Golden Temple - Knowledge

554: 3736:, Quote: "Ahmad Durrani was forced to return to India and declared a jihad, known as an Islamic holy war, against the Marathas. A multitude of tribes heralded the call of the holy war, which included the various Pashtun tribes, the Balochs, the Tajiks, and also the Muslim population residing in India. Led by Ahmad Durrani, the tribes joined the religious quest and returned to India (...) The domination and control of the empire began to loosen in 1762 when Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed Afghanistan to subdue the Sikhs, followers of an indigenous monotheistic religion of India found in the 16th century by Guru Nanak. (...) Ahmad Shah greatly desired to subdue the Sikhs, and his army attacked and gained control of the Sikh's holy city of Amritsar, where he brutally massacred thousands of Sikh followers. Not only did he viciously demolish the sacred temples and buildings, but he ordered these holy places to be covered with cow's blood as an insult and desecration of their religion (...)" 633: 592: 846: 1837: 1780: 1621: 2207: 1846: 1713: 1941:

well-known people to Christianity. Started in 1870s, the Singh Sabha movement's aims were to propagate the true Sikh religion, restore and reform Sikhism to bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had left Sikhism. There were three main groups with different viewpoints and approaches, of which the Tat Khalsa group had become dominant by the early 1880s. Before 1905, the Golden Temple had Brahmin priests, idols and images for at least a century, attracting pious Sikhs and Hindus. In 1890s, these idols and practices came under attack from reformist Sikhs. In 1905, with the campaign of the Tat Khalsa, these idols and images were removed from the Golden Temple. The Singh Sabha movement brought the Khalsa back to the fore of Gurdwara administration over the

1797: 1336:. The floor with the seated scripture is raised a few steps above the entrance causeway level. The upper floor in the sanctum is a gallery and connected by stairs. The ground floor is lined with white marble, as is the path surrounding the sanctum. The sanctum's exterior has gilded copper plates. The doors are gold leaf-covered copper sheets with nature motifs such as birds and flowers. The ceiling of the upper floor is gilded, embossed and decorated with jewels. The sanctum dome is semi-spherical with a pinnacle ornament. The sides are embellished with arched copings and small solid domes, the corners adorning cupolas, all of which are covered with gold leaf-covered gilded copper. There is a pavilion located on the second-floor called the 1069:, reported a death toll about twice of what authorities had admitted. According to the dispatch, about 780 militants and civilians and 400 troops had perished in fierce gun-battles. Chellaney reported that about "eight to ten" men suspected Sikh militants had been shot with their hands tied. In that dispatch, Chellaney interviewed a doctor who said he had been picked up by the army and forced to conduct postmortems despite the fact he had never done any postmortem examination before. In reaction to the dispatch, the Indian government charged Chellaney with violating Punjab press censorship, two counts of fanning sectarian hatred and trouble, and later with sedition, calling his report baseless and disputing his casualty figures. 1545: 3403: 3358: 4407:. Too many people, he wrote, were being persuaded by his teachings, and if the Guru would not become a Muslim the Panth had to be extinguished. Jahangir believed that Guru Arjan was a Hindu who pretended to be a saint and that he had been thinking of forcing Guru Arjan to convert to Islam or his false trade should be eliminated, for a long time. Mughal authorities seem to have been responsible for Arjan's death in custody in Lahore, and this may be accepted as an established fact. Whether the death was by execution, the result of torture, or drowning in the Ravi River remains unresolved. For Sikhs, Guru Arjan Dev is the first martyr Guru. 954: 2067: 1351: 714:(circumambulation marble path around the pool). The name, as stated by W. Owen Cole and other scholars, reflects the belief that visiting this temple is equivalent to 68 Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Indian subcontinent, or that a Tirath to the Golden Temple has the efficacy of all 68 Tiraths combined. The completion of the first version of the Golden Temple was a major milestone for Sikhism, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, because it provided a central pilgrimage place and a rallying point for the Sikh community, set within a hub of trade and activity. 7173: 124: 1299: 1554: 58: 180: 718: 152: 1308: 665: 1612: 3382: 1147: 9178: 3370: 1435:

jaratkari marble panels in this lower exterior section is classified as pietra dura and semi-precious stones, like lapis lazuli and onyx, were utilised. While the Mughals also decorated their edifices using jaratkari and pietra dura art, what sets apart the Sikh form of the art technique from the Mughal one is that the Sikh jaratkari art form also depicts human and animal figuratives with it, something that is not found in Mughal jaratkari art.

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Akal Takht is also known as Takht Sri Akal Bunga. The Sikh tradition has five Takhts, all of which are major pilgrimage sites in Sikhism. These are in Anandpur, Patna, Nanded, Talwandi Sabo and Amritsar. The Akal Takht in the Golden Temple complex is the primary seat and chief. It is also the headquarters of the main political party of the Indian state of Punjab, Shiromani Akali Dal (Supreme Akali Party). The Akal Takht issues edicts or writs (

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one's ego before entering the premises to meet the Guru. He also demanded that the gurdwara compound be open on all sides to emphasise that it was open to all. The sanctum inside the pool where his Guru seat was, had only one bridge to emphasise that the end goal was one, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair. In 1589, the gurdwara made with bricks was complete. Guru Arjan is believed by some later sources to have invited the Sufi saint

1776:. A new underground museum near the clock tower, but outside the temple courtyard also shows Sikh history. According to Louis E. Fenech, the display does not present the parallel traditions of Sikhism and is partly ahistorical such as a headless body continuing to fight, but a significant artwork and reflects the general trend in Sikhism of presenting their history to be one of persecution, martyrdoms and bravery in wars. 1403:, and ivory inlay artwork. The external portions of the upper story's walls of the temple have been affixed with beaten copper plates that feature raised designs depicting usually florals and abstracts but there are some depictions of human figures as well. An example of embossed metal designs depicting humans are two raised copper panels located on the front-side of the temple prior, the first which depicts 187: 159: 131: 1186:). Rather than copying the traditional method of Hindu temple construction by building the shrine on a high plinth, Guru Arjan rather decided to build the shrine lower than the surroundings so that devotees would have to walk downwards to reach it. The four entrances represented that the Sikh faith was equally open to all four of the traditional Indian caste classifications ( 1290:, located on the backside of the temple proper, where pilgrims and worshippers can take a sip of the water from the holy temple tank. The water used for the daily ritual cleaning of the temple premises is also sourced from this section. The water is mixed with milk to dilute the milk content, with the combined solution used to clean the temple's surfaces on a daily basis. 923:" started giving yearly grants towards it. The management and operation of Durbar Sahib – a term that refers to the entire Golden Temple complex of buildings, was taken over by Ranjit Singh. He appointed Sardar Desa Singh Majithia (1768–1832) to manage it and made land grants whose collected revenue was assigned to pay for the Temple's maintenance and operation. 2034:, after the States Reorganization Commission set up after independence was not effective in the north of the country during its work to delineate states on a linguistic basis. The Golden Temple complex was the main centre of operations of the movement, and important events during the movement that occurred at the gurdwara included the 1192:). No surviving account, depiction, or record is extant or known of the proto-type, pre-1764 Harmandir Sahib that was built by the Sikh gurus themselves. However, Kanwarjit Singh Kang believes the original, Guru-constructed structure was mostly comparable and similar to the present-day structure said to have been constructed in 1764. 1747:, located on the other side of the sanctum, across the pool. It is believed in the Sikh tradition that this tree was the location where a Sikh was cured of his leprosy after taking a dip in the pool, giving the tree the epithet of "suffering remover". There is a small Gurdwara underneath the tree. The 1699:

cathedral style with red bricks. The clock tower construction started in 1862 and was completed in 1874. The tower was demolished by the Sikh community about 70 years later. In its place, a new entrance was constructed with a design more harmonious with the Temple. This entrance on the north side has

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of different shapes and forms around the temple to watch the area, house soldiers and defend the temple. These served defensive purposes, provided accommodation for Sikh pilgrims and served as centres of learning in the 19th century. Most of the Bungas were demolished during the British colonial era.

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Most of the artwork lost over the years, throughout the various changes and renovations to the temple, were murals. Murals started being lost in the temple around the last years of the 19th century, when devotees were allowed to start donating inlaid marble panels to affix to the walls of the shrine.

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against the militants. The operation caused severe damage and destroyed the Akal Takht. Numerous soldiers, militants and civilians died in the crossfire, with official estimates of death of 492 civilians and 83 Indian army men. Within days of the Operation Bluestar, some 2,000 Sikh soldiers in India

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was a late-19th century movement within the Sikh community to rejuvenate and reform Sikhism at a time when Christian, Hindu and Muslim proselytizers were actively campaigning to convert Sikhs to their religion. The movement was triggered by the conversion of Ranjit Singh's son Duleep Singh and other

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The various artists and craftsmen who worked on creating the mural artwork and other accessory art of the temple are mostly unknown and it is nearly impossible to link any particular art piece with a specific name, aside from a very few. A traditional Sikh artist who had worked at the Golden Temple,

1474:. Gharwanjh is a "decorative device involving knotted grapples between animals". The gharwanjh designs of the Golden Temple features cobras, lions, and elephants holding one another or carrying floral vases which feature fruit and fairies as decoration. The decorative border of the dehin is known as 1198:

considered the Golden Temple as a specimen of one of the forms that the architecture of Hindu temples developed into in the 19th century. When a list of structures of interest was prepared and published by the colonial government of Punjab in 1875, it was claimed that the architectural design of the

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were used to attack the militants, who responded with anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army gained control of the temple complex. Casualty figures for the army were 83 dead and 249 injured. According to the official estimates, 1,592

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to take back the temple. The Golden Temple was viewed by the Mughal rulers and Afghan Sultans as the centre of Sikh faith and it remained the main target of persecution. After the original temple was destroyed by hostile forces, the shrine was reconstructed in 1764 (a date which H.H. Cole affirms in

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of the era had contributed or donated in some manner to assist with the architectural and artistic renovations of the shrine. Owing to the large number of people helping with the renovation work back then, it is difficult to account for when certain parts of the temple were constructed or decorated

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Various personalities helped decorate and embellish the ceiling of the first floor, with names of some contributors to the cause being Tara Singh Gheba, Partap Singh, Jodh Singh, and Ganda Singh Peshawari. Ganda Singh Peshawari sent his donation in the year 1823. For the decoration and gilding with

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text likely composed in 1741, and the earliest known document dealing with the lives of all the ten Gurus. Guru Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new gurdwara in 1604. Continuing the efforts of Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination.

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The only mural depicting human figures within the temple proper is located on the wall behind the northern narrow staircase leading to the top of the shrine, and it is a depiction of Guru Gobind Singh on horseback alongside his retinue leaving the fort of Anandpur, ultimately a mural adaptation of

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The Temple was renovated in marble and copper in 1809, and in 1830 Ranjit Singh donated gold to overlay the sanctum with gold leaf. There is an inscription on embossed metal located at the entrance to the temple proper which commemorates the renovations of the temple undertaken by Ranjit Singh and

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in Amritsar in June 1984. The Golden Temple became a place for weapons training for the militants. Shabeg Singh's military expertise is credited with the creation of effective defences of the Gurdwara Complex that made the possibility of a commando operation on foot impossible. Supporters of this

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after the martyrdom of his father Guru Arjan, as a place to conduct ceremonial, spiritual and secular affairs, issuing binding writs on Sikh Gurdwaras far from his own location. A building was later constructed over the Takht founded by Guru Hargobind, and this came to be known as Akal Bunga. The

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ordered the army to launch Operation Blue Star, simultaneously attacking scores of Sikh temples across Punjab. A variety of army units and paramilitary forces surrounded the Golden Temple complex on 3 June 1984. The fighting started on 5 June with skirmishes and the battle went on for three days,

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can be described as a kind of stone or gypsum. Gach was transformed into a paste and used on the walls, similar in nature to lime-plaster. Once applied to the wall, it was decorated into shape with steel cutters and other tools. Sometimes the gach had coloured glass pieces placed on it, which is

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The art of the Golden Temple has rarely been analysed or studied in a serious manner. Within the Shish Mahal on the second-story of the building, there are mirror-work art designs which consist of small pieces of mirror which are inlaid into the walls and ceilings, highlighed with decorations of

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In 1581, Guru Arjan initiated the construction of the Gurdwara. During the construction the pool was kept empty and dry. It took 8 years to complete the first version of the Harmandir Sahib. Guru Arjan planned a gurdwara at a level lower than the city to emphasise humility and the need to efface

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The Golden Temple is an open house of worship for all people, from all walks of life and faiths. It has a square plan with four entrances, and a circumambulation path around the pool. The four entrances to the gurudwara symbolises the Sikh belief in equality and the Sikh view that all people are

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strengthened the opposition to colonial rule throughout India, particularly that from Sikhs. It triggered massive non-violent protests. The protests pressured the British colonial government to transfer the control over the management and treasury of the Golden Temple to an elected organisation

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The main entrance to the Gurdwara has many memorial plaques that commemorate past Sikh historical events, saints and martyrs, contributions of Ranjit Singh, as well as commemorative inscriptions of all the Sikh soldiers who died fighting in the two World Wars and the various Indo-Pakistan wars.

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wood, the front of the edifice is overlaid with silverwork, including ornamated silver panels. The back of the structure is decorated with panels consisting of floral and geometric designs but also animal figuratives, such as deer, tigers, lions, and birds. Portions of the inlaid ivory had been

1347:. The arches include verses from the Sikh scripture in gold letters. The frescoes follow the Indian tradition and include animal, bird and nature motifs rather than being purely geometrical. The stair walls have murals of Sikh Gurus such as the falcon carrying Guru Gobind Singh riding a horse. 1434:

was an art form and method which involved placing inlaid and cut stones of varying colours and types into marble. Surviving exemplars of jaratkari art from the temple can be found on the bottom-section of the exterior walls which are encased with marble panels featuring jaratkari artwork. The

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came into power, they were the only family allowed to do Katha since 1788 and were also he heads of the Giani Samparda, they had built all the Bungas around the Golden Temple and helped in construction work including overlaying the temple with Gold and Marble. One of the main Bungas that was

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While W. Wakefield had recorded that he observed murals depicting erotic scenes painted on the Golden Temple's walls in a work published in 1875, Kanwarjit Singh Kang finds this to be a spurious account which is likely false because there is no corroborative accounts to support this.

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for sentinels to watch for any military raid approaching the temple and the surrounding area, help rapidly gather a defence to protect the Golden Temple complex. According to Fenech and McLeod, during the 18th century, Sikh misl chiefs and rich communities built over 70 such

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and means pool). The pool is 5.1 metres deep and is surrounded by a 3.7 metre wide circumambulatory marble passage that is circled clockwise. The sanctum is connected to the platform by a causeway and the gateway into the causeway is called the Darshani Ḍeorhi (from

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wanted to demolish the building after the Second Anglo-Sikh war and once they had annexed the Sikh Empire. The Sikhs opposed the demolition, but this opposition was ignored. In its place, the clock tower was added. The clock tower was designed by John Gordon in a

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The Punjab violence reached a peak in June, 1984, when the army attacked the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest Sikh shrine, killing hundreds of Sikh militants who lived in the temple complex, and who the government said had turned it into an armory for Sikh

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north entrance has a Sikh history museum on the first floor, according to the Sikh tradition. The display shows various paintings, of gurus and martyrs, many narrating the persecution of Sikhs over their history, as well as historical items such as swords,

1462:. The mural artwork of the temple consists primarily of floral designs with scattered examples of animal designs and themes. There are over 300 different design patterns dispersed all over the walls of the edifice. These wall paintings were created by 801:

as the police commissioner who then occupied the Temple and converted it into his entertainment centre with dancing girls. He befouled the pool. Sikhs avenged the sacrilege of the Golden Temple by assassinating Masse Khan inside the Temple in August

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collected donations to rebuild the Golden Temple. A new main gateway (Darshan Deorhi), causeway and sanctum were completed in 1776, while the floor around the pool was completed in 1784. The Sikhs also completed a canal to bring in fresh water from

1815:, outside of the entrance. Food is served here to all visitors who want it, regardless of faith, gender or economic background. Vegetarian food is served and all people eat together as equals. Everyone sits on the floor in rows, which is called 1519:, surrounding it. These bungas were a great source and collection of murals and thus their artwork was lost when the vast majority of the bungas were demolished over the years under the guise of modernising the religious site and expanding its 652:

Guru Ram Das acquired the land for the site. Two versions of stories exist on how he acquired this land. In one, based on a Gazetteer record, the land was purchased with Sikh donations of 700 rupees from the people and owners of the village of

864:, paid homage at the Golden Temple and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold. The Sikh ruler donated the gilded copper panels for the roof, which was worth 500,000 rupees in the erstwhile currency. He entrusted 809:

working for Yahiya Khan, and seeking revenge for the death of his brother, filled the pool with sand. In 1749, Sikhs restored the pool when Muin ul-Mulk slackened Mughal operations against Sikhs and sought their help during his operations in

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is closed, carried on the head, placed into and then carried in a flower decorated, pillow-bed palki (palanquin), with chanting. Its bedroom is in the Akal Takht, on the first floor. Once it arrives there, the scripture is tucked into a

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and by whom (aside from instances where the work has a date inscribed to it) and a chronological record of how the temple evolved over time (in-regards to its murals, decorations, and other aspects) is near-impossible to complete.

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The walls that were covered by these marble panels usually were painted with murals and thus the murals were either hidden under the marble panels or destroyed. The Golden Temple used to have many traditional buildings, known as

1391:(inlaid stone design) artwork of the shrine, which features avian and other animalistic designs using semi-precious stones, was mostly inspired by the Mughal tradition. The temple premises is also decorated with embossed copper, 537:" is further appended to the shrine's name, the term often used within Sikh tradition to denote respect for places of religious significance. The Sikh tradition has several Gurdwaras named "Harmandir Sahib", such as those in 817:, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, attacked Amritsar and desecrated the Golden Temple. He had waste poured into the pool along with entrails of slaughtered cows, before departing for Afghanistan. The Sikhs restored it again. 583:

succeeded Guru Amar Das in 1574, and in the face of hostile opposition from the sons of Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das founded the town that came to be known as "Ramdaspur". He started by completing the pool with the help of

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it was laid by Guru Arjan himself. After the inauguration, the pool was filled with water. On 16 August 1604, Guru Arjan completed expanding and compiling the first version of the Sikh scripture and placed a copy of the

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But this strategy backfired in the spring of 1984, when a group of armed radicals led by Bhindranwale decided to provoke a confrontation with the government by occupying Akal Takhat building inside the Golden Temple

1273:). For those who wish to take a dip in the pool, the Temple provides a half hexagonal shelter and holy steps to Har ki Pauri. Bathing in the pool is believed by many Sikhs to have restorative powers, purifying one's 1247:

The sanctum is a 12.25 x 12.25 metre square with two storeys and a gold leaf dome. This sanctum has a marble platform that is a 19.7 x 19.7 metre square. It sits inside an almost square (154.5 x 148.5 m) pool called

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Jaimal Singh, Harnam Singh, Ishar Singh (not to be confused with Mahant Ishar Singh), Gian Singh, Lal Singh Tarn Taran, Mangal Singh, Mistri Narain Singh, Mistri Jit Singh, Atma Singh, Darja Mal, and Vir Singh.

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financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work. The town grew to become the city of Amritsar, and the area grew into the temple complex). The construction activity between 1574 and 1604 is described in

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architecture" that the Sikhs adopted for their own constructions, which he praises, however he also critiqued the temple for having "gaudy" elements commonly found in Indian gurdwaras, an example being the

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demolished hundreds of houses and created a corridor around the compound called "Galliara" (also spelled Galiara or Galyara) for security reasons. This was made into a public park and opened in June 1988.

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It is, however, possible that Mian Mir, who had close links to Guru Arjan, was invited and present at the time of the laying of the foundation stone, even if he did not lay the foundation stone himself.

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militant movement circulated maps showing parts of northwest India, north Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan as historic and future boundaries of the Khalsa Sikhs, with varying claims in different maps.

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Ranjit Singh also made the position of Temple officials hereditary. The Giani family was the only family allowed to do Katha in the Golden Temple, they served the Sikh community till 1921, when the

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in 1955 to convey Sikh sentiments to the central government. The complex was also the site of speeches, demonstrations, and mass arrests, and where leaders of the movement domiciled in huts during

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There are several rites performed everyday in the Golden Temple as per the historic Sikh tradition. These rites treat the scripture as a living person, a Guru out of respect. They include:

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in the complex date back to the 1830s. Most of the vast array of murals that once coated the walls of the complex were destroyed in subsequent renovation works conducted under the guise of

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who also did try to become the Head Granthi in the late 1800s, but was not allowed (his father Bhai Atma Singh, grandfather Bhai Mohar Singh and their ancestors were also Head Granthis).

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English translation of a Gurmukhi inscription on embossed metal located at the entrance way to the temple, translated in 'Punjab Art and Culture' (1988), page 59, by Kanwarjit Singh Kang

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militants were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties. According to the government claims, high civilian casualties were attributed to militants using

3875: 5612:, pp. 64–65 Quote: "The Golden Temple (...) By 1776, the present structure, a harmonious blending of Mughal and Rajput (Islamic and Hindu) architectural styles was complete." 4834: 1724:

The Golden Temple complex originally was open and had numerous trees around the pool. It is now a walled, two-storey courtyard with four entrances, that preserve three Ber trees (

1498:), and craftsmen he could recount that had also worked at some point in time at the Golden Temple, the names are as follows: Kishan Singh, Bishan Singh, Kapur Singh, Kehar Singh, 1227:

also classified the temple as being a synthesis of Islamic and Hindu architectural styles, but also observed that the structure has its own unique characteristics and inventions.

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to lay its foundation stone, signalling pluralism and that the Sikh tradition welcomed all. This belief is however unsubstantiated. According to Sikh traditional sources such as

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along with 29 other Sikhs lead a last stand against the much larger Afghan forces and were killed in the skirmish. Abdali then destroyed Shri Harmandir Sahib for the 3rd time.

9225: 901:"The Great Guru in His wisdom looked upon Maharaja Ranjit Singh as his chief servitor and Sikh and, in his benevolence, bestowed on him the privilege of serving the temple." 775:(1889), a slightly later date of 1776 is given for the construction of the temple tank (sarovar), the temple edifice proper, the causeway, and the entry gateway or archway ( 6803: 5441: 992:, had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in the Golden Temple Complex to evade arrest. The government claimed Bhindranwale later made the sacred temple complex an 6611: 1328:

is seated on the lower square floor for about 20 hours every day, and for 4 hours it is taken to its bedroom inside Akal Takht with elaborate ceremonies in a palki, for

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Granthi is a person, female or male, of the Sikh religion who is a ceremonial reader of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib, which is the Holy Book in Sikhism. Here is list of

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tree. Sikh devotees, states Charles Townsend, believe that bathing in the pool near this spot delivers the same fruits as a visit to 68 pilgrimage places in India.

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The Darshani Deorhi is a two-storey structure that houses the temple management offices and treasury. At the exit of the path leading away from the sanctum is the

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The military action in the temple complex was criticised by Sikhs worldwide, who interpreted it as an assault on the Sikh religion. Many Sikh soldiers in the army

478:, leading to the deaths of thousands of soldiers, militants and civilians, as well as causing significant damage to the gurdwara and the destruction of the nearby 8369: 5527: 1525:. When the Darshani Deori was covered with marble panels, many wall paintings that had been executed by Mahant Ishar Singh were covered up and lost due to them. 5272: 870:

Yar Muhammad Khan to carry-out the roofing work, who himself was supervised by Bhai Sand Singh. The first gilded copper panel was placed on the shrine in 1803.

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his monograph on the temple), however most of the elaborate decorations and additions were added to the shrine in the early 19th century. However, according to

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The latter name was attached to it after Maharaja Ranjit Singh gilded the upper two stories, and it became known as the Suvaran Mandir, or the Golden Temple

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In 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani returned and had the Golden Temple blown up with gunpowder. Sikhs returned and celebrated Diwali in its premises. In 1764, Baba

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The Clock Tower did not exist in the original version of the temple. In its location was a building, now called the "lost palace". The officials of the

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which is described as "a medium of expression of the imaginative study of the artist's own creation of idealized forms". The base of dehin is known as

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The Mughal rulers of Punjab were evidently concerned with the growth of the Panth, and in 1605 the Emperor Jahangir made an entry in his memoirs, the

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to all visitors without discrimination. Over 150,000 people visit the holy shrine everyday for worship. The gurdwara complex has been nominated as a

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artists, who had developed their own lingo to differentiate their various themes and designs. The most prominent design category was referred to as

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Inlaid ivory work can be witnessed on the doors of the Darshani Deori structure of the complex. The structure of the Darshani Deori was made out of

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watchtowers to protect the Golden temple, Right: An 1860s photo of the Golden Temple during the colonial British era with the under-construction

1121:(evening prayer) at the sanctum of the temple. He reportedly jumped over a railing and picked up the sword lying before the temple's copy of the 845: 416:

in the Golden Temple and was a prominent figure in its development. The gurdwara was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of

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what was originally a Kangra miniature painting. When H.H. Cole wrote about the murals of the Golden Temple, he witnessed many murals depicting

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between 1947 and 1966. In the early 1980s, the gurdwara became a centre of conflict between the Indian government and a radical movement led by

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mutinied and attempted to reach Amritsar to liberate the Golden Temple. Within six months, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards

9210: 6710: 4781: 1779: 6005: 1279:. Some carry bottles of the pool water home particularly for sick friends and relatives. The pool is maintained by volunteers who perform 6342: 4838: 3520: 4329: 1736:. It is believed in the Sikh tradition to be the tree where Baba Buddha sat to supervise the construction of the pool and first temple. 5393: 3943: 797:

In 1737, the Mughal governor ordered the capture of the custodian of the Golden Temple named Mani Singh and executed him. He appointed

70: 5142: 3853: 1620: 1458:, such as by being covered by marble slabs affixed to the walls. A prominent artist who painted many of the murals in the complex was 1244:. The Temple is described by Ian Kerr, and other scholars, as a mixture of the Indo-Islamic Mughal and the Hindu Rajput architecture. 8373: 2104:

had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the Golden Temple. They organised the armed militants present at the

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An 1880 photograph of the Golden Temple, sacred pool and the nearby buildings. The walled courtyard and entrances were added later.

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forces he inherited and those of his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur. In 1802, at age 22, he took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh

794:. But the Sikhs defied by gathering in the Golden Temple. In 1716, Banda Singh and numerous Sikhs were arrested and executed. 507: 7141: 7108: 7054: 7021: 6988: 6934: 6901: 6868: 6658: 6382: 5871: 5720: 3723: 579:, after he had asked his disciple Ram Das to find land to start a new town with a man-made pool as its central point. After 8778: 6680: 3909: 3803: 1050:, provided the first non-governmental news reports on the bloody operation in Amritsar. His first dispatch, front-paged by 6177: 9235: 9215: 7901: 7864: 3381: 1988: 1908:

sounding across the causeway. It is brought to the sanctum. Then after ritual singing of a series of Var Asa kirtans and

1845: 1687:

Sikh community's identity, their historic sacrifices and contribution to defending the Golden Temple over the centuries.

786:

In 1709, the governor of Lahore sent in his army to suppress and prevent the Sikhs from gathering for their festivals of

486:

welcome into their holy place. The complex is a collection of buildings around the sanctum and the pool. One of these is

4509: 4057: 1658:(buêgā) towers were built in the 18th century, a period of Afghan attacks and temple demolitions. It is named after the 7322: 6418: 6376: 6146: 5175: 5069: 4380: 4220: 4194: 3992: 3514: 3369: 3357: 1102:

renovations were undertaken at the shrine complex, including a complete draining and then cleaning of the temple tank (

1012: 518:

The Harmandir Sahib (Gurmukhi: ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ) is also spelled as Harimandar or Harimandir Sahib. It is also called the

123: 5523: 1478:, usually utilising creepers for its design. Furthermore, some dehin feature designs incorporating aquatic creatures. 571:

According to the Sikh historical records, the land that became Amritsar and houses the Harimandir Sahib was chosen by

7200: 6834: 6652: 5648: 5294: 5264: 4754: 4683: 4495: 2193: 2035: 4099: 3956:

Situated in the middle of an enormous tank connected to land via a long causeway, the shrine is known as Harimandir.

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ordered repairs to the Akal Takht Sahib. These repairs were removed and Sikhs rebuilt the Akal Takht Sahib in 1999.

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to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex. The Bhindranwale-led group under the military leadership of General

179: 9245: 8338: 8019: 7558: 3431: 2088:, the Babbar Khalsa, the AISSF and the National Council of Khalistan. In December 1983, the Sikh political party 2080:

The Golden Temple and Akal Takht were occupied by various militant groups in the early 1980s. These included the

2039: 965:. It was the codename of an Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant Sikh 595:

A Sikh Guru (perhaps Guru Arjan) seated in the Golden Temple at Amritsar in the late 16th or early 17th century,

382: 6600:

Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.

4966:

Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 332.

1904:

is taken out its bedroom, carried on the head, placed and carried in a flower-decorated palki with chanting and

1174:

The first structure of the Harmandir Sahib constructed under the purview of Guru Arjan combined the concepts of

1092:. Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of more than 3,000 Sikhs in Delhi alone, in the ensuing 9205: 9077: 9072: 2171: 2167: 2122: 1544: 1385:

floral designs. The celings, walls and arches of the structure are embellished by intricate mural artwork. The

1176: 1081: 499: 151: 31: 6820: 1743:, believed to the one under which Guru Arjan rested while the temple was being built. The third one is called 1215:

architecture." Major Henry Hardy Cole described the architecture of the edifice as being primarily drawn from

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and asked to convert to Islam. He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606. Guru Arjan's son and successor

1979:

and other policies implemented by the British colonial government. A large crowd had gathered, when Colonel

1654:(circumambulation) walkway around the tank, is named after a Sikh subgroup. The red sandstone minaret-style 8948: 7896: 7747: 7700: 4892: 3421: 1076:

their units; several Sikhs resigned from civil administrative office and returned awards received from the

1011:

The army had underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants, whose armament included Chinese-made

207: 1811:, a community-run free kitchen and dining hall. It is attached to the east side of the courtyard near the 8758: 7889: 1224: 1195: 5009: 2058:

script, are the result of the movement, which culminated in the setting of the current borders in 1966.

1945:(priests) class, who had taken over control of the main gurdwaras and other institutions vacated by the 8552: 8219: 7799: 6829:(3rd ed.). Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjab University, Patiala (published 2011). pp. 391–404. 4861: 2097: 2085: 966: 935:. The other family were the Kapurs, who were made as the Head Granthis, this included the ancestors of 503: 460: 17: 1445:

coloured red or green, an aspect of the artwork that was praised by H.H. Cole for its harmoniousness.

8844: 8824: 8773: 8632: 8457: 8365: 8272: 8169: 8164: 8057: 5219: 1992: 1962: 1858:

ritual to carry the scripture to a bedroom; Right: A Sikh pilgrim. Some Sikhs take a dip in the pool.

1134: 743: 6824: 832:

Shri Harmandir Sahib was attacked by the Afghan forces under Ahmed Shah Durrani on 1 December 1764.

494:. Additional buildings include a clock tower, the offices of the Gurdwara Committee, a Museum and a 8953: 8829: 8808: 8159: 7583: 7412: 6132: 3436: 2156: 1316:

Left: Causeway to the sanctum with people, behind the pool is Ath Sath Tirath; Right: Entrance view

874:

copper of the main entryway and archway to the causeway leading to the temple proper, known as the

451:

The Golden Temple is spiritually the most significant shrine in Sikhism. It became a centre of the

8753: 9142: 9119: 8717: 8229: 8204: 7839: 7642: 7467: 7442: 7349: 7327: 3416: 2160: 2093: 985: 978: 464: 8738: 6325:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

6238:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

8973: 8672: 8657: 8647: 8627: 8622: 8427: 8333: 8234: 8209: 7854: 7844: 7804: 7670: 1089: 882:. Due to the central and paramount importance of the shrine in Sikhism, essentially every Sikh 6787: 6442: 6352: 6323: 6266: 6236: 6102: 5826: 5665: 5165: 5059: 3504: 1199:

Golden Temple, in the form it was constructed as by Ranjit Singh, was based ultimately on the

9157: 9097: 9010: 8743: 8612: 8582: 8361: 8320: 7685: 7632: 7553: 7193: 6575: 6408: 6294: 5948: 5921: 5894: 5797: 5638: 4368: 4344: 4213:

State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab

4187:

State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab

4109: 4021: 3451: 2015: 2009: 1916:

of the day, it is read out loud, and then written out for the pilgrims to read over that day.

1670: 1167:

The Golden Temple's architecture reflects different architectural practices prevalent in the

821: 456: 390: 7578: 7568: 6644:

The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora"

6577:

The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements

5377: 4123: 3927: 9087: 9045: 9030: 8968: 8938: 8748: 8642: 8447: 8300: 8287: 8244: 8050: 8007: 7985: 7834: 7764: 7675: 7602: 7332: 5128: 3845: 3746: 3744: 3742: 2806: 1937: 1931: 1216: 1093: 560:

overseeing the construction of the original Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), painting from

452: 417: 7573: 5416:"Five years on, govt yet to announce closure of Galliara Project : The Tribune India" 953: 8: 9147: 9082: 9040: 9000: 8995: 8958: 8637: 8572: 8562: 7879: 7859: 7819: 7789: 7218: 5138: 5134: 2117: 2075: 2031: 1696: 1634: 1168: 1110: 962: 948: 936: 833: 475: 386: 7124:

Syan, Hardip S. (2014). "Sectarian Works". In Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.).

5098: 3739: 2066: 1350: 9173: 9152: 8983: 8908: 8712: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8577: 8452: 8432: 8357: 8328: 8267: 8199: 8144: 7874: 7732: 7722: 7712: 7690: 7680: 7657: 7622: 7525: 7317: 7312: 7222: 7172: 6774: 5498:"Nanhi Chhaan's Golden Temple 'galliara' upkeep contract ends : The Tribune India" 4723: 4254:. Amritsar: Dept. of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University Press. p. 174. 3880: 3446: 3441: 3426: 2081: 1967:

As per tradition, the Sikhs gathered in the Golden Temple to celebrate the festival of

1459: 1220: 1200: 1052: 1005: 969:

and his followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in

920: 814: 6216: 4418:

Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–121

4089: 4087: 9035: 8868: 8834: 8677: 8662: 8542: 8310: 8262: 8214: 8184: 8179: 7849: 7829: 7824: 7814: 7737: 7727: 7695: 7647: 7563: 7535: 7505: 7475: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7131: 7098: 7077: 7044: 7011: 6978: 6957: 6924: 6891: 6858: 6830: 6793: 6751: 6648: 6581: 6448: 6414: 6372: 6329: 6302: 6272: 6242: 6142: 6108: 6104:

The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions

6042: 5954: 5927: 5900: 5861: 5803: 5761: 5710: 5671: 5644: 5383: 5329: 5171: 5065: 4814: 4787: 4760: 4679: 4501: 4491: 4464: 4376: 4255: 4216: 4190: 4129: 4027: 3988: 3933: 3809: 3782: 3713: 3510: 2346: 1984: 1568:

In front of the sanctum and the causeway is the Akal Takht building. It is the chief

1416: 1324: 1160: 1122: 1077: 1042:'s South Asia correspondent, was the only foreign reporter who managed to stay on in 755: 637: 957:

Interior of Darbar Sahib with gold encrusted walls and featuring a golden chandelier

9181: 9107: 9067: 8900: 8839: 8607: 8567: 8557: 8547: 8462: 8437: 8391: 8343: 8305: 8277: 8257: 8252: 8194: 8189: 8154: 8149: 8136: 7923: 7884: 7794: 7784: 7779: 7742: 7707: 7617: 7592: 7382: 7273: 7186: 5975:"Golden Temple's hi-tech basement showcases Sikh history, ethos opens for pilgrims" 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4084: 3628: 2051: 2023: 1972: 1808: 1800: 1440: 1298: 1188: 1039: 1035: 857: 806: 768: 495: 353: 327: 57: 1486:

but these murals have since been seemingly lost to time and are no longer extant.

9111: 9050: 8803: 8763: 8707: 8617: 8537: 8295: 8224: 8174: 8097: 7809: 7774: 7769: 7717: 7637: 7339: 7307: 7299: 7166: 7125: 7092: 7071: 7038: 7005: 6972: 6951: 6918: 6885: 6852: 6745: 6642: 6461: 6366: 6063: 6036: 5855: 5755: 5704: 4808: 4458: 4428: 4426: 4424: 3913: 3906: 3776: 3707: 2335: 2232: 2105: 1647: 1630: 1601: 1494:

named Hari Singh, had prepared a list of all the names of the artists, painters (

1483: 1208: 1117:

In December 2021, a young man was allegedly beaten to death after disrupting the

1020: 916: 763: 4295: 1553: 9057: 8860: 8722: 8473: 8422: 8002: 7963: 7933: 7520: 7485: 7362: 7263: 6204: 6169: 5837: 5835: 5753: 5326:

Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics

4674:

Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (1988). "13. Art and Architecture of the Golden Temple".

1577: 1430:. The Shish Mahal features a lot of examples of tukri work. On the other hand, 751: 747: 739: 621: 538: 520: 425: 409: 4421: 1415:, on each side. The second embossed panel features an equestrian portrayal of 9194: 8990: 8768: 8499: 8417: 7992: 7665: 7612: 7407: 7397: 7248: 6079: 6077: 6075: 4404: 4053: 3966: 3964: 3408: 2770: 2113: 2047: 2043: 1980: 1953:

during the 18th century and had been most prominent during the 19th century.

1691: 1085: 1000: 981: 974: 798: 731: 717: 688: 645: 572: 467: 421: 394: 370: 229: 216: 100: 7402: 5832: 5203:

Hamlyn, Michael (12 June 1984). "Amritsar witness puts death toll at 1000".

4505: 4259: 1343:

The floral designs on the marble panels of the walls around the sanctum are

664: 8913: 8873: 8702: 8509: 8442: 8117: 8092: 8087: 7980: 7752: 7607: 7480: 7447: 7268: 7253: 6041:. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45, 57–61, 114–115, 157 with notes. 4364: 3656: 3654: 3500: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 2129: 2101: 1751:, or the spot equivalent to 68 pilgrimages, is in the shade underneath the 1700:

a clock, houses a museum on its upper floor, and it continues to be called

1408: 1232: 1118: 1065: 1029: 942: 932: 853: 654: 580: 429: 405: 6192: 6072: 5896:

Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia

5249:

Chellaney, Brahma (14 June 1984). "Sikhs in Amritsar 'tied up and shot'".

5061:

Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan

4229: 4166: 3961: 1585:) on matters related to Sikhism and the solidarity of the Sikh community. 1307: 730:

The growing influence and success of Guru Arjan drew the attention of the

8798: 8652: 8602: 8532: 8504: 8494: 8489: 8396: 8073: 8036: 8014: 7943: 7500: 7432: 7427: 7392: 4485: 4154: 4142: 4072: 2227: 2222: 2027: 1976: 1637: 1576:

means "throne of the Timeless (God)". The institution was established by

1387: 1182: 1080:. Five months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was 697: 616: 585: 471: 433: 401: 6778: 3651: 3468: 1146: 283: 47: 9137: 9129: 9062: 8963: 8943: 8923: 8883: 8667: 8401: 8107: 8102: 7958: 7627: 7597: 7510: 7495: 7417: 7387: 7367: 7258: 7243: 7238: 7230: 6949: 5950:

Sacred Objects in Secular Spaces: Exhibiting Asian Religions in Museums

5735: 3750: 3346: 1674: 1534: 1404: 879: 826: 693: 641: 607: 557: 487: 479: 413: 378: 254: 4783:

History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707–69)

2210:"A Priest of the Golden Temple," from a stereoscopic viewing set, 1908 911:

After learning of the Gurdwara through Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the 7th

482:. The gurdwara complex was rebuilt again after the 1984 attack on it. 9005: 8597: 8592: 8112: 7953: 7422: 5615: 5472:"Golden Temple: Galiara haven for drug addicts, cops claim 'no info'" 5379:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

4940: 2089: 1684: 1663: 1521: 1412: 1366:

facility, where volunteers serve a flour-based sweet offering called

1344: 1073: 1058: 989: 856:

founded the nucleus of the Sikh Empire at the age of 36 with help of

782:

The Golden Temple was the centre of historic events in Sikh history:

620:

He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular

445: 5684: 5167:

Winning Wars amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Conflict

4692: 3671: 3669: 3594: 2145: 1611: 710:, which means "shrine of 68 pilgrimages", is a raised canopy on the 9102: 8933: 8928: 8918: 8890: 7968: 7938: 7543: 6765:

Bal, Sarjit Singh (1985). "Punjab After Independence (1947–1956)".

5853: 2055: 2050:, along with the official status of the state's native language of 2030:. It was first presented as a policy position in April 1948 by the 1968: 1454: 1379: 1204: 1043: 970: 787: 735: 680: 366: 362: 90: 7372: 5702: 4980:"Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism" 2128:

In 1986, Indira Gandhi's son and the next Prime Minister of India

1885: 750:. For about a century after the Golden Temple was occupied by the 7490: 7452: 7209: 6970: 4093: 3666: 2215: 1950: 1025: 993: 734:. Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor 701: 491: 404:

on the site of the temple was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru,

374: 75: 6974:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

6131:

Barrier, N. Gerald; Singh, Nazer (2002) . Singh, Harbans (ed.).

5265:"India is set to drop prosecution of AP reporter in Punjab Case" 4810:

Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

3756: 1098: 661:

is stated to have donated the land to the wife of Guru Ram Das.

9092: 9025: 9020: 8467: 7948: 7928: 7515: 7457: 7437: 7377: 7357: 5442:"SGPC seeks control of Golden Temple galliara, heritage street" 4759:(3rd ed.). Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 131–132. 1946: 1881: 1725: 1506: 1500: 1283:(community service) by draining and desilting it periodically. 1241: 884: 866: 791: 759: 725: 684: 530: 441: 437: 8042: 1562:

Left: Akal Takht illuminated; Right: One of the entrance gates

999:

On 1 June 1984, after negotiations with the militants failed,

746:

and later left Amritsar and its surrounding areas in 1635 for

9015: 8878: 7997: 7973: 7003: 6953:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

6467: 6348: 6222: 6137:(4th ed.). Patiala, Punjab: Punjab University. pp. 5822: 5551:"Amritsar: Youth disrupts religious service in Golden Temple" 4312: 4001: 2019: 1905: 1449: 1275: 1236: 1171:, as various iterations of temple were rebuilt and restored. 1096:. A few months after the government operation of 1984, major 1047: 912: 878:, the prime personality who helped assist with this work was 658: 542: 534: 110: 6440: 5754:

Pashaura Singh; Norman Gerald Barrier; W. H. McLeod (2004).

2038:

by the government to quash the movement, and the subsequent

7913: 6850: 6413:(illustrated ed.). London: A&C Black. p. 83. 6210: 6038:

Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love"

5841: 5799:

A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas

5351:"Sikh Army deserters are paying the price for their action" 4936:"RAW chief consulted MI6 in build-up to Operation Bluestar" 4835:"Maharaja Ranjit Singh's contributions to Harimandir Sahib" 4432: 4172: 4160: 3970: 3660: 1666: 1659: 1212: 1016: 575:, the third Guru of the Sikh tradition. It was then called 526: 7178: 5774: 5581:"National Security Guard team at Amritsar twin blast site" 1880:

means "position"). At night, after a series of devotional

1528: 961:

The destruction of the temple complex occurred during the

8024: 7069: 6368:

Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab

6083: 5741: 5663: 4860:

Pandharipande, Reeti; Nadimpally, Lasya (5 August 2017).

4786:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 216. 4403:, concerning Guru Arjan's support for his rebellious son 4235: 7036: 6198: 5524:"Golden temple's galiara, a picture of complete neglect" 4490:. Vol. 3. Patiala: Punjabi University. p. 88. 4148: 4078: 3487: 2000:(SGPC). The SGPC continues to manage the Golden Temple. 1983:

ordered a detachment of ninety soldiers (drawn from the

1920: 1504:

Ishar Singh, Sardul Singh, Jawahar Singh, Mehtab Singh,

1211:

stated in 1882 that the shrine was a "handsome style of

943:

Destruction and reconstruction after Indian independence

6514: 6512: 5802:. Yale University Press. pp. 80–81 with Figure 8. 4859: 3846:"Nature and importance of Harmandir Sahib – Pilgrimage" 6268:

Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab

4893:"The Origins of the Giani Samprada: Giani Surat Singh" 4121: 2018:

was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by the

6711:"Know facts about Harmandir Sahib, The Golden Temple" 3751:

Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson & Paul Schellinger 2012

1046:

despite the media blackout. His dispatches, filed by

448:

in 1830. This has led to the name the Golden Temple.

9226:

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1604

6950:

Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2012).

6548: 6536: 6509: 6497: 6473: 6271:. University of California Press. pp. 211–212. 5703:

Fahlbusch, Erwin; Geoffrey William Bromiley (1999).

5170:(Illustrated ed.). Potomac Books. p. 100. 4827: 3509:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 146. 3398: 1971:

in 1919. After their visit, many walked over to the

1819:. The meal is served by volunteers as part of their 6743: 6524: 6485: 5690: 5621: 4698: 4438: 3675: 2070:

Aerial view of the Galliara park around the complex

2026:-speaking state, in the post-independence state of 1720:

tree inside the courtyard, next to Ath Sath Tirath.

1640:(which was later demolished) on extreme right-side. 6096: 6094: 6092: 5271:. Associated Press. 14 September 1985. p. 5. 4483: 1595: 1588:The Teja Singh Samundri Hall is the office of the 840: 498:– a free Sikh community-run kitchen that offers a 6747:The Golden Temple: history, art, and architecture 6328:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 320–327. 6260: 6258: 6241:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 382–383. 5946: 5632: 5630: 3774: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 1084:in an act of revenge by her two Sikh bodyguards, 1004:ending on 8 June. A clean-up operation codenamed 545:. Of these, the one in Amritsar is most revered. 9192: 6681:"What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star?" 6640: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6264: 6100: 6006:"Golden Temple's story comes alive at its plaza" 5886: 5791: 5789: 4918:"The Kapurs, including Bhai Jawahir Singh Kapur" 2340:Head Granthi: 1 Vaisakh 1755 (Bikrami), 1698 AD 1975:next to it to listen to speakers protesting the 977:. The decision to launch the attack rested with 6916: 6089: 6034: 5923:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) 5636: 5609: 4974: 4972: 3762: 3600: 2022:, demanding the creation of a Punjabi Suba, or 1854:Left: A palanquin being prepared for the daily 1322:The sanctum has two floors. The Sikh Scripture 1231:believed that the temple's architecture was a " 6612:"Wounds heal but another time bomb ticks away" 6573: 6255: 5854:Pashaura Singh; Norman Gerald Barrier (1999). 5627: 5096: 4327: 3778:Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers 3606: 3582:. Punjabi University Patiala. pp. 239–248 3340: 1900:which means "light". About dawn everyday, the 1732:entrance with the clock, and it is called the 1286:There is a section of the shrine known as the 27:Sikh religious site in Amritsar, Punjab, India 9231:Religious buildings and structures with domes 8058: 7194: 7130:. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–179. 6560: 6321: 6234: 6126: 6124: 5786: 5760:. Oxford University Press. pp. 201–215. 5295:"Indian Police Question Reporter on Amritsar" 4806: 4722:Bakshi, Artika Aurora; Dhillon, Ganeev Kaur. 4285: 4283: 4281: 4247: 4094:Christopher Shackle & Arvind Mandair 2013 1572:, a centre of authority in Sikhism. Its name 490:, the chief centre of religious authority of 7090: 6971:Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). 6883: 6785: 6634: 6292: 6130: 5919: 5893:Shikha Jain (2015). Yamini Narayanan (ed.). 5780: 5342: 5196: 4969: 4862:"A Brief History of The Nizams of Hyderabad" 4456: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4289: 4105: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4019: 4007: 3852:(GCSE Religious Studies Revision ed.). 3705: 3690: 3686: 3684: 2761:19 April 1983 Head Granthi: 26 January 1987 1956: 1683:The Ramgarhia Bunga remains a symbol of the 988:, the President of the Sikh political party 726:Mughal Empire era destruction and rebuilding 529:", which scholars translate as "God ", and " 412:, the fifth Sikh Guru, placed a copy of the 6603: 6402: 6400: 6228: 5892: 5242: 5217: 5010:"Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated" 4330:"Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan" 4210: 4184: 4051: 3932:. Cambridge University Press. p. 316. 3781:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96. 2922:Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti (Second Term) 2174:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1728:). One of them is to the right of the main 1354:Side view of the causeway leading from the 606:Ramdaspur town expanded during the time of 336: 307: 8065: 8051: 7201: 7187: 7171: 6767:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 6647:. Duke University Press. pp. 96–107. 6121: 6065:The Sikh Review, Volume 32, Issues 361–372 6003: 5795: 5323: 5099:"Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar" 5043:Wolpert, Stanley A., ed. (2009). "India". 4278: 3876:"Soon, Golden Temple to use phone jammers" 3701: 3699: 1128: 373:. It is the pre-eminent spiritual site of 56: 9221:Rebuilt buildings and structures in India 8374:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire 6468:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 6349:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 6223:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 5953:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 76–78. 5823:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 5696: 5670:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 100–101. 5248: 5057: 5002: 4756:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Volume II E-L 4721: 4450: 4354: 4313:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 4040: 3987:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269. 3681: 2194:Learn how and when to remove this message 7091:Henry Walker (2002). Kerry Brown (ed.). 7004:Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). 6887:Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism 6397: 2205: 2065: 2003: 1998:Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee 1949:in their fight for survival against the 1795: 1778: 1711: 1349: 1145: 952: 844: 716: 663: 631: 590: 552: 506:, and its application is pending on the 9251:World Heritage Tentative List for India 6857:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 6736: 6441:Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). 6406: 6211:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 6061: 5842:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 5042: 5016:. Times Wire Services. 21 August 1985. 4853: 4678:. Atma Ram & Sons. pp. 56–62. 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4433:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 4173:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 4161:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 3971:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 3709:The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition 3696: 3661:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 1925: 1912:, a random page is opened. This is the 1758: 1650:– the two high towers visible from the 1590:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 1529:Akal Takht and Teja Singh Samundri Hall 928:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 805:In 1746, another Lahore official Diwan 444:in 1809, and overlaid the sanctum with 420:and was destroyed several times by the 14: 9193: 6851:Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). 5348: 5301:. Associated Press. 24 November 1984. 5202: 4927: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4323: 4321: 3982: 3907:Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab 3801: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3499: 2061: 1791: 1008:was also initiated throughout Punjab. 893:done through Giani Sant Singh, of the 272:1589 (temple), 1604 (with Adi Granth) 8046: 7182: 6691:from the original on 11 November 2019 6609: 6580:. Sage Publications. pp. 85–95. 6180:from the original on 26 December 2019 5985:from the original on 23 December 2019 5561:from the original on 19 December 2021 5530:from the original on 26 February 2023 5504:from the original on 26 February 2023 5478:from the original on 26 February 2023 5452:from the original on 26 February 2023 5422:from the original on 26 February 2023 5375: 5317: 4933: 4779: 4752: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 3925: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 2308:Singh Sahiban of Sri Harmandir Sahib 1921:Influence on contemporary era Sikhism 352: 326: 186: 158: 130: 9211:Buildings and structures in Amritsar 7123: 6818: 6622:from the original on 11 October 2018 6554: 6542: 6518: 6503: 6479: 6447:. Infobase Publishing. p. 112. 6364: 6068:. Sikh Cultural Centre. p. 114. 5857:Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change 5548: 5163: 5020:from the original on 29 January 2016 4990:from the original on 3 November 2017 4948:from the original on 18 January 2014 4890: 4673: 4444: 4266:from the original on 4 February 2021 3946:from the original on 1 November 2022 3573: 2172:adding citations to reliable sources 2139: 455:between 1883 and the 1920s, and the 7144:from the original on 11 August 2023 7127:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 7007:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 6937:from the original on 11 August 2023 6871:from the original on 17 August 2023 6764: 6530: 6491: 5709:(Reprint ed.). Leiden: Brill. 5328:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 1276. 5305:from the original on 3 January 2011 5275:from the original on 2 January 2011 5130:White Paper on the Punjab Agitation 4524: 4318: 4251:The Golden Temple: Past and Present 3926:Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992). 3805:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 1826: 1783:Volunteers helping prepare the food 1673:. It was constructed as the temple 1015:with armour piercing capabilities. 636:Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to 24: 7070:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). 7040:Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed 6920:Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction 6721:from the original on 1 August 2018 6410:Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed 6407:Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). 5664:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2004). 5549:Rana, Yudhvir (19 December 2021). 5145:from the original on 30 March 2023 4934:Swami, Praveen (16 January 2014). 4704: 4477: 3856:from the original on 16 March 2022 3639:from the original on 10 March 2018 3538: 3017:Giani Jaswant Singh (Manji Sahib) 2135: 1013:rocket-propelled grenade launchers 25: 9262: 7158: 7111:from the original on 8 March 2024 7057:from the original on 8 March 2024 7037:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). 7024:from the original on 8 March 2024 6991:from the original on 8 March 2024 6904:from the original on 8 March 2024 6806:from the original on 8 March 2024 6661:from the original on 8 March 2024 6385:from the original on 8 March 2024 6016:from the original on 8 March 2024 5874:from the original on 8 March 2024 5723:from the original on 8 March 2024 5396:from the original on 8 March 2024 5357:from the original on 19 June 2018 5230:from the original on 9 March 2021 5184:from the original on 8 March 2024 5078:from the original on 8 March 2024 4872:from the original on 2 April 2019 4512:from the original on 8 March 2024 4389:from the original on 8 March 2024 4128:. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 6–8. 4060:from the original on 29 July 2017 3822:from the original on 8 April 2023 3726:from the original on 8 March 2024 3523:from the original on 8 April 2023 3345:Commemorative stamps released by 2116:ordered the Indian Army to begin 9177: 9176: 9168: 8979:Sikhs in the British Indian Army 6854:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 6703: 6673: 6594: 6434: 6358: 6315: 6286: 6162: 5706:The encyclopedia of Christianity 5591:from the original on 16 May 2023 5109:from the original on 5 July 2009 5097:Varinder Walia (20 March 2007). 4813:. Peter Owen. pp. 18, 177. 4734:from the original on 26 May 2023 4460:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3985:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3506:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3401: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3035:Giani Mohan Singh (Second Term) 2904:Giani Puran Singh (Second Term) 2144: 1844: 1835: 1619: 1610: 1552: 1543: 1306: 1297: 328:[ɦəɾᵊmən̪d̪əɾᵊsaːɦ(ɪ)bᵊ] 185: 178: 157: 150: 129: 122: 9241:Tourist attractions in Amritsar 9169: 8072: 8020:Contemporary Sant Mat movements 6890:. University of Chicago Press. 6301:. Scarecrow Press. p. 97. 6107:. Routledge. pp. 125–144. 6055: 6028: 6004:G. S. Paul (22 December 2016). 5997: 5967: 5940: 5913: 5847: 5747: 5657: 5603: 5573: 5542: 5516: 5490: 5464: 5434: 5408: 5369: 5287: 5257: 5220:"Golden Temple Sikhs Surrender" 5211: 5157: 5121: 5090: 5051: 5036: 4960: 4910: 4884: 4800: 4773: 4746: 4463:. Scarecrow. pp. 130–131. 4412: 4375:. Scarecrow Press. p. 20. 4241: 4204: 4178: 4122:Mahindara Siṅgha Joshī (1994). 4115: 4013: 3976: 3919: 3900: 3868: 3838: 3795: 3768: 3432:Delhi Amritsar Katra Expressway 3136:Head Granthi: 22 November 2022 3053:Giani Mohan Singh (Third Term) 3001:Head Granthi: 18 November 2012 2539:Head Granthi: 10 February 1963 1596:Ramgarhia Bunga and Clock Tower 1154: 880:Raja Sangat Singh of Jind State 841:Ranjit Singh era reconstruction 627: 513: 383:Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 9073:Sikhism and sexual orientation 6616:Gunfire Over the Golden Temple 6084:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh 2011 5742:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh 2011 5349:Sandhu, Kanwar (15 May 1990). 4236:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh 2011 3884:. 19 July 2012. Archived from 3808:. OUP Oxford. pp. 30–31. 3493: 2945:Head Granthi: 9 December 2000 2724:Head Granthi: 26 January 1986 2437:Giani Kartar Singh Kalaswalia 1807:Harmandir Sahib complex has a 1407:surrounded by his companions, 1219:with a significant input from 1141: 696:in the gurdwara. He appointed 657:. In another version, Emperor 32:Golden Temple (disambiguation) 13: 1: 6371:. Routledge. pp. 75–78. 6199:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013 5926:. Hemkunt Press. p. 64. 5899:. Routledge. pp. 76–77. 4891:Nama, Khalsa (8 March 2024). 4149:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013 4079:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013 4056:. Punjab University Patiala. 4026:. Hemkunt Press. p. 97. 3712:. Greenwood. pp. 69–71. 3488:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013 3457: 2868:Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti 2798:Pandit Giani Bakhshish Singh 2499:Head Granthi: 1 October 1940 2112:In June 1984, Prime Minister 1358:(right) to the sanctum (left) 1150:The Golden temple complex map 1028:trapped inside the temple as 721:The Golden Temple at twilight 669: 668:The Golden Temple, Amritsar, 644:and Golden Temple, Amritsar, 596: 561: 354:[d̪əɾᵊbaːɾᵊsaːɦ(ɪ)bᵊ] 9201:1604 establishments in India 6819:Doad, Karnail Singh (1997). 6744:Pardeep Singh Arshi (1989). 4487:The encyclopaedia of Sikhism 3929:Architecture of Mughal India 3462: 3422:Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway 3128:Giani Jagtar Singh Ludhiana 3038:Additional: 1 February 2004 2781:Giani Jaswant Singh Parwana 2718:Head Granthi: 16 April 1983 2046:. The borders of the modern 1707: 1109:Following the operation the 689:Sri Gur Suraj Parkash Granth 7: 7208: 7010:. Oxford University Press. 6923:. Oxford University Press. 6823:. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). 6610:Tully, Mark (3 June 2014). 5218:Eric Silver (7 June 1984). 5064:. Oxford University Press. 4484:Harbans Singh (1992–1998). 4215:. Sage Publications India. 4189:. Sage Publications India. 4023:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 3394: 3341:Commemorative Postal Stamps 3289:Head Granthi: 30 June 2023 3133:Additional: 20 August 2013 2742:Head Granthi: 29 July 1988 2084:led by Sikh fundamentalist 1137:on 7 May and on 9 May 2023. 10: 9267: 9236:Religious tourism in India 9216:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India 8433:British East India Company 6792:. Dunedin Academic Press. 5947:Bruce M. Sullivan (2015). 5324:Westerlund, David (1996). 4724:"The Mural Arts of Panjab" 4343:(1): 29–62. Archived from 4054:"Encyclopaedia of Sikhism" 3775:Jean Marie Lafont (2002). 3578:. In Harbans Singh (ed.). 3287:Additional: 10 March 2023 2850:Giani Jagtar Singh Jachak 2643:Head Granthi: 30 May 1988 2602:Head Granthi: 2 June 1974 2519:Head Granthi: 23 May 1955 2098:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 2086:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 2073: 2007: 1981:Reginald Edward Harry Dyer 1960: 1929: 1599: 1532: 1377: 1180:and the holy water tanks ( 1158: 967:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 946: 931:destroyed in 1988 was the 813:In 1757, the Afghan ruler 548: 504:UNESCO World Heritage Site 461:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 381:in Sikhism, alongside the 29: 9166: 9128: 8899: 8859: 8845:Treaty of Amritsar (1846) 8825:Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 8817: 8791: 8774:Johann Martin Honigberger 8731: 8633:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 8525: 8518: 8482: 8410: 8384: 8352: 8319: 8286: 8243: 8135: 8126: 8080: 8035: 7912: 7656: 7534: 7466: 7348: 7298: 7229: 7216: 6641:Brian Keith Axel (2001). 6265:Kenneth W. Jones (1976). 6101:Kristina Myrvold (2016). 5643:. Brill. pp. 14–15. 5382:. Routledge. p. 45. 4337:Journal of Punjab Studies 3802:Fenech, Louis E. (2014). 3323:Giani Parwinderpal Singh 2766:Head Granthi: 1 May 1988 1963:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1957:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1876:means "comfort or rest", 1484:Indic mythological scenes 1135:2023 Golden Temple blasts 615:, a semi-historical Sikh 533:", which means "house". " 281: 276: 268: 260: 250: 245: 206: 116: 106: 96: 86: 81: 69: 64: 55: 46: 41: 8835:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 8830:Tripartite Treaty (1838) 7073:Sikhism: An Introduction 6917:Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). 6826:Encyclopaedia of Sikhism 6225:, pp. 28–29, 73–76. 6035:Louis E. Fenech (2000). 5860:. Manohar. p. 264. 5691:Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 5637:Gene R. Thursby (1992). 5622:Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 5538:– via PressReader. 5058:Kiessling, Hein (2016). 4728:Nishaan Nagaara Magazine 4699:Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 3676:Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 3580:Encyclopaedia of Sikhism 3437:Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib 3175:Additional: 3 July 2023 2494:Mahant Giani Mool Singh 1739:A second tree is called 937:Bhai Jawahir Singh Kapur 508:tentative list of UNESCO 8840:Treaty of Lahore (1846) 8718:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana 7643:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 7094:Sikh Art and Literature 7043:. Bloomsbury Academic. 6821:"Punjabi Sūbā Movement" 6574:Jugdep S Chima (2008). 6174:Encyclopædia Britannica 6170:"Singh Sabha (Sikhism)" 5164:Kiss, Peter A. (2014). 5045:Encyclopædia Britannica 4753:Singh, Harbans (2011). 4328:Pashaura Singh (2005). 3633:Encyclopedia Britannica 3092:Giani Sukhjinder Singh 2261:Kartar Singh kalaswalia 2094:Harchand Singh Longowal 1129:Damage from 2023 events 986:Harchand Singh Longowal 754:. In the 18th century, 640:being recited near the 365:located in the city of 9246:17th-century gurdwaras 8673:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia 8658:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia 8648:Ranjodh Singh Majithia 8628:Sher Singh Attariwalla 8623:Sham Singh Attariwalla 8519:Officials and warriors 8428:Emirate of Afghanistan 8334:Battle of Chillianwala 7559:Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 7308:Beliefs and principles 6618:. The Times of India. 6322:Harjot Oberoi (1994). 6235:Harjot Oberoi (1994). 5376:Singh, Pritam (2008). 4807:Patwant Singh (2008). 4676:Punjab Art and Culture 4248:Madanjit Kaur (1983). 3603:, pp. 64–65, 150. 3417:Golden Temple, Vellore 3209:Giani Balwinder Singh 3191:Giani Gurminder Singh 2960:Giani Jaswinder Singh 2557:Giani Bhupinder Singh 2211: 2071: 1804: 1784: 1721: 1373: 1359: 1151: 958: 909: 850: 722: 675: 649: 603: 568: 324:Punjabi pronunciation: 208:Geographic coordinates 9206:Architecture in India 9011:Fariduddin Ganjshakar 8754:François Henri Mouton 8744:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 8583:Khushal Singh Jamadar 8370:Panchayati Revolution 8366:Hill States–Sikh Wars 8321:Second Anglo-Sikh War 7633:Qila Mubarak, Patiala 6884:W. H. McLeod (1990). 6789:Understanding Sikhism 6786:W. Owen Cole (2004). 6365:Deol, Harnik (2003). 6299:The A to Z of Sikhism 6293:W. H. McLeod (2009). 5920:H. S. Singha (2000). 5141:. 1984. p. 169. 4457:W. H. McLeod (2005). 4373:The A to Z of Sikhism 4020:H. S. Singha (2000). 3983:McLeod, W.H. (2014). 3706:M. L. Runion (2017). 3574:Kerr, Ian J. (2011). 3452:Takht Sri Patna Sahib 3170:Giani Amarjeet Singh 2659:Giani Niranjan Singh 2209: 2069: 2016:Punjabi Suba movement 2010:Punjabi Suba movement 2004:Punjabi Suba movement 1799: 1782: 1715: 1671:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 1353: 1149: 956: 899: 848: 822:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 773:Tawarikh Sri Amritsar 720: 667: 635: 613:Mahima Prakash Vartak 594: 556: 457:Punjabi Suba movement 432:, after founding the 391:Gurdwara Janam Asthan 230:31.62000°N 74.87639°E 166:Golden Temple (India) 8792:Influential families 8749:Claude Auguste Court 8739:Jean-François Allard 8653:Surat Singh Majithia 8643:Lehna Singh Majithia 8448:Hill States Alliance 8301:Battle of Ferozeshah 8288:First Anglo-Sikh War 8008:Akhand Kirtani Jatha 7986:Piara Singh Bhaniara 7865:United Arab Emirates 7603:Hazuri Bagh Baradari 7333:Cannabis and Sikhism 6737:General bibliography 6134:Singh Sabha Movement 5981:. 22 December 2016. 5610:Eleanor Nesbitt 2016 4897:The Khalsa Chronicle 4780:Gupta, Hari (2007). 4211:Rishi Singh (2015). 4185:Rishi Singh (2015). 3763:Eleanor Nesbitt 2016 3601:Eleanor Nesbitt 2016 3281:Giani Raghbir Singh 3245:Giani Rajdeep Singh 3152:Giani Raghbir Singh 2562:Head Granthi: 1952 2168:improve this section 1938:Singh Sabha movement 1932:Singh Sabha Movement 1926:Singh Sabha movement 1896:Opening rite called 1868:Closing rite called 1759:Sikh history museums 1094:1984 anti-Sikh riots 453:Singh Sabha Movement 408:, in 1577. In 1604, 288:/sri-harmandir-sahib 194:Golden Temple (Asia) 30:For other uses, see 9083:Idolatry in Sikhism 9001:Nanakshahi calendar 8996:Sikh Light Infantry 8638:Amar Singh Majithia 8573:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 8364:, Katoch–Sikh War, 6470:, pp. 433–434. 6213:, pp. 273–274. 5796:Ian Talbot (2016). 5757:Sikhism and History 5139:Government of India 5135:Shiromani Akali Dal 4986:. 5 November 2016. 4435:, pp. 146–147. 4315:, pp. 435–436. 3912:16 May 2022 at the 3263:Giani Baljit Singh 3227:Giani Sultan Singh 3110:Giani Ravail Singh 2978:Giani Jagtar Singh 2886:Giani Charan Singh 2833:Giani Pritam Singh 2677:Giani Jasbir Singh 2597:Giani Kirpal Singh 2514:Giani Achhar Singh 2477:Giani Thakur Singh 2462:Head Granthi: 1937 2442:Head Granthi: 1929 2405:Giani Harnam Singh 2309: 2118:Operation Blue Star 2076:Operation Blue Star 2062:Operation Blue Star 2040:Amritsar Convention 2032:Shiromani Akali Dal 1792:Guru Ram Das Langar 1169:Indian subcontinent 963:Operation Blue Star 949:Operation Blue Star 834:Baba Gurbaksh Singh 758:after creating the 476:Operation Blue Star 377:. It is one of the 302:(also known as the 226: / 138:Shown within Punjab 8984:11th Sikh Regiment 8799:Sandhawalia family 8713:Sultan Mahmud Khan 8698:Jarnail Ghaus Khan 8683:Sangat Singh Saini 8578:Dewan Mokham Chand 8453:Kingdom of Mankera 8329:Battle of Ramnagar 8273:Battle of Peshawar 8268:Battle of Nowshera 8145:Battle of Bhangani 7623:Nanak Shahi bricks 7526:Tav-Prasad Savaiye 7318:Sikh Rehat Maryada 7313:Guru Maneyo Granth 5624:, pp. 97–116. 5299:The New York Times 5269:The New York Times 4944:. Chennai, India. 4096:, pp. xv–xvi. 3888:on 26 January 2013 3881:The Times of India 3447:List of Gurudwaras 3442:Hazur Sahib Nanded 3427:Amritsar Ring Road 3305:Giani Kewal Singh 2939:Giani Puran Singh 2758:Giani Puran Singh 2737:Giani Mohan Singh 2713:Giani Sahib SIngh 2638:Giani Sohan Singh 2620:Giani Kapur Singh 2580:Giani Arjan Singh 2421:Giani Fateh Singh 2373:Bhai Gurdas Singh 2307: 2212: 2082:Dharam Yudh Morcha 2072: 1989:59th Scinde Rifles 1805: 1785: 1765:ghanta ghari deori 1722: 1460:Gian Singh Naqqash 1448:The oldest extant 1360: 1235:transformation of 1203:of the Sufi saint 1152: 1111:central government 1053:The New York Times 1006:Operation Woodrose 996:and headquarters. 959: 921:Mir Osman Ali Khan 851: 815:Ahmad Shah Durrani 744:Battle at Amritsar 723: 676: 650: 604: 569: 235:31.62000; 74.87639 141:Show map of Punjab 9188: 9187: 8869:Bandi Chhor Divas 8853: 8852: 8787: 8786: 8759:Alexander Gardner 8678:Kahan Singh Nakai 8663:Akali Phula Singh 8543:Diwan Bhawani Das 8380: 8379: 8311:Battle of Sobraon 8263:Battle of Shopian 7748:Jammu and Kashmir 7648:Well of Dina Nath 7476:Guru Granth Sahib 7289:Guru Granth Sahib 7284:Guru Gobind Singh 7279:Guru Tegh Bahadur 7137:978-0-19-969930-8 7104:978-1-134-63136-0 7083:978-0-85771-962-1 7050:978-1-4411-0231-7 7017:978-0-19-100411-7 6984:978-1-136-45101-0 6963:978-1-136-63979-1 6930:978-0-19-874557-0 6897:978-0-226-56085-4 6864:978-1-4422-3601-1 6799:978-1-906716-91-2 6757:978-81-85151-25-0 6587:978-81-321-0538-1 6454:978-1-4381-0647-2 6335:978-0-226-61593-6 6308:978-0-8108-6344-6 6278:978-0-520-02920-0 6248:978-0-226-61593-6 6201:, pp. 85–86. 6114:978-1-317-03640-1 6086:, pp. 81–82. 6048:978-0-19-564947-5 5960:978-1-4725-9083-1 5933:978-81-7010-301-1 5906:978-1-317-75542-5 5867:978-81-7304-236-2 5844:, pp. 74–75. 5809:978-0-300-19694-8 5781:W. Owen Cole 2004 5767:978-0-19-566708-0 5716:978-90-04-14596-2 5693:, pp. 68–73. 5677:978-1-4381-1779-9 5389:978-0-415-45666-1 5335:978-1-85065-241-0 4866:Outlook Traveller 4820:978-0-7206-1323-0 4793:978-81-215-0248-1 4766:978-81-7380-204-1 4701:, pp. 22–25. 4470:978-0-8108-5088-0 4401:Tuzuk-i-Jahāṅgīrī 4290:W. Owen Cole 2004 4238:, pp. 34–35. 4151:, pp. 42–43. 4135:978-81-7201-769-9 4106:W. H. McLeod 1990 4081:, pp. 38–40. 4052:G.S. Mansukhani. 4033:978-81-7010-301-1 4010:, pp. 95–98. 4008:Henry Walker 2002 3939:978-0-521-26728-1 3815:978-0-19-969930-8 3788:978-0-19-566111-8 3765:, pp. 64–65. 3753:, pp. 28–29. 3719:978-0-313-33798-7 3691:W. Owen Cole 2004 3629:"Harmandir-Sahib" 3490:, pp. 41–42. 3338: 3337: 3074:Giani Maan Singh 2984:22 November 2022 2907:21 November 1990 2889:29 November 1989 2853:29 November 1988 2722:24 December 1986 2695:Giani Mani SIngh 2683:27 February 1976 2626:3 September 1973 2623:10 February 1963 2534:Giani Chet Singh 2457:Giani Labh Singh 2357:Bhai Surat Singh 2347:Guru Gobind Singh 2204: 2203: 2196: 1985:9th Gorkha Rifles 1902:Guru Granth Sahib 1890:Guru Granth Sahib 1813:Dukh Bhanjani Ber 1753:Dukh Bhanjani Ber 1745:Dukh Bhanjani Ber 1730:ghanta ghar deori 1718:Dukh Bhanjani Ber 1702:ghanta ghar deori 1417:Guru Gobind Singh 1325:Guru Granth Sahib 1264:is short form of 1242:rococo-styled art 1161:Sikh architecture 1123:Guru Granth Sahib 1106:) by volunteers. 1078:Indian government 756:Guru Gobind Singh 638:Guru Granth Sahib 428:armies. Maharaja 296: 295: 169:Show map of India 16:(Redirected from 9258: 9180: 9179: 9172: 9171: 9108:Punjabi language 9068:Women in Sikhism 8608:Balbhadra Kunwar 8568:Hari Singh Nalwa 8558:Misr Diwan Chand 8548:Diwan Buta Singh 8523: 8522: 8463:Barakzai dynasty 8438:Kingdom of Nepal 8392:Sikh Khalsa Army 8344:Battle of Gujrat 8306:Battle of Aliwal 8278:Battle of Jamrud 8258:Battle of Multan 8253:Battle of Attock 8245:Afghan–Sikh wars 8137:Mughal-Sikh Wars 8133: 8132: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8044: 8043: 7924:Sects of Sikhism 7890:Northern Ireland 7618:Moti Bagh Palace 7593:Bahadurgarh Fort 7291:(Sikh holy book) 7274:Guru Har Krishan 7203: 7196: 7189: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7169: 7167:Official website 7153: 7151: 7149: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7087: 7076:. I. B. 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In July 1982, 907: 858:Sukerchakia Misl 769:Giani Gian Singh 674: 671: 601: 598: 566: 563: 436:, rebuilt it in 356: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 330: 325: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 292: 289: 287: 285: 241: 240: 238: 237: 236: 231: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 198: 197:Show map of Asia 189: 188: 182: 170: 161: 160: 154: 142: 133: 132: 126: 60: 39: 38: 21: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9162: 9124: 8895: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8813: 8804:Majithia family 8783: 8764:Paolo Avitabile 8727: 8708:Fakir Azizuddin 8618:Mehta Basti Ram 8538:Diwan Dina Nath 8514: 8478: 8458:Namgyal dynasty 8406: 8385:Military forces 8376: 8348: 8339:Siege of Multan 8315: 8296:Battle of Mudki 8282: 8239: 8128: 8122: 8098:Nau Nihal Singh 8076: 8071: 8031: 7916:and communities 7915: 7908: 7652: 7638:Ramgarhia Bunga 7549:Harmandir Sahib 7530: 7462: 7344: 7340:Diet in Sikhism 7294: 7225: 7212: 7207: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7156: 7147: 7145: 7138: 7114: 7112: 7105: 7084: 7060: 7058: 7051: 7027: 7025: 7018: 6994: 6992: 6985: 6964: 6940: 6938: 6931: 6907: 6905: 6898: 6874: 6872: 6865: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6809: 6807: 6800: 6758: 6739: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6687:. 6 June 2018. 6679: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6572: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6439: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6405: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6099: 6090: 6082: 6073: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5979:Hindustan Times 5973: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5868: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5833: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5446:Hindustan Times 5440: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5390: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5353:. India Today. 5347: 5343: 5336: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5216: 5212: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5178: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5041: 5037: 5023: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4672: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4498: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4392: 4390: 4383: 4369:"Arjan's Death" 4362: 4355: 4347: 4332: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4296: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4050: 4041: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3981: 3977: 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7160: 7159:External links 7157: 7155: 7154: 7136: 7121: 7103: 7088: 7082: 7067: 7049: 7034: 7016: 7001: 6983: 6968: 6962: 6947: 6929: 6914: 6896: 6881: 6863: 6848: 6835: 6816: 6798: 6783: 6762: 6756: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6702: 6672: 6653: 6633: 6602: 6593: 6586: 6559: 6557:, p. 404. 6547: 6545:, p. 398. 6535: 6533:, p. 426. 6523: 6521:, p. 397. 6508: 6506:, p. 392. 6496: 6494:, p. 419. 6484: 6482:, p. 391. 6472: 6460: 6453: 6433: 6420:978-1441102317 6419: 6396: 6378:978-1134635351 6377: 6357: 6341: 6334: 6314: 6307: 6295:"Idol Worship" 6285: 6277: 6254: 6247: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6161: 6148:978-8173803499 6147: 6120: 6113: 6088: 6071: 6054: 6047: 6027: 5996: 5966: 5959: 5939: 5932: 5912: 5905: 5885: 5866: 5846: 5831: 5815: 5808: 5785: 5773: 5766: 5746: 5734: 5715: 5695: 5683: 5676: 5656: 5649: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5587:. 9 May 2023. 5572: 5555:Times of India 5541: 5515: 5489: 5463: 5433: 5407: 5388: 5368: 5341: 5334: 5316: 5286: 5256: 5241: 5210: 5195: 5177:978-1612347004 5176: 5156: 5120: 5089: 5071:978-1849048637 5070: 5050: 5035: 5001: 4968: 4959: 4926: 4909: 4883: 4852: 4826: 4819: 4799: 4792: 4772: 4765: 4745: 4703: 4691: 4684: 4523: 4496: 4476: 4469: 4449: 4447:, p. 176. 4437: 4420: 4411: 4382:978-0810863446 4381: 4353: 4317: 4294: 4292:, pp. 6–9 4277: 4240: 4228: 4222:978-9351505044 4221: 4203: 4196:978-9351505044 4195: 4177: 4175:, p. 205. 4165: 4153: 4141: 4134: 4125:Guru Arjan Dev 4114: 4098: 4083: 4071: 4039: 4032: 4012: 4000: 3994:978-1442236011 3993: 3975: 3973:, p. 146. 3960: 3938: 3918: 3899: 3867: 3837: 3814: 3794: 3787: 3767: 3755: 3738: 3718: 3695: 3680: 3665: 3650: 3605: 3593: 3537: 3516:978-1442236011 3515: 3492: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3396: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3283:(Second Term) 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3212:21 April 2014 3210: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194:21 April 2014 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3173:21 April 2014 3171: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155:21 April 2014 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981:15 March 2001 2979: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2963:15 March 2001 2961: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910:28 March 2000 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892:14 March 2001 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2874:30 April 1998 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821:29 April 1998 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665:16 March 1976 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2606:16 April 1983 2604: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291:Niranjan Singh 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2240:Chanchal Singh 2238: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2202: 2201: 2152: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2074:Main article: 2063: 2060: 2044:hunger strikes 2008:Main article: 2005: 2002: 1961:Main article: 1958: 1955: 1930:Main article: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1894: 1853: 1852: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1793: 1790: 1760: 1757: 1709: 1706: 1628: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1600:Main article: 1597: 1594: 1578:Guru Hargobind 1561: 1560: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533:Main article: 1530: 1527: 1378:Main article: 1375: 1372: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1304: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1271:Darshana Dvara 1260:means nectar, 1156: 1153: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1127: 979:Prime Minister 944: 941: 903: 895:Giani Samparda 876:Darshani Deori 842: 839: 838: 837: 830: 818: 811: 803: 795: 777:Darshani Deori 740:Guru Hargobind 727: 724: 629: 626: 622:Sukhmani Sahib 602:Guler painting 550: 547: 515: 512: 465:Prime Minister 359:Suvaran Mandir 294: 293: 279: 278: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 262: 261:Groundbreaking 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 243: 242: 210: 204: 203: 193: 184: 183: 177: 176: 175: 174: 165: 156: 155: 149: 148: 147: 146: 137: 128: 127: 121: 120: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 62: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9263: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9183: 9175: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9148:Kesgarh Sahib 9146: 9144: 9143:Damdama Sahib 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9118: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8991:Sikh Regiment 8989: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8810: 8809:Tiwana family 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8769:Josiah Harlan 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8613:Jawahar Singh 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8588:Zorawar Singh 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8500:Harkishangarh 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8418:Mughal Empire 8416: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8362:Sino-Sikh war 8359: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8230:Gurdas Nangal 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8205:Chappar Chiri 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8056: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8045: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7993:Agrahari Sikh 7991: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7914:Groups, sects 7911: 7903: 7902:U.S. Military 7900: 7899: 7898: 7897:United States 7895: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7613:Khanda museum 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7585: 7584:North America 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7413:Three Pillars 7411: 7409: 7408:Antam Sanskar 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7398:Amrit Sanchar 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7323:The 52 Hukams 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7249:Guru Amar Das 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7192: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7163: 7162: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7122: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7097:. Routledge. 7096: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7068: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7035: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7002: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6977:. Routledge. 6976: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6956:. Routledge. 6955: 6954: 6948: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6882: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6849: 6838: 6836:9788173803499 6832: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6654:0-8223-2615-9 6650: 6646: 6645: 6637: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6597: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6469: 6464: 6456: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6437: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6403: 6401: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6361: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6127: 6125: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6010:Tribune India 6007: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5943: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5916: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5792: 5790: 5783:, p. 10. 5782: 5777: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5750: 5744:, p. 80. 5743: 5738: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5679: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5660: 5652: 5650:90-04-09554-3 5646: 5642: 5641: 5633: 5631: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5252: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5103:Tribune India 5100: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5054: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4963: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4919: 4913: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4700: 4695: 4687: 4685:9788170430964 4681: 4677: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4497:0-8364-2883-8 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4405:Khusrau Mirza 4402: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4163:, p. 67. 4162: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3702: 3700: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3663:, p. 33. 3662: 3657: 3655: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 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2703: 2701:8 April 1983 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680:2 April 1974 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2662:2 April 1974 2661: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2647:25 July 1988 2646: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600:2 April 1958 2599: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566:October 1963 2565: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2325:Appointed by 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2252:Jawahar Singh 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2198: 2195: 2187: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2153:This section 2151: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2114:Indira Gandhi 2110: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2092:'s President 2091: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1847: 1838: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1716:The historic 1714: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1692:British India 1688: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1613: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1555: 1546: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1309: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229:Hermann Goetz 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1148: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:Satwant Singh 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1030:human shields 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1001:Indira Gandhi 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:Indira Gandhi 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 955: 950: 940: 938: 934: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 902: 898: 896: 890: 887: 886: 881: 877: 871: 869: 868: 863: 859: 855: 847: 835: 831: 829:for the pool. 828: 823: 819: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 793: 789: 785: 784: 783: 780: 778: 774: 770: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732:Mughal Empire 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 703: 700:as the first 699: 695: 690: 686: 682: 666: 662: 660: 656: 647: 646:Punjab, India 643: 639: 634: 625: 623: 618: 614: 609: 593: 589: 587: 582: 578: 577:Guru Da Chakk 574: 573:Guru Amar Das 559: 555: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 522: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468:Indira Gandhi 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 424:and invading 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400:The man-made 398: 396: 395:Nankana Sahib 392: 388: 384: 380: 379:holiest sites 376: 372: 371:Punjab, India 368: 364: 360: 355: 334: 329: 305: 301: 300:Golden Temple 291: 280: 275: 271: 267: 264:December 1581 263: 259: 256: 253: 249: 244: 239: 211: 209: 205: 181: 153: 125: 115: 112: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 80: 77: 74: 72: 68: 63: 59: 54: 45: 42:Golden Temple 40: 37: 33: 19: 9120:Sacred trees 8901:Other topics 8874:Hola Mohalla 8703:Ilahi Bakhsh 8563:Diwan Mulraj 8553:Pratap Singh 8510:Zorawar Fort 8165:2nd Anandpur 8160:1st Anandpur 8118:Duleep Singh 8093:Kharak Singh 8088:Ranjit Singh 7981:Mazhabi Sikh 7840:South Africa 7608:Kesgarh Qila 7554:Janam Asthan 7548: 7536:Architecture 7481:Dasam Granth 7448:Charhdi Kala 7328:Prohibitions 7269:Guru Har Rai 7254:Guru Ram Das 7146:. 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Retrieved 3505: 3501:McLeod, W.H. 3495: 3349:(by year) – 3344: 3288: 3282: 3174: 3135: 3132: 3131:7 July 2011 3080:9 June 2021 3057: 3056:Additional: 3020:31 May 2002 3000: 2940: 2925:22 May 1999 2871:13 May 1989 2765: 2741: 2740:August 1978 2723: 2717: 2698:2 June 1974 2642: 2601: 2561: 2543:31 May 1974 2538: 2518: 2498: 2461: 2441: 2303:Pritam Singh 2297:Kirpal Singh 2288:Kapoor Singh 2282:Achhru Singh 2273:Makhan Singh 2255:Harnam Singh 2213: 2190: 2184:January 2021 2181: 2166:Please help 2154: 2130:Rajiv Gandhi 2127: 2111: 2102:Shabeg Singh 2096:had invited 2079: 2013: 1966: 1942: 1935: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1855: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1786: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1701: 1689: 1679: 1662:warrior and 1655: 1651: 1645: 1587: 1582: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1409:Bhai Mardana 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1368:Karah prasad 1367: 1363: 1361: 1355: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1288:Har-Ki-Pauri 1287: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254:amritsarovar 1253: 1249: 1246: 1221:Hindu styles 1194: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1166: 1164: 1155:Architecture 1119:Rehras Sahib 1116: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1082:assassinated 1071: 1066:The Guardian 1064: 1057: 1051: 1034: 1010: 998: 960: 933:Burj Gianian 925: 910: 900: 891: 883: 875: 872: 865: 861: 854:Ranjit Singh 852: 781: 776: 772: 729: 711: 707: 706: 677: 651: 628:Construction 612: 605: 581:Guru Ram Das 576: 570: 519: 517: 514:Nomenclature 484: 470:sent in the 450: 430:Ranjit Singh 406:Guru Ram Das 399: 358: 333:Darbār Sahib 332: 317:House of God 303: 299: 297: 246:Architecture 50:Darbar Sahib 36: 9158:Patna Sahib 9153:Hazur Sahib 8688:Hukma Singh 8603:Gulab Singh 8533:Dhian Singh 8505:Lahore Fort 8495:Multan Fort 8490:Jamrud Fort 8443:Qing Empire 8411:Adversaries 8397:Fauj-i-Khas 8074:Sikh Empire 8037:Sikh Empire 8015:Singh Sabha 7944:Nanakpanthi 7855:Switzerland 7845:South Korea 7805:New Zealand 7800:Netherlands 7671:Afghanistan 7501:Japji Sahib 7433:The Five Ks 7428:Vand Chhako 7393:Anand Karaj 6842:24 February 6810:2 September 6773:: 416–430. 6695:13 December 6685:India Today 6351:, pp. 6184:10 November 6020:23 December 5989:23 December 5727:13 February 5565:19 December 5534:26 February 5508:26 February 5482:26 February 5456:26 February 5426:26 February 4845:25 February 4270:2 September 4108:, pp. 3693:, p. 7 2784:4 May 1985 2764:2 May 1988 2716:1 May 1976 2319:Term Start 2300:Sahib Singh 2285:Arjan Singh 2279:Takur Singh 2258:Fateh Singh 2228:Bidhi Chand 2028:East Punjab 1977:Rowlatt Act 1675:watchtowers 1638:clock tower 1388:pietra dura 1338:Shish Mahal 1225:Percy Brown 1177:dharamsaals 1142:Description 1090:Beant Singh 807:Lakhpat Rai 698:Baba Buddha 673: 1840 617:hagiography 600: 1830 586:Baba Buddha 565: 1890 474:as part of 472:Indian Army 463:. 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