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silica dust that quickly caused acute silicosis, a fatal lung disease. This is considered
America's worst industrial disaster. Workers in the tunnel were primarily migrant workers, mostly black, who were paid a few dollars per day. When they became sick, many were driven out of the camps to die elsewhere. Those African Americans who died in the camps could not be buried in local "white" cemeteries. A few were sent by rail back to their families. More were taken at night under the cover of darkness to Summersville and buried unceremoniously on a farm. Later these graves had to be moved to widen US Route 19. The remains were disinterred in 1972 and transported several miles to the present site. The decomposed remains were placed in child size coffins and reburied here, resulting in about 48 small grave depressions seen at this grave site.
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209:) sand. The workers completed the project more than twice as quickly as original projections. They were not given any masks or breathing equipment to use while mining, although management wore such equipment during inspection visits. Black workers told Congress in 1936 that they were denied breaks and even forced to work at gunpoint. As a result of the exposure to silica dust, many workers developed
454:, these standards were merely advisory, as the USBM had no enforcement power at the time. After the disaster, an explicit approval program was established in 1934, along with the introduction of combination Type A/B/C respirator ratings, corresponding to Dusts/Fumes/Mists respectively, with Type D blocking all three.
377:
This
Memorial honors an estimated 764 tunnel workers who died from mining a 3.8 mile tunnel through Gauley Mountain to divert water from the New River to a hydroelectric plant near Gauley Bridge in 1930–31. The tunnel cut through almost pure silica in some areas and exposed the unprotected workers to
216:
There are no definitive statistics as to the death toll from the Hawks Nest disaster. According to a historical marker on site, there were 109 admitted deaths. A Congressional hearing placed the death toll at 476. Other sources range from 700 to over 1,000 deaths amongst the 3,000 workers. Many of
428:
Construction of nearby tunnel, diverting waters of New River through Gauley Mt for hydroelectric power, resulted in state's worst industrial disaster. Silica rock dust caused 109 admitted deaths in mostly black, migrant underground work force of 3,000. Congressional hearing placed toll at 476 for
450:(USBM). An example of an early respirator standard, Type A, established in 1926, was intended to protect against mechanically generated dusts produced in mines. These standards were intended to obviate miner deaths, noted to have reached 3,243 by 1907. However, prior to the
201:, about three thousand men, three-quarters of whom were black, came to West Virginia to dig the tunnel. They worked ten to fifteen hour shifts, using drills and dynamite to mine the sandstone, which was composed primarily of cemented
267:
which followed the fictional accounts of several tunnel workers and their families. Skidmore wrote the book only a few years after the incident (originally published in 1941) and likely used direct sources for his story
181:. Beginning in March of 1930, its contractor Rinehart & Dennis began construction of the 3-mile (4.8 km) tunnel carrying the river under Gauley Mountain. A dam was constructed immediately below
213:, a debilitating and incurable lung disease caused by the effects of silica dust in the lungs. A large number of the workers eventually died from silicosis, in some cases as quickly as within a year.
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the workers at the site were
African-Americans from the southern United States who returned home or left the region after becoming sick, making it difficult to calculate an accurate total.
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professor
Richard Hartman, after local couple George and Charlotte Yeager spearheaded effort to build the memorial in 2009. The Memorial was dedicated on September 7, 2012.
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where many of the black miners were buried, since they were not allowed to be buried in "white" cemeteries. The
Memorial has the following text:
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1930-35. Tragedy brought recognition of acute silicosis as occupational lung disease and compensation legislation to protect workers.
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624:""PopMusic: Silicosis is Killing Me Public health in pop music," Arti Virkud, 2X2 Project"
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A memorial to the Hawks Nest workers and a grave site is located at 98 Hilltop Drive in
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to divert most of the New River flow into the tunnel. It then re-enters the river near
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Spelce, David; Rehak, Timothy R; Meltzer, Richard W; Johnson, James S (2019).
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wrote and sang "Silicosis Is
Killing Me", describing the plight of the miners.
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249:(chapter "Cadavers, By-products of Dividends"), Seven Stories Press, 2014 (
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714:"History of U.S. Respirator Approval (Continued) Particulate Respirators"
696:"The Historic and Cultural Importance of the HAWKS NEST TUNNEL DISASTER"
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Prior to the 1970s, respirator standards were under the purview of the
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Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
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Tunnel in West
Virginia where hundreds of workers contracted silicosis
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523:"Before Black Lung, The Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster Killed Hundreds"
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The memorial was created at the site, unmarked for 40 years, where
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Historical Marker at Hawks Nest
Workers Memorial and a Grave Site
369:). The site is located several miles from Martha White’s farm at
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project. This project is considered to be one of the worst
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398:. The location of the site was rediscovered with help of
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Industrial accidents and incidents in the United States
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reburied the bodies of about 48 miners while widening
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in the 1930s as the result of the construction of the
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National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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Kanawha and New River Power
Company, a subsidiary of
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543:
271:Hawks Nest is also mentioned in a section entitled
189:leaving a section known as "the Dries" in between.
1461:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
1246:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
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769:Silicosis: From Public Menace to Litigation Target
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790:The Hawk's Nest Tunnel Disaster: Summersville, WV
553:. West Virginia Department of Culture and History
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1258:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
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1306:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
441:N95 respirator § Early US respirator standards
42:Historical marker "Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster"
1270:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1220:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
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670:"Hawks Nest Workers Memorial and Grave Site"
649:"Hawks Nest Workers Memorial and Grave Site"
273:Dying for a Living: The Hawk's Nest Incident
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1712:Construction accidents in the United States
701:. American Society of Safety Professionals.
255:was originally published in French in 1938)
177:to increase power generation at a plant in
137:was a large-scale incident of occupational
914:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
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314:Hawks Nest workers memorial and grave site
197:Facing widespread unemployment during the
36:
1702:African-American history of West Virginia
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598:"Book explores Hawks Nest tunnel history"
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571:Spangler, Patricia (February 19, 2008).
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521:Lancianese, Adelina (January 20, 2019).
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1440:Immediately dangerous to life or health
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292:Under the pseudonym of "Pinewood Tom",
14:
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1627:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
899:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
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1722:Health disasters in the United States
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600:. The Fayette Tribune. Archived from
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1317:Working Environment Convention, 1977
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1742:1931 disasters in the United States
1486:Workers' right to access the toilet
129:Hawks Nest Dam photographed in 2022
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1557:International Chemical Safety Card
439:This paragraph is an excerpt from
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1567:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
1225:International Labour Organization
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596:Keenan, Steve (April 2, 2008).
1747:Occupational safety and health
1522:Environment, health and safety
1177:Occupational health psychology
826:Occupational safety and health
757:About the Hawk's Nest Incident
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400:West Virginia State University
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1:
1717:Fayette County, West Virginia
1393:Personal protective equipment
1146:Workplace health surveillance
551:"Hawk's Nest Tunnel Disaster"
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1435:Standard operating procedure
1368:Hierarchy of hazard controls
1121:Hierarchy of hazard controls
147:Gauley Bridge, West Virginia
60:Gauley Bridge, West Virginia
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1572:NIOSH air filtration rating
1264:Health and Safety Executive
1172:Occupational health nursing
1136:Occupational exposure limit
974:Hospital-acquired infection
939:Exposure to human nail dust
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1707:Disasters in West Virginia
1632:Workplace health promotion
1537:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
1311:Worker Protection Standard
1014:Noise-induced hearing loss
575:. Wythe-North Publishing.
489:Cherniack, Martin (1986).
452:Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster
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239:(Covici and Friede, 1938).
135:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
31:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
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909:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
884:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
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497:. Yale University Press.
357:38.2345111°N 80.8525611°W
229:wrote a poetry sequence,
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18:Hawk's Nest incident
1547:Hostile work environment
1527:Environmental toxicology
1420:Redundancy (engineering)
1034:Repetitive strain injury
493:The Hawk's Nest Incident
119:476 to 1,000 (estimated)
1592:Quality of working life
1378:Administrative controls
779:Work Safely With Silica
775:, National Public Radio
362:38.2345111; -80.8525611
278:Trust Us, We're Experts
1187:Occupational therapist
1167:Industrial engineering
959:Glassblower's cataract
924:Decompression sickness
784:"The Book of the Dead"
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1732:1931 in West Virginia
1657:Occupational diseases
1622:Workers' compensation
1182:Occupational medicine
1044:Silo-filler's disease
1009:Mule spinners' cancer
718:J Int Soc Respir Prot
573:The Hawks Nest Tunnel
527:National Public Radio
465:Hawks Nest State Park
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422:Hawks Nest State Park
411:Hawks Nest State Park
409:Historical Marker at
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89:38.12222°N 81.12833°W
1383:Engineering controls
1358:Emergency evacuation
1162:Environmental health
929:De Quervain syndrome
919:Concussions in sport
694:Howard W., Spencer.
232:The Book of the Dead
179:Alloy, West Virginia
155:industrial disasters
1517:Effects of overtime
1400:Job safety analysis
1388:Hazard substitution
1353:Emergency procedure
1131:Exposure assessment
1116:Occupational stress
1109:Psychosocial hazard
1089:Occupational hazard
954:Flock worker's lung
353: /
302:Saints and Villains
221:Cultural references
94:38.12222; -81.12833
85: /
32:
1552:Indoor air quality
1456:Diving regulations
1373:Hazard elimination
1192:Safety engineering
786:by Muriel Rukeyser
762:2005-03-06 at the
448:US Bureau of Mines
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305:, a 1998 novel by
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1602:Safety data sheet
1415:Operations manual
1296:Bangladesh Accord
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1094:Biological hazard
582:978-0-9801862-0-8
504:978-0-300-04485-0
434:Regulatory legacy
418:Historical Marker
332:Summersville Lake
252:Les Etats-Désunis
143:Hawks Nest Tunnel
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16:(Redirected from
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1338:Code of practice
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307:Denise Giardina
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259:Hubert Skidmore
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1049:Sports injury
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944:Farmer's lung
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396:U.S. Route 19
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366:
348:80°51′09.22″W
345:38°14′04.24″N
337:
336:U.S. Route 19
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329:
328:Mount Lookout
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1649:
1536:
1476:Right to sit
1466:Potty parity
1059:Tennis elbow
1054:Surfer's ear
999:Mesothelioma
969:Hearing loss
773:Wade Goodwyn
724:(2): 37–55.
721:
717:
707:
689:
677:. Retrieved
673:
664:
652:. Retrieved
643:
632:. Retrieved
628:the original
618:
608:November 25,
606:. Retrieved
602:the original
591:
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566:
555:. Retrieved
530:. Retrieved
526:
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417:
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389:
376:
371:Summersville
325:
300:
299:Included in
287:John Stauber
276:
275:in the book
272:
268:development.
263:
246:
236:
231:
215:
196:
168:
142:
139:lung disease
134:
132:
1512:Drug policy
1449:Legislation
1155:Professions
979:Indium lung
874:Brucellosis
869:Berylliosis
360: /
264:Hawk's Nest
92: /
67:Coordinates
1696:Categories
1612:Toxic tort
1562:Job strain
1532:Ergonomics
1507:Break room
1029:Radium jaw
1019:Phossy jaw
894:Chalicosis
864:Barotrauma
854:Asbestosis
634:2015-09-05
557:2008-11-25
476:References
420:at nearby
322:Grave site
294:Josh White
183:Hawks Nest
80:81°07′42″W
77:38°07′20″N
1333:Checklist
1301:ISO 45001
1289:Standards
1039:Silicosis
849:Acrodynia
470:New River
211:silicosis
175:New River
161:history.
110:silicosis
51:1930–1935
1662:Journals
1651:Category
1577:Overwork
1495:See also
1248:(Canada)
1239:National
1202:Agencies
1064:Tinnitus
934:Erethism
841:injuries
836:diseases
760:Archived
740:32572305
459:See also
159:American
56:Location
1680:Commons
1260:(Spain)
1254:(Italy)
1081:hygiene
879:Burnout
731:7307331
679:3 April
674:theclio
654:3 April
532:June 5,
330:, near
1363:Hazard
1326:Safety
859:Asthma
738:
728:
579:
501:
237:U.S. 1
207:silica
203:quartz
193:Silica
165:Tunnel
116:Deaths
1502:Break
699:(PDF)
145:near
105:Cause
1313:(US)
1277:(US)
1266:(UK)
1204:and
839:and
736:PMID
681:2021
656:2021
610:2008
577:ISBN
534:2020
499:ISBN
334:and
285:and
133:The
48:Date
771:by
726:PMC
281:by
245:'s
157:in
1698::
734:.
722:36
720:.
716:.
672:.
542:^
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205:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
