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319:, garrulous man of about 75 or so, eliciting a few laughs from the audience by the depiction. More recent productions have tended to play him as a slightly younger man, and to emphasise his shiftiness rather than pompous senility, harking back to the traditional manner in which Polonius was played before the 20th century. Until the 1900s there was a tradition that the actor who plays Polonius also plays the quick-witted gravedigger in Act V. This bit suggests that the actor who played Polonius was an actor used to playing clowns much like the Fool in
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162:, he is described as a windbag by some and a rambler of wisdom by others. It has also been suggested that he only acts like a "foolish prating knave" to keep his position and popularity safe and to keep anyone from discovering his plots for social advancement. Throughout the play, Polonius is characterised as a typical
295:". It has been suggested that this derives from "crambe" or "crambo", derived from a Latin phrase meaning "reheated cabbage", implying "a boring old man" who spouts trite rehashed ideas. Whether this was the original name of the character or not is debated. Various suggestions have been made to explain this.
181:
Laertes is not the only character upon whom
Polonius spies. He is fearful that Hamlet's relationship with his daughter will hurt his reputation with the king and instructs Ophelia to "lock herself from resort". He later suspects that Ophelia's rejection of Hamlet's attention has caused the prince to
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In Act 1, Scene 3, Polonius gives advice to his son
Laertes, who is leaving for France, in the form of a list of sententious maxims. He finishes by giving his son his blessing, and is apparently at ease with his son's departure. However, in Act 2, Scene 1, he orders his servant Reynaldo to travel to
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One key to the portrayal is a producer's decision to keep or remove the brief scene with his servant, Reynaldo, which comes after his scene of genial, fatherly advice to
Laertes. He instructs Reynaldo to spy on his son, and even suggest that he has been gambling and consorting with prostitutes, to
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Polonius's death at the hands of Hamlet causes
Claudius to fear for his own life, Ophelia to go mad, and Laertes to seek revenge, which leads to the duel in the final act. Various other versions end with all the dead coming back to life, but that is dependent on the version.
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Polonius's most famous lines are found in Act 1 Scene 3 ("Neither a borrower nor a lender be"; "To thine own self be true") and Act 2 Scene 2 ("Brevity is the soul of wit"; and "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't") while others have become paraphrased
307:, founder of Oxford University. Since Polonius is a parody of a pompous pseudo-intellectual, the name might have been interpreted as a deliberate insult. The title page of Q1 specifically states that the play was recently performed in London, Oxford and Cambridge.
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Polonius connives with
Claudius to spy on Hamlet. Hamlet unknowingly kills Polonius, provoking Ophelia's descent into madness, ultimately resulting in her (probable) suicide and the climax of the play: a duel between Laertes and Hamlet.
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in
Gertrude's room. Hamlet deals roughly with his mother, causing her to cry for help. Polonius echoes the request for help and is heard by Hamlet, who then mistakes the voice for Claudius' and stabs through the arras and kills him.
366:("Clothes make the man"; "Old friends are the best friends"). Also, the line he speaks when he is killed by Hamlet in Act 3 scene 4 ("Oh, I am slain!") has been subject to parody and ridicule due to its obviousness.
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and
Claudius of his suspicion, claiming that his reason for commanding Ophelia to reject Hamlet was that the prince was above her station. He and the king test his hypothesis by spying on and interrogating Ophelia.
325:: not a doddering old fool, but an alive and intelligent master of illusion and misdirection. Polonius adds a new dimension to the play and is a controlling and menacing character.
1996:
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280:. "Polonius" is Latin for "Polish" or "a/the Polish man." The English translation of the book refers to its author as a statesman of the "polonian empyre".
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also suggested that
Polonius might have been a satire on Burghley. The theory was often finessed with supplementary arguments, but also disputed. Arden
276:(known in Latin as Laurentius Grimaldius Goslicius), which was widely read after it was translated into English and published in 1598 under the title
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find out what he has really been up to. The inclusion of this scene portrays him in a much more sinister light; most productions, including
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versions of the Hamlet legend. However, at least since the 19th century scholars have also sought to understand the character in terms of
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production. No other actor has ever won an award for playing
Polonius in any professional American stage version of
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625:"From Renaissance Poland to Poland's Renaissance: The Struggle for Constitutionalism in Poland by Mark Brzezinski"
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as a "sincere" father, but also "a busy-body, is accordingly officious, garrulous, and impertinent". In Act II,
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plays
Polonius mostly for laughs in the Burton production, Polonius is more sinister than comic in
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In most productions of the 20th century, up to about 1980, Polonius was played as a somewhat
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Gollancz proposed that the source for the character's name and sententious platitudes was
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The literary origins of the character may be traced to the King's counsellor found in the
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refers to Polonius as a "tedious old fool" and taunts him as a latter day "
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guest-starring as a famous stage producer who finds himself on the island.
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Paris and spy on Laertes and report if he is indulging in any local vice.
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In his last attempt to spy on Hamlet, Polonius hides himself behind an
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Home Front Heroes: The Rise of a New Hollywood Archetype, 1988–1999
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Internet Shakespeare Editions, University of Victoria, 2003, p. 2.
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Actors who have played Polonius on film and television include
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114:. He is the chief counsellor of the play's ultimate villain,
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337:, choose to remove it. The respective productions starring
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1997:
A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja
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1788:
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)
402:, nor for playing him in a film version of the play.
560:French, George Russell (1869). "Notes on Hamlet".
2416:Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski
272:, a book on statesmanship by the Polish courtier
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801:
541:Hamlet Act II scene ii – William Shakespeare.
431:playing Laertes) in a musical production of
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222:Polonius was first proposed as a parody of
1420:The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet
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42:
1833:To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure
732:
704:, Oxford University Press, 1998, p.69-75.
671:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p.71.
667:William Shakespeare, Philip Edwards (ed)
588:, 1921, 112; 114–118; John Dover Wilson,
985:The lady doth protest too much, methinks
682:“Shakespeare in Poland: selected Issues”
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2087:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead
2017:Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead
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2264:Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow
2118:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
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739:Abele, Elizabeth (20 November 2013).
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511:"Polonius at Encyclopædia Britannica"
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584:See, for example, Lilian Winstanley,
299:argues that the name was originally
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423:playing the role of Polonius (with
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586:Hamlet and the Scottish Succession
570:. pp. 299–310. Archived from
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1871:My Robin is to the greenwood gone
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498:Characters of Shakespeare's Plays
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594:William Shakespeare: A Biography
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2027:Highlander II: The Quickening
956:What a piece of work is a man
745:. Jefferson, North Carolina:
715:"See all of Polonius's lines"
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1842:Tales from the Public Domain
1797:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
896:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
623:Cole, Daniel H. (May 1999).
274:Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki
232:William Cecil, Lord Burghley
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1631:The Story of Edgar Sawtelle
182:lose his wits, and informs
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637:(6). Ann Arbor, Michigan:
435:by the castaways, then by
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2454:Hamlet and His Problems
2196:The Shakespeare Stealer
1747:(BBC 2, animated, 1992)
1150:Cultural references to
516:Encyclopædia Britannica
249:
226:'s leading counsellor,
71:In-universe information
2057:In the Bleak Midwinter
1824:Lyle the Kindly Viking
639:University of Michigan
496:' in William Hazlitt,
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1717:(Australian TV, 1959)
1601:The Dead Fathers Club
1581:Gertrude and Claudius
1174:Human skull symbolism
609:Jenkins, Harold, ed.
409:", a 1966 episode of
291:, Polonius is named "
257:
2597:Characters in Hamlet
1571:Too, Too Solid Flesh
1440:Hamlet Goes Business
1140:Common phrases from
782:at Wikimedia Commons
700:G. R. Hibbard (ed),
158:, and counsellor to
118:, and the father of
53:Jehan Georges Vibert
2273:Slings & Arrows
1851:The Skinhead Hamlet
1561:Hamlet Had an Uncle
1370:The Rest Is Silence
1167:Language of flowers
1090:Critical approaches
1073:The Spanish Tragedy
936:To be, or not to be
817:William Shakespeare
630:Michigan Law Review
598:Shakespeare The Man
574:on 10 October 2008.
566:. London, England:
106:William Shakespeare
65:William Shakespeare
21:Fictional character
16:Character in Hamlet
2617:Fictional nobility
2513:Gertrude – The Cry
2445:Hamlet and Oedipus
2148:To Be or Not to Be
2007:To Be or Not to Be
1987:To Be or Not to Be
1970:In popular culture
1947:Die Hamletmaschine
1815:The Klingon Hamlet
1724:Hamlet at Elsinore
1380:The Bad Sleep Well
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613:(1982), 142.
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520:. Retrieved
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399:
392:John Gielgud
360:
357:Famous lines
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285:first quarto
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2344:The Seagull
2285:Video games
2128:Stage Blood
1737:(BBC, 1980)
1727:(BBC, 1964)
1470:The Banquet
1353:Adaptations
1196:(1911–1912)
1005:Terminology
994:Thy name is
945:Mortal coil
927:Soliloquies
464:Bill Murray
421:The Skipper
376:Hume Cronyn
347:Hume Cronyn
217:Elizabethan
209:Belleforest
172:King Hamlet
164:Renaissance
90:(daughter)
76:Affiliation
2591:Categories
2228:Television
2097:Three Days
1705:Television
1672:Fortinbras
903:Fortinbras
831:Characters
475:References
425:Dawn Wells
380:Tony Award
150:Father of
61:Created by
2497:" (Haydn)
2469:Hamlet Q1
2389:(Cabanel)
2379:(Millais)
1940:(Berlioz)
1806:I, Hamlet
1490:Karmayogi
1214:On screen
1131:Influence
1082:Ur-Hamlet
1053:Criticism
1020:Induction
747:McFarland
568:Macmillan
364:aphorisms
322:King Lear
234:in 1869.
146:Character
37:character
2314:Elsinore
2266:" (2001)
2257:" (1983)
2248:" (1966)
2239:" (1966)
2189:" (1997)
2077:Hamlet 2
1922:(Faccio)
1912:(Thomas)
1891:" (1997)
1882:" (1992)
1770:Parodies
1684:Musicals
1027:Quiddity
1013:Dumbshow
868:Polonius
854:Gertrude
847:Claudius
780:Polonius
685:Archived
448:Ian Holm
429:Mary Ann
396:Broadway
394:'s 1964
301:Polonius
293:Corambis
184:Gertrude
116:Claudius
108:'s play
102:Polonius
84:Children
27:Polonius
2581:Theatre
2569:England
2555:Portals
2462:Hebenon
2436:Related
2406:Ophelia
2387:Ophelia
2377:Ophelia
1937:Tristia
1530:Ophelia
1520:Hemanta
1390:Ophelia
1048:Sources
889:Horatio
882:Ophelia
875:Laertes
724:10 July
655:1290243
550:2.2.346
522:10 July
283:In the
242:editor
203:Sources
168:new man
156:Laertes
152:Ophelia
136:Jephtha
124:Ophelia
120:Laertes
93:Laertes
88:Ophelia
2317:(2019)
2307:(2010)
2304:Hamlet
2297:(1993)
2276:(2003)
2219:(2020)
2216:Hamnet
2209:(2007)
2199:(1998)
2180:(1994)
2172:(1937)
2160:Novels
2151:(2008)
2141:(1991)
2131:(1974)
2121:(1966)
2100:(2012)
2090:(2009)
2080:(2008)
2070:(2002)
2060:(1995)
2050:(1994)
2040:(1993)
2030:(1991)
2020:(1990)
2010:(1983)
2000:(1973)
1990:(1942)
1960:(Dean)
1957:Hamlet
1950:(Rihm)
1928:Hamlet
1919:Amleto
1909:Hamlet
1754:Hamlet
1744:Hamlet
1714:Hamlet
1696:(1973)
1675:(1991)
1665:(1979)
1655:(1977)
1634:(2008)
1624:(2008)
1614:(2007)
1604:(2006)
1594:(2002)
1584:(2000)
1574:(1989)
1564:(1940)
1552:Novels
1543:(2019)
1533:(2018)
1523:(2016)
1513:(2014)
1503:(2014)
1500:Haider
1493:(2012)
1483:(2009)
1473:(2006)
1463:(1999)
1453:(1994)
1443:(1987)
1433:(1983)
1423:(1977)
1413:(1973)
1403:(1968)
1393:(1963)
1383:(1960)
1373:(1959)
1204:(1964)
1152:Hamlet
1142:Hamlet
917:Yorick
840:Hamlet
822:Hamlet
753:
702:Hamlet
653:
611:Hamlet
494:Hamlet
466:, and
433:Hamlet
400:Hamlet
388:Hamlet
378:won a
317:senile
289:Hamlet
240:Hamlet
132:Hamlet
111:Hamlet
55:, 1868
34:Hamlet
2326:Books
2109:Plays
1978:Films
1862:Songs
1643:Plays
1480:Doubt
1361:Films
861:Ghost
651:JSTOR
192:arras
95:(son)
1342:2011
1335:2000
1328:1996
1321:1990
1314:1974
1307:1969
1300:1964
1293:1961
1286:1954
1279:1948
1272:1935
1265:1921
1258:1917
1251:1913
1244:1912
1237:1908
1230:1907
1223:1900
751:ISBN
726:2014
524:2014
405:In "
341:and
250:Name
211:and
154:and
122:and
2368:Art
2067:War
819:'s
643:doi
427:as
419:as
390:in
386:'s
333:'s
287:of
138:".
51:by
2593::
717:.
649:.
635:97
633:.
627:.
513:.
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458:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
353:.
258:A
174:.
2557::
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1822:"
996:"
992:"
987:"
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967:"
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954:"
947:"
943:"
938:"
934:"
809:e
802:t
795:v
759:.
728:.
657:.
645::
526:.
500:.
492:'
470:.
166:"
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