466:
454:
926:
45:
61:
932:
130:
367:
359:
438:
acres) with a buffer zone of 6,790 hectares (16,800 acres). The integrity assessment by UNESCO of the three sites is: "The completeness and reliability of dated archaeological sequences from the site, with the radiocarbon dates derived from intact architectural features dating back to 190 BCE, provide scientific proof of the entire one-thousand year period of occupation of the cities, and reinforces
478:
68:
730:
Kyi; Champion, Louis; Oo, U Myo Minh; Oo, U Min Naing; Phyo, U Zayar; Maung, U Phyo Wai; Myat, Daw Yin Min; Zaw, U Thein; Paibool, Khun
Atiphat; Domethong, Khun Varis; Willis, Anna; Higham, Charles F.W.; Higham, Thomas F.G. (2024). "Late prehistoric and early historic chronology of Myanmar: A four-millennia sequence from Halin".
437:
in the 38th session of the World
Heritage Committee held in May 2014 in Doha, Qatar. According to the UNESCO report, the Pyu Kingdom prospered for over 1,000 years between 200 BC and 900 AD. All three sites are inscribed under Criterion (ii), (iii), and (iv) covering an area of 5,809 hectares (14,350
374:
Archaeological excavations have been carried out by the
Department of Archaeological National Museum and Library during 1904–05, 1929–30, 1962 to 1967, and from 1963 to 2012. Thirty three mounds have been excavated so far in Hanlin City, in the southern and northern areas of Shwegugyi Pagoda, and in
338:
There are many legends to explain the sudden disappearance of the Pyu kingdoms. In one legend it is said that a hot sand storm destroyed most of Hanlin. This occurred because the king had murdered his brother with a dagger when he could not create a shower of diamonds to fall on a
Chinese diplomat.
729:
Pryce, T.O.; Pradier, Baptiste; Favereau, Aude; Oo, U Saw Naing; Le Meur, Clémence; Oo, Daw Kay Thwe; Aye, U Arkar; Win, Daw Thu Thu; Langowska, Kinga Alina; Hanus, Kasper; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Georgon, Cloé; Zhuang, Yijie; Castillo, Cristina; Fuller, Dorian; Win, Daw Hlaing Sabai; Aung, Daw Han Myo
267:
village and then along a rough road which is under improvement. The other route is to the south of the bus station for 6 miles (9.7 km) along a bad, rocky road that leads to archaeological site 29 and the village. The village is slightly above the surrounding flat land. The land is generally
378:
Archaeological excavations at Hanlin village have also unearthed a city enclosed within walls which have twelve gates and show the tell tale marks of a moat. This city is in a rectangular shape and has an area of 541.4 hectares (1,338 acres). It is situated on an undulating terrain of volcanic
375:
the old Halin town. These have unearthed structures of palace fortresses, cremation grounds, manufacturing sites, brick monuments of
Buddhist stupas, walls in different sizes, and water management structures. Also unearthed were eleven human skeletons in fossilized condition.
387:
to its western side. In the explored area, hot water springs have been found which are stated to have curative properties. A particular find of interest is at excavation site designated HL-22 where three sets of standing stone slabs dating to the 2nd AD are indicative of the
268:
barren except for some irrigated areas. Following the inscription of the site on the List of World
Heritage Sites, approach road conditions for a distance of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Shwebo to Halin are now under improvement with funding provided by Italy.
395:
At a museum near the archaeological site of
Shwegugyi there are exhibits which show archaeological finds from excavations including: human skeletal remains, along with pottery, jewelry, and bronze rattles laid in graves in a series of rows, found below ground.
400:
dating of some of the earliest grave finds indicate that they are almost 5,000 years old. The museum also has exhibits of finds of: silver coins, gold ornaments, bricks with inscriptions of texts, and many antiquities recovered from the Hanlin sites. The
416:
In 2024, new radiocarbon dating gave a sequence of dates from the early third millennium BCE to the early second millennium CE. The earliest dates would make Halin the oldest known
Neolithic site in mainland Southeast Asia.
288:. Trade was conducted with China and India. The Pyu's authority extended to eighteen kingdoms, most of them in the southern region of Myanmar. They were refined in their behavior, dress habits, culture, art, and were
227:
it was a city of considerable significance, possibly a local capital replacing Sri Ksetra. Today the modest village is noted for its hot springs and archaeological sites. Hanlin,
765:
792:
350:
In another legend it is said that the misdeeds of a prince of Hanlin caused "a rain of ash and molten matter pour down heavily and bury the city completely".
940:
340:
402:
244:
512:
92:
769:
255:
The archaeological sites of Hanlin, (also known as
Halingyi, Halin, and Halim), are located above the village in the Watlet Township,
465:
1564:
870:
263:
where 33 archaeological mound excavations have been carried out. One road goes for 6 miles (9.7 km) from the bus terminal to
1559:
264:
799:
839:
339:
His son had escaped the disaster that befell Hanlin only to return later as a
Buddhist to establish the city and build the
594:
556:
326:
Archaeologists have opined that Hanlin was the largest Pyu city until the 9th century AD. Subsequently, Sri Ksetra near
453:
308:. For trade purposes with foreign countries they still operated from Sri Kshetra. Their southern neighbours were the
142:
259:, Sagaing Division. It has a population of about 6,400 (2014). It is 12 miles (19 km) to the southeast of
247:
in May 2014 for their archaeological heritage traced back more than 1,000 years to between 200 BC and 900 AD.
44:
863:
60:
629:
1259:
330:
became a more prominent city. However, over the years Pae culture was overshadowed by the Bagan culture.
430:
301:
1554:
655:
296:
school. The architectural styles which evolved from the 11th to 14th centuries are evident in the
280:
people who lived between the 2nd century BC to the 9th century AD in the kingdoms that existed at
856:
285:
17:
516:
829:
323:, and that Hanlin was established by the Pyu people only during the 1st or 2nd century BC.
8:
1182:
1072:
747:
397:
313:
305:
236:
166:
154:
707:
1525:
1513:
1480:
1231:
914:
835:
751:
1440:
1341:
1308:
1219:
1170:
1161:
1133:
1060:
1035:
1023:
1014:
949:
739:
477:
380:
216:
235:, the ancient cities of the Pyu Kingdom were built on the irrigated fields of the
1390:
1378:
1366:
1357:
1329:
1317:
1292:
1243:
1207:
1198:
1145:
1121:
1112:
998:
986:
909:
900:
442:
dates provided by inscriptions in Pyu script on artifacts excavated at the site"
256:
224:
171:
159:
925:
319:
Archaeological findings indicate that habitation existed in this area since the
300:
area. Initially their capital city was Sri Kshetra, at the northern edge of the
1280:
1101:
1096:
1084:
1051:
879:
410:
297:
147:
1548:
1506:
1501:
1489:
1464:
1452:
1431:
1415:
1406:
1268:
1150:
1003:
974:
965:
560:
493:
187:
107:
94:
931:
439:
347:
built of bricks, while Hanlin lies to the north and Halingyi to the south.
293:
743:
304:. In the 7th century they moved their capital to Halingyi which is in the
1494:
1457:
1420:
1273:
559:. Department of Archaeology, National Museum and Library. Archived from
343:.This pagoda is now encircled by agricultural fields with many ancient
320:
309:
232:
685:
1187:
1077:
426:
379:
material at a distance of about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the
289:
228:
183:
178:
1530:
1518:
1236:
979:
406:
389:
384:
366:
1445:
1346:
1224:
1175:
1138:
1065:
1040:
1028:
954:
848:
536:
534:
281:
220:
135:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1334:
1322:
1297:
1248:
1212:
1126:
991:
892:
793:"UNESCO: Myanmar's first site inscribed to World Heritage List"
768:. Philippines News Agency, Xinhua. 23 June 2014. Archived from
434:
260:
240:
212:
766:"Myanmar's 3 ancient cities now on UNESCO World Heritage list"
708:"Ancient Cities and Sites In Myanmar: Hanlin Ancient Pyu City"
531:
1285:
1089:
344:
358:
1469:
327:
277:
710:. Department of Archaeology, National Museum and Library
392:. The Southern Gateway has been dated to about 200 AD.
728:
429:, and Sri Kestra were proposed to be inscribed on the
284:, Mongamo, Sri Kshetra, and Halingyi. They spoke the
413:, inscribed on a tomb stone, is also on display.
276:Hanlin's history is linked to the history of the
1546:
245:List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia
864:
828:Richmond, Simon; Bush, Austin (1 June 2014).
827:
540:
871:
857:
798:. The New Light of Myanmar. Archived from
647:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
383:and 27 kilometres (17 mi) from the
365:
357:
353:
1547:
784:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
592:
551:
549:
852:
680:
678:
676:
653:
575:
420:
758:
700:
627:
593:Becker, Stuart Alan (28 July 2014).
612:
546:
13:
878:
790:
673:
14:
1576:
595:"Stepping back in time in Hanlin"
930:
924:
476:
471:An excavated graveyard at Hanlin
464:
452:
433:. This proposal was approved by
128:
66:
59:
43:
1565:World Heritage Sites in Myanmar
821:
515:. Lonely Planet. Archived from
1560:Tourist attractions in Myanmar
834:. Lonely Planet Publications.
722:
628:Long, Douglas (28 July 2014).
505:
1:
831:Lonely Planet Myanmar (Burma)
498:
67:
23:City in Sagaing Region, Burma
362:Silver coins found at Hanlin
250:
7:
1260:Naga Self-Administered Zone
488:
370:A Pyu inscription in Hanlin
10:
1581:
922:
445:
431:UNESCO World Heritage List
333:
271:
239:. They were inscribed by
15:
1479:
1430:
1405:
1356:
1307:
1258:
1197:
1160:
1111:
1050:
1013:
964:
939:
899:
886:
425:In October 1996, Hanlin,
177:
165:
153:
141:
123:
88:
54:
49:Hanlin – Pyu Ancient City
42:
35:
28:
656:"Myanmar: The Pyu state"
541:Richmond & Bush 2014
660:Encyclopædia Britannica
286:Tibeto-Burman languages
459:An excavated graveyard
371:
363:
312:who were followers of
744:10.15184/aqy.2023.190
688:. UNESCO Organization
369:
361:
302:Irrawaddy River delta
108:22.48167°N 95.80000°E
686:"Pyu Ancient Cities"
654:Steinberg, David I.
513:"Introducing Hanlin"
409:and the present day
354:Archaeological finds
223:. In the era of the
211:) is a village near
16:For other uses, see
630:"Legends of Hanlin"
563:on 26 November 2015
543:, pp. 599–600.
104: /
1183:Paungbyin Township
1073:Htigyaing Township
421:UNESCO inscription
390:megalithic culture
372:
364:
314:Theravada Buddhism
113:22.48167; 95.80000
1540:
1539:
1526:Yinmabin Township
1514:Salingyi Township
1481:Yinmabin District
1232:Chaung-U Township
915:Singkaling Hkamti
841:978-1-74360-019-1
772:on 21 August 2016
519:on 29 August 2016
483:Pagodas in Hanlin
194:
193:
80:Location in Burma
1572:
1441:Tabayin Township
1342:Sagaing Township
1309:Sagaing District
1220:Budalin Township
1171:Mawlaik Township
1162:Mawlaik District
1134:Pinlebu Township
1061:Banmauk Township
1036:Kyunhla Township
1024:Kanbalu Township
1015:Kanbalu District
950:Homalin Township
941:Homalin District
934:
928:
873:
866:
859:
850:
849:
845:
815:
814:
812:
810:
804:
797:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
762:
756:
755:
726:
720:
719:
717:
715:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
682:
671:
670:
668:
666:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
625:
610:
609:
607:
605:
590:
573:
572:
570:
568:
553:
544:
538:
529:
528:
526:
524:
509:
480:
468:
456:
381:Ayeyarwady River
341:Shwegugyi Pagoda
217:Sagaing Division
134:
132:
131:
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
70:
69:
63:
47:
26:
25:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1555:Pyu city-states
1545:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1475:
1426:
1401:
1391:Wetlet Township
1379:Shwebo Township
1367:Khin-U Township
1358:Shwebo District
1352:
1330:Myinmu Township
1318:Myaung Township
1303:
1293:Nanyun Township
1254:
1244:Monywa Township
1208:Ayadaw Township
1199:Monywa District
1193:
1156:
1146:Wuntho Township
1122:Kawlin Township
1113:Kawlin District
1107:
1046:
1009:
999:Mingin Township
987:Kalewa Township
960:
935:
929:
920:
910:Hkamti Township
901:Hkamti District
895:
882:
877:
842:
824:
819:
818:
808:
806:
802:
795:
789:
785:
775:
773:
764:
763:
759:
727:
723:
713:
711:
706:
705:
701:
691:
689:
684:
683:
674:
664:
662:
652:
648:
638:
636:
626:
613:
603:
601:
591:
576:
566:
564:
555:
554:
547:
539:
532:
522:
520:
511:
510:
506:
501:
491:
484:
481:
472:
469:
460:
457:
448:
423:
356:
336:
274:
257:Shwebo District
253:
225:Pyu city-states
199:(also known as
160:Shwebo District
129:
127:
112:
110:
106:
103:
98:
95:
93:
91:
90:
84:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
71:
50:
38:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1281:Leshi Township
1277:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1097:Katha Township
1093:
1085:Indaw Township
1081:
1069:
1056:
1054:
1052:Katha District
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
995:
983:
970:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
945:
943:
937:
936:
923:
921:
919:
918:
905:
903:
897:
896:
887:
884:
883:
880:Sagaing Region
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
847:
846:
840:
823:
820:
817:
816:
805:on 1 July 2015
791:Khinbe, Aung.
783:
757:
738:(397): 30–47.
721:
699:
672:
646:
611:
574:
545:
530:
503:
502:
500:
497:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
475:
473:
470:
463:
461:
458:
451:
447:
444:
422:
419:
411:Bamar language
405:with links to
355:
352:
335:
332:
273:
270:
252:
249:
192:
191:
181:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
148:Sagaing Region
145:
139:
138:
125:
121:
120:
86:
85:
79:
73:
72:
65:
64:
58:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
36:
33:
32:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1577:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1543:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1502:Pale Township
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:Kani Township
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1465:Ye-U Township
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1453:Taze Township
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1432:Ye-U District
1429:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:Tamu Township
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1407:Tamu District
1404:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:Lahe Township
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
988:
984:
981:
977:
976:
975:Kale Township
972:
971:
969:
967:
966:Kale District
963:
956:
952:
951:
947:
946:
944:
942:
938:
933:
927:
916:
912:
911:
907:
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
854:
851:
843:
837:
833:
832:
826:
825:
801:
794:
787:
771:
767:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
709:
703:
687:
681:
679:
677:
661:
657:
650:
635:
634:Myanmar Times
631:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
600:
599:Myanmar Times
596:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
562:
558:
552:
550:
542:
537:
535:
518:
514:
508:
504:
496:
495:
494:Halin Taungbo
479:
474:
467:
462:
455:
450:
449:
443:
441:
440:palaeographic
436:
432:
428:
418:
414:
412:
408:
404:
399:
393:
391:
386:
382:
376:
368:
360:
351:
348:
346:
342:
331:
329:
324:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
269:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
170:
168:
164:
161:
158:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
126:
122:
117:
89:Coordinates:
87:
62:
53:
46:
41:
34:
27:
19:
1542:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1414:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1181:
1169:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1034:
1022:
997:
985:
973:
948:
908:
888:
830:
822:Bibliography
807:. Retrieved
800:the original
786:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
760:
735:
731:
724:
712:. Retrieved
702:
690:. Retrieved
663:. Retrieved
659:
649:
637:. Retrieved
633:
602:. Retrieved
598:
565:. Retrieved
561:the original
521:. Retrieved
517:the original
507:
492:
424:
415:
403:Pyu alphabet
394:
377:
373:
349:
337:
325:
318:
294:Sarvastivada
275:
254:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:
111: /
1549:Categories
809:7 November
776:9 November
714:9 November
692:9 November
665:9 November
639:9 November
604:9 November
567:9 November
499:References
321:Bronze Age
310:Mon people
233:Sri Ksetra
99:95°48′00″E
96:22°28′54″N
1188:Paungbyin
1078:Htigyaing
752:267171349
732:Antiquity
523:15 August
427:Beikthano
290:Buddhists
251:Geography
229:Beikthano
179:Time zone
1531:Yinmabin
1519:Salingyi
1237:Chaung-U
980:Kalaymyo
557:"Hanlin"
489:See also
407:Sanskrit
385:Mu River
306:Dry Zone
237:Dry Zone
201:Halingyi
184:UTC+6.30
167:Township
155:District
1446:Tabayin
1347:Sagaing
1225:Budalin
1176:Mawlaik
1139:Pinlebu
1066:Banmauk
1041:Kyunhla
1029:Kanbalu
955:Homalin
889:Capital
446:Gallery
334:Legends
292:of the
282:Binnaka
272:History
243:on its
221:Myanmar
215:in the
124:Country
1396:Wetlet
1384:Shwebo
1372:Khin-U
1335:Myinmu
1323:Myaung
1298:Nanyun
1249:Monywa
1213:Ayadaw
1151:Wuntho
1127:Kawlin
1004:Mingin
992:Kalewa
893:Monywa
838:
750:
435:UNESCO
398:Carbon
345:stupas
261:Shwebo
241:UNESCO
231:, and
213:Shwebo
197:Hanlin
172:Hanlin
143:Region
133:
18:Hanlin
1286:Leshi
1102:Katha
1090:Indaw
803:(PDF)
796:(PDF)
748:S2CID
298:Pagan
265:Bo Te
209:Halim
205:Halin
136:Burma
74:Halin
30:Halin
1507:Pale
1495:Kani
1470:Ye-U
1458:Taze
1421:Tamu
1274:Lahe
836:ISBN
811:2015
778:2015
716:2015
694:2015
667:2015
641:2015
606:2015
569:2015
525:2016
328:Pyay
207:and
37:City
740:doi
278:Pyu
219:of
188:MST
1551::
891::
746:.
736:98
734:.
675:^
658:.
632:.
614:^
597:.
577:^
548:^
533:^
316:.
203:,
1533:)
1529:(
1521:)
1517:(
1509:)
1505:(
1497:)
1493:(
1472:)
1468:(
1460:)
1456:(
1448:)
1444:(
1423:)
1419:(
1398:)
1394:(
1386:)
1382:(
1374:)
1370:(
1349:)
1345:(
1337:)
1333:(
1325:)
1321:(
1300:)
1296:(
1288:)
1284:(
1276:)
1272:(
1251:)
1247:(
1239:)
1235:(
1227:)
1223:(
1215:)
1211:(
1190:)
1186:(
1178:)
1174:(
1153:)
1149:(
1141:)
1137:(
1129:)
1125:(
1104:)
1100:(
1092:)
1088:(
1080:)
1076:(
1068:)
1064:(
1043:)
1039:(
1031:)
1027:(
1006:)
1002:(
994:)
990:(
982:)
978:(
957:)
953:(
917:)
913:(
872:e
865:t
858:v
844:.
813:.
780:.
754:.
742::
718:.
696:.
669:.
643:.
608:.
571:.
527:.
190:)
186:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
