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312:. In 1934 he became the university's director of Institute of Public Affairs – an assignment in addition to his law duties. The institute brought prominent speakers to the university from government, business and academia to discuss topics of national and international interest. As the director, Dillard became acquainted with some of the leading figures of the day such as Senator
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determination. He believed that international law should be realistic, creative, axiologically oriented and also serve as an indicator of emerging norms. Judge
Dillard also stressed that the leaders of national governments – described by him as the "wielders of power" – must understand that effective international law is,
1429:. The arbitrators lived in Geneva for six months holding hearings and studying voluminous documents. A unanimous judgment was handed over to Queen Elizabeth II on 2 May 1977 awarding the three channel islands to Chile. The Argentine government, however, repudiated the court's verdict and the two countries moved to the
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depicted in writings during his years as a legal scholar. Dillard's international jurisprudence espoused an interlocking of law and diplomacy whereby law serves as an "ordering device" which helps in dispute settlement and at the same time leaves room for the parties to play a major role in the final
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for the resolution of disputes, the court appointed a committee of its judges to simplify its rules of procedure. Dillard served on the committee and became its chairman. The committee's major innovation was to give parties an option to submit a case to a "chamber" of five judges instead of to the
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On 27 October 1970, The U.N. General
Assembly and U.N. Security Council elected Dillard to a nine-year term on The International Court of Justice. During his tenure on the Court, Dillard adjudicated seven contentious and three advisory cases. According to his peers, Judge Dillard's ICJ decision's
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At the start of
Dillard's tenure the court's decision processes were extraordinarily protracted and cumbersome, involving numerous exchanges of individual memoranda, conferences, oral hearings, and repeated circulation of opinions, jointly and individually authored. In order to encourage states to
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to speak. A former president of the university's Alumni
Association protested in a letter to the Alumni News that Dillard went "beyond freedom of speech" when he offered a rostrum from which the general secretary of the
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and was also president of the law school student body. Due to his legal ability, the law faculty took the unusual step of asking him to stay after graduation to serve as an instructor. He taught primarily
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Judge
Dillard's multi method jurisprudence is reflected in an adage he often used and first noticed on a sign outside of a Unitarian Church in London during the Second World War –
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for two years before leaving to become an associate in the New York City law firm of Gregg & Church. After only a year with the law firm, he was awarded a fellowship by the
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could, "spread subversive doctrines." Dillard responded that where controversial topics are selected, "both sides should be fairly heard." A spokesman for
1803:
Kacowicz, Arie M. & Bar-Simon-Tov, Yaacov & Elgstrom, Ole &, Jerneck Magnus 2012, "Stable Peace Among
Nations", Rowman & Little, p. 207.
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War
Department Special Staff 1946, "History of the Civil Affairs Holding & Staging Area", Office of The Chief of Military History, U.S. Army, p.29.
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fading in to the background, fresh West Point graduates were encouraged to leave the service. Thus, like many of his classmates, Dillard resigned his
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Oliver, Covey T. 1983, "Professor - Judge Hardy Cross
Dillard & International Law", Virginia Journal of International Law, 23 (3), p. 381.
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Oliver, Covey T. 1983, "Professor - Judge Hardy Cross
Dillard & International Law", Virginia Journal of International Law 23 (3), p.381.
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McDougal, Myres S. & Laswell, Harold D. 1968,"Dedication to Dean
Dillard - Man of Depth & Style", Virginia Law Review,(54), p.585.
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213:(1941–1946). During World War II, Dillard served as deputy chief of staff for civil affairs (G5) in the China Command, Commander of the
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Gros, Andre 1983, "Hardy Cross Dillard: Judge of the International Court of Justice", Virginia Journal of International Law, 23, p.370.
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Staff report 1950, "Professor Hardy Dillard Notes Surprising Recovery in Germany's Western Zone", Virginia Law Weekly, 3 (2), p.1.
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Staff 1950, "Professor Hardy Dillard Notes Surprising Recovery in Germany's Western Zone", Virginia Law Weekly, 3 (2), P.4.
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between dogmatism on one hand and skepticism on the other, there is a middle way, which is our way - open minded certainty.
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Meador, Daniel J. 1995, "Hardy C. Dillard: Writings & Speeches", University of Virginia Law School Foundation, p.10.
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Margolick, David 1982, "Hardy Cross Dillard, 79, Dies; Ex-Judge on the World Court.", The New York Times, 14 May, p. 19.
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Meador, Daniel J. 1995, "Hardy C.Dillard: Writings & Speeches", University of Virginia Law School Foundation, p.19.
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Meador, Daniel J. 1995, "Hardy C.Dillard: Writings & Speeches", University of Virginia Law School Foundation, p.96.
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Meador, Daniel J 1995, "Hardy C. Dillard: Writings & Speeches," University of Virginia Law School Foundation, p. 4.
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Meador, Daniel J 1995, "Hardy C. Dillard: Writings & Speeches" University of Virginia Law School Foundation, p.19.
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Meador, Daniel J 1995, "Hardy C. Dillard: Writings & Speeches", University of Virginia Law School Foundation, p.8.
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Meador, Daniel J 1995, "Hardy C. Dillard: Writings & Speeches", University of Virginia Law School Foundation, p.2.
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Ziemke, Earl F. 1990, "U.S. Army in The Occupation of Germany 1944-46", Center of Military History, U.S. Army, p.64.
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Major General Maginis, John J. 1971, "Military Government Journal: Normandy to Berlin", University of MA Press, p.60.
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Schachter, Oscar 1982, "Hardy Cross Dillard (1902 - 1982), American Journal of International Law, 76, p. 589.
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Schachter, Oscar 1982, "Hardy Cross Dillard: 1902 -1982", American Journal of International Law, (76), p.596.
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Brechter, Michael & Wilenfeld, Jonatha 1997, "A Study of Crisis", University of Michigan Press, p. 517.
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Kolb, Charles E.M. 1978, "Jurisprudence of Judge HCD", Vanderbilt Journal of International Law,11, p. 650.
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Upon completion of the program, Dillard accepted an appointment as assistant professor of law at the
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islands dispute, Dean of the University of Virginia School of Law (1963–1968), legal adviser to the
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where he graduated in 1924. Upon graduation, Dillard was commissioned a second lieutenant in the
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Powell, Lewis F. Jr. 1983, "Judge Hardy Cross Dillard", Virginia Law Review, 69 (5), p.808.
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on the constitutional framework of U.S. foreign policy. Specifically, his talks analyzed
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full court of fifteen, thereby making possible a more expeditious procedure.
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and as commander of the European Civil Affairs Training Division of
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Hardy Cross Dillard was the son of Avarene Lippincot Budd and
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separate from the ICJ in order to mediate the long running
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U.N. Administrative Tribunal (appeal of judgment no. 158)
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two months after graduation. He subsequently entered the
249:. Hardy Cross Dillard was also cousin of civil engineer
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Presidents of the American Society of International Law
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American judges of United Nations courts and tribunals
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360:. Dillard, however, drew controversy by inviting
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209:(1946), and as a colonel in the U.S. Army during
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1531:look more often to the
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1463:Beagle Channel Dispute
1405:along with four other
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812:Fisheries Jurisdiction
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306:University of Virginia
162:University of Virginia
144:Valgerdur Nielsen Dent
266:U.S. Military Academy
260:Dillard attended the
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692:Declaration (joint)
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272:. However, with the
253:– originator of the
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207:National War College
195:court of arbitration
142:Janet Gray Schaufler
1415:territorial dispute
681:Declaration (joint)
342:Rexford Guy Tugwell
299:University of Paris
286:Virginia Law Review
243:James Hardy Dillard
229:in preparation for
223:Occupation of Japan
179:Hardy Cross Dillard
98:Hardy Cross Dillard
1403:Queen Elizabeth II
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330:Thurman Arnold
326:Owen Lattimore
318:Robert Jackson
314:Robert A. Taft
264:and later the
238:
235:
199:Beagle Channel
174:
173:
170:
169:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
129:(aged 79)
123:
119:
118:
97:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
79:Richard Baxter
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
47:
46:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
16:American judge
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:American zone
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1534:
1518:
1516:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:Court favored
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:Mohamed Fasla
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1235:5 August 1970
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1048:
1037:
1034:
1032:3 August 1971
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
995:
991:
988:
986:
984:
973:
971:
960:
958:
944:
933:
930:
927:
924:
920:
917:
915:
914:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
895:
893:
882:
878:
875:
873:
871:
860:
858:
847:
845:
831:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
808:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
789:
787:
776:
772:
769:
767:
765:
754:
752:
741:
739:
725:
714:
711:
709:14 April 1972
708:
705:
701:
698:
696:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
654:
652:
641:
637:
634:
632:
630:
619:
617:
606:
604:
590:
579:
576:
573:
571:Nuclear Tests
570:
568:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
545:
543:
540:
537:
535:
524:
520:
517:
515:
513:
502:
500:
489:
487:
473:
462:
459:
456:
454:Nuclear Tests
453:
449:
446:
444:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
419:ICJ category
418:
415:
412:
411:
403:
402:
398:
393:
392:jurisprudence
385:Jurisprudence
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:David Sarnoff
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Paul V McNutt
320:, Ambassador
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
151:
147:
141:
137:
133:
124:
120:
116:
112:
96:
92:
87:
83:
80:
77:
71:
68:
67:Philip Jessup
65:
59:
53:
48:
45:
42:Judge of the
40:
36:
32:
27:
23:Hardy Dillard
20:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1543:
1529:
1431:brink of war
1409:judges to a
1400:
1337:28 June 1972
1249:South Africa
911:Declaration
437:Disposition
400:
396:
388:
366:Earl Browder
303:
259:
240:
211:World War II
178:
177:
127:(1982-05-12)
125:May 12, 1982
74:Succeeded by
51:
1869:1982 deaths
1864:1902 births
1469:arbitration
1035:Contentious
931:Contentious
818:Contentious
712:Contentious
577:Contentious
499:New Zealand
460:Contentious
440:Appendment
425:Challenger
354:Quincy Howe
350:Max Eastman
251:Hardy Cross
111:New Orleans
62:Preceded by
1858:Categories
1596:References
1448:Challenger
1172:Mauritania
655:Dissenting
538:Dissenting
457:9 May 1973
428:Defendant
362:communists
334:Max Lerner
278:commission
104:1902-10-23
1558:Judiciary
1519:Majority
1494:Argentina
1451:Defendant
1423:Argentina
616:Australia
589:Australia
149:Education
139:Spouse(s)
115:Louisiana
56:1970–1979
52:In office
1584:See also
1550:Pentagon
1467:Binding
1457:Opinion
1417:between
1384:Archived
1375:Majority
1366:Archived
1340:Advisory
1328:Archived
1314:Archived
1305:Majority
1286:Archived
1238:Advisory
1226:Archived
1212:Archived
1203:Majority
1148:Advisory
1136:Archived
1122:Archived
1113:Majority
1109:Pakistan
1094:Archived
1087:Pakistan
1061:Pakistan
1023:Archived
1009:Majority
990:Archived
919:Archived
905:Archived
896:Majority
877:Archived
799:Archived
790:Majority
771:Archived
700:Archived
686:Archived
675:Archived
664:Archived
636:Archived
558:Archived
547:Archived
519:Archived
448:Archived
434:Opinion
422:Parties
373:and the
364:such as
270:Infantry
1578:Potsdam
1445:Parties
1301:Namibia
1261:Namibia
1184:Morocco
892:Germany
870:Iceland
857:Germany
844:Iceland
830:Germany
764:Iceland
738:Iceland
379:Germany
217:at the
1576:&
1512:
1491:
1479:
1349:
1298:
1270:
1258:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1106:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1044:
1005:Turkey
1002:
983:Turkey
980:
970:Greece
967:
957:Turkey
954:
943:Greece
940:
889:
867:
854:
841:
827:
783:
761:
748:
735:
721:
651:France
648:
629:France
626:
613:
603:France
600:
586:
534:France
531:
512:France
509:
496:
486:France
483:
469:
356:, and
183:jurist
134:, U.S.
117:, U.S.
1574:Yalta
1515:Chile
1482:Chile
1442:Class
1419:Chile
1160:Spain
1074:India
1047:India
1015:None
413:Case
227:SHAEF
193:to a
1570:NATO
1421:and
1050:vs.
946:vs.
833:vs.
727:vs.
592:vs.
475:vs.
122:Died
94:Born
1533:ICJ
1501:N/A
1498:N/A
1407:ICJ
1360:N/A
1357:N/A
1280:N/A
1277:N/A
1193:N/A
1190:N/A
166:LLB
1860::
1787:^
1730:^
1572:,
1433:.
1352:UN
1273:UN
724:UK
472:NZ
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
301:.
257:.
157:BS
113:,
168:)
164:(
159:)
155:(
106:)
102:(
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