1245:, on Caballo Island southeast of Corregidor. The reinforced 2nd Battalion, 151st Infantry, veterans of the final days of the Corregidor assault, reclaimed Fort Hughes, and later Company F and an engineer detachment of the 113th (both of the 38th Infantry Division) retook Fort Drum. The attack on Fort Hughes began on 27 March 1945. The landing force amphibiously assaulted the island, following a brief but intense air and naval bombardment. The Japanese had prepared positions around the batteries and were able to shelter in the tunnels. Initial assaults were unsuccessful; the terrain was such that tanks could not bring their guns to bear on the Japanese positions. On 31 March an attempt was made to burn out the defenders by pouring diesel fuel down the only vent shaft accessible to the Americans. However, this did not work, as the diesel fuel could not be delivered up the sides of the battery fast enough. The commander of the 113th Engineer Combat Battalion devised a solution using two diesel-filled
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fire support from Fort Drum's 14-inch (356 mm) guns was requested. Although smoke obscured the barges, Fort Drum was directed to fire "anywhere between you and
Cabcaben" (in Bataan), and over 100 rounds were fired on the invasion route. By 1000 the Japanese were firmly lodged on the island. With 600-800 Allied troops killed and over 1,000 wounded, no reserves were left. No one was available to evacuate the wounded, and most of those who attempted to walk to the Malinta Tunnel were either further wounded or killed. General Wainwright felt certain that further Japanese troops would land in the night and seize the Malinta Tunnel, where they might massacre the wounded and noncombatants. He decided to sacrifice one day of freedom to save several thousand lives. After giving orders to his forces to destroy their weapons to prevent their use by the enemy, he surrendered.
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though these tactics killed more
Japanese than Americans. The most spectacular of these was the detonation of a large amount of explosives in the Malinta Tunnel on the night of 21 February. Apparently the intention was to shock the Americans on and near Malinta Hill and allow the force in the tunnel to escape eastward to the island's tail. However, it appeared that the explosion was larger than intended, though perhaps several hundred Japanese out of an estimated 2,000 in the tunnel were able to join their main force on the tail. Two nights later more explosions shook Malinta Hill, probably the suicide of its remaining defenders. By this time the entire western part of the island was cleared and preparations made to clear the tail area. On 24 February the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry was relieved by the 2nd Battalion,
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577:, commander of the Seaward Defenses, ordered that the minefield remain active. Due to wartime conditions, no official investigation was ever conducted, leaving many questions open. The location at which the ship sank has not been determined, for example. Accounts state that US Army officers informally told Filipino reporters that the mines were placed in safe mode immediately after the sinking. The ship was crowded with 1,200 to 1,500 persons, mostly Filipino civilians evacuating to
1238:. At 1100 on 26 February the Japanese apparently decided to finish themselves and take some Americans with them, setting off an ammunition-filled bunker at Monkey Point. Perhaps 200 Japanese were killed outright, along with 50 Americans killed and 150 wounded. Within a few hours the only Japanese left alive were in caves along the island's waterline, who were mopped up in a few days. Corregidor was formally reclaimed with a flag-raising on 2 March, attended by General MacArthur.
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devised. The invasion was set for 16 February and was preceded by air and naval bombardment. The airborne assault was to take place on
Topside, the high ground in the west of the island. Only two small drop zones, the parade ground and the former golf course, were available. The overall plan was for the first airborne assault at 0830, the amphibious landing at 1030, and a second airborne lift at 1215. The airborne force was the
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forces attempted a counterattack, which ran into a fresh
Japanese attack that eventually threw the Allies further back. Over the next two days many Allied units disintegrated, and on 9 April the Allied forces in Bataan surrendered. About 2,000 stragglers made it to Corregidor, while about 78,000 became prisoners of the Japanese and were transferred to camps in northern Luzon on the
425:. Fort Hughes was just south of Corregidor, while Fort Frank was at the southern entrance to Manila Bay, close to the Cavite province shore. In addition to the 14-inch guns, Fort Hughes also had four 12-inch (305 mm) mortars, two 6-inch (152 mm) disappearing guns, and two 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Fort Frank also had eight 12-inch mortars and two 3-inch guns.
573:'s Inshore Patrol, which meant the minefield operators were not alerted that a friendly ship was departing the harbor. The minefield's usual state in wartime was active, which meant they would detonate on contact. This probably applied to the mines in the designated ship channel as well. When the ship was spotted, some accounts state that Colonel
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On the night of 4 May a submarine returning to
Australia from patrol evacuated 25 persons. Among the passengers were Colonel Constant Irwin, who carried a complete roster of all Army, Navy, and Marine personnel still alive; Col. Royal G. Jenks, a finance officer, with financial accounts; Col. Milton
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Corregidor had been bombed intermittently since 29 December 1941. Supplies on the island were short, with food and water severely rationed and the defenders correspondingly weakened. Japanese artillery bombardment of
Corregidor began immediately after the fall of Bataan on 9 April. It became intense
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in a subordinate command in the
Philippines, telling the key officers there that he (MacArthur) would control the military forces in the Philippines from Australia. However, he neglected to inform Washington of this arrangement, and Washington intended Wainwright to be in charge. It was not until 20
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The units in the south were in much better positions for both supplies and continued resistance than those at Bataan or
Corregidor were, and their commanders believed Wainwright's surrender orders were made under duress. It was not until 9 June that the Japanese accepted that all of the islands had
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deployed for beach defense reportedly causing them heavy casualties. At least three of the 155 mm guns were also still in action. However, by 0130 the
Japanese captured Battery Denver, turning back three Allied counterattacks by 0400. At dawn, around 0440, more invasion barges were spotted and
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were delivered to the
Philippines, without crews as they were to be locally manned. The 8-inch guns were sent north in December 1941 to engage the invading Japanese forces, but six of them were destroyed by air attack. One gun was eventually placed on a fixed mount as Battery RJ-43 on Corregidor in
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at this point in the war, which mainly succeeded in increasing their own casualties. There were attempts made to persuade the Japanese to surrender, but few did so. On at least three occasions the Japanese were able to detonate ammunition caches near American troops, usually followed by an attack,
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The airborne assault began on schedule at 0833 on 16 February 1945. It achieved surprise and Japanese resistance was light. However, a higher drop altitude and stronger winds than planned, combined with the small drop zones, resulted in a 25 percent injury rate. Many troops landed outside the drop
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was over, blunting Japan's naval strength with the loss of four large aircraft carriers and hundreds of skilled pilots. Both of these victories were costly to the US Navy as well, with two aircraft carriers lost, but the United States could replace their ships and train more pilots, and Japan, for
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shells for instantaneous detonation was time-consuming at only 25 shells per day. On 2 May a 240 mm shell penetrated one of Battery Geary's magazines; the resulting explosion put the entire battery out of action, blowing one mortar 150 yards (140 m) from the battery and embedding another
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fared better until near the end; their battery arrangement did not require electric power for ammunition hoists. However, Battery Way at least had been out of service for years; only three mortars were restored to service and these not until 28 April, and by 5 May two of these were out of action.
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each on an M1917 long-range carriage, with an elevation of 35° and 360° of traverse, with range increased from 18,400 yd (16,800 m) on a disappearing carriage to 29,300 yd (26,800 m). The disadvantage was that the guns were completely unprotected. This type of battery was also
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coordinated the ground forces, which included many soldiers and sailors from support units untrained in ground combat, many of them escapees from Bataan. Several coast artillery and antiaircraft batteries were abandoned to free their crews as ground forces. Of 229 officers and 3,770 enlisted men
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and aircraft, and prepared for an offensive scheduled for 3 April. It started with a five-hour air and artillery bombardment that destroyed many of the Allied defensive positions and stunned the defenders; a three-day assault threw them back along much of the line. On 6 April the US and Filipino
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was reclaimed "without firing a shot". By early February 1945 much of the Manila area and part of Bataan had been secured. Corregidor was the biggest obstacle to reopening Manila Bay to shipping. A risky operation to recapture the island via near-simultaneous airborne and amphibious assault was
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on pedestal mounts. Three additional batteries of two 3-inch (76 mm) guns each followed within a few years; Battery Keyes in 1913 and Batteries Cushing and Hanna in 1919. As the only fort on a sizable island, Corregidor had most of the barracks along with administrative and headquarters
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mortar rounds. This was repeated twice more on 6 and 7 April, followed by two demolition charges. The next few days were occupied with probing infantry attacks and attempts to persuade the surviving Japanese to surrender. On 13 April the last defender was killed and the fort was reclaimed.
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The bombardment increased in intensity through 5 May, and the Japanese landed that night. Their initial landing was near the east end of the island, north of Kindley Field, the airstrip. This was somewhat east of their objective, which was between Infantry Point and Cavalry Point, due to a
936:. Reportedly the Corregidor gun fired only five proof rounds, then went unused for lack of a crew until knocked off its mount by bombing or shelling. The history of the Bataan gun is unknown. Most or all of the 24 155 mm GPF guns were eventually deployed at Corregidor and/or Bataan.
881:-3, under which the forces in the Philippines were expected to hold out at the mouth of Manila Bay for six months. By that time it was anticipated that a relief expedition from the US might arrive. General MacArthur had hoped to defend the Philippines more aggressively under the
877:(southeast of Manila) to Bataan; the field artillery units had few guns and these were a welcome addition. In the northern Philippines, this left only Bataan, Corregidor, and Forts Hughes, Frank, and Drum in Allied hands. This situation had been anticipated in the prewar
1264:(LSM) modified with a bridge to allow troops to run from the ship onto the fort's top deck. Company F of the 151st Infantry and a detachment of the 113th Engineer Combat Battalion took part. Over 3,000 US gallons (11,000 L) of fuel were pumped into the fort via a
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Fort Wint was completed in 1910, on Grande Island at the mouth of Subic Bay, at some distance from the other fort. It had the least armament; two 10-inch (254 mm) disappearing guns, two 6-inch (152 mm) disappearing guns, and four 3-inch (76 mm) guns.
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units primarily composed of Filipino enlisted men and US officers. In 1922-23 fifteen companies of Philippine Scouts were authorized, initially numbered the 257th through 289th companies of Coast Artillery. In 1924, as part of a forcewide conversion of the
1272:. The initial explosion was weak, but ten minutes later burning fuel apparently ignited an ammunition magazine, and the fort blew up. Secondary explosions and heat from the fires prevented entry into the fort until 18 April. 69 dead Japanese were counted.
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prohibited additional fortifications in the Pacific, thus the Philippine forts received no further weapons until after 1936, when Japan withdrew from the treaty, rendering it void. Ironically, had these batteries been modernized, they would have been
283:. The islands there had been declared military reservations on 11 April 1902. Accordingly, El Fraile, Carabao, Corregidor, Grande, and Caballo Islands in the Philippines were to be fortified and incorporated into the harbor defenses of Manila and
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The conquest of the Philippines by Japan is often considered the worst military defeat in United States history. About 23,000 American military personnel were killed or captured, while Filipino soldiers killed or captured totaled around 100,000.
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over the next few weeks as more guns were brought up, and one day's shelling was said to equal all the bombing raids combined in damage inflicted. However, after an initial response from a 155 mm GPF battery, Lt. Gen. Wainwright prohibited
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A. Hill, the inspector general, 3 other Army and 6 Navy officers, and about 13 nurses. Included in the cargo sent from Corregidor were several bags of mail, the last to go out of the Philippines, and "many USAFFE and USFIP records and orders".
798:. The 515th Coast Artillery (AA) was formed in December 1941 using stored AA weapons and troops detached from the 200th, soon augmented by Philippine Army personnel. The regiment initially defended Manila. However, after Manila was declared an
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As well as the force in the Malinta Tunnel, the Japanese were dug in on various parts of the island, occupying numerous tunnels and small bunkers. Rock Force cleared the bunkers in the typical fashion of the war in the Pacific: air-delivered
331:) at the entrance to Subic Bay. The forts were designed for one purpose: to prevent enemy surface vessels from entering Manila Bay or Subic Bay. They were designed before airplanes became important in war, and (except for
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grenades among other weapons. The Japanese would sometimes reoccupy these positions at night. In some cases demolition charges were used to entomb the Japanese in their bunkers and tunnels. The Japanese occasionally made
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Corregidor was by far the largest fortified island in the Philippines, strategically located at the mouth of Manila Bay. Fort Mills was built there and was substantially complete by 1911. At that time the island had six
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for three days, fearing there were wounded POWs on Bataan who might be killed. Japanese aircraft flew 614 missions, dropping 1,701 bombs totaling some 365 tons of explosive. Joining the aerial bombardment were nine
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area as part of this, reportedly due to a mistake by the commander of the Northern Luzon Force. A part of this withdrawal was the shipment of six 155 mm (6.1 in) GPF guns from the quartermaster depot at
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duty, but this proposal was rejected. However, a few harbor defense batteries manned AA batteries in the campaign. Most of the AA batteries at the harbor forts were manned by the 60th Coast Artillery (AA). The
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Although the US and Filipino forces achieved success in defending Bataan through the end of February, they had taken 50 percent casualties and were worn out and poorly supplied. Also, the British fortress of
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mortar entirely inside another magazine. Among the harbor forts, only Fort Drum's turrets proved impregnable to attack; they remained in action until the surrender despite damage to other parts of the fort.
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Spare gun barrels were provided near some batteries on Corregidor, including Smith and Hearn, due to the inability to re-line used barrels except at specialized facilities in the continental United States
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on a ship bound for the Philippines to Hawaii, where they were placed on fixed mountings on Oahu. The total lack of mobile high-angle artillery was a major impediment to the defense of the Philippines.
1040:, and 32 other artillery pieces, which pounded Corregidor day and night. It was estimated that on 4 May alone, more than 16,000 shells hit Corregidor. Forts Frank and Drum had been bombarded from the
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The bombardment by high-angle artillery and aircraft gradually destroyed the utility of almost all of Corregidor's big guns, which had no overhead protection except for magazines and generators. The
963:, essentially preventing any reinforcement of the Philippines. Philippine President Manuel Quezon, with his family and senior officials, was evacuated to the southern Philippines by the submarine
860:'s second term was held just outside the tunnel on 30 December. The Japanese entered Manila on 2 January 1942. Five days later the US and Philippine forces completed a fighting withdrawal to the
889:'s battleships sunk or damaged at Pearl Harbor, and the Japanese advancing in several parts of Southeast Asia at a much greater rate than expected, no relief was organized. Although extensive
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on Carabao Island was assaulted on 16 April by the 1st Battalion of the 151st Infantry and Co. C of the 113th Engineer Combat Battalion. However, the Japanese had escaped to the mainland.
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cubes from the naval forces and a pump and flex hose from the air forces. On 5 April over 2,500 US gallons (9,500 L) of diesel fuel were pumped down the vent shaft and ignited using
885:, and was able to get some reinforcements in the months prior to the U.S. entering the war, but this fell apart with the rapid Japanese advance in December 1941. With almost all of the
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from 1935 to 1937, and had continued this function as a civilian since his retirement from the U.S. Army at the end of that period. In July 1941 the harbor defenses were commanded by
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547:. Both of these were operated from Corregidor. Also, in mid-1941 US Navy minefields of contact mines were laid between Mariveles Bay and La Monja Island, and between Corregidor and
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each were atop the fort. The 14-inch guns were the only M1909 14-inch guns deployed; they were specially designed for Fort Drum's turrets. Each side of the fort housed a pair of
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that included the Japanese commander, and killed him. The amphibious assault at 1030 on the south shore of Bottomside at San Jose was also successful, despite encountering
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Fort Drum on El Fraile Island, completed in 1914, was the second-most powerful fort in Manila Bay and the most unusual. The island was partway between Corregidor and the
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below it. The second paratroop lift dropped at 1240, with a much lower injury rate than the first lift. The combined forces on Corregidor became known as "Rock Force".
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One aspect of MacArthur's Rainbow Plan was the Inland Seas Project, intended to defend a shipping route to keep his forces supplied. Part of this was a buildup of
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The last new armament in HD Manila Bay until 1940 was significant but small in quantity: Batteries Smith and Hearn at Fort Mills, completed in 1921. These had one
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of the 1920s Batteries Smith and Hearn, the forts' guns had restricted arcs of fire of about 170°, and could only bear on targets entering the bay from the west.
814:. With the exception of those areas covered by the 60th, 200th, and 515th CA AA regiments, the Philippine islands were virtually defenseless against air attack.
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on 20 February. MacArthur was ordered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to relocate to Australia to prevent his capture and to direct further operations. He
649:, the Malinta Tunnel proved important to the survival of the Philippine government, the military high command, the medical staff, and numerous civilians.
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province shore south of that island. El Fraile was razed to the waterline and a "concrete battleship" structure built on it. Fort Drum was both the only
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During the American participation in World War I CD Manila Bay had an authorized strength of 21 companies. In 1919 the defenses' commander was Colonel
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Forts Hughes and Frank, both completed by 1914 (except Fort Hughes' mortars in 1919), were generally similar in that each had two one-gun batteries of
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Regiments (Philippine Scouts) were created from the existing companies. In 1935 the 59th CA was further reorganized as a harbor defense regiment.
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Some accounts indicate the ship sank near La Monja Island, but this would mean the ship somehow got through the Corregidor-Bataan Army minefield.
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by Japan in December 1941. Most US forts of this era had only small underground facilities, and this tunnel complex was the largest in the US
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March that the extent of Wainwright's authority and degree of independence from MacArthur was clarified by a message from General
983:, completing his journey by air. On 20 March he made a speech with the famous phrase "I shall return". He left Lieutenant General
2081:"The Largest Naval Battles in Military History: A Closer Look at the Largest and Most Influential Naval Battles in World History"
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12-inch (305 mm) gun on a disappearing carriage, generally similar to other 10-inch through 14-inch disappearing batteries.
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and shallow-draft surface craft. In Manila Bay, two controlled minefields were placed, one extending west from Corregidor to
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war scare with Japan. These were operated by the Marines until circa 1910, when Fort Wint on Grande Island was completed.
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attached to the regiment, only around 1,500 were US Marines. The Japanese landed on the night of 5 May about 2300, with
569:) hit a mine and sank near Corregidor Island. The ship departed Manila that night without obtaining permission from the
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Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950, Part II, Coast Artillery Regiments, OR and AUS,
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on 7 December 1941 that brought the US into the war. They advanced rapidly, with other landings elsewhere, notably at
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2069:"American Prisoners of War in the Philippines", Office of the Provost Marshal, November 19, 1945, accessed 4 May 2016
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arrived at Corregidor with 3,500 rounds of 3-inch anti-aircraft ammunition. Along with mail and important documents,
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Gaines, William C., Historical Sketches Coast Artillery Regiments 1917-1950, National Guard Army Regiments 197-265
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in December 1941. This was the 200th Coast Artillery (AA), which arrived in September 1941 and initially defended
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AA (New Mexico National Guard, Philippine Army) (organized December 1941 from the 200th CA AA and Philippine Army)
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zones in wooded or rocky areas, or on ruined buildings and gun batteries. One group of paratroopers landed on an
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were conducted by Filipinos with US support, US forces did not return to the Philippines in strength until the
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641:'s prohibition on new fortifications, most of the complex was built without appropriated funds, using Filipino
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was loaded with 20 tons of gold and silver previously removed from banks in the Philippines before departing.
335:) were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack, being protected only by camouflage. Except for the
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Battery Hall, Fort Saulsbury, Delaware at FortWiki.com, with the same weapons as Batteries Smith and Hearn
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complex was built on Corregidor from 1932 to 1934, with construction continuing until the Philippines was
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1204:. The surface of Malinta Hill was captured in half an hour, although numerous Japanese remained in the
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1171:, the largest naval battle of the war, but were repulsed with heavy losses. In December 1944 an empty
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that continued until the Japanese were mostly killed or captured in early 1945, following MacArthur's
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were the last major territories the Japanese invaded in World War II. As Corregidor surrendered, the
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at Fort Mills, on Corregidor. At this time there were 4,967 troops assigned to the Harbor Defenses.
498:, restricting them to a 180° field of fire, and would have been less useful against the Japanese on
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Japanese troops celebrate the capture of Corregidor and the Philippines at Battery Hearn, May 1942
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The Japanese in Bataan received substantial reinforcements and replacements in March, including
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peninsula, northwest of Corregidor, and prepared to defend it. All forces were withdrawn from
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buildings. The island also had 13 miles of electric railway, an unusual feature in US forts.
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810:. When US forces in Bataan surrendered on 9 April 1942, these units were forced to join the
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and the only fort with turrets in the post-1885 US fort systems. Two turrets housing two
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236:("Coast Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays" until 1925) (a.k.a. CD/HD Manila Bay) were a
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Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippines
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The remaining forts were reclaimed from late March through mid-April. The first was
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province shore since 6 February by a gradually increasing Japanese artillery force.
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forces, and a projected deployment of coast artillery weapons manned by them in the
414:. The turrets proved impregnable to both air attack and plunging fire from Japanese
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emplaced forty-four heavy guns for coast defense in a ten-week period, due to the
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Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941
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battalion included. The amphibious assault was by the reinforced 3rd Battalion,
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255:. The command primarily consisted of four forts on islands at the entrance to
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of 1905 recommended extensive, then-modern fortifications at the entrance to
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The United States acquired the Philippines as a territory as a result of the
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Fort Drum. Temporary wooden barracks on the fort's deck are visible near the
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856:. Amid the evacuations, a re-inauguration ceremony for Philippine President
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The major units under the harbor defense command in World War II included:
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available from circa 1915 (not usually deployed in peacetime) as well as
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Coast Artillery Battery assignments in the Philippines at Corregidor.org
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laid in 1941. These minefields were designed to stop all vessels except
502:. One result of the Washington Naval Treaty was the diversion of twelve
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system, the 59th CA was reorganized as a tractor drawn regiment and the
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12-inch (305 mm) M1895 gun of Battery Hearn, Fort Mills circa 2010.
2339:. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.:
2310:. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.:
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Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950,
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American Defenses of Corregidor and Manila Bay 1898-1945 (Fortress, 4)
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Table of Armaments & Coast Artillery Assignments at corregidor.org
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There was also a shortage of high explosive shells, and adapting the
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Discussion with quotes from several sources about the sinking of SS
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for unskilled tasks, and explosives slated for disposal. During the
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Regiment was transferred to the Philippines in 1921, including some
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surrendered. Some units never did surrender, and became nuclei for
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444:. From 1922 parts of the defenses were garrisoned by units of the
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12-inch (305 mm) mortars of Battery Way, Fort Mills in 2007.
1991:. The Corregidor Historical Society. Retrieved on 10 March 2018.
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personnel and seven Americans were on board, along with several
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on 26 December, the 200th and 515th screened the withdrawal to
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had recommended reassigning elements of the Harbor Defenses to
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1636:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 73–76.
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badly needed by the forces in the southern Philippines. Three
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2242:(Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. p. 222.
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Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps
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1268:(LCM), along with demolition charges totaling 600 pounds of
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was reclaimed in a similar manner on 13 April 1945, using a
848:
on 22 December. On 26 December 1941 Manila was declared an
323:(Carabao Island) at the entrance to Manila Bay, as well as
1856:
Account of the 8" railway guns in the Philippines, 1940-42
1429:
1427:
1118:
was in progress, turning back a Japanese attempt to seize
959:, and the Japanese had taken several major islands of the
299:. From circa 1905 to 1915 the following forts were built:
2440:
Military history of the United States during World War II
2359:
2058:"War in the Pacific: The First Year", accessed 4 May 2016
1269:
418:, remaining in action until the surrender on 6 May 1942.
1180:
of Lieutenant Colonel George M. Jones, with a parachute
2435:
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
1672:
Diary of CPT George Steiger, entry for 19 December 1941
1424:
558:
On the night of 16–17 December 1941 the passenger ship
539:, and the other extending north from Corregidor to the
1332:
739:
Other antiaircraft units in the Philippines included:
661:
was recalled to active duty and made the commander of
611:) picked up 282 survivors, of which seven later died.
1697:
Major General when recalled, promoted two days later.
1811:
1809:
1167:
attacked the invasion fleet on 23–26 October in the
786:headquarters, however only one was sent before the
2370:Forts in the Philippines at American Forts Network
1578:Forts in the Philippines at American Forts Network
1845:The Doomed Philippine Inland Seas Defense Project
1806:
1539:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 199.
1159:US forces returned to the Philippines in a major
1143:Map of the recapture of Corregidor, February 1945
339:batteries, the turrets of Fort Drum, and the two
2426:
2355:Fort Drum:Concrete Battleship of the Philippines
477:built at eight other harbor defense commands in
1445:The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle
778:had been intending to send three additional AA
685:, whose Philippine Coast Artillery Command was
2284:
1216:bombs where needed, followed by assaults with
1126:by sea. By the final surrender on 9 June, the
266:
2375:Surviving American seacoast artillery weapons
2341:United States Army Center of Military History
2312:United States Army Center of Military History
2240:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
2168:
2166:
192:Corregidor/Fort Mills with other forts inset.
2285:McGovern, Terrance; Berhow, Mark A. (2003).
2268:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
2114:, p. 2, at the Corregidor Historical Society
2026:
2024:
1534:
1342:, (New York City, NY: The Free Press, 1991).
675:official US advisor to the Philippine forces
2207:
2205:
2203:
2174:"List of Rock Force units at Rockforce.org"
1891:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1831:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1587:
1585:
1131:the most part, could not do so adequately.
2163:
1353:"4.7"/50 Mark 3 Armstrong at NavWeaps.com"
33:The harbor of Manila and surrounding areas
2021:
1983:
1981:
107:United States Army Forces in the Far East
2381:Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays
2200:
2112:Subic Bay and Fort Wint – Keys to Manila
1782:Subic Bay and Fort Wint — Keys to Manila
1582:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1379:"6"/50 Mark 5 Armstrong at NavWeaps.com"
1303:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
1138:
1134:
1011:
238:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
234:Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays
223:
211:
203:
195:
187:
69:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
22:Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays
1442:
932:March 1942; the other may have been at
380:10-inch (254 mm) disappearing guns
346:In an exercise in 1907 at Subic Bay, a
113:United States Forces in the Philippines
2427:
2377:at the Coast Defense Study Group (PDF)
2237:
1978:
1629:
1359:from the original on 30 September 2015
1325:
1323:
1178:503rd Parachute Regimental Combat Team
384:6-inch (152 mm) disappearing guns
2360:Corregidor Historical Society website
2265:
1397:
1298:Seacoast defense in the United States
1293:Military history of the United States
1007:
760:
735:2nd Coast Artillery (Philippine Army)
614:
2087:. Norwich University. Archived from
1535:Evans, David; Peattie, Mark (1997).
1034:240 mm (9.45 in) howitzers
416:240 mm (9.45 in) howitzers
2387:Maps of US forts in the Philippines
2270:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications.
1385:from the original on 8 October 2015
1320:
1288:Military history of the Philippines
1073:miscalculation of the current. The
1038:149 mm (5.9 in) howitzers
840:in southeast Luzon on 12 December,
817:
719:(Tractor Drawn) (Philippine Scouts)
657:On 26 July 1941 Lieutenant General
13:
2303:
1900:Naval History and Heritage Command
1329:McGovern and Berhow 2003, pp. 7-12
1163:beginning on 20 October 1944. The
929:155 mm (6.1 in) GPF guns
442:155 mm (6.1 in) GPF guns
14:
2481:
2348:
2329:
1447:. General Data LLC. p. 166.
939:
925:8-inch (203 mm) railway guns
287:, protecting the bases of the US
2389:at the Coast Defense Study Group
2383:at the Coast Defense Study Group
1834:. Naval Historical Center. 1970.
1468:Order of Names at Corregidor.org
1155:Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)
844:on Mindanao on 20 December, and
824:Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
663:U.S. Army Forces in the Far East
150:Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
51:
27:
2266:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
2223:
2214:
2191:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2103:
2073:
2062:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1849:
1838:
1818:
1797:
1788:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1740:
1729:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1676:
1665:
1650:
1623:
1614:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
975:on 12 March 1942, initially by
652:
474:12-inch (305 mm) M1895 gun
1461:
1436:
1415:
1371:
1345:
828:The Japanese invaded northern
251:from circa 1910 through early
1:
2314:. CMH Pub 5-2. Archived from
2238:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
1989:"Carabao Island's Fort Frank"
1751:, vol. 23, issue 3, pp. 74-75
1412:Berhow 2015, pp. 222, 233-240
1313:
1053:12-inch (305 mm) mortars
767:Major General Joseph A. Green
683:Major General George F. Moore
665:(USAFFE), which included the
523:Manila Bay and Subic Bay had
518:
376:12-inch (305 mm) mortars
259:and one fort on an island in
2330:Smith, Robert Ross (1993) .
1866:Morton, Ch. XVII, XVIII, XIX
1443:Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004).
671:Philippine Commonwealth Army
317:Fort Drum (El Fraile Island)
295:' capital and chief port of
7:
2307:The Fall of the Philippines
1593:"Map at "The Sinking of SS
1281:
1149:Battle of Corregidor (1945)
992:, the Army chief of staff.
267:Background and construction
109:(November 1941– March 1942)
16:World War II fortifications
10:
2486:
2333:Triumph in the Philippines
2289:. Osprey Publishing (UK).
1152:
1146:
1099:in force in October 1944.
1019:
957:surrendered on 15 February
943:
821:
750:) (arrived September 1941)
618:
423:14-inch (356 mm) guns
404:14-inch (356 mm) guns
368:12-inch (305 mm) guns
341:12-inch (305 mm) guns
1097:return to the Philippines
985:Jonathan M. Wainwright IV
765:Chief of Coast Artillery
748:New Mexico National Guard
408:6-inch (152 mm) guns
160:
155:
145:
135:
121:
94:
84:
74:
64:
46:
38:
26:
21:
2445:Forts in the Philippines
1930:Morton, pp. 421-426, 430
1687:, p. 2 at Corregidor.org
1525:Berhow 2015, pp. 227-228
1433:Morton, pp. 486-487, 540
1266:Landing Craft Mechanized
679:Philippine Field Marshal
673:. MacArthur had been an
525:Army-operated minefields
388:3-inch (76 mm) guns
2229:Smith 1963, pp. 355-356
2220:Smith 1963, pp. 352-354
2211:Smith 1963, pp. 345-348
2197:Smith 1963, pp. 341-345
2151:Smith 1963, pp. 337-338
1597:" at MaritimeReview.ph"
1116:Battle of the Coral Sea
917:Philippine Commonwealth
699:(Harbor Defense) (U.S.
639:Washington Naval Treaty
587:2.95-inch mountain guns
491:Washington Naval Treaty
115:(March 1942 - May 1942)
2450:Manila in World War II
2304:Morton, Louis (1953).
1886:"Swordfish I (SS-193)"
1236:38th Infantry Division
1190:24th Infantry Division
1186:34th Infantry Regiment
1165:Imperial Japanese Navy
1144:
1017:
895:invasion of Leyte Gulf
834:attack on Pearl Harbor
725:AA (U.S. Regular Army)
372:disappearing carriages
241:harbor defense command
229:
221:
209:
201:
193:
89:Harbor Defense Command
2259:Coast Defense Journal
1749:Coast Defense Journal
1630:Gordon, John (2011).
1496:Gaines, pp. 34-35, 48
1142:
1135:Recapturing the forts
1055:of Battery Geary and
1015:
832:a few days after the
754:515th Coast Artillery
744:200th Coast Artillery
728:1st Coast Artillery (
625:The main part of the
455:Coast Artillery Corps
245:Philippine Department
227:
215:
207:
199:
191:
101:Philippine Department
2133:Smith 1963, Ch. XVII
2110:Bogart, Charles M.,
1875:Morton, pp. 367-380
1780:Bogart, Charles M.,
1683:Strong, Paschal N.,
1169:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1093:guerrilla operations
1029:counter-battery fire
1022:Battle of Corregidor
891:guerrilla operations
723:60th Coast Artillery
717:92nd Coast Artillery
707:91st Coast Artillery
697:59th Coast Artillery
467:92nd Coast Artillery
438:59th Coast Artillery
273:Spanish–American War
2465:History of Zambales
2407: /
2124:Smith 1963, Ch. XVI
2039:Morton, pp. 560-561
2030:Morton, pp. 556-558
2018:Morton, pp. 553-554
2000:Morton, pp. 540-541
1939:Morton, pp. 445-441
1921:Morton, pp. 413-414
1912:Morton, pp. 353-366
1803:Morton, pp. 230-231
1770:Morton, pp. 232-238
1761:Morton, pp. 491-492
1559:Berhow 2015, p. 194
1487:Berhow 2015, p. 432
1262:Landing Ship Medium
1075:4th Marine Regiment
973:departed Corregidor
923:. In 1940-41 eight
921:central Philippines
900:On 3 February 1942
637:system. Due to the
354:commanded by Major
352:Advanced Base Force
2411:14.383°N 120.567°E
2261:, vol. 23, issue 2
2160:Smith 1963, p. 341
2142:Smith 1963, p. 340
2091:on 8 December 2015
1826:"Trout I (SS-202)"
1516:Berhow 2015, p. 61
1338:Allan R. Millett,
1145:
1018:
1008:Fall of Corregidor
1002:Bataan Death March
990:George C. Marshall
812:Bataan Death March
806:and fought in the
761:Antiaircraft units
615:The Malinta Tunnel
543:Peninsula east of
249:United States Army
230:
222:
218:fire control tower
210:
202:
194:
2460:History of Bataan
2343:. CMH Pub 5-10-1.
2277:978-0-929521-11-4
2249:978-0-9748167-3-9
2048:Morton, Ch. XXXII
1987:Bogart, Charles.
1815:Morton, pp. 61-70
1661:at Corregidor.com
1643:978-1-61251-062-0
1478:Gaines, pp. 34-35
1308:Naval Base Manila
1161:invasion at Leyte
1112:Dutch East Indies
1106:The Philippines,
961:Dutch East Indies
897:in October 1944.
788:Japanese invasion
711:Philippine Scouts
667:Philippine Scouts
659:Douglas MacArthur
446:Philippine Scouts
360:Eight-eight fleet
350:battalion of the
183:
182:
2477:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2344:
2338:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2300:
2281:
2253:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2176:. Archived from
2170:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2085:Military History
2077:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1948:Morton, Ch. XXVI
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1599:. Archived from
1589:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1568:Lewis, pp. 83-89
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1251:white phosphorus
1222:white phosphorus
1198:observation post
1128:Battle of Midway
997:240 mm howitzers
946:Battle of Bataan
887:US Pacific Fleet
818:The siege begins
808:Battle of Bataan
792:Fort Stotsenburg
504:240 mm howitzers
448:, which were US
57:
55:
54:
31:
19:
18:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2425:
2424:
2416:14.383; 120.567
2415:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2351:
2336:
2321:
2319:
2297:
2278:
2250:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1896:Navy Department
1884:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1284:
1182:field artillery
1157:
1151:
1137:
1024:
1010:
948:
942:
879:War Plan Orange
826:
820:
763:
730:Philippine Army
655:
635:coastal defense
623:
617:
583:Philippine Army
549:Carabao Islands
537:La Monja Island
521:
269:
186:
170:George F. Moore
162:
79:Coast artillery
52:
50:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2349:External links
2347:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2301:
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2254:
2248:
2232:
2231:
2222:
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2126:
2117:
2102:
2072:
2061:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2020:
2011:
2009:Morton, p. 548
2002:
1993:
1977:
1975:Morton, p. 549
1968:
1966:Morton, p. 536
1959:
1957:Morton, p. 461
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1817:
1805:
1796:
1794:Morton, p. 197
1787:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1739:
1728:
1717:
1715:Morton, p. 478
1708:
1699:
1690:
1685:The Lean Years
1675:
1664:
1649:
1642:
1622:
1613:
1581:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1460:
1453:
1435:
1423:
1421:Morton, p. 473
1414:
1396:
1370:
1344:
1331:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1232:151st Infantry
1227:banzai charges
1206:Malinta Tunnel
1153:Main article:
1147:Main article:
1136:
1133:
1062:armor piercing
1036:, thirty-four
1020:Main article:
1009:
1006:
969: (SS-193)
944:Main article:
941:
940:Fall of Bataan
938:
906: (SS-202)
854:Malinta Tunnel
822:Main article:
819:
816:
776:War Department
762:
759:
758:
757:
751:
737:
736:
733:
726:
720:
714:
704:
654:
651:
627:Malinta Tunnel
621:Malinta Tunnel
619:Main article:
616:
613:
565:(formerly HMS
520:
517:
489:. In 1923 the
313:Caballo Island
268:
265:
243:, part of the
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
176:Paul D. Bunker
172:
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2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2318:on 2012-01-08
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2296:1-84176-427-2
2292:
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2255:
2251:
2245:
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2226:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2180:on 2016-01-26
2179:
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2113:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
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2178:the original
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2089:the original
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233:
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95:Part of
2414: /
1243:Fort Hughes
1057:Battery Way
796:Clark Field
575:Paul Bunker
529:naval mines
386:, and four
356:Eli K. Cole
309:Fort Hughes
293:Philippines
146:Engagements
122:Garrison/HQ
103:(1922–1941)
2470:Manila Bay
2455:Corregidor
2429:Categories
2322:2018-03-12
2184:2018-03-25
1659:Corregidor
1607:2018-03-19
1595:Corregidor
1389:13 October
1363:13 October
1314:References
1276:Fort Frank
1202:land mines
1124:New Guinea
1110:, and the
1084:37 mm guns
562:Corregidor
533:submarines
519:Minefields
459:regimental
321:Fort Frank
305:Corregidor
301:Fort Mills
285:Subic Bays
281:Manila Bay
277:Taft Board
257:Manila Bay
163:commanders
156:Commanders
140:Oozlefinch
130:Corregidor
126:Fort Mills
1258:Fort Drum
1173:Fort Wint
967:Swordfish
965:USS
953:Singapore
902:USS
875:Los Baños
870:Subic Bay
866:Fort Wint
850:open city
800:open city
780:regiments
553:Fort Wint
496:casemated
412:casemates
374:, twelve
348:US Marine
333:Fort Drum
325:Fort Wint
261:Subic Bay
136:Mascot(s)
42:1905–1942
2402:120°34′E
1383:Archived
1357:Archived
1282:See also
981:Mindanao
868:and the
782:and two
669:and the
591:PT boats
579:Mindanao
567:Engadine
400:sea fort
291:and the
2399:14°23′N
2095:7 March
1234:of the
1188:of the
977:PT boat
927:and 24
838:Legazpi
784:brigade
631:invaded
571:US Navy
382:, five
247:of the
161:Notable
47:Country
2293:
2274:
2246:
1784:, p. 2
1640:
1543:
1451:
1247:ponton
1214:napalm
1046:Cavite
862:Bataan
804:Bataan
709:(HD) (
581:. 150
541:Bataan
500:Bataan
487:Panama
485:, and
483:Hawaii
436:. The
396:Cavite
378:, two
337:mortar
319:, and
297:Manila
65:Branch
56:
39:Active
2337:(PDF)
1108:Burma
1080:75 mm
910:Trout
904:Trout
842:Davao
830:Luzon
677:as a
647:siege
608:PT-35
602:PT-34
596:PT-32
513:CONUS
479:CONUS
457:to a
174:Col.
2291:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2097:2015
1638:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1391:2015
1365:2015
1220:and
1082:and
955:had
794:and
746:AA (
605:and
465:and
463:91st
232:The
85:Role
75:Type
1270:TNT
979:to
560:SS
515:).
410:in
370:on
315:),
307:),
168:MG
2431::
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