1233:, 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993), that refusing to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples was discriminatory under that state's constitution. However, the court did not immediately order the state to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples; rather, it remanded the case to the trial court and ordered the state to justify its position. After the trial court judge rejected the state's justifications for limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples in 1996 (but stayed his ruling to allow the state to appeal to the Supreme Court again), the Hawaii State Legislature passed a proposed constitutional amendment during the 1997 session that would overrule the Supreme Court's 1993 ruling and allow the Legislature to ban same-sex marriage. This constitutional amendment appeared on the 1998 general election ballot as Constitutional Amendment 2.
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95:
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Amendment 2 differed from amendments that followed in other states in that it did not write a ban on same-sex marriage into the state's constitution; rather, it allowed the state legislature to enact such a ban. On
November 3, 1998, Hawaii voters approved the amendment by a vote of 69.2–28.6%, and
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stated in a formal legal opinion that
Amendment 2 does not prevent the state legislature from legalizing same-sex marriage, which it did in November 2013 with the
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Shall the
Constitution of the state of Hawaii be amended to specify that the Legislature shall have the power to reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples?
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On
November 5, 2024, Hawaii will hold a referendum to remove the amendment from the state constitution.
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1846:"Hawaii Remove Legislature Authority to Limit Marriage to Opposite-Sex Couples Amendment (2024)"
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ban, granted
Legislature authority to ban same-sex marriage. Reversed in 2013 by the
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Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry
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The legislature shall have the power to reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples.
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General/OHA - STATE OF HAWAII - Statewide
November 03, 1998 ** Summary Report **
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253:. Amendment 2 was the first constitutional amendment adopted in the
1410:
the state legislature exercised its power to ban same-sex marriage.
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250:
1424:
Article I, section 23, The
Constitution of the State of Hawaii
1926:
Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States
2839:
U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions
1942:
U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions
1645:"Same-sex marriage issue has endured a long fight in Hawaii"
1552:
1399:
The question that appeared on the ballot for voters was:
2527:
2002:
Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States
1913:
2854:
Same-sex marriage ballot measures in the United States
245:, granting the state legislature the power to prevent
2007:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States
257:that specifically targeted same-sex partnerships.
2015:
1990:History of same-sex marriage in the United States
2830:
1575:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1555:"1998 General Election Statewide Summary Report"
1553:Hawaii Office of Elections (November 4, 1998).
1337:Reciprocal beneficiary relationships in Hawaii
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1899:
1380:
1204:
1742:
1714:"Hawaii is latest civil unions battleground"
1557:. Archived from the original on June 2, 2006
1413:The language added by the amendment reads:
2520:
2506:
1958:Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado
1906:
1892:
1678:"Same-sex vote won't answer all questions"
1387:
1373:
1211:
1197:
1968:Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida
2746:(2009, legalizing legislation defeated)
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1963:Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas
1950:
1788:The Constitution of the State of Hawaii
616:U.S. House of Representatives elections
14:
2831:
1826:from the original on November 12, 2013
1711:
1642:
249:from being conducted or recognized in
2648:North Dakota Constitutional Measure 1
2501:
1887:
1782:Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau.
1643:Wilson, Christie (January 24, 2010).
1624:from the original on February 3, 2012
2588:Louisiana Constitutional Amendment 1
2528:U.S. same-sex unions ballot measures
1915:Same-sex unions in the United States
1707:
1705:
1675:
183:
2704:(2006, constitutional ban defeated)
2624:Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 3
2600:Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1
2582:Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2
1730:from the original on April 29, 2022
1690:from the original on August 7, 2010
24:
2594:Georgia Constitutional Amendment 1
1712:Niesse, Mark (February 23, 2009).
1446:
1248:
1235:
1009:House of Representatives elections
25:
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2547:Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2
1763:from the original on June 2, 2006
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18:Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2
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2479:
1468:
1353:
1329:LGBT rights in the United States
270:
176:
93:
71:
2642:Utah Constitutional Amendment 3
1759:. November 3, 1998. p. 4.
1676:Gima, Craig (October 7, 1998).
27:Referendum on same-sex marriage
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1814:"Haw. Atty. Gen. Op. No. 13-1"
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1:
2781:(2012, proposed ban defeated)
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2819:Hawaii Marriage Equality Act
1438:Hawaii Marriage Equality Act
1302:Hawaii Marriage Equality Act
1241:transgender rights in Hawaii
1239:Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
7:
2618:Oklahoma State Question 711
1879:Same-sex marriage in Hawaii
1867:
1784:"Article I: Bill of Rights"
1333:Same-sex marriage in Hawaii
10:
2885:
2761:North Carolina Amendment 1
2678:South Carolina Amendment 1
1757:Hawaii Office of Elections
1540:Registered voters/turnout
1281:Constitutional Amendment 2
1225:Hawaii State Supreme Court
239:Constitutional Amendment 2
33:Constitutional Amendment 2
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41:Hawaii Marriage Amendment
37:
2785:Washington Referendum 74
2738:California Proposition 8
2714:South Dakota Amendment C
2654:Oregon Ballot Measure 36
2576:Nevada Ballot Question 2
2376:Northern Mariana Islands
1074:House of Representatives
2732:Arizona Proposition 102
2702:Arizona Proposition 107
2612:Mississippi Amendment 1
2570:Nebraska Initiative 416
2541:Alaska Ballot Measure 2
1750:"General Election 1998"
1650:The Honolulu Advertiser
1512:Invalid or blank votes
1431:Hawaii Attorney General
858:Gubernatorial elections
2869:Hawaii ballot measures
2696:Wisconsin Referendum 1
2630:Michigan Proposal 04-2
2578:(2000 & 2002, ban)
1683:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
1427:
1407:
1341:LGBT history in Hawaii
1253:
389:Presidential primaries
291:Presidential elections
243:Constitution of Hawaii
2859:1998 Hawaii elections
2849:LGBT rights in Hawaii
2779:Minnesota Amendment 1
2708:Colorado Amendment 43
2690:Tennessee Amendment 1
2672:Alabama Amendment 774
2636:Montana Initiative 96
2409:domestic partnerships
1874:LGBT rights in Hawaii
1429:On October 14, 2013,
1415:
1401:
1252:
468:U.S. Senate elections
2864:1998 ballot measures
2844:1998 in LGBT history
2804:(2020, legalization)
2787:(2012, legalization)
2775:(2012, legalization)
2769:(2012, legalization)
2366:District of Columbia
1819:. October 14, 2013.
1794:on February 21, 2006
1657:on December 14, 2010
1065:Hawaiian Kingdom era
241:of 1998 amended the
2773:Maryland Question 6
2726:Florida Amendment 2
2684:Virginia Question 1
2666:Texas Proposition 2
2386:U.S. Virgin Islands
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264:Elections in Hawaii
34:
2660:Kansas Amendment 1
2606:Ohio State Issue 1
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282:Federal government
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2802:Nevada Question 2
2720:Idaho Amendment 2
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247:same-sex marriage
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16:(Redirected from
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2744:Maine Question 1
2549:(1998, see note)
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1790:. Archived from
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1724:Associated Press
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1653:. Archived from
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1612:"Baehr v. Miike"
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1360:LGBTQ portal
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1288:House Bill 444
1273:Baehr v. Miike
1265:Baehr v. Lewin
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1230:Baehr v. Lewin
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464:
463:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
392:
391:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
294:
293:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
267:
266:
234:
233:
229:
228:
223:
222:
217:
215: No vote
211:
204:
198:
192:
182:
181:
173:
172:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
147:
146:
141:
136:
130:
129:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
101:
90:
89:
84:
79:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
51:
50:
46:
45:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2881:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:Other regions
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2307:Navajo Nation
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:West Virginia
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:New Hampshire
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Massachusetts
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1223:In 1993, the
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
962:
959:
958:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
859:
856:
855:
850:
845:
844:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
763:
759:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
708:
705:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:
617:
614:
613:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
472:
469:
466:
465:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
400:
396:
395:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
277:
269:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
256:
255:United States
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
221:
218:
210:
209:
205:
202: 60–70%
196: 70–80%
191:
190:
186:
185:
179:
174:
165:
157:
154:
149:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
110:
109:
105:
102:
100:
92:
91:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
70:
69:
57:
56:
52:
47:
43:
42:
36:
30:
19:
2814:
2546:
2484:
2404:Civil unions
2244:South Dakota
2234:Rhode Island
2229:Pennsylvania
2209:North Dakota
2016:By territory
1853:. Retrieved
1849:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1787:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1756:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1717:
1692:. Retrieved
1681:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1617:Lambda Legal
1615:
1606:
1595:
1559:. Retrieved
1533:
1528:
1523:
1501:Valid votes
1483:
1478:
1473:
1442:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1277:(1996, 1999)
1271:
1264:
1237:
1228:
1222:
238:
237:
219:
207:
206:
188:
187:
143:
138:
133:
111:Blank votes
98:
86:
81:
76:
40:
39:
29:
2763:(2012, ban)
2740:(2008, ban)
2734:(2008, ban)
2728:(2008, ban)
2722:(2006, ban)
2710:(2006, ban)
2698:(2006, ban)
2692:(2006, ban)
2686:(2006, ban)
2680:(2006, ban)
2668:(2005, ban)
2656:(2004, ban)
2650:(2004, ban)
2644:(2004, ban)
2638:(2004, ban)
2632:(2004, ban)
2626:(2004, ban)
2620:(2004, ban)
2614:(2004, ban)
2608:(2004, ban)
2602:(2004, ban)
2596:(2004, ban)
2590:(2004, ban)
2584:(2004, ban)
2572:(2000, ban)
2566:(2000, ban)
2543:(1998, ban)
2381:Puerto Rico
2159:Mississippi
2074:Connecticut
1850:Ballotpedia
1719:Taiwan News
1524:Total votes
1368:This box:
1121:Amendment 2
134:Total votes
122:Over votes
2833:Categories
2458:Washington
2433:California
2274:Washington
2194:New Mexico
2189:New Jersey
2064:California
1587:References
438:Republican
399:Democratic
2463:Wisconsin
2284:Wisconsin
2249:Tennessee
2154:Minnesota
2129:Louisiana
1830:April 29,
1798:April 29,
1767:April 29,
1734:April 29,
1694:April 29,
1661:April 29,
1628:April 28,
1561:April 29,
1227:ruled in
2815:De facto
2486:Category
2426:By state
2269:Virginia
2219:Oklahoma
2199:New York
2174:Nebraska
2164:Missouri
2149:Michigan
2139:Maryland
2124:Kentucky
2104:Illinois
2079:Delaware
2069:Colorado
2059:Arkansas
1995:timeline
1982:Marriage
1951:By state
1868:See also
1821:Archived
1761:Archived
1728:Archived
1688:Archived
1622:Archived
1571:cite web
1551:Source:
1543:601,404
1504:403,211
1493:117,827
1422:—
1138:Honolulu
232:Source:
155:601,404
103:117,827
2335:Seventh
2289:Wyoming
2264:Vermont
2169:Montana
2109:Indiana
2089:Georgia
2084:Florida
2054:Arizona
2044:Alabama
1529:412,520
1479:285,384
1457:Choice
1159:2010 sp
582:2014 sp
537:1990 sp
208:No vote
158:67.19%
144:100.00%
139:412,520
106:28.56%
82:285,384
49:Results
2716:(2006)
2674:(2006)
2662:(2005)
2453:Oregon
2438:Hawaii
2325:Fourth
2224:Oregon
2179:Nevada
2119:Kansas
2094:Hawaii
2049:Alaska
1855:May 5,
1534:100.00
1515:9,309
1460:Votes
1305:(2013)
1298:(2011)
1291:(2009)
1284:(1998)
1268:(1993)
810:1st sp
788:1st sp
762:2nd sp
760:2003 (
754:2nd sp
717:2nd sp
700:1st sp
251:Hawaii
220:
213:
200:
194:
128:0.22%
117:2.04%
114:8,422
87:69.18%
63:Votes
59:Choice
2795:2020s
2754:2010s
2557:2000s
2534:1990s
2443:Maine
2345:Tenth
2340:Ninth
2330:Sixth
2254:Texas
2134:Maine
2099:Idaho
2030:State
1824:(PDF)
1817:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1546:68.6
1507:97.8
1496:28.6
2448:Ohio
2371:Guam
2259:Utah
2214:Ohio
2114:Iowa
2035:laws
2020:laws
1857:2024
1832:2022
1800:2022
1769:2022
1736:2022
1696:2022
1663:2022
1630:2022
1577:link
1563:2022
1518:2.2
1484:69.2
1388:edit
1381:talk
1374:view
1179:2024
1174:2020
1169:2016
1164:2012
1154:2008
1113:1998
1088:1886
1083:1884
1048:2024
1043:2022
1038:2020
1033:2018
1028:2016
1023:2014
1018:2012
1000:2024
995:2022
990:2020
985:2018
980:2016
975:2014
970:2012
952:2026
947:2022
942:2018
937:2014
932:2010
927:2006
922:2002
917:1998
912:1994
907:1990
902:1986
897:1982
892:1978
887:1974
882:1970
877:1966
872:1962
867:1959
832:2024
827:2022
822:2020
817:2018
805:2016
800:2014
795:2012
783:2010
778:2008
773:2006
768:2004
749:2002
744:2000
739:1998
734:1996
729:1994
724:1992
712:1990
707:1988
695:1986
690:1984
685:1982
680:1980
675:1978
670:1976
665:1974
660:1972
655:1970
650:1968
645:1966
640:1964
635:1962
630:1960
625:1959
607:2028
602:2024
597:2022
592:2018
587:2016
577:2012
572:2010
567:2006
562:2004
557:2000
552:1998
547:1994
542:1992
532:1990
527:1988
522:1986
517:1982
512:1980
507:1976
502:1974
497:1970
492:1968
487:1964
482:1962
477:1959
459:2024
454:2016
449:2012
444:2008
430:2024
425:2020
420:2016
415:2008
410:2004
405:2000
380:2024
375:2020
370:2016
365:2012
360:2008
355:2004
350:2000
345:1996
340:1992
335:1988
330:1984
325:1980
320:1976
315:1972
310:1968
305:1964
300:1960
125:887
2406:and
1490:No
1474:Yes
189:Yes
77:Yes
2835::
2813::
1848:.
1786:.
1755:.
1726:.
1722:.
1716:.
1704:^
1686:.
1680:.
1647:.
1620:.
1614:.
1573:}}
1569:{{
1463:%
1440:.
99:No
66:%
2821:.
2521:e
2514:t
2507:v
2037:)
2033:(
2022:)
2018:(
1907:e
1900:t
1893:v
1859:.
1834:.
1802:.
1771:.
1738:.
1698:.
1665:.
1632:.
1579:)
1565:.
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
764:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
