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Hamlet Q1

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168:, the idea that some publications were based on the memories of actors hired to play minor roles. He concluded that the actor who played Marcellus was responsible for the reconstruction. He explained the fact that the "mousetrap" scene, in which Marcellus does not appear, was also accurate by suggesting that the same actor must have also played one of the roles in that scene. Grey argued that hired actors playing minor roles would be more susceptible to bribery than established actors in the company, as they had much less to lose. An anonymous writer probably filled out the missing verses. 22: 234: 188: 275:, states that only a few scholars believe that an earlier version of Shakespeare's play existed and that only a "tiny minority" believe that the "poorly printed" Q1 "may in some way derive from it". However, he also argues that Q1 gives useful information about early productions of the play, especially how it may have been cut for performance. 130:. Since Polonius is a parody of a pompous pseudo-intellectual and his servant acts as a spy, the names might have been interpreted as deliberate insults. The title page of Q1 specifically states that the play was recently performed in "the Cittie of London: as also in the two Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, and else-where". 221:, the printer of Q1. A. W. Pollard argued that Roberts was acting on behalf of Shakespeare's company, and that the entry was intended, albeit unsuccessfully, to block the publication of the play by another publisher. Gerald D. Johnson suggests, in contrast, that Roberts made a deal with the bookseller 255:
disagreed in his introduction to Weiner's edition, arguing that Q1 is descended from an earlier draft of the play and that "the second quarto is Shakespeare's revision and amplification of that earlier play." Craig's argument was based on his observation of significant "structural difference" between
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Strikingly, the role of Gertrude is significantly different, since she becomes an accomplice of Hamlet in his plot against Claudius, insisting that she knew nothing of her first husband's murder and agreeing to help her son. There is an entire scene between Horatio and Gertrude in which Horatio tells
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In addition to the fact that Q1 is much shorter than both Q2 and the F1 version of the play, it has a number of unique characteristics. There are many oddities and unexplained bits of action, consistent with crude cutting of the text (how Hamlet escapes from the ship to England is unexplained, as is
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Other scholars reject these arguments. G.R. Hibbard states categorically that: "As for that text itself, it is a completely illegitimate and unreliable one, having no direct contact with any Shakespearian manuscript, or with any transcript of such a manuscript...Moreover, very little care seems to
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so soon after Q1 has been explained as the result of the fact that Q1 was so corrupt. Possibly Shakespeare or his company thought it necessary to publish the true text to preserve the author's reputation. The title page states that it is "Newly imprinted and enlarged to almost as much againe as it
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While the "bad quarto" theory is still widely accepted, some later scholars have taken a very different view, arguing that the text may be an accurate version of an alternative form of the play. Albert B. Weiner argued in 1962 that Q1 represented a "tourbook" copy, derived originally from a text
260:" but that the second quarto, while doubtless a better play, "does not", and in fact interjects "more than 800 lines of other dramatic matter" between the decision of the King and Polonius to spy on Hamlet and the "get thee to a nunnery" scene in which the spying actually transpires. 121:
argues that these last changes were made because Q1 derives from a touring version of the play, which was intended to include a performance at Oxford University. Hibbard believes that the original names were too close to those of two famous Oxford scholars, the university's founder
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her that Hamlet has escaped from the ship after discovering Claudius' plan to kill him. Gertrude says that she now recognises Claudius' "villany", but she will "soothe and please him for a time" to lull him into a false sense of security.
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argued in 1843 that it was simply a bad version: a "pirated" text, one of the "stol'n and surreptitious copies, maimed and deformed by frauds and stealths of injurious impostors", which were denounced in the preface to the 1623
225:, allowing Ling to use another printer to publish Q1 first, but giving Roberts the right to print the much more substantial "good" version later, from which both would profit, with Ling getting to sell the same play twice. 175:, a book in which he argued in great detail for the memorial reconstruction theory, asserting that the actor probably played the roles of Marcellus and Lucianus and had been hired for a provincial touring production. 93:. Since then the exact relationship between Q1 and the other early texts of the play, as well as its origin as a text, has been extensively debated but no scholarly consensus has been reached. 86:(F1, 1623) (subsequent quartos over the period 1604–1623 are all, at least in their substantive features, derived from Q2). Both Q2 and F1 are more than 1600 lines longer than Q1. 413: 267:, who argued that Q1 represented an early version of the play and that distinctive spelling variations typical of Shakespeare imply that it was set up from his manuscript. 1666: 118: 210:
states that Q2 is "apparently the one closest to Shakespere's original manuscript, but it may represent a 'reading' text as opposed to a 'performance' one".
1457: 164:" in 1909, a term he coined to distinguish several texts that he judged significantly corrupt. In 1915 Henry David Gray analysed Q1 using the model of 2085: 138:
After its discovery in 1823, its initial editors typically took the view that Q1 was an early draft of the play, perhaps even a revision of the
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similar to Q2 or F, which had been trimmed and simplified for performance by a small number of actors on tour in the provinces. But
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had argued that the actor may also have played another small role, that of Voltemar, but Duthie disagreed with this view.
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the arrival of the English ambassadors). Some scenes take place at a different point in the story – for example Hamlet's "
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is called "Corambis" while his servant Reynoldo is named "Montano". Various suggestions have been made to explain this.
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This view became increasingly prominent in the 20th century. It was one of the publications named by the bibliographer
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have been exercised over the actual printing, for passages of sheer nonsense abound". Bate, in his 2008 edition of
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The situation is complicated by the fact that the original 1602 entry in the Stationers' Register was made by
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Gerald D. Johnson, 'Nicholas Ling, Publisher 1580–1607'", Studies in Bibliography, 38, 1985, pp.203–14.
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Q1 and the other texts, that "the first quarto follows the order of events as they appear in
1983: 1270: 1250: 1159: 854: 843: 766: 703: 1022: 59:, but Q1 was not published until summer or autumn 1603. It was published by the booksellers 1597: 1240: 1109: 500: 470: 2146: 8: 1973: 1230: 1199: 836: 742: 605: 486: 335: 238: 103: 2066: 455: 2114: 2045: 1942: 1484: 1423: 1393: 1383: 1290: 1049: 1011: 1004: 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 145: 2200: 2055: 2022: 1606: 1341: 1149: 717: 523: 257: 157: 89:
Q1 was unknown until 1823, when the first of only two known copies was discovered by
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The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice
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Eric Sams, "Shakespeare's Hand in the Copy for the 1603 First Quarto of Hamlet",
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The most prominent opponent of the "bad quarto" view was
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The First Edition of the Tragedy of Hamlet: London, 1603
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Another significant difference is that the character of
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The publication of the so-called "good quarto" (Q2) of
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A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja
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The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)
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Craig, Hardin. Introduction to Weiner, op. cit., iv.
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The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke
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Duthie published 2005:Asterix and the Great Crossing 830:Cultural references to Ophelia 407: 398: 393:Hamlet: The First Quarto, 1603 385: 376: 373:, Greenwood Press, 1998, p.12. 363: 350: 1: 1697:Highlander II: The Quickening 626:What a piece of work is a man 431:Jonathan Bate, introduction, 356:Jonathan Bate, introduction, 278: 194:of the 1605 printing (Q2) of 71:. Roberts later printed the " 1512:Tales from the Public Domain 1467:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 566:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 173:The 'Bad' Quarto of 'Hamlet' 7: 1301:The Story of Edgar Sawtelle 418:, 1998 (Vol. XX, pp. 80–88) 371:Hamlet: A Guide to the Play 126:and the Puritan theologian 10: 2259: 1916:The Conscience of the King 2243:Shakespearean scholarship 2174:The Hobart Shakespeareans 2105: 2037: 1995: 1954: 1897: 1876:Interred with Their Bones 1829: 1778: 1647: 1638: 1569: 1531: 1439: 1404:Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 1374: 1353: 1312: 1221: 1030: 1021: 882: 853: 799: 713: 674: 645: 596: 499: 217:, the printer of Q2, not 2095:The River Bank (Ophelia) 1130:Let the Devil Wear Black 452:, hosted at Google Books 229:Alternate version theory 2156:The Chronicles of Amber 2124:Hamlet and His Problems 1866:The Shakespeare Stealer 1417:(BBC 2, animated, 1992) 820:Cultural references to 391:Weiner, Albert B., ed. 166:memorial reconstruction 1727:In the Bleak Midwinter 1494:Lyle the Kindly Viking 247: 198: 97:Unique characteristics 29: 1387:(Australian TV, 1959) 1271:The Dead Fathers Club 1251:Gertrude and Claudius 844:Human skull symbolism 236: 190: 24: 1241:Too, Too Solid Flesh 1110:Hamlet Goes Business 810:Common phrases from 301:G. 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Pollard 134:Bad quarto theory 91:Sir Henry Bunbury 67:, and printed by 2250: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2070: 2067:Affe mit Schädel 2061: 2051: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1988: 1978: 1968: 1964:Last Action Hero 1947: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1890: 1880: 1870: 1860: 1857:The Undiscovered 1851: 1843: 1839:Hamlet, Revenge! 1822: 1812: 1802: 1792: 1771: 1761: 1751: 1741: 1731: 1721: 1711: 1707:Last Action Hero 1701: 1691: 1681: 1671: 1661: 1645: 1644: 1631: 1621: 1611: 1601: 1593: 1583: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1543:" (16th century) 1524: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1449:15-Minute Hamlet 1428: 1418: 1408: 1398: 1388: 1367: 1346: 1336: 1326: 1305: 1295: 1285: 1281:Something Rotten 1275: 1265: 1255: 1245: 1235: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1184: 1174: 1164: 1154: 1144: 1134: 1124: 1114: 1104: 1094: 1084: 1074: 1064: 1054: 1044: 1028: 1027: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 875: 867: 846: 839: 832: 825: 815: 792: 783: 781:House of Gonzaga 776: 774:Saxo Grammaticus 769: 762: 755: 746: 737: 735:Legend of Hamlet 706: 699: 692: 685: 667: 658: 638: 635:Speak the speech 629: 618: 609: 589: 582: 580:The Gravediggers 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 480: 473: 466: 457: 456: 436: 429: 420: 411: 405: 402: 396: 389: 383: 380: 374: 367: 361: 354: 348: 347: 345: 343: 334:. 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R. Hibbard 116: 111: 107: 105: 94: 92: 87: 85: 81: 76: 74: 73:Second Quarto 70: 66: 62: 61:Nicholas Ling 58: 57:James Roberts 54: 50: 49: 44: 40: 39: 34: 27: 23: 19: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2154: 2145: 2138: 2122: 2113: 2093: 2084: 2078:(Waterhouse) 2075: 2065: 2056: 2046: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1982: 1972: 1962: 1941: 1907:The Producer 1884: 1874: 1864: 1847: 1837: 1816: 1806: 1796: 1786: 1765: 1755: 1745: 1735: 1725: 1715: 1705: 1695: 1685: 1675: 1665: 1655: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1587: 1578: 1519: 1501: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1422: 1412: 1402: 1392: 1382: 1361: 1340: 1330: 1320: 1299: 1289: 1279: 1269: 1259: 1249: 1239: 1229: 1208: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1158: 1148: 1138: 1128: 1118: 1108: 1100:Strange Brew 1098: 1088: 1078: 1068: 1058: 1048: 1038: 855:Performances 821: 811: 787: 750: 741: 704:Substitution 490: 448: 432: 415: 409: 400: 392: 387: 378: 370: 365: 357: 352: 340:. 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Index


Hamlet
Stationers' Register
James Roberts
Nicholas Ling
John Trundle
Valentine Simmes
Second Quarto
First Folio
Sir Henry Bunbury
To be, or not to be
Polonius
G. R. Hibbard
Robert Polenius
John Rainolds
Ur-Hamlet
John Payne Collier
First Folio
Alfred W. Pollard
bad quarto
memorial reconstruction
W. W. Greg

Title page
Jonathan Bate
James Roberts
Valentine Simmes
Nicholas Ling

To be, or not to be

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