calculate an accurate total.
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professor
Richard Hartman, after local couple George and Charlotte Yeager spearheaded effort to build the memorial in 2009. The Memorial was dedicated on September 7, 2012.
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where many of the black miners were buried, since they were not allowed to be buried in "white" cemeteries. The
Memorial has the following text:
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1930-35. Tragedy brought recognition of acute silicosis as occupational lung disease and compensation legislation to protect workers.
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613:""PopMusic: Silicosis is Killing Me Public health in pop music," Arti Virkud, 2X2 Project"
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A memorial to the Hawks Nest workers and a grave site is located at 98 Hilltop Drive in
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to divert most of the New River flow into the tunnel. It then re-enters the river near
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Spelce, David; Rehak, Timothy R; Meltzer, Richard W; Johnson, James S (2019).
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wrote and sang "Silicosis Is
Killing Me", describing the plight of the miners.
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238:(chapter "Cadavers, By-products of Dividends"), Seven Stories Press, 2014 (
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703:"History of U.S. Respirator Approval (Continued) Particulate Respirators"
685:"The Historic and Cultural Importance of the HAWKS NEST TUNNEL DISASTER"
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Prior to the 1970s, respirator standards were under the purview of the
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Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
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Tunnel in West
Virginia where hundreds of workers contracted silicosis
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512:"Before Black Lung, The Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster Killed Hundreds"
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The memorial was created at the site, unmarked for 40 years, where
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Historical Marker at Hawks Nest
Workers Memorial and a Grave Site
358:). The site is located several miles from Martha White’s farm at
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project. This project is considered to be one of the worst
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387:. The location of the site was rediscovered with help of
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Industrial accidents and incidents in the United States
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reburied the bodies of about 48 miners while widening
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in the 1930s as the result of the construction of the
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National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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Kanawha and New River Power
Company, a subsidiary of
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260:Hawks Nest is also mentioned in a section entitled
178:leaving a section known as "the Dries" in between.
1450:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
1235:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
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758:Silicosis: From Public Menace to Litigation Target
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779:The Hawk's Nest Tunnel Disaster: Summersville, WV
542:. West Virginia Department of Culture and History
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1247:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
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1295:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
430:N95 respirator § Early US respirator standards
31:Historical marker "Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster"
1259:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1209:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
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659:"Hawks Nest Workers Memorial and Grave Site"
638:"Hawks Nest Workers Memorial and Grave Site"
262:Dying for a Living: The Hawk's Nest Incident
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1701:Construction accidents in the United States
690:. American Society of Safety Professionals.
244:was originally published in French in 1938)
166:to increase power generation at a plant in
126:was a large-scale incident of occupational
903:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
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303:Hawks Nest workers memorial and grave site
186:Facing widespread unemployment during the
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1691:African-American history of West Virginia
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587:"Book explores Hawks Nest tunnel history"
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560:Spangler, Patricia (February 19, 2008).
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510:Lancianese, Adelina (January 20, 2019).
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1429:Immediately dangerous to life or health
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281:Under the pseudonym of "Pinewood Tom",
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1616:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
888:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
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589:. The Fayette Tribune. Archived from
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1306:Working Environment Convention, 1977
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1731:1931 disasters in the United States
1475:Workers' right to access the toilet
118:Hawks Nest Dam photographed in 2022
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1546:International Chemical Safety Card
428:This paragraph is an excerpt from
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1556:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
1214:International Labour Organization
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585:Keenan, Steve (April 2, 2008).
1736:Occupational safety and health
1511:Environment, health and safety
1166:Occupational health psychology
815:Occupational safety and health
746:About the Hawk's Nest Incident
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389:West Virginia State University
1:
1706:Fayette County, West Virginia
1382:Personal protective equipment
1135:Workplace health surveillance
540:"Hawk's Nest Tunnel Disaster"
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1424:Standard operating procedure
1357:Hierarchy of hazard controls
1110:Hierarchy of hazard controls
136:Gauley Bridge, West Virginia
49:Gauley Bridge, West Virginia
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1561:NIOSH air filtration rating
1253:Health and Safety Executive
1161:Occupational health nursing
1125:Occupational exposure limit
963:Hospital-acquired infection
928:Exposure to human nail dust
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1696:Disasters in West Virginia
1621:Workplace health promotion
1526:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
1300:Worker Protection Standard
1003:Noise-induced hearing loss
564:. Wythe-North Publishing.
478:Cherniack, Martin (1986).
441:Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster
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228:(Covici and Friede, 1938).
124:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
20:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
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486:. Yale University Press.
346:38.2345111°N 80.8525611°W
218:wrote a poetry sequence,
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1536:Hostile work environment
1516:Environmental toxicology
1409:Redundancy (engineering)
1023:Repetitive strain injury
482:The Hawk's Nest Incident
108:476 to 1,000 (estimated)
1581:Quality of working life
1367:Administrative controls
768:Work Safely With Silica
764:, National Public Radio
351:38.2345111; -80.8525611
267:Trust Us, We're Experts
1176:Occupational therapist
1156:Industrial engineering
948:Glassblower's cataract
913:Decompression sickness
773:"The Book of the Dead"
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1646:Occupational diseases
1611:Workers' compensation
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1033:Silo-filler's disease
998:Mule spinners' cancer
707:J Int Soc Respir Prot
562:The Hawks Nest Tunnel
516:National Public Radio
454:Hawks Nest State Park
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411:Hawks Nest State Park
400:Hawks Nest State Park
398:Historical Marker at
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78:38.12222°N 81.12833°W
1372:Engineering controls
1347:Emergency evacuation
1151:Environmental health
918:De Quervain syndrome
908:Concussions in sport
683:Howard W., Spencer.
221:The Book of the Dead
168:Alloy, West Virginia
144:industrial disasters
1506:Effects of overtime
1389:Job safety analysis
1377:Hazard substitution
1342:Emergency procedure
1120:Exposure assessment
1105:Occupational stress
1098:Psychosocial hazard
1078:Occupational hazard
943:Flock worker's lung
342: /
291:Saints and Villains
210:Cultural references
83:38.12222; -81.12833
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1541:Indoor air quality
1445:Diving regulations
1362:Hazard elimination
1181:Safety engineering
775:by Muriel Rukeyser
751:2005-03-06 at the
437:US Bureau of Mines
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294:, a 1998 novel by
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1591:Safety data sheet
1404:Operations manual
1285:Bangladesh Accord
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1083:Biological hazard
571:978-0-9801862-0-8
493:978-0-300-04485-0
423:Regulatory legacy
407:Historical Marker
321:Summersville Lake
241:Les Etats-Désunis
132:Hawks Nest Tunnel
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615:. Archived from
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1068:Occupational
1065:
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1054:
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1038:Sports injury
1036:
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983:Low back pain
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933:Farmer's lung
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823:Occupational
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619:on 2015-10-04
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385:U.S. Route 19
382:
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368:
363:
361:
355:
337:80°51′09.22″W
334:38°14′04.24″N
326:
325:U.S. Route 19
322:
318:
317:Mount Lookout
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176:Gauley Bridge
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151:
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140:hydroelectric
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97:occupational
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59:
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50:
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39:
35:
28:
23:
1667:
1638:
1525:
1465:Right to sit
1455:Potty parity
1048:Tennis elbow
1043:Surfer's ear
988:Mesothelioma
958:Hearing loss
762:Wade Goodwyn
713:(2): 37–55.
710:
706:
696:
678:
666:. Retrieved
662:
653:
641:. Retrieved
632:
621:. Retrieved
617:the original
607:
597:November 25,
595:. Retrieved
591:the original
580:
561:
555:
544:. Retrieved
519:. Retrieved
515:
481:
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416:
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378:
365:
360:Summersville
314:
289:
288:Included in
276:John Stauber
265:
264:in the book
261:
257:development.
252:
235:
225:
220:
204:
185:
157:
131:
128:lung disease
123:
121:
1501:Drug policy
1438:Legislation
1144:Professions
968:Indium lung
863:Brucellosis
858:Berylliosis
349: /
253:Hawk's Nest
81: /
56:Coordinates
1685:Categories
1601:Toxic tort
1551:Job strain
1521:Ergonomics
1496:Break room
1018:Radium jaw
1008:Phossy jaw
883:Chalicosis
853:Barotrauma
843:Asbestosis
623:2015-09-05
546:2008-11-25
465:References
409:at nearby
311:Grave site
283:Josh White
172:Hawks Nest
69:81°07′42″W
66:38°07′20″N
1322:Checklist
1290:ISO 45001
1278:Standards
1028:Silicosis
838:Acrodynia
459:New River
200:silicosis
164:New River
150:history.
99:silicosis
40:1930–1935
1651:Journals
1640:Category
1566:Overwork
1484:See also
1237:(Canada)
1228:National
1191:Agencies
1053:Tinnitus
923:Erethism
830:injuries
825:diseases
749:Archived
729:32572305
448:See also
148:American
45:Location
1669:Commons
1249:(Spain)
1243:(Italy)
1070:hygiene
868:Burnout
720:7307331
668:3 April
663:theclio
643:3 April
521:June 5,
319:, near
1352:Hazard
1315:Safety
848:Asthma
727:
717:
568:
490:
226:U.S. 1
196:silica
192:quartz
182:Silica
154:Tunnel
105:Deaths
1491:Break
688:(PDF)
134:near
94:Cause
1302:(US)
1266:(US)
1255:(UK)
1193:and
828:and
725:PMID
670:2021
645:2021
599:2008
566:ISBN
523:2020
488:ISBN
323:and
274:and
122:The
37:Date
760:by
715:PMC
270:by
234:'s
146:in
1687::
723:.
711:36
709:.
705:.
661:.
531:^
514:.
502:^
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1467:(
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1457:(
807:e
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327:(
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278:.
194:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
