1312:
602:
22:
1406:
1268:, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two-fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two-fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one-fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed.
169:
291:
811:("The Stunning Tilism") by Muhammad Husain Jah; these volumes were published between 1883 and 1890, after which Jah had differences with Nawal Kishore and left the Press. These four volumes by Jah proved immensely popular, and are still considered the heart of the cycle. After Jah, the two main architects of the cycle, Ahmad Husain Qamar (nineteen volumes) and Tasadduq Husain (nineteen volumes) took over the work from 1892 to its completion around 1905.
212:, who has made a close study of Persian dastans, describes them as "popular romances" that were "created, elaborated, and transmitted" by professional storytellers. At least as early as the ninth century, the dastan was a widely popular form of story-telling. Dastan-narrators told tales of heroic romance and adventure—stories about gallant princes and their encounters with evil kings, enemy champions, demons, magicians,
916:, though they make up the bulk of the cycle in quantity, emphasize the adventures of Hamza's sons and grandsons, and are generally of less literary excellence. Though no library in the world has a full set of the forty-six volumes, a microfilm set at the Center for Research Libraries in Chicago is on the verge of completion. This immense cycle claims to be a translation of a (mythical) Persian original written by
2039:
479:
1361:. His left hand warned him of inauspicious moments and the right hand revealed auspicious ones. Whenever anyone called out his name in the tilism, Afrasiyab's magic alerted him to the call. He possessed the Book of Sameri that contained an account of every event inside and outside the tilism. Afrasiyab used a
1331:". The tilism of Hoshruba was conjured by sorcerers in defiance of Allah and the laws of the physical world. However, being a creation of magic, Hoshruba is not a permanent world. At the moment of its creation a person was named who would unravel this magical world at an appointed time using the tilism key.
839:, and the marvellous rolled into one to their inquisitive audiences. Each day, the session would end at a point where the curious public would be left to wonder as to what happened next. Some of the most famous storytellers of Hamza dastan were Mir Ahmad Ali (who belonged to Lucknow but later moved to
1396:
girls to foil his mission. When the trickster girls kidnap the prince, Amar Ayyar and his band of misfits continue the mission of the conqueror of the tilism with the help of Heyrat's sister, Bahar Jadu, a powerful sorceress of the tilism, who
Afrasiyab had banished from his court to please his wife.
938:
ever written in Urdu, is considered the delight of its age; many of its volumes were reprinted again and again, well into the twentieth century. Although towards the end of the nineteenth century dastans had reached an extraordinary peak of popularity, the fate of dastan literature was sealed by the
531:. As Akbar's court chronicler tells us, Hamza's adventures were "represented in twelve volumes, and clever painters made the most astonishing illustrations for no less than one thousand and four hundred passages of the story." The illustrated manuscript thus created became the supreme achievement of
456:
version twenty-four volumes long. Moreover, even in Iran the story continued to develop over time: by the mid-nineteenth century the Hamza romance had grown to such an extent that it was printed in an edition comprising about twelve hundred very large pages. By this time the dastan was often called
1380:
As
Hoshruba's time neared its end, Emperor Afrasiyab resolved to defend his empire and tilism, and foil the conqueror of the tilism when he appeared. The story of Hoshruba opens where the false god Laqa—an eighty-five-foot-tall, pitch-black giant – and one of Amir Hamza's foremost enemies – is in
1271:
Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against
Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of
721:
to revise Ali Khan
Bahadur Ghalib's translation and published it in 1871. This version proved extraordinarily successful. The Bilgrami version has almost certainly been more often reprinted, and more widely read, than any other in Urdu. In 1887 Syed Tasadduq Husain, a proofreader at Nawal Kishore
1201:
army from interdicting tribute to
Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long
1384:
Before long, Amir Hamza's armies pursuing Laqa find themselves at war with
Afrasiyab and his army of sorcerers. When hostilities break out Amir Hamza's grandson, Prince Asad, is the designated conqueror of the tilism of Hoshruba. Prince Asad sets out at the head of a magnificent army to conquer
576:
In the course of countless retellings before faithful audiences, the Indo-Persian Hamza story seems to have grown generally longer and more elaborate throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By the eighteenth century, the Hamza story was so well-known in India that it inspired an
806:
was an extraordinary achievement: not only the crowning glory of the Urdu dastan tradition, but also surely the longest single romance cycle in world literature, since the forty-six volumes average 900 pages each. Publication of the cycle began with the first four volumes of
1272:
wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark
Regions, pursuing a series of frightful
1060:, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king,
1233:
who have seized
Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years.
234:," the battlefield and the elegant courtly life, war and love. Hanaway mentions five principal dastans surviving from the pre-Safavid period (that is, from the 15th-century and earlier): those that grew up around the adventures of the world-conqueror
801:
In 1881, Nawal
Kishore finally began publishing his own elaborate multi-volume Hamza series. He hired Muhammad Husain Jah, Ahmad Husain Qamar, and Tasadduq Husain, the most famous Lucknow dastan-narrators, to compose the stories. This version of the
1245:
Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from
Naushervan's efforts to recapture her.
677:
of Mahmud's court first set down. Ashk also claims that his sources, the narrators of Mahmud's court, compiled fourteen volumes of Hamza's adventures. However, we have no evidence that Mahmud of Ghazni ever sponsored the production of such a work.
386:
then produced the first written version of these stories to divert the Meccans from their hostility to the Prophet. The second is that wise courtiers devised the romance to cure a brain fever suffered by one of the Abbasid caliphs. The 1909
635:, which its authors, Fakir Garibullah and Saiyad Hamja, described as a translation from the Persian. This romance was printed repeatedly in pamphlet form in the nineteenth century, and even occasionally in the twentieth. Various
920:, one of the great literary figures of Akbar's court; this claim is made repeatedly on frontispieces, and here and there within the text. Like this purported Persian original, the Urdu version thus contains exactly eight
814:
These writers were not the original creators of the tales and by the time the Nawal Kishore Press began publishing them, they had already evolved in their form and structure. As these dastans were mainly meant for
1311:
1007:
Two English-language translations have been published based on the 1871 Ghalib Lakhnavi and Abdullah Bilgrami version published by Munshi Nawal Kishore press. The first is an abridged translation called
327:
and his successors. This Persian Hamzah lived in the early 9th-century, and seems to have been a dashing rebel whose colorful exploits gave rise to many stories. He was known to have fought against the
1213:, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous
319:
It has been argued that the romance of Hamza may actually have begun with the adventures of a Persian namesake of the original Hamza: Hamza ibn Abdullah, a member of a radical Islamic sect called the
573:(The Cream of the Rumuz) has been prepared." At least two other seventeenth-century Indo-Persian Hamza manuscripts survive, dated 1096 AH and 1099 AH , as well as various undated and later ones.
1283:, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman
1158:
bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in
509:
in the early eleventh century. The earliest solid evidence, however, seems to be a late-fifteenth-century set of paintings that illustrate the story; these were crudely executed, possibly in
1261:
as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause.
601:
1463:
are only the two most stellar examples of this genre. Chandrakanta bears the direct influence of dastans as witnessed in the case of eponymous protagonist Chandrakanta who is trapped in a
654:(Qissa of the War of Amir Hamza) (1784). Very little is known about this work's background. It was probably translated from a Persian text. In 1801, Khalil Ali Khan Ashk, a member of the
722:
Press, revised and embellished this edition. In the twentieth century, Abdul Bari Aasi adapted this version by removing all the couplets from it and toning down the melodramatic scenes.
939:
first quarter of the twentieth century. By the time of the great dastan-narrator Mir Baqir Ali's death in 1928, dastan volumes were being rejected by the educated elite in favor of
819:, the storytellers added local colour to these tales. Storytelling had become a popular craft in India by nineteenth century. The storytellers narrated their long winding tales of
1732:
Karl Khandalavala and Moti Chandra, New Documents of Indian Painting--a Reappraisal (Bombay: Board of Trustees of the Prince of Wales Museum, 1969), pp. 50-55, plates 117-126.
524:(1556–1605), far from sharing his grandfather's attitude, conceived and supervised the immense task of illustrating the whole romance, producing a manuscript now known as the
767:
form, offers a fascinating early glimpse of the development of Hindi. The heirs of Nawal Kishore apparently published a 662-page Hindi version of the dastan as late as 1939.
673:, in the early eleventh century; he implies that his present text is a translation, or at least a rendering, of the written, presumably Persian text that the distinguished
310:
and their armies engage in fierce battle. Originally, the faces were depicted; these were subsequently erased by iconoclasts, and repainted in more recent times, from the
790:. Yet Shayan is said to have composed it in only six months. This version too apparently found a good sale, for by 1893 Nawal Kishore was printing it for the sixth time.
395:, who used to tell it to the Prophet, his nephew, to cheer him up with stories of his other uncle's glory. The second is that the dastan was invented during the reign of
717:(1871), explaining to the public that the Ashk version was marred by its "archaic idioms and convoluted style." Munshi Nawal Kishore commissioned Maulvi Syed Abdullah
1357:
Emperor Afrasiyab was among the seven immortal sorcerers of Hoshruba who could not be killed while their counterparts lived. His fortune came to reveal itself on the
904:)—were closer to the Persian romance, and were linked more directly to Hamza's own adventures, especially those of the earlier part of his life. Then came the fifth
21:
1048:
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is
2149:
1350:
the Dark, which contained countless dominions and smaller tilisms governed by sorcerer kings and sorceress queens, and where the dreaded Seven Monsters of the
1405:
520:
noted with disapproval that the leading literary figure of Khurasan had recently "wasted his time" in composing an imitation of the cycle. The great emperor
624:
were particularly hospitable to the Hamza story, and at least in Pashto it continues to flourish today, with printed pamphlet versions being produced. In
1381:
flight after suffering a fresh defeat at Amir Hamza's hands. He and his supporters arrive near Hoshruba and solicit the aid of the Emperor of Sorcerers.
2089:
363:, leaving behind 5000 warriors to protect the powerless against the powerful. His disciples wrote the account of his travels and expeditions in a book
117:. Most of the stories are extremely fanciful, "a continuous series of romantic interludes, threatening events, narrow escapes, and violent acts". The
382:. The first is that after Hamza's death, ladies living near the Prophet's house told praising anecdotes to get the Prophet's attention; one Masud
1217:, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the
1338:
became the Master of the Tilism and Emperor of Sorcerers. Afrasiyab and his sorceress Empress Heyrat ruled over Hoshruba's three regions named
725:
Owing to the popularity of the Ashk and Bilgrami versions in Urdu, Nawal Kishore also brought out in 1879 a counterpart work in Hindi called
1024:. He took seven years to translate this thousand-page adventure, producing a very close translation, without abridging the ornate passages.
616:
The Hamza romance spread gradually, usually in its briefer and less elaborate forms, into a number of the modern languages of South Asia.
2068:
371:. As these stories circulated, they eventually transferred to the earlier Hamza, who was an orthodox Muslim champion acceptable to all.
1279:
Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the
1276:; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well.
2144:
1392:
Upon learning of Prince Asad's entry into the tilism with his army, Afrasiyab dispatches a number of sorcerers and five beautiful
440:
The Hamza story soon grew, ramified, traveled and gradually spread over immense areas of the Muslim world. It was translated into
1120:
569:. When I presented them in the king's service, I was ordered, 'Prepare a summary of them.' In obedience to this order this book
351:
are said to have joined him in the battle, which lasted until the Caliph died. After the battle, Hamza left, inexplicably, for
1978:
1898:
1708:
1241:
moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter
1237:
At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the
1599:
Hanaway, William L. Classical Persian Literature. Iranian studies: Vol 31(1998). 3-4. Google Book Search. Web 16 Sep, 2014
851:
Sayed Asghar Ali Khan (who came to Rampur during the tenure of Nawab Mohammad Saeed Khan i.e. 1840–1855), Zamin Ali Jalal
593:
and the Indic languages. It is in these languages that the dastan found a hospitable environment to survive and flourish.
1654:
Lyons, Malcom. The Arabian Epic: Heroic and oral story-telling. Vol 1. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.
482:
This illustration shows the witch Anqarut in the guise of a beautiful young woman, who hopes to seduce the handsome king
1686:
2134:
1990:
1257:, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in
399:(661–79) to keep loyalty to the Prophet's family alive among the people, despite official hostility and vilification.
1960:
1890:
1373:
who replaced him when he was in imminent danger. Besides sorcerers and sorceresses, the emperor also commanded magic
1854:
1181:
Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of
863:
and was rechristened Abdur Rahman), his son Ghulam Raza, Haider Mirza Tasawwur Lucknowi (a disciple of Asghar Ali),
1496:
279:. Hind bint Utbah then went to the battlefield and mutilated the dead Hamza's body, cutting off his ears and nose,
2124:
1483:
shop in his childhood days. The conventions of the dastan narrative also conditioned Urdu theatre: the trickster
124:
The stories, from a long-established oral tradition, were written down in Persian, the language of the courts of
535:: "of all the loot carried off from Delhi by Nadir Shah in 1739 (including the Peacock Throne), it was only the
2154:
1249:
While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against
412:, which is a parallel cycle of tales about Amir Hamza in Arabic, with similarities of names and places to the
2164:
764:
2099:
1829:
1809:
2100:
Frances Pritchett's website for 'The Romance Tradition in Urdu: The Adventures from the Dastan-e Amir Hamza
733:
Kalicharan and Maheshdatt. This work was quite an undertaking in its own right: 520 large pages of typeset
2159:
2129:
2093:
1197:. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the
770:
During this same period Nawal Kishore added a third version of the Hamza story: a verse rendering of the
539:, 'painted with images that defy the imagination,' that Emperor Muhammad Shah pleaded to have returned."
1841:
2043:
2050:
2003:
1385:
Hoshruba. With him are five matchless tricksters headed by the prince of tricksters, the incomparable
1948:
1673:
1320:
1273:
1229:. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant-eared
1171:
1163:
586:
392:
307:
2114:
1558:
Although nominal similarities, they story is not about the famous Hamza, prophet Muhammad's uncle.
1088:
264:
253:
110:
2119:
1952:
1454:
771:
693:
However, the most popular version of the dastan in Urdu was that of Aman Ali Khan Bahadur Ghalib
1963:(contains the most complete set of reproductions of Hamzanama paintings and text translations);
912:
itself, begun by Jah (four volumes) and completed by Qamar (three volumes). The remaining three
132:(r. 998–1030). In the West, the work is best known for the enormous illustrated manuscript, the
1612:
1426:
1377:
and magic slave girls who fought at his command and performed any and all tasks assigned them.
940:
510:
2061:
1608:
1389:, whose native wit, and wondrous talents are a match for the most powerful sorcerer's spells.
1741:
Annette S. Beveridge, trans., The Baburnāma in English (London: Luzac and Co., 1969), p. 280.
1017:
840:
562:
121:
chronicles the fantastic adventures of Hamza as he and his band of heroes fight the enemies.
1334:
With the passage of time, the whereabouts of the tilism key were forgotten, and the usurper
967:
version translated directly from the Persian originally written on traditional paper in old
737:
script, in a prose adorned not with elegant Persian expressions but with exactly comparable
1944:
1449:
1443:
1438:
832:
742:
702:
659:
388:
302:, as inscribed between the legs of the man in the bottom center. The protagonists Khwajah '
1299:
pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of
1193:, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various
931:
This astonishing treasure-house of romance, which at its best contains some of the finest
628:
it was popular among Muslims as early as the 18th-century, in a long verse romance called
8:
2139:
1925:
1514:
1370:
1300:
1265:
1254:
1013:
959:
952:
860:
655:
502:
391:
version also gives two conflicting sources. The first is that the dastan was invented by
235:
1031:
for children in the Urdu language. His version contains 10 volumes and was published by
1020:, a Pakistani-Canadian author, translated the Lakhnavi/Bilgrami version into English as
1677:
980:
662:
in Calcutta, composed the earliest printed version of the dastan in Urdu: the 500-page
558:
498:
352:
209:
125:
1936:, vol. 1 of Jah): Hoshruba, Book One: The Land and the Tilism, by Muhammad Husain Jah.
1907:, "Indian sub., §VI, 4(i): Mughal ptg styles, 16th–19th centuries", restricted access.
1759:
Stuart Cary Welch, Imperial Mughal Painting (New York: George Braziller, 1978), p. 44.
1560:
The Bustan of Amir Hamzah (the Malay version of Dastan-e-Amir Hamza); Farooque Ahmed,
2020:
2012:
1986:
1964:
1956:
1904:
1894:
1886:
1704:
1700:
1575:
1518:
1327:
In this new tale, Amir Hamza's adventures bring him to Hoshruba, a magical world or "
996:
992:
972:
828:
816:
449:
329:
239:
208:
both mean "story," and the narrative genre they refer to goes back to medieval Iran.
1681:
1559:
782:
published in 1862. At 30,000 lines, it was the longest Urdu masnavi ever written in
1696:
1665:
1639:
1016:. It is available in an expanded version on the website of the translator. In 2008
820:
755:
718:
670:
647:
625:
506:
453:
149:. The dastan (storytelling tradition) about Amir Hamza persists far and wide up to
129:
41:
2008:
1795:
1723:
Annemarie Schimmel, Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbal, p. 204.
1144:
Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became
2072:
1296:
1230:
1134:(not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash.
824:
679:
621:
525:
490:
324:
311:
272:
181:
145:
about 1562. The written text augmented the story as traditionally told orally in
139:
133:
26:
1154:
Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead
867:
Ali Ibn Mirza Makkhoo Beg, his son Syed Husain Zaidi and Murtuza Husain Visaal.
283:
to fulfill the vow of vengeance she had made. Later, when the Prophet conquered
1669:
1284:
1253:. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and
1131:
988:
964:
787:
713:. Nawal Kishore eventually replaced Ashk's version with a revised and improved
276:
268:
172:
1643:
666:, consisting of twenty-two dastans, or chapters, grouped into four "volumes."
2108:
2024:
1522:
1459:
1362:
1343:
1339:
1292:
1053:
848:
686:
because his plot agrees in many important particulars with the early Persian
461:(The Subtleties of Hamza), and had also made itself conspicuously at home in
425:
257:
204:
168:
158:
1912:
Persian Miniature Painting, and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India
1750:
H. Blochmann, trans., Ain-i Akbari (Lahore: Qausain, 1975; 2nd ed.), p. 115.
763:, with its assimilation of a highly Islamic content into a self-consciously
408:
1786:
Gian Chand Jain (1969). "Urdū kī nas̲rī dāstānen̲". Anjaman Tarraqi-i-Urdu.
1366:
1288:
1194:
1189:
prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to
1155:
1145:
1102:
1061:
639:
versions were produced too—but above all, the story of Hamza flourished in
290:
280:
260:. Of all the early dastans, the Hamza romance is thought to be the oldest.
1022:
The Adventures of Amir Hamza: Lord of the Auspicious Planetary Conjunction
2077:
1480:
1434:
968:
928:
had to become longer and longer until it comprised twenty-seven volumes.
844:
783:
738:
565:. The Haji writes, "I had brought with me a number of manuscripts of the
1955:, Washington, DC, in association with Azimuth Editions Limited, London,
1810:"The Romance Tradition in Urdu: The Adventures from Dastan-e Amir Hamza"
1202:
yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him.
582:
2083:
1484:
1475:(1880-1936) who was fascinated and later on inspired by the stories of
1386:
1316:
1175:
1139:
1057:
734:
532:
421:
396:
320:
303:
295:
245:
1510:. Here, Hamza is also known as Wong Agung Jayeng Rana or Amir Ambyah.
1526:
1492:
1472:
1422:
1418:
1393:
1358:
1238:
1226:
1186:
1167:
1065:
1049:
1032:
971:. Versions are also found in other languages of Indonesia, including
932:
885:
674:
551:
429:
417:
332:
165:
exists in Urdu and contains 46 volumes comprising over 45,000 pages.
146:
1488:
1487:, permanent friend of Hamza provided the convention of the hero's
1464:
1335:
1328:
1280:
1214:
1190:
1094:
852:
775:
698:
694:
420:
corresponds to Nausheravan, the vizier Buzurjmihr is synonymous to
348:
249:
114:
25:"The Spy Zanbur Bringing Mahiyya to the City of Tawariq", from the
1941:
The Adventures of Hamza, Painting and Storytelling in Mughal India
1855:"Pasha M. Khan | Institute of Islamic Studies - McGill University"
1468:
1295:, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the
669:
Ashk claims that the story he is telling goes back to the time of
404:
230:("fairy") race. Their ultimate subject matter was always simple: "
220:
1374:
1250:
1162:
will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in
859:
Amba Prasad Rasa Lucknowi (a disciple of Mir Ahmad Ali who later
836:
706:
179:) rescuing Prince Nur ad-Dahr from drowning in a river, from the
1222:
263:
The romance of Hamza claims to go back to the life of its hero,
226:
2079:
A Masterpiece of Sensuous Communication: The Hamzanama of Akbar
2038:
1503:
1410:
1351:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1159:
872:
856:
730:
617:
590:
555:
543:
441:
356:
340:
336:
176:
154:
150:
106:
943:
and Hindi novels—many of which were in fact very dastan-like.
1430:
1258:
1242:
1198:
1182:
1166:, dispatching Buzurjmehr to Arabia with an order to kill all
935:
917:
864:
636:
631:
606:
585:") by Mir Muhammad Taqi. By the nineteenth century, however,
547:
521:
517:
483:
462:
383:
360:
344:
284:
142:
478:
323:, who was the leader of a rebel movement against the caliph
256:, the legendary king Firoz Shah, and a trickster-hero named
1347:
1108:
901:
640:
609:
486:
432:. But it is difficult to prove who has borrowed from whom.
214:
45:
682:
thinks that in fact Ashk based his version on the Dakhani
589:, for its political and cultural place was being taken by
501:
judges that the Hamza story must have been popular in the
402:
In his study of the Arabian epic, Malcolm Lyons discusses
267:, the paternal uncle of the Prophet, who was slain in the
741:, and interspersed not with Persian verse forms but with
605:"Assad Ibn Kariba Launches a Night Attack on the Camp of
161:
controlled those territories. The longest version of the
1323:, who discovers a hidden pathway to the Castle of Furad.
793:
701:
in 1855. In the 1860s, one of the early publications of
224:, and beautiful princesses who might be human or of the
2054:- the first complete and unabridged translation of the
1633:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
646:
The earliest Hamza retelling in Urdu exists in a late
550:
Qissah-Khvan Hamadani, records his arrival in 1612 at
378:
actually gives two conflicting origin-stories for the
489:, whom she has captured and tied to a tree, from the
188:
1413:
of Amir Hamzah, also known as Wong Agung Jayeng Rana
1209:
to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto
1178:, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion.
287:, Hind bint Utbah accepted Islam, and was pardoned.
587:
Persian was in a slow decline as an Indian language
2002:
1777:Hājī Qissah Khvān Hamadānī, Zubdat ur-rumūz, p. 2.
870:The final arrangement of the cycle was into eight
435:
424:, and there are parallels for the Persian capital
1631:: A Georgian Romance and its English Rendering",
1170:. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are
924:—even though, as the Urdu cycle grew, the eighth
218:, divine emissaries, tricky secret agents called
2106:
1768:Gyān Chand Jain, Urdū kī nasrī dāstāneñ, p. 106.
271:(625 CE) by a slave instigated by a woman named
128:, in multiple volumes, presumably in the era of
2150:Asian objects in the Victoria and Albert Museum
1517:, Pasha Mohamad Khan, who currently teaches at
1264:After eighteen years, much suffering, and more
577:indigenous Indo-Persian imitation, the massive
1976:
1623:
1621:
780:Tilism-e Shayan Ma ruf Bah Dastan-e Amir Hamza
1914:, 1983, University of Texas Press, 0292764847
1627:D. M. Lang and G. M. Meredith-Owens (1959), "
80:
49:
1985:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1564:-Imphal, May 25, 2006 Amir Hamza-book review
1421:had a long-lasting effect on other forms of
1369:into his court during his absence, and many
1027:A Pakistani author, Maqbool Jahangir, wrote
1618:
1433:often seem nothing more than simplified or
468:
90:
58:
1687:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1205:First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to
1056:) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is
697:published by Hakim Mohtasham Elaih Press,
1981:Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.
1315:The painting depicts a devoted spy named
513:, perhaps for a not-too-affluent patron.
1921:(New York: Random House Modern Library).
1404:
1310:
786:, with the exception of versions of the
600:
477:
289:
167:
20:
1997:(see index: p. 148-152; plate 7–8)
546:as well. One Persian romance-narrator,
2107:
1513:Frances Pritchett's former student at
1119:Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an
1043:
1002:
946:
690:, though it disagrees in many others.
275:, whose relatives Hamza had killed at
1807:
1663:
1400:
896:(The Upper West); and the two-volume
298:, number 38 in the 7th volume of the
2000:
1471:. The dastan also influenced Munshi
1306:
1225:king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of
281:cutting out his liver and chewing it
542:The Hamza story left traces in the
367:, which was the original source of
13:
1970:
1932:Musharraf Farooqi (2009), (transl.
1885:, Harvard University Press, 1987,
1525:/dastan (romances) and the art of
892:(The Lesser West); the one-volume
193:
189:History: versions and translations
14:
2176:
2032:
1491:that achieved culmination in the
1293:cuts his body into seventy pieces
452:version, and a fifteenth-century
2037:
2011:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1929:(the Malay version of the story)
1701:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7058
81:
50:
2145:Islamic illuminated manuscripts
1917:Farooqi, Musharraf Ali (2007),
1847:
1835:
1823:
1801:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1502:The story is also performed in
1287:, whose son he had killed. She
705:, the legendary publisher from
436:Spread down to the 15th century
2066:at the Smithsonian Institution
2019:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1717:
1657:
1648:
1602:
1593:
1568:
1552:
1543:
1529:(storytelling), including the
1417:The immense popularity of the
448:); there is a twelfth-century
335:, and the local warriors from
1:
1875:
1064:, and then to his successor,
1035:(also Ferozsons Publishers).
1010:The Romance Tradition in Urdu
2094:Victoria & Albert Museum
2052:The Adventures of Amir Hamza
1919:The Adventures of Amir Hamza
1467:and the presence of notable
876:or sections. The first four
7:
1038:
10:
2181:
1576:"داستان امیر حمزہ | ریختہ"
1255:convert opponents to Islam
950:
778:by Tota Ram Shayan called
473:
244:), the great Persian king
2135:16th-century Indian books
1949:Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
1926:The Bustan of Amir Hamzah
1844:. dastangoi.blogspot.com.
1842:Introduction to Dastangoi
1798:. thebookreviewindia.org.
1644:10.1017/S0041977X00065538
1504:Indonesian puppet theatre
1301:Commander of the Faithful
684:Qissa-e jang-e amir Hamza
658:department of the famous
652:Qissa-e Jang-e Amir Hamza
1536:
1411:Indonesian wayang puppet
1012:by Frances Pritchett of
469:Evolving Indian versions
374:The seventeenth-century
265:Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib
111:Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib
100:Adventures of Amir Hamza
16:Islamic narrative legend
2064:The Adventures of Hamza
1977:Kossak, Steven (1997).
1953:Smithsonian Institution
1881:Beach, Milo Cleveland,
1695:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1455:Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar
1437:forms of Dastans. Babu
596:
2125:16th-century paintings
2017:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1939:Seyller, John (2002),
1613:The News International
1414:
1324:
613:
495:
316:
185:
138:, commissioned by the
31:
2155:Epic poems in Persian
2046:at Wikimedia Commons
1883:Early Mughal painting
1664:Heath, Peter (1997).
1506:, where it is called
1479:that he heard at the
1408:
1314:
1018:Musharraf Ali Farooqi
650:prose version called
604:
481:
293:
175:, the prophet Elias (
171:
24:
2165:Urdu-language novels
1945:Freer Gallery of Art
1832:. Frances Pritchett.
1808:Pritchett, Frances.
1450:Chandrakanta Santati
1439:Devaki Nandan Khatri
1423:fictional narratives
761:Amir Hamza Ki Dastan
727:Amir Hamza Ki Dastan
703:Munshi Nawal Kishore
660:Fort William College
365:Maghazi-e-Amir Hamza
126:Persianate societies
2056:Dastan-e Amir Hamza
2004:"Ḥamza, Romance of"
1515:Columbia University
1266:divine intervention
1127:Khawaja Bakht Jamal
1076:
1044:Dastan-e-Amir Hamza
1029:Dastan-e-Amir Hamza
1014:Columbia University
1003:Modern translations
960:Hikayat Amir Hamzah
953:Hikayat Amir Hamzah
947:Indonesian versions
804:Dastan-e Amir Hamza
796:Dastan-e Amir Hamza
715:Dastan-e amir Hamza
711:Dastan-e Amir Hamza
664:Dastan-e Amir Hamza
503:Indian subcontinent
369:Dastan-e-Amir Hamza
147:dastan performances
87:Dâstân-e Amir Hamze
76:Dastan-e-Amir Hamza
2160:Indian manuscripts
2130:16th-century books
2071:2016-04-18 at the
2062:Online exhibit of
2007:. In Fleet, Kate;
2001:Marzolph, Ulrich.
1910:Titley, Norah M.,
1629:Amiran-Darejaniani
1562:The Sangai Express
1415:
1401:Cultural influence
1367:projected his body
1359:palms of his hands
1325:
1164:Herod-like fashion
1093:Paternal uncle of
1071:
888:); the one-volume
861:converted to Islam
794:1881–1905 Kishore
614:
559:Abdullah Qutb Shah
554:, at the court of
499:Annemarie Schimmel
496:
317:
210:William L. Hanaway
186:
32:
2042:Media related to
1934:Tilism-e hoshruba
1905:Oxford Art Online
1899:978-0-674-22185-7
1710:978-90-04-10422-8
1519:McGill University
1477:Tilism-e Hoshruba
1307:Tilism-e Hoshruba
1289:devours his liver
1152:
1151:
1148:of Qubad Kamran.
963:is the classical
910:Tilism-e Hoshruba
809:Tilism-e Hoshruba
505:from the days of
428:and also jinn of
241:Alexander Romance
2172:
2041:
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1678:Heinrichs, W. P.
1666:"Sīra shaʿbiyya"
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1597:
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1547:
1346:the Hidden, and
1185:. An auspicious
1130:A descendant of
1077:
1070:
880:—the two-volume
675:dastan-narrators
671:Mahmud of Ghazni
507:Mahmud of Ghazni
446:Sīrat Amīr Ḥamza
130:Mahmud of Ghazni
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
84:
82:داستان امیر حمزه
72:
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2115:Indian painting
2105:
2104:
2073:Wayback Machine
2035:
2013:Rowson, Everett
1993:
1973:
1971:Further reading
1878:
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1853:
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1796:An Epic Fantasy
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1670:Bosworth, C. E.
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1653:
1649:
1626:
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1609:Hamza's Stories
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1594:
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1548:
1544:
1539:
1425:. The earliest
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1309:
1046:
1041:
1005:
955:
949:
882:Naushervan-nama
799:
680:Gyan Chand Jain
599:
579:Bostan-e Khiyal
571:Zubdat ur-Rumuz
492:Akbar Hamzanama
476:
471:
438:
376:Zubdat ur-Rumuz
325:Harun al-Rashid
313:Akbar Hamzanama
273:Hind bint Utbah
258:Samak the Ayyar
196:
194:Iranian origins
191:
182:Akbar Hamzanama
135:Akbar Hamzanama
105:) narrates the
102:
99:
96:
93:
79:(Persian/Urdu:
70:
67:
64:
61:
28:Akbar Hamzanama
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2120:Oral tradition
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2102:
2097:
2087:
2086:, Section II )
2075:
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2034:
2033:External links
2031:
2030:
2029:
2009:Krämer, Gudrun
1998:
1992:978-0870997839
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1674:van Donzel, E.
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1638:(3): 454–490.
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1601:
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1567:
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1540:
1538:
1535:
1427:novels in Urdu
1402:
1399:
1342:the Manifest,
1308:
1305:
1274:cannibal kings
1168:pregnant women
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1146:Grand Minister
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1132:Prophet Daniel
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951:Main article:
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890:Kochak Bakhtar
817:oral rendition
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788:Arabian Nights
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333:caliph-monarch
269:Battle of Uhud
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871:
869:
813:
808:
803:
800:
795:
779:
769:
765:Sanskritized
760:
754:
750:
746:
739:Sanskritisms
726:
724:
714:
710:
692:
687:
683:
668:
663:
651:
645:
629:
615:
581:(Garden of "
578:
575:
570:
566:
541:
536:
527:
515:
497:
491:
458:
445:
439:
413:
403:
401:
389:Indo-Persian
379:
375:
373:
368:
364:
318:
312:
299:
262:
240:
231:
225:
219:
213:
203:
199:
198:In Persian,
197:
180:
162:
134:
123:
118:
109:exploits of
86:
75:
74:
54:
36:
35:
33:
27:
18:
2082:(images in
1682:Lecomte, G.
1497:the sixties
1481:tobacconist
1435:bowdlerized
1429:as well as
1176:Amar Umayya
985:Amir Hamjah
977:Serat Menak
969:Jawi script
847:Qasim Ali,
784:North India
630:Amirhamjar
232:razm o bazm
2140:Mughal art
2109:Categories
1876:References
1864:2016-03-16
1691:Volume IX:
1586:2023-03-28
1549:Beach, 61.
1527:dastan-goi
1387:Amar Ayyar
1140:Bozorgmehr
1121:astrologer
1089:Amir Hamza
1066:Naushervan
1058:Buzurjmehr
886:Naushervan
745:ones like
735:Devanagari
656:Hindustani
537:Hamza-nama
533:Mughal art
422:Buzurjmehr
418:Anushirwan
407:Hamzat al-
397:Muawiyah I
321:Kharijites
296:Mazandaran
294:Battle of
2090:Hamzanama
2044:Hamzanama
2025:1873-9830
1903:"Grove",
1815:11 August
1582:(in Urdu)
1531:Hamzanama
1473:Premchand
1394:trickster
1336:Afrasiyab
1319:hired by
1187:horoscope
1080:Character
1074:Hamzanama
1050:Ctesiphon
1033:Ferozsons
981:Sundanese
933:narrative
898:Iraj-nama
829:adventure
552:Hyderabad
528:Hamzanama
516:In 1555,
430:Jabal Qaf
414:Hamzanama
380:Hamzanama
300:Hamzanama
252:'s uncle
236:Alexander
163:Hamzanama
157:, as the
119:Hamzanama
107:legendary
55:Hamzenâme
51:حمزهنامه
37:Hamzanama
2096:, London
2084:pdf file
2069:Archived
2015:(eds.).
1684:(eds.).
1489:sidekick
1354:lurked.
1251:infidels
1215:Gostaham
1095:Muhammad
1039:Synopsis
997:Acehnese
993:Balinese
973:Javanese
853:Lucknowi
821:suspense
774:, a new
719:Bilgrami
699:Calcutta
695:Lakhnavi
563:Golconda
450:Georgian
409:Pahlawan
353:Sarandip
349:Khorasan
250:Muhammad
115:Muhammad
2092:at the
1693:San–Sze
1281:Prophet
1221:of the
922:daftars
914:daftars
878:daftars
873:daftars
837:fantasy
825:mystery
776:masnavi
772:romance
756:chaupai
751:soratha
731:Pandits
707:Lucknow
648:Dakhani
626:Bengali
511:Jaunpur
474:Persian
454:Turkish
416:: thus
330:Abbasid
94:
62:
42:Persian
2023:
1989:
1965:online
1959:
1897:
1889:
1830:Hamzah
1707:
1680:&
1580:Rekhta
1469:ayyars
1465:tilism
1419:dastan
1375:slaves
1352:Grotto
1348:Zulmat
1329:tilism
1297:angels
1285:Hindah
1239:dastan
1211:Greece
1207:Ceylon
1199:Yemeni
1160:Arabia
1156:vizier
1116:Alqash
1054:Madain
926:daftar
908:, the
906:daftar
857:Munshi
841:Rampur
759:. The
753:, and
747:kavitt
622:Sindhi
618:Pashto
591:Pashto
583:Khiyal
556:Sultan
544:Deccan
526:Akbar
442:Arabic
359:) and
357:Ceylon
341:Makran
337:Sistan
308:Hamzah
246:Darius
221:ayyars
200:dastan
177:Elijah
155:Arakan
151:Bengal
1668:. In
1537:Notes
1523:qissa
1485:Ayyar
1431:Hindi
1365:that
1344:Batin
1340:Zahir
1321:Hamza
1259:Allah
1243:Asman
1219:vazir
1183:Mecca
1172:Hamza
1062:Kobad
989:Bugis
965:Malay
936:prose
918:Faizi
849:Hakim
833:magic
743:Indic
729:, by
637:Hindi
632:puthi
607:Malik
522:Akbar
518:Babur
484:Malik
463:India
426:Midan
405:Sirat
393:Abbas
384:Makki
361:China
345:Sindh
285:Mecca
254:Hamza
215:jinns
205:qissa
143:Akbar
73:) or
2021:ISSN
1987:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1947:and
1895:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1817:2012
1705:ISBN
1453:and
1447:and
1317:Umar
1231:Devs
1223:pari
1174:and
1109:Iran
995:and
957:The
941:Urdu
902:Iraj
865:Haji
641:Urdu
620:and
610:Iraj
597:Urdu
548:Haji
487:Iraj
347:and
306:and
304:Umar
277:Badr
227:pari
202:and
153:and
91:lit.
59:lit.
46:Urdu
34:The
1697:doi
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