647:
770:” or category 2A in their classification system. This is due in part to the presence of chemical compounds historically found in hair products that have exhibited mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in animal and in vitro studies. However, the same consistent effects have yet to be fully determined in humans. There have been studies showing a link between occupational exposure to hair dyes and increased risk of bladder in male hairdressers but not females. Other malignancies such as ovarian, breast and lung cancers have also been studied in hairdressers, but the outcomes of these studies were either inconclusive due to potential confounding or did not exhibit an increase in risk.
672:. After students graduate from a program, they take a state licensing exam, which often consists of a written test, and a practical test of styling or an oral exam. Hairdressers must pay for licenses, and occasionally licenses must be renewed. Some states allow hairdressers to work without obtaining a new license, while others require a new license. About 44% of hairdressers are self-employed, often putting in 40-hour work weeks, and even longer among the self-employed. In 2008, 29% of hairstylists worked part-time, and 14% had variable schedules. As of 2008, people working as hairdressers totaled about 630,700, with a projected increase to 757,700 by 2018.
504:
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205:
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705:. The liquid product is applied to the hair, which is then dried using a blow dryer. Simulation studies as well as observational studies of working salons have shown formaldehyde levels in the air that meet and exceed occupational exposure limits. Variations in observed levels are a function of ventilation used in the workplace as well as the levels of formaldehyde, and its derivatives, in the product itself.
622:
412:
790:, and formaldehyde. The concentration of exposure was generally found to be a function of the presence or absence of ventilation in the area in which they were working. Studies have exhibited an increased rate of respiratory symptoms experienced such as cough, wheezing, rhinitis, and shortness of breath among hairdressers when compared to other groups. Decreased lung function levels on
475:, and demanded that hairdressers do the same. Wigmakers also demanded that hairdressers cease taking away from their trade, and hairdressers responded that their roles were not the same, hairdressing was a service, and wigmakers made and sold a product. de Rumigny died in 1770 and other hairdressers gained in popularity, specifically three Frenchmen: Frederic, Larseueur, and
552:
549:
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468:, which discussed hairdressing and included pictures of hairstyles designed by him. The book was a best seller amongst Frenchwomen, and four years later de Rumigny opened a school for hairdressers: Academie de Coiffure. At the school he taught men and women to cut hair and create his special hair designs.
332:
Many
Africans believed that hair is a method to communicate with the Divine Being. It is the highest part of the body and therefore the closest to the divine. Because of this Hairdressers held a prominent role in African communities. The status of hairdressing encouraged many to develop their skills,
681:
ventilation, as well as individual exposures to various chemicals throughout one's career. Hairdressers encounter a variety of chemicals on the job due to handling products such as shampoos, conditioners, sprays, chemical straighteners, permanent curling agents, bleaching agents, and dyes. While the
809:
has been considered the main cause for most cases of contact dermatitis in hairdressers, as products such as hair dyes and bleaches, as well as permanent curling agents contain chemicals that are known sensitizers. Hairdressers also spend a significant amount of time engaging in wet work with their
680:
Like many occupations, hairdressing is associated with potential health hazards stemming from the products workers use on the job as well as the environment they work in. Exposure risks are highly variable throughout the profession due to differences in the physical workspace, such as use of proper
749:
Most hairdressers are women of childbearing age, which lends to additional considerations for potential workplace exposures and the risks they may pose. There have been studies linking mothers who are hairdressers with adverse birthing outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, perinatal
716:
are a broad class of compounds containing an amine group attached to an aromatic ring. IARC has categorized most aromatic amines as known carcinogens. Their use spans several industries including use in pesticides, medications, and industrial dyes. Aromatic amines have also been found in oxidative
511:
Parisian hairdressers continued to develop influential styles during the early 19th century. Wealthy French women would have their favorite hairdressers style their hair from within their own homes, a trend seen in wealthy international communities. Hairdressing was primarily a service affordable
685:
does hold certain guidelines over cosmetic products, such as proper labeling and provisions against adulteration, the FDA does not require approval of products prior to being sold to the public. This leaves opportunity for variations in product formulation, which can make occupational exposure
607:
became popular, alongside other short haircuts. In the 1930s complicated styles came back into fashion, alongside the return of the Marcel wave. Hairdressing was one of the few acceptable professions during this time for women, alongside teaching, nursing and clerical work.
655:
Occupationally, hairdressing is expected to grow faster than the average for all other occupations, at 20%. A state license is required for hairdressers to practice, with qualifications varying from state to state. Generally a person interested in hairdressing must have a
650:
Shelf with a great number of different hair colours, each having a colour code printed on the packaging, at a hairdresser in
Germany. In practice, often two or more colours are mixed with each other to achieve a certain intermediate colour tone, which requires significant
423:
suggested that wealthy women wear large, complex and heavily adorned hairstyles, which would be maintained by their personal maids and other people, who would spend hours dressing the woman's hair. A wealthy man's hair would often be maintained by a
754:. However, these studies failed to show a well-defined association between individual risk factors and adverse birthing outcomes. Other studies have also indicated a correlation between professional hairdressing and menstrual dysfunction as well as
810:
hands being directly immersed in water or by handling of wet hair and tools. Overtime, this type of work has also been implicated in increased rate of irritant dermatitis among hairdressers due to damage of the skins natural protective barrier
1233:"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 57, Occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colourants; some hair dyes, cosmetic colourants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines"
341:, oiling, styling and ornamenting their hair. Men would work specifically on men, and women on other women. Before a master hairdresser died, they would give their combs and tools to a chosen successor during a special ceremony.
2092:
Warshaw, Erin M.; Wang, Michael Z.; Mathias, C.G. Toby; Maibach, Howard I.; Belsito, Donald V.; Zug, Kathryn A.; Taylor, James S.; Zirwas, Matthew J.; Fransway, Anthony F.; DeLeo, Vincent A.; Marks, James G. (November 2012).
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732:, additives to plastic products to change certain physical characteristics. They have also been widely used in cosmetic products as preservatives, including shampoos and hair sprays. Phthalates have been implicated as
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practitioner, called the "Voodoo Queen of New
Orleans," and she used her connections to wealthy women to support her religious practice. She provided "help" to women who needed it for money, gifts and other favors.
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have been shown to be the largest inhalation exposure in hair salons, with the greatest concentrations occurring while mixing hair dyes and with use of hair sprays. Other notable respiratory exposures included
388:. Women had their hair maintained and groomed at their homes. Historical documentation is lacking regarding hairstylists from the 5th century until the 14th century. Hair care service grew in demand after a
432:
where men began styling women's hair for the first time, and many of the notable hairdressers of the time were men, a trend that would continue into contemporary times. The first famous male hairdresser was
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Pexe, Marcelo
Eduardo; Marcante, Amanda; Luz, Maciel Santos; Fernandes, Pedro Henrique Manzani; Neto, Francisco Chiaravalloti; Sato, Ana Paula Sayuri; Olympio, Kelly Polido Kaneshiro (September 2019).
568:
became popularized during the 20th century, alongside men's barbershops. These spaces served as social spaces, allowing women to socialize while having their hair done and other services such as
2003:
Brisman, Jonas; Albin, Maria; Rylander, Lars; Mikoczy, Zoli; Lillienberg, Linnéa; Höglund, Anna
Dahlman; Torén, Kjell; Meding, Birgitta; Diab, Kerstin Kronholm; Nielsen, Jørn (December 2003).
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and needed to be done by an experienced hairdresser. Fashionable women asked to have their hair "marceled." During this period, hairdressers began opening salons in cities and towns, led by
556:
A Dutch hairstylist gives a woman the "Coup Sixty-One" hairstyle. After completing the look, he then shows that his styling can withstand the elements, with a watering can demonstration.
717:(permanent) hair dyes; however due to their potential for carcinogenicity, they were removed from most hair dye formulations and their use was completely banned in the European Union.
686:
evaluation challenging. However, there are certain chemicals that are commonly found in products used in hair salons and have been the subject of various occupational hazard studies.
456:. The hairstyle, "the tower," was the trend with wealthy English and American women, who relied on hairdressers to style their hair as tall as possible. Tall piles of curls were
736:, compounds that mimic the body's own hormones and can lead to dysregulation of the reproductive and neurologic systems as well as changes in metabolism and cell proliferation.
1930:
Heibati, Behzad; Jaakkola, Maritta S.; Lajunen, Taina K.; Ducatman, Alan; Bamshad, Zahra; Eslamizad, Samira; Shafee, Fatemeh; Karimi, Ali; Jaakkola, Jouni J. K. (2021-01-18).
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or IARC as “carcinogenic to humans”. The presence of formaldehyde and methylene glycol, a formaldehyde derivative, have been found in hair smoothing products, such as the
766:
The
International Agency for Research on Cancer or IARC, has categorized occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers to chemical agents found in the workplace as “
591:. These tools allowed hairdressers to promote visits to their salons, over limited service in-home visits. New coloring processes were developed, including those by
2095:"Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Hairdressers/Cosmetologists: Retrospective Analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994 to 2010"
460:, powdered and decorated with ribbons, flowers, lace, feathers and jewelry. The profession of hairdressing was launched as a genuine profession when
572:. Wealthy women still had hairdressers visit their home, but, the majority of women visited salons for services, including high-end salons such as
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215:
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A caricature of a French hairdresser at the Académie de
Coiffure, working on a large hairstyle, fashionable of the time, in the 18th century.
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The first appearance of the word "hairdresser" is in 17th century Europe, and hairdressing was considered a profession. Hair fashion of the
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1760:
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Tsigonia, Alexandra; Lagoudi, Argyro; Chandrinou, Stavroula; Linos, Athena; Evlogias, Nikos; Alexopoulos, Evangelos C. (2010-01-26).
483:. Leonard was her favorite, and developed many hairstyles that became fashion trends within wealthy Parisian circles, including the
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Pierce, J. S.; Abelmann, A.; Spicer, L. J.; Adams, R. E.; Glynn, M. E.; Neier, K.; Finley, B. L.; Gaffney, S. H. (November 2011).
758:. However, subsequent studies did not show similar correlations. Due to such inconsistencies, further research is required.
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he escaped the country hours before he was to be arrested, alongside the king, queen, and other clients. LĂ©onard emigrated to
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Kolena, B; Petrovičová, I; Šidlovská, M; Pilka, T; Neuschlová, M; Valentová, I; Rybanský, L'; Trnovec, T (October 2017).
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only to those wealthy enough to hire professionals or to pay for servants to care for their hair. In the United States,
139:
1932:"Occupational exposures and respiratory symptoms and lung function among hairdressers in Iran: a cross-sectional study"
1761:"The risk of infertility among hairdressers. Five-year follow-up of female hairdressers in a Danish national registry"
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186:
89:
2197:
Jung, Pil Kyun; Lee, June-Hee; Baek, Ji Hye; Hwang, Jungho; Won, Jong-Uk; Kim, Inah; Roh, Jaehoon (December 2014).
1277:"Characterization of Formaldehyde Exposure Resulting from the Use of Four Professional Hair Straightening Products"
146:
520:, began working as a hairdresser in the early 1820s, maintaining the hair of wealthy women of the city. She was a
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also worked as hairdressers, and wealthy men often had personal barbers within their home. With the standard of
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2005:"The incidence of respiratory symptoms in female Swedish hairdressers: Respiratory Symptoms in Hairdressers"
1612:"Adverse birth outcomes and maternal complications in licensed cosmetologists and manicurists in California"
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How Not to Look Old: Fast and
Effortless Ways to Look 10 Years Younger, 10 Pounds Lighter, 10 Times Better
34:
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Hougaard, Majken G.; Winther, Lone; Søsted, Heidi; Zachariae, Claus; Johansen, Jeanne D. (January 2015).
1337:"Hairdressers are exposed to high concentrations of formaldehyde during the hair straightening procedure"
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developed the "Marcel wave" in the late part of the century. His wave required the use of a special hot
135:
1870:"Indoor Air in Beauty Salons and Occupational Health Exposure of Cosmetologists to Chemical Substances"
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was declared the first official hairdresser of the French court. In 1765 de
Rumigny published his book
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Quach, Thu; Von Behren, Julie; Goldberg, Debbie; Layefsky, Michael; Reynolds, Peggy (October 2015).
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By 1777, approximately 1,200 hairdressers were working in Paris. During this time, barbers formed
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and close relationships were built between hairdressers and their clients. Hours would be spent
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Some hairstylists specialize in particular services, such as colorists, who specialize in
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Women's hair grew taller in style during the 17th century, popularized by the hairdresser
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1202:"FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated"
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have also been demonstrated in hairdressers when compared to unexposed reference groups.
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384:. Men who did not have their own private hair or shaving services would visit the local
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in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of
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1098:"Occupational Chemical Exposures among Cosmetologists: Risk of Reproductive Disorders"
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are a class of compounds that are esters of phthalic acid. Their main use has been as
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in Paris, which allowed hairdressers to perform complicated styling techniques. After
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Ronda, Elena; GarcĂa, Ana Maria; Sánchez-Paya, JosĂ©; Moen, Bente E. (November 2009).
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348:, hairdressers had specially decorated cases to hold their tools, including lotions,
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1500:"Occupational phthalate exposure and health outcomes among hairdressing apprentices"
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862:"Hair care in the 19th century | Loma Linda University Del E. Webb Memorial Library"
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Harling, M.; Schablon, A.; Schedlbauer, G.; Dulon, M.; Nienhaus, A. (2010-05-01).
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664:, be at least 16 years of age, and have graduated from a state-licensed barber or
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Hougaard, K.S.; Hannerz, H.; Bonde, J.P.; Feveile, H.; Burr, H. (December 2006).
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2044:"Occupational skin diseases in hairdressing apprentices – has anything changed?"
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2199:"The Effect of Work Characteristics on Dermatologic Symptoms in Hairdressers"
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1406:, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. a02_037,
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304:, and hair texturing techniques. A hairdresser may also be referred to as a '
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wearing within the culture, wigmakers were also trained as hairdressers. In
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was one of the most famous hairdressers of the period. Laveau, located in
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European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
1155:"Work as a hairdresser and cosmetologist and adverse pregnancy outcomes"
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is a chemical used in various industries and has been classified by the
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Major advancements in hairdressing tools took place during this period.
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and dressed the hair of wealthy Parisian women until his death in 1658.
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deal primarily with the United States and Canada and do not represent a
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is a common dermatological diagnosis affecting hairdressers. Allergen
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1442:"The Debate on Carcinogenicity of Permanent Hair Dyes: New Insights"
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Halliday-Bell, J. A.; Gissler, M.; Jaakkola, J. J. K. (2009-05-01).
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495:, where he worked as the premier hairdresser for Russian nobility.
349:
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Pak, Victoria M.; Powers, Martha; Liu, Jianghong (December 2013).
887:"African Hairstyles' Social Importance and Spiritual Significance"
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Hairdressing as an occupation dates back thousands of years. Both
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1714:"Menstrual disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers"
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1063:"Barbers, Cosmetologists, and Other Personal Appearance Workers"
668:. Full-time programs often last 9 months or more, leading to an
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International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
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1675:"Menstrual disorders and subfertility in Spanish hairdressers"
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487:, which towered five feet over the wearer's head. During the
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Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (2022-03-02).
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2002:
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329:, Greek writers, mention hairdressing in their writings.
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Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
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Handa, Sanjeev; De, Dipankar; Mahajan, Rahul (2012).
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Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards
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A picture of a hairstylist coloring her client's hair
1810:"Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a meta-analysis"
987:
Brown-Paynter, R. (1894–1895). "Freaks of Fashion".
507:
A hairdresser cutting a child's hair, March 26, 1866
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Hair to Dye For: A Hair Colorist's Secrets Revealed
127:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2203:Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1402:, in Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA (ed.),
1281:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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1563:"Reproductive outcome among female hairdressers"
935:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 161–164.
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292:is a person whose occupation is to cut or style
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1440:Bolt, Hermann M.; Golka, Klaus (January 2007).
1398:Vogt, Peter F.; Gerulis, John J. (2000-06-15),
51:Person whose occupation is to cut or style hair
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1404:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
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479:. Leonard and Larseueur were the stylists for
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1067:Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010–11 Edition
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212:The examples and perspective in this article
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2150:"Contact dermatitis to hair dye: An update"
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699:International Agency for Research on Cancer
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1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1055:
1034:
1091:
1089:
1087:
198:
125:adding citations to reliable sources
96:
55:
1504:Human & Experimental Toxicology
544:of hair salons, the Harper Method.
48:
2697:Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut
2082:
1920:
1858:
1488:
1323:
1263:
1212:
708:
284:Hairdresser washing a woman's hair
49:
3554:
3465:Beard and haircut laws by country
1084:
683:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
540:, who developed one of the first
71:This article has multiple issues.
641:
574:Elizabeth Arden's Red Door Salon
203:
101:
60:
3460:Andre Walker Hair Typing System
2682:Historical Christian hairstyles
2190:
2141:
2035:
1996:
1801:
1752:
1705:
1666:
1603:
1554:
1433:
1391:
1193:
1146:
768:probably carcinogenic to humans
744:
689:
560:
498:
112:needs additional citations for
79:or discuss these issues on the
2282:
1446:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
1028:
1001:
980:
956:
878:
854:
773:
734:endocrine disrupting chemicals
616:
13:
1:
1102:Workplace Health & Safety
847:
636:
2111:10.1097/DER.0b013e318273a3b8
1691:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.07.020
1293:10.1080/15459624.2011.626259
1249:10.1016/0003-2670(95)90241-4
1041:. Grand Central Publishing.
1035:Krupp, Charla (2008-01-02).
885:Oshhaa, M. D. (2022-08-04).
750:death, and neonates who are
466:Art de la Coiffure des Dames
7:
964:"Definition of HAIRDRESSER"
813:
676:Occupational health hazards
226:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3559:
1956:10.1007/s00420-020-01645-z
1561:Rylander, L (2002-08-01).
1361:10.1007/s11356-019-05402-9
1243:(1–3): 340. January 1995.
1114:10.1177/216507991306101204
1071:Bureau of Labor Statistics
779:Volatile organic compounds
583:led to the development of
392:in 1092 demanded that all
311:
3452:
3421:
3370:
3264:
3192:
3085:
3078:
2975:
2400:
2328:
2297:
2290:
1636:10.1007/s00420-014-1011-0
1458:10.1080/10408440701385671
929:Victoria Sherrow (2006).
797:
752:small for gestational age
406:
2167:10.4103/0378-6323.100556
1524:10.1177/0960327116678295
1412:10.1002/14356007.a02_037
1008:Baptista, Penny (2009).
31:latest accepted revision
2216:10.1186/2052-4374-26-13
1826:10.1136/oem.2009.050195
1730:10.1093/occmed/43.2.105
968:www.merriam-webster.com
585:permanent wave machines
352:and styling materials.
2482:Brush, butch, burr cut
1237:Analytica Chimica Acta
652:
626:
557:
508:
416:
285:
1887:10.3390/ijerph7010314
1778:10.1093/humrep/del160
1718:Occupational Medicine
1171:10.1093/occmed/kqp017
1159:Occupational Medicine
740:Health considerations
649:
624:
555:
538:Martha Matilda Harper
506:
414:
283:
3307:Hairstyling products
2882:Short back and sides
1579:10.1136/oem.59.8.517
445:, he opened his own
317:Ancient hairdressing
308:' or 'hairstylist'.
232:create a new article
224:improve this article
121:improve this article
3543:Fashion occupations
3485:Eponymous hairstyle
3371:Haircare techniques
3362:Hair texture powder
3220:Frictional alopecia
1948:2021IAOEH..94..877H
1628:2015IAOEH..88..823Q
1516:2017HETox..36.1100K
1353:2019ESPR...2627319P
1347:(26): 27319–27329.
658:high school diploma
612:Modern hairdressing
528:French hairdresser
21:Page version status
3422:Health and medical
2048:Contact Dermatitis
2021:10.1002/ajim.10293
1765:Human Reproduction
1400:"Amines, Aromatic"
830:List of hairstyles
803:Contact dermatitis
666:cosmetology school
653:
627:
558:
509:
437:, who was born in
417:
286:
27:
3520:
3519:
3393:Curly Girl Method
3265:Haircare products
3260:
3259:
3227:Pattern hair loss
2507:Butterfly haircut
2396:
2395:
2060:10.1111/cod.12315
1771:(12): 3122–3126.
1510:(10): 1100–1112.
1421:978-3-527-30673-2
1048:978-0-446-51106-3
1021:978-0-595-52483-9
942:978-0-313-33145-9
891:Africa Facts Zone
703:Brazilian Blowout
553:
489:French Revolution
462:Legros de Rumigny
441:. Upon moving to
278:
277:
270:
260:
259:
252:
234:, as appropriate.
197:
196:
189:
171:
94:
18:
3550:
3247:Trichotillomania
3083:
3082:
3079:Hair subtraction
3065:Designer stubble
2907:Standard haircut
2827:Professional cut
2557:Croydon facelift
2477:Broccoli haircut
2295:
2294:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2218:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2169:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1975:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1889:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1780:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1229:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1005:
999:
998:
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
926:
901:
900:
898:
897:
882:
876:
875:
873:
872:
858:
670:associate degree
593:Eugène Schueller
554:
481:Marie Antoinette
273:
266:
255:
248:
244:
241:
235:
207:
206:
199:
192:
185:
181:
178:
172:
170:
129:
105:
97:
86:
64:
63:
56:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3448:
3429:Greying of hair
3417:
3408:Shampoo and set
3366:
3256:
3188:
3074:
2979:
2971:
2887:Short brush cut
2852:Regular haircut
2502:Businessman cut
2405:
2392:
2324:
2286:
2281:
2251:
2250:
2195:
2191:
2146:
2142:
2090:
2083:
2040:
2036:
2001:
1997:
1928:
1921:
1866:
1859:
1806:
1802:
1757:
1753:
1710:
1706:
1671:
1667:
1608:
1604:
1559:
1555:
1496:
1489:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1396:
1392:
1333:
1324:
1287:(11): 686–699.
1273:
1264:
1231:
1230:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1151:
1147:
1108:(12): 522–528.
1094:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1006:
1002:
985:
981:
972:
970:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
943:
927:
904:
895:
893:
883:
879:
870:
868:
866:library.llu.edu
860:
859:
855:
850:
816:
800:
776:
747:
742:
714:Aromatic amines
711:
709:Aromatic amines
692:
678:
644:
639:
619:
614:
563:
547:
501:
439:Southern France
409:
319:
314:
274:
263:
262:
261:
256:
245:
239:
236:
221:
208:
204:
193:
182:
176:
173:
130:
128:
118:
106:
65:
61:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3512:Hair fetishism
3509:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Hypertrichosis
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2987:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Liberty spikes
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Japanese women
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:High and tight
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Feathered hair
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:Curtained hair
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Crochet braids
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Asymmetric cut
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2291:Classification
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2189:
2160:(5): 583–590.
2140:
2105:(6): 258–268.
2081:
2034:
2015:(6): 673–678.
1995:
1942:(5): 877–887.
1919:
1880:(1): 314–324.
1857:
1820:(5): 351–358.
1800:
1751:
1724:(2): 105–106.
1704:
1665:
1622:(7): 823–833.
1602:
1573:(8): 517–522.
1553:
1487:
1452:(6): 521–536.
1432:
1420:
1390:
1322:
1262:
1211:
1192:
1165:(3): 180–184.
1145:
1083:
1054:
1047:
1027:
1020:
1000:
979:
955:
941:
902:
877:
852:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
833:
832:
822:
820:Asymmetric cut
815:
812:
799:
796:
775:
772:
746:
743:
741:
738:
710:
707:
691:
688:
677:
674:
643:
640:
638:
635:
618:
615:
613:
610:
562:
559:
530:Marcel Grateau
500:
497:
408:
405:
394:Roman Catholic
318:
315:
313:
310:
276:
275:
258:
257:
218:of the subject
216:worldwide view
211:
209:
202:
195:
194:
109:
107:
100:
95:
69:
68:
66:
59:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3555:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Hair follicle
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3413:Straightening
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:Hair coloring
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Victory rolls
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Straight hair
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Induction cut
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Hair crimping
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
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136:"Hairdresser"
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132:Find sources:
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110:This article
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39:3 August 2024
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3533:Hairdressing
3499:
3470:Bearded lady
3398:Hair cutting
3252:Pogonophobia
3242:Trichophilia
2962:Widow's peak
2732:Layered hair
2657:Frosted tips
2647:French twist
2642:French braid
2587:Digital perm
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756:subfertility
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745:Reproductive
730:plasticizers
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362:ancient Rome
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119:Please help
114:verification
111:
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73:Please help
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29:This is the
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3500:Hairdresser
3439:Hair growth
3378:Backcombing
3292:Conditioner
3215:universalis
2977:Facial hair
2927:Temple fade
2917:Surfer hair
2687:Hi-top fade
2667:Hair twists
2627:Finger wave
2329:by location
774:Respiratory
651:experience.
617:Specialties
605:shingle bob
597:World War I
589:hair dryers
581:Electricity
518:New Orleans
401:facial hair
302:haircutting
290:hairdresser
3527:Categories
3444:Trichology
3237:Management
3053:toothbrush
3016:Soul patch
3011:Shenandoah
2897:Spiky hair
2892:Short hair
2822:Punch perm
2757:Marcelling
2727:Laid edges
2717:Kinky hair
2712:Jheri curl
2612:Extensions
2592:Dreadlocks
2562:Curly hair
2517:Caesar cut
2422:Afro puffs
2403:hairstyles
2284:Human hair
2099:Dermatitis
1427:2022-04-12
973:2022-11-17
896:2022-12-20
871:2022-12-20
848:References
792:spirometry
726:Phthalates
721:Phthalates
637:By country
447:hair salon
386:barbershop
368:household
147:newspapers
76:improve it
3495:Good hair
3352:Volumizer
3193:disorders
3103:threading
3070:Sideburns
3043:horseshoe
3038:handlebar
3033:Fu Manchu
3028:Moustache
3006:Ned Kelly
2996:Chinstrap
2932:Titus cut
2922:Taper cut
2847:Razor cut
2812:Pompadour
2807:Pixie cut
2742:Long hair
2722:Kiss curl
2607:Eton crop
2602:Edgar cut
2582:Dido flip
2532:Comb over
2378:Abdominal
2225:2052-4374
2209:(1): 13.
2176:0378-6323
2119:1710-3568
1990:231634447
1964:0340-0131
1896:1660-4601
1834:1351-0711
1787:1460-2350
1738:0962-7480
1644:0340-0131
1532:0960-3271
1466:1040-8444
1385:197664376
1369:0944-1344
1301:1545-9624
1257:0003-2670
1179:0962-7480
1122:2165-0799
842:Hot roots
825:Hairstyle
762:Oncologic
534:hair iron
435:Champagne
397:clergymen
228:talk page
82:talk page
3388:Crimping
3312:Hot comb
3200:Alopecia
3182:straight
3172:electric
3118:electric
3113:chemical
3108:plucking
3086:cosmetic
3021:Van Dyke
2947:Undercut
2912:Step cut
2867:Shape-up
2857:Ringlets
2817:Ponytail
2752:Lovelock
2677:Hime cut
2637:Fontange
2617:Fauxhawk
2597:Ducktail
2577:Devilock
2572:Czupryna
2547:Crew cut
2542:Cornrows
2527:Chonmage
2512:Buzz cut
2467:Bowl cut
2462:Bouffant
2447:Big hair
2368:Underarm
2315:Terminal
2243:25028609
2184:22960813
2127:23169207
2076:13019391
2068:25381756
2029:14635244
1982:33459872
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1377:31321727
1317:32690589
1309:22035353
1187:19270042
1140:24328919
990:Atalanta
814:See also
603:and the
374:servants
350:scissors
222:You may
35:reviewed
3477: (
3453:Related
3342:Shampoo
3337:Rollers
3332:Relaxer
3282:Clipper
3210:totalis
3135:Shaving
3093:Removal
2937:Tonsure
2877:Shimada
2842:Rattail
2802:Pigtail
2787:Pageboy
2762:Mod cut
2747:Lob cut
2632:Flattop
2522:Chignon
2497:Bunches
2489: (
2457:Bob cut
2452:Blowout
2442:Beehive
2363:Eyelash
2356:unibrow
2351:Eyebrow
2298:by type
2234:4097089
2135:5255739
1973:8238693
1944:Bibcode
1905:2819791
1843:2981018
1746:8495000
1624:Bibcode
1588:1740337
1512:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1131:4260452
788:ammonia
784:ethanol
601:bob cut
570:facials
477:LĂ©onard
458:pomaded
382:shaving
354:Barbers
339:combing
335:washing
312:History
161:scholar
3475:Barber
3327:Pomade
3322:Mousse
3205:areata
3177:safety
3098:waxing
3058:walrus
3048:pencil
3001:Goatee
2872:Shikha
2772:Mullet
2767:Mohawk
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473:unions
430:France
421:period
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370:slaves
366:Greece
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3347:Spray
3297:Dryer
3272:Brush
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3150:cream
3123:laser
2991:Beard
2967:Wings
2957:Waves
2837:Quiff
2832:Queue
2797:Payot
2782:1980s
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2131:S2CID
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443:Paris
426:valet
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168:JSTOR
154:books
3505:list
3479:pole
3403:Perm
3317:Iron
3287:Comb
3277:Clay
3160:soap
3140:head
2982:list
2942:Updo
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2417:Afro
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