168:, the idea that some publications were based on the memories of actors hired to play minor roles. He concluded that the actor who played Marcellus was responsible for the reconstruction. He explained the fact that the "mousetrap" scene, in which Marcellus does not appear, was also accurate by suggesting that the same actor must have also played one of the roles in that scene. Grey argued that hired actors playing minor roles would be more susceptible to bribery than established actors in the company, as they had much less to lose. An anonymous writer probably filled out the missing verses.
22:
234:
188:
275:, states that only a few scholars believe that an earlier version of Shakespeare's play existed and that only a "tiny minority" believe that the "poorly printed" Q1 "may in some way derive from it". However, he also argues that Q1 gives useful information about early productions of the play, especially how it may have been cut for performance.
130:. Since Polonius is a parody of a pompous pseudo-intellectual and his servant acts as a spy, the names might have been interpreted as deliberate insults. The title page of Q1 specifically states that the play was recently performed in "the Cittie of London: as also in the two Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, and else-where".
221:, the printer of Q1. A. W. Pollard argued that Roberts was acting on behalf of Shakespeare's company, and that the entry was intended, albeit unsuccessfully, to block the publication of the play by another publisher. Gerald D. Johnson suggests, in contrast, that Roberts made a deal with the bookseller
255:
disagreed in his introduction to Weiner's edition, arguing that Q1 is descended from an earlier draft of the play and that "the second quarto is
Shakespeare's revision and amplification of that earlier play." Craig's argument was based on his observation of significant "structural difference" between
109:
Strikingly, the role of
Gertrude is significantly different, since she becomes an accomplice of Hamlet in his plot against Claudius, insisting that she knew nothing of her first husband's murder and agreeing to help her son. There is an entire scene between Horatio and Gertrude in which Horatio tells
101:
In addition to the fact that Q1 is much shorter than both Q2 and the F1 version of the play, it has a number of unique characteristics. There are many oddities and unexplained bits of action, consistent with crude cutting of the text (how Hamlet escapes from the ship to
England is unexplained, as is
270:
Other scholars reject these arguments. G.R. Hibbard states categorically that: "As for that text itself, it is a completely illegitimate and unreliable one, having no direct contact with any
Shakespearian manuscript, or with any transcript of such a manuscript...Moreover, very little care seems to
205:
so soon after Q1 has been explained as the result of the fact that Q1 was so corrupt. Possibly
Shakespeare or his company thought it necessary to publish the true text to preserve the author's reputation. The title page states that it is "Newly imprinted and enlarged to almost as much againe as it
250:
While the "bad quarto" theory is still widely accepted, some later scholars have taken a very different view, arguing that the text may be an accurate version of an alternative form of the play. Albert B. Weiner argued in 1962 that Q1 represented a "tourbook" copy, derived originally from a text
260:" but that the second quarto, while doubtless a better play, "does not", and in fact interjects "more than 800 lines of other dramatic matter" between the decision of the King and Polonius to spy on Hamlet and the "get thee to a nunnery" scene in which the spying actually transpires.
121:
argues that these last changes were made because Q1 derives from a touring version of the play, which was intended to include a performance at Oxford
University. Hibbard believes that the original names were too close to those of two famous Oxford scholars, the university's founder
110:
her that Hamlet has escaped from the ship after discovering
Claudius' plan to kill him. Gertrude says that she now recognises Claudius' "villany", but she will "soothe and please him for a time" to lull him into a false sense of security.
148:
argued in 1843 that it was simply a bad version: a "pirated" text, one of the "stol'n and surreptitious copies, maimed and deformed by frauds and stealths of injurious impostors", which were denounced in the preface to the 1623
225:, allowing Ling to use another printer to publish Q1 first, but giving Roberts the right to print the much more substantial "good" version later, from which both would profit, with Ling getting to sell the same play twice.
175:, a book in which he argued in great detail for the memorial reconstruction theory, asserting that the actor probably played the roles of Marcellus and Lucianus and had been hired for a provincial touring production.
93:. Since then the exact relationship between Q1 and the other early texts of the play, as well as its origin as a text, has been extensively debated but no scholarly consensus has been reached.
86:(F1, 1623) (subsequent quartos over the period 1604–1623 are all, at least in their substantive features, derived from Q2). Both Q2 and F1 are more than 1600 lines longer than Q1.
413:
267:, who argued that Q1 represented an early version of the play and that distinctive spelling variations typical of Shakespeare imply that it was set up from his manuscript.
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118:
210:
states that Q2 is "apparently the one closest to
Shakespere's original manuscript, but it may represent a 'reading' text as opposed to a 'performance' one".
1457:
164:" in 1909, a term he coined to distinguish several texts that he judged significantly corrupt. In 1915 Henry David Gray analysed Q1 using the model of
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138:
After its discovery in 1823, its initial editors typically took the view that Q1 was an early draft of the play, perhaps even a revision of the
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similar to Q2 or F, which had been trimmed and simplified for performance by a small number of actors on tour in the provinces. But
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106:" soliloquy occurs in Act Two, immediately after Polonius proposes to set up an "accidental" meeting between Hamlet and Ophelia.
1756:
1403:
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1933:
1787:
1331:
809:
179:
had argued that the actor may also have played another small role, that of
Voltemar, but Duthie disagreed with this view.
102:
the arrival of the
English ambassadors). Some scenes take place at a different point in the story – for example Hamlet's "
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1413:
117:
is called "Corambis" while his servant Reynoldo is named "Montano". Various suggestions have been made to explain this.
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156:
This view became increasingly prominent in the 20th century. It was one of the publications named by the bibliographer
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have been exercised over the actual printing, for passages of sheer nonsense abound". Bate, in his 2008 edition of
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The situation is complicated by the fact that the original 1602 entry in the Stationers' Register was made by
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51:) is a short early text of the Shakespearean play. The intended publication of the play is entered in the
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Gerald D. Johnson, 'Nicholas Ling, Publisher 1580–1607'", Studies in Bibliography, 38, 1985, pp.203–14.
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Q1 and the other texts, that "the first quarto follows the order of events as they appear in
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59:, but Q1 was not published until summer or autumn 1603. It was published by the booksellers
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Q1 was unknown until 1823, when the first of only two known copies was discovered by
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The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice
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Eric Sams, "Shakespeare's Hand in the Copy for the 1603 First Quarto of Hamlet",
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The most prominent opponent of the "bad quarto" view was
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The First Edition of the Tragedy of Hamlet: London, 1603
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Another significant difference is that the character of
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The publication of the so-called "good quarto" (Q2) of
1667:
A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja
318:, Cambridge University Press, 21 October 2010, p100ff.
1458:
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)
404:
Craig, Hardin. Introduction to Weiner, op. cit., iv.
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The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke
2086:Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski
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206:was, according to the true and perfect coppie".
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1090:The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet
478:
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1503:To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure
305:, Oxford University Press, 1998, p.69-75.
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655:The lady doth protest too much, methinks
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1757:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead
1687:Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead
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332:"British Library: Shakespeare quartos"
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1934:Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow
1788:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
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82:are the Second Quarto (Q2, 1604) and
78:The other two early printed texts of
435:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 5-12.
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241:" soliloquy from the 1603 quarto of
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395:. Great Neck, N.Y.: Barron's, 1962
360:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 11.
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16:First printed edition of "Hamlet"
171:In 1943 G. I. Duthie published
2005:Asterix and the Great Crossing
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626:What a piece of work is a man
431:Jonathan Bate, introduction,
356:Jonathan Bate, introduction,
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194:of the 1605 printing (Q2) of
71:. Roberts later printed the "
1512:Tales from the Public Domain
1467:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
566:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
173:The 'Bad' Quarto of 'Hamlet'
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1301:The Story of Edgar Sawtelle
418:, 1998 (Vol. XX, pp. 80–88)
371:Hamlet: A Guide to the Play
126:and the Puritan theologian
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1916:The Conscience of the King
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1130:Let the Devil Wear Black
452:, hosted at Google Books
229:Alternate version theory
2156:The Chronicles of Amber
2124:Hamlet and His Problems
1866:The Shakespeare Stealer
1417:(BBC 2, animated, 1992)
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391:Weiner, Albert B., ed.
166:memorial reconstruction
1727:In the Bleak Midwinter
1494:Lyle the Kindly Viking
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1241:Too, Too Solid Flesh
1110:Hamlet Goes Business
810:Common phrases from
301:G. R. Hibbard (ed),
258:Saxo and Belleforest
53:Stationers' Register
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1943:Slings & Arrows
1521:The Skinhead Hamlet
1231:Hamlet Had an Uncle
1040:The Rest Is Silence
837:Language of flowers
760:Critical approaches
743:The Spanish Tragedy
606:To be, or not to be
487:William Shakespeare
369:W. Thomas MacCary,
239:To be, or not to be
104:To be, or not to be
28:Q1 title page, 1603
2183:Gertrude – The Cry
2115:Hamlet and Oedipus
1818:To Be or Not to Be
1677:To Be or Not to Be
1657:To Be or Not to Be
1640:In popular culture
1617:Die Hamletmaschine
1485:The Klingon Hamlet
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2014:The Seagull
1955:Video games
1798:Stage Blood
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1140:The Banquet
1023:Adaptations
866:(1911–1912)
675:Terminology
664:Thy name is
615:Mortal coil
597:Soliloquies
151:First Folio
84:First Folio
55:in 1602 by
2227:Categories
1898:Television
1767:Three Days
1375:Television
1342:Fortinbras
573:Fortinbras
501:Characters
279:References
192:Title page
177:W. W. Greg
162:bad quarto
2167:" (Haydn)
2139:Hamlet Q1
2059:(Cabanel)
2049:(Millais)
1610:(Berlioz)
1476:I, Hamlet
1160:Karmayogi
884:On screen
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723:Criticism
690:Induction
265:Eric Sams
141:Ur-Hamlet
1984:Elsinore
1936:" (2001)
1927:" (1983)
1918:" (1966)
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1747:Hamlet 2
1592:(Faccio)
1582:(Thomas)
1561:" (1997)
1552:" (1992)
1440:Parodies
1354:Musicals
697:Quiddity
683:Dumbshow
538:Polonius
524:Gertrude
517:Claudius
115:Polonius
75:" (Q2).
2132:Hebenon
2106:Related
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1607:Tristia
1200:Ophelia
1190:Hemanta
1060:Ophelia
718:Sources
559:Horatio
552:Ophelia
545:Laertes
342:10 July
2233:Hamlet
1987:(2019)
1977:(2010)
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1946:(2003)
1889:(2020)
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63:and
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489:'s
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33:Q1
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