1097:
1392:'s Emmy-Noether programme. Furthermore, internal "soft" money might only be budgeted to pay for younger postdoctoral scientists. Because of the need to chase short-term research contracts, many researchers in the natural sciences apply for more transparent career development opportunities in other countries. In summary, a peer-reviewed demonstration of a successful academic development and an international outlook is considered more than compensation for an habilitation where there is evidence of grant applications, well-cited publications, a network of collaborators, lecturing and organisational experience, and experience of having worked and published abroad.
701:. For example, in Poland until 2018, the statutory time for getting a habilitation (traditionally, although not obligatorily, relying on a book publication) is eight years. Theoretically, if an assistant professor does not succeed in obtaining habilitation in this time, they should be moved to a position of a lecturer, with a much higher teaching load and no research obligations, or even be dismissed. In practice, however, on many occasions schools extend the deadlines for habilitation for most scholars if they do not make it in time, and there is evidence that they are able to finish it in the near future.
878:), a substantial amount of significant publications, the supervision of at least one PhD student from start to graduation, a successful track record securing extramural funding as a principal investigator, as well as a sound, ambitious, and feasible five-year research project. Outstanding postdoctoral researchers who are not yet appointed to a university could also obtain the habilitation if they meet the requirements. The French habilitation committee is constituted by a majority of external and sometimes foreign referees. The French habilitation entitles assistant professors (
1105:
already graduated students or those with the necessary titles to register on the list of professionals and work. Many state exams include the possession of a specific qualification among the requirements. For example, to take the habilitation exam for to become an architect or an engineer, one must have already graduated from a university. However, in order to actually practice the profession it is necessary to register with the relevant professional association and, if the profession is exercised independently, it is necessary to have a
1081:). At the end of the three-year contract the assistant professor must have a valid ASN habilitation in order to become a permanent associate professor; otherwise, he or she is permanently laid off. To prevent this (which may be disastrous to already undermanned Italian departments), it is common practice to award RTDb positions to people already habilitated as associate or full professors, which is in practical contrast with the spirit of the Gelmini-reform.
161:
1271:
135:). Initially, habilitation was synonymous with "doctoral qualification". The term became synonymous with "post-doctoral qualification" in Germany in the 19th century "when holding a doctorate seemed no longer sufficient to guarantee a proficient transfer of knowledge to the next generation". Afterwards, it became normal in the German university system to write two doctoral theses: the inaugural thesis (
936:, or other achievements in research and teaching as a post-doctoral researcher. The habilitation in Germany is usually earned after several years of independent research and teaching, either "internally" while working at a university or "externally" as a research and teaching-oriented practitioner. Once the habilitation thesis (
1052:, or ASN). This means that, as a prerequisite for being able to be selected by a university committee to fill these roles, it is necessary to have obtained the scientific qualification for the relative kind of teaching. For STEM fields (so called "bibliometric fields"), the qualifications requires a two-step evaluation:
39:, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching, and further education, which usually includes a dissertation. The degree, sometimes abbreviated
1219:), Litt.D. (Doctor of Letters), LL.D. (Doctor of Laws) and D.D. (Doctor of Divinity) found in the UK, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, which are awarded on the basis of a career of published work. However, higher doctorates from these countries (except Russia) are often not recognized by any
1056:
first a quantitative assessment, as each candidate for and ASN as associate or full professor must have at least two out of these three requirements: having published more papers than most associate or full professors in
Italian universities, having received more citations than most associate or full
1430:
explicitly states that affairs of education are the sole responsibility of the states and declared the law to be invalid in June 2004. In reaction, a new federal law was passed, giving the states more freedom regarding habilitations and junior professors. The junior professor has since been legally
1174:
After the candidate submits the habilitation thesis, a jury composed of five to nine full professors or coordinator researchers first evaluates the submitted documents; the majority needs to approve the candidate's request. If approved, the candidate then needs to defend their thesis in a two-day
1115:
Finally, some habilitations, since their activities cannot be done autonomously, need to be hired in a suitable structure in order to effectively carry out the profession in question. This is for example the case of the education sector: once the qualifying examination has been passed, a public
1104:
In the field of free regulated professions, protected by a professional body (architects, lawyers, engineers, doctors, pharmacists, journalists, etc.), it identifies the state examination, more properly called "state examination for the qualification for the exercise of professions" that allows
731:
While the habilitation ensures the rights of the independent research and the supervision, it is on behalf of the statute of the universities to give those rights also to, e.g., associate professors without habilitation. Currently the major
Austrian universities do that only for master's level
709:
In
Austria, the procedure is currently regulated by national law (Austrian University Act UG2002 §103). The graduation process includes additionally to the sub-commission of the senate (including students representatives for a hearing on the teaching capabilities of the candidate) an external
1388:(the professor heading the research group) since superiors have power to delay the process of completing the habilitation. A further problem comes with funding support for those who wish to pursue a habilitation, where older candidates often feel discriminated against, for example under the
1223:
as being equivalent to the habilitation. In 1999, Russia and
Germany signed a Statement on Mutual Academic Recognition of Russian Academic Degrees and German Academic Qualifications, including the equivalence of the Russian Doctor of Science and the German Habilitation qualification.
660:
and the country's ministry of education) approve. However, while some subjects make liberal use of this (e.g., the natural sciences in order to employ candidates from countries with different systems and the arts to employ active artists), in other subjects it is rarely done.
1087:
The ASN habilitation was initially valid for four years, but this validity term was extended many times. Currently (2023), due to extreme scarcity of tenure track positions in Italy, the ASN habilitation validity has been recently increased to ten years by government decree.
631:
A habilitation thesis can be either cumulative (based on previous research, be it articles or monographs) or monographical, i.e., a specific, unpublished thesis, which then tends to be very long. While cumulative habilitations are predominant in some fields (such as
871:
corps who are assimilated to full professors by the CNU do not require the French habilitation to supervise PhD students. Depending on the field, the French habilitation requires consistent research from five to ten years after appointment as an assistant professor
643:
The level of scholarship of a habilitation is considerably higher than for a doctoral dissertation in the same academic tradition in terms of quality and quantity, and must be accomplished independently, without direction or guidance of a faculty supervisor. In the
1152:) to reach the top of their specific careers (full professor or coordinator researcher). Both degrees aim to evaluate if the candidate has achieved significant outputs in terms of scientific activity, including activities in postgraduation supervision.
710:
reviewer. Holding a habilitation allows academics to do research and supervise (PhD, MSc, ...) on behalf of this university. As it is an academic degree, this is even valid if the person is not enrolled (or not enrolled anymore) at this institution (
1163:, the thesis is composed by a detailed CV of the achievements obtained after concluding the PhD, a detailed report of an academic course taught at the university (or a proposed course to be taught), and the summary of a lesson to be given. For
1743:"Décret n°84-431 du 6 juin 1984 fixant les dispositions statutaires communes applicables aux enseignants-chercheurs et portant statut particulier du corps des professeurs des universités et du corps des maîtres de conférences. – Legifrance"
1045:
of the research and university teaching system (Italian Law 240 of year 2010 and subsequent modifications) has established the national scientific habilitation for the calls in the role of associate professor and full professor (called
890:). As such, the French habilitation is similar to the promotion to associate professor in North America. In other words, the North American ranks of assistant professor, associate professor, and full professor are equivalent to
1383:
of talented young researchers who think their chances of getting a professorship at a reasonable age to be better abroad and hence move, for example, to the UK or the USA. Many feel overly dependent on their supervising
655:
It is possible to get a professorship without habilitation, if the search committee attests the candidate to have qualifications equaling those of a habilitation and the higher-ranking bodies (the university's
1364:, aimed to abolish the system of the habilitation and replace it with the alternative concept of the junior professor: a researcher should first be employed for up to six years as a "junior professor" (a non-
1067:
then, a specific committee (one for each scientific sub-field) will qualitatively evaluate the scientific CV of the candidates, considering funding, mobility, autonomy of the research, awards won, and so
97:
degree or its equivalent. Achieving this academic degree does not automatically give the scientist a paid position, though many people who apply for the degree already have steady university employment.
1072:
The successful candidate will then receive his or her ASN habilitation as associate or full professor (or, in some instances, for both) and may thus apply for those vacancies in
Italian universities.
297:
1379:, as well as young researchers, have long demanded the abandonment of the habilitation as they think it to be an unnecessary and time-consuming obstacle in an academic career, contributing to the
932:) within the German university system, it is necessary to have obtained the habilitation (or "habilitation-equivalent achievements"). This can be demonstrated by leading a research group, being a
853:
The award of the French habilitation is a general requirement for being the main supervisor of PhD students and to be eligible for full professor positions. The official eligibility named
1211:
in Russia and some other countries formerly part of the Soviet Union or the
Eastern bloc is equivalent to a habilitation. The cumulative form of the habilitation can be compared to the
93:). The degree conferral is usually accompanied by a public oral defence event (a lecture or a colloquium) with one or more opponents. Habilitation is usually awarded 5–15 years after a
1227:
Furthermore, the position or title of an associate professor (or higher) at a
European Union-based university is systematically translated into or compared to titles such as
1539:
697:
Although disciplines and countries vary in the typical number of years for obtaining habilitation after getting a doctorate, it usually takes longer than for the
American
1112:
In other cases, especially in the case of health professions or childcare professionals, not protected by a professional nature, the degree itself is a qualifying title.
1175:
public defense. The public defense lasts for two hours each day. On the first day, the curriculum of the candidate is discussed (for both degrees) and in the case of
1140:(Decree of Law 124/99) and is used by doctoral researchers working in institutes outside universities. Legally, they are equivalent and are required for a professor (
1581:
1467:
1867:
1689:
79:
countries), is often a qualification for full professorship in those countries. In German-speaking countries it allows the degree holder to bear the title
1155:
The process to obtain any of the degrees is very similar, with minor changes. Any PhD holder can submit a habilitation thesis to obtain the degree. For
327:
2043:
2005:
1968:
1931:
1075:
The ASN habilitation also allows to compete for three-year tenure-track assistant professorship positions (called RTDb in the
Italian system, for
648:, publication of numerous (sometimes ten or more) research articles is required during the habilitation period of about four to ten years. In the
970:. Only those candidates receiving the highest (or second-highest) grade for their doctoral thesis are encouraged to proceed with a habilitation.
1431:
established in all states, but it is still possible—and encouraged—for an academic career in many subjects in
Germany to pursue a habilitation.
2219:
1124:
In the Portuguese legal system, there are two types of habilitation degree. The first is normally given to university professors and is named
1360:
In 2004, the habilitation was the subject of a major political debate in Germany. The former Federal Minister for Education and Science,
1904:
1675:
1643:
1252:
Directorate-General for Research, and therefore usually implies the holder of such title has a degree equivalent to habilitation.
1607:
1546:
1281:
1183:, the candidate also needs to present the academic course selected. On the second day, the candidate needs to present a lecture (
672:(Latin: 'permission to read', i.e., to lecture) is bestowed. In some areas, such as law, philosophy, theology and sociology, the
1807:
1582:"A guide to documentation on habilitation and professorship procedures at the Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University in Brno"
828:(Doctor of Sciences) before the 1950s, formerly awarded by universities in France had a somewhat similar purpose. In 1984, the
1422:
against the new law replacing the habilitation with the junior professor. The Court concurred with their argument that the
1339:
536:
225:
17:
973:
A typical procedure after completing the habilitation is that the successful researcher officially receives the so-called
1311:
197:
1787:
Anabin database (in German, click on "Abschlusstypen", then select Länderauswahl "Großbritannien", then "Doctor of/in")
664:
The habilitation is awarded after a public lecture, to be held after the thesis has been accepted, and after which the
76:
979:(Latin for "permission for lecturing") for a specific academic subject at universities (sometimes also referred to as
244:
1585:
1318:
204:
1464:
1697:
1958:
1389:
1096:
276:; currently abolished and no longer conferred, but those who have earned the degree earlier will use it for life)
1808:
European Commission Directorate-General for Research on Seniority Grades of Academic Staff, p. 129 and pp. 133ff
1897:
1296:
182:
1325:
211:
1742:
1724:
178:
1109:. These exams are usually organized by the professional orders with the collaboration of area universities.
2185:
1084:
If an ASN habilitation application fails, the candidate can apply again, but only after a 12-month hiatus.
958:
in German) "has habilitated him- or herself" and receives an extension to his/her doctoral degree, namely
1954:
1419:
1307:
753:
in Germany) granted to holders of doctorate degrees upon submission of a cumulative thesis followed by a
193:
1608:"Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Universitätsgesetz 2002, Fassung vom 08.06.2019"
1171:, the academic course report is replaced by a research proposal or a proposal for advanced PhD studies.
2249:
2244:
1890:
929:
303:
476:), since 1995 no longer conferred, but those who have earned the degree earlier will use it for life
2023:
1782:
683:
1859:
1950:
1019:. The status as a PD requires doing some (generally unpaid) teaching in order to keep the title (
171:
787:
1996:
1385:
1820:
811:
2057:
1440:
687:
1372:
in the United States) and so prove his/her suitability for holding a tenured professorship.
2171:
2127:
2033:
2019:
1977:
1922:
1849:
1650:
1563:
1033:
In the Italian legal system, habilitations are different types of acts and authorizations.
716:). Appointment to a full professorship with an international finding commission includes a
691:
1332:
966:). The habilitation is thus an additional qualification at a higher level than the German
775:
218:
8:
2162:
2147:
1427:
1369:
1249:
2089:
2014:
1872:
1513:
722:(UG2002 §98(12)), which is restricted to the time of the appointment (UG2002 §98(13) –
71:
1292:
1036:
2181:
1945:
1850:
A short description of PhD and Habilitation at the Free University of Berlin, Germany
1669:
1540:"Habilitationsordnung (Laws and regulations of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)"
1415:
1216:
128:"fit, proper, skillful". The degree developed in Germany in the seventeenth century (
2211:
2167:
2084:
1940:
1361:
1212:
933:
761:
636:), they have been, since about a century ago, almost unheard of in others (such as
2206:
2190:
2152:
2137:
2104:
1914:
1471:
1408:
1376:
698:
120:
36:
124:
2176:
2132:
2099:
1982:
1877:
1404:
1116:
competition must be won for recruitment in an upper or lower secondary school.
1042:
111:
1854:
2238:
1770:
1759:
1460:
994:
718:
1882:
1625:
1220:
999:
679:
678:, and thus the habilitation, is given only for certain sub-fields (such as
88:
2157:
1407:, the habilitation was—and still is—regarded as a valuable instrument of
1380:
1208:
1400:
1106:
649:
1725:"Arrêté du 7 août 2006 relatif à la formation doctorale. – Legifrance"
1064:
higher than most associate or full professors in Italian universities;
764:. It is still required at a few institutions for admissions as a full
2052:
1868:
Habilitation procedure at the Technical University of Munich, Germany
1423:
1100:
Example of Italian professional qualification: Diploma in Agriculture
967:
765:
754:
1270:
160:
1396:
1037:
Habilitations for associate and full professorships in universities
633:
1395:
On the other hand, amongst many senior researchers, especially in
1288:
952:) and all other requirements are completed, the candidate (called
1058:
645:
1821:"WDR – Informationen und Nachrichten vom Westdeutschen Rundfunk"
2142:
2109:
2028:
1365:
985:, Latin for "right of teaching"). Someone in possession of the
778:, as well as at the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP).
657:
652:, a major book publication may be a prerequisite for defense.
141:), completing a course of study, and the habilitation thesis (
1426:(the federal parliament) cannot pass such a law, because the
1712:
Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers
1459:
Arguably one of the earliest German habilitation holders is
760:. It has practically disappeared amongst Brazilian Federal
1873:
Higher Education in Hungary at the Encyclopædia Britannica
637:
622:, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)
419:, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)
267:, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)
94:
1855:
Education in Austria at the European Education Directory
774:), most notably in the three state universities of the
533:
Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine (
1411:
before giving somebody a tenured position for life.
1132:
or Decree of Law 239/2007 while the second is named
185:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1626:"Satzung der Universität Wien » Studienrecht"
1041:Regarding university habilitations, the so-called
1463:(Dr. phil. hab., Leipzig, 1652, according to the
1418:with conservative governments, filed suit at the
257:Habilitation qualifications exist or existed in:
2236:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1165:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1126:
769:
741:
516:
494:, "authorization to supervise research", or ADR)
480:
325:
307:
295:
271:
1545:(in German). ruhr-uni-bochum.de. Archived from
1237:
928:In order to hold the rank of a full professor (
453:
342:
336:
2220:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
1704:
1091:
1057:professors in Italian universities, having an
525:
1912:
1898:
1861:Germany tries to break its Habilitation Habit
1260:
1076:
1047:
593:
584:
575:
557:
551:
542:
534:
471:
462:
405:
397:
1584:. Masaryk University in Brno. Archived from
1297:introducing citations to additional sources
1243:
1228:
1020:
1014:
1004:
953:
946:
938:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
866:
860:
854:
844:
836:
829:
818:
809:
802:
794:
748:
617:
608:
602:
566:
507:
501:
489:
429:
423:
414:
388:
380:
375:
366:
316:
286:
280:
262:
147:), which opens the road to a professorship.
142:
136:
86:
58:
987:
980:
974:
723:
711:
673:
666:
444:
438:
357:
351:
119:, meaning "to make suitable, to fit", from
114:
46:
1905:
1891:
1863:article in the science magazin of the AAAS
1771:https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/534996
923:
694:, etc.); in others, for the entire field.
1078:ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo b
884:) to apply for full professor positions (
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
1287:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1095:
101:
1498:History of the Arabic Written Tradition
1191:) or a proposal of a research project (
14:
2237:
1775:
1674:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
318:Agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur
1886:
1414:Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia, three
1248:(Poland) by institutions such as the
1202:
838:Habilitation à diriger des recherches
788:Agrégation § In higher education
619:Habilitation à diriger des recherches
491:autorisation à diriger des recherches
416:Habilitation à diriger des recherches
264:Habilitation à diriger des recherches
1508:
1506:
1375:Many, especially researchers in the
1264:
732:students, but not for PhD programs.
183:adding citations to reliable sources
154:
583:Spain (Accreditation of research –
376:
24:
1843:
1049:abilitazione scientifica nazionale
464:Abilitazione scientifica nazionale
25:
2261:
1503:
997:has the right to carry the title
962:(with the specification, such as
485:), since 2003 no longer conferred
1500:, Volume 1, BRILL, 2016, p. vii.
1280:relies largely or entirely on a
1269:
862:Conseil National des Universités
159:
1959:Certificate of Higher Education
1813:
1801:
1764:
1753:
1735:
1717:
1714:, Blackwell Publishing, p. 208.
1682:
1636:
1368:position roughly equivalent to
315:Belgium (French-speaking part:
170:needs additional citations for
1618:
1600:
1574:
1556:
1532:
1490:
1477:
1453:
552:
13:
1:
1446:
150:
129:
924:§ History and etymology
7:
1955:Diploma of Higher Education
1810:accessed 26 September 2017.
1487:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
1434:
1420:German Constitutional Court
1119:
1092:Professional qualifications
914:, respectively, in France.
558:
543:
389:
381:
343:
308:
10:
2266:
1465:Erhard Weigel Gesselschaft
1261:German habilitation debate
921:
917:
911:professeur des universités
887:professeur des universités
808:(State Doctorate), called
785:
725:Habilitation ad positionem
704:
626:
2199:
2118:
2077:
2070:
2042:
2004:
1995:
1967:
1930:
1921:
1255:
1009:(for women), abbreviated
861:
859:is granted by the French
781:
735:
535:
445:
439:
337:
296:
1710:Alan D. Schrift (2006),
1514:"НИЦ АПМ Минобрнауки РФ"
1470:14 November 2016 at the
1028:
713:Habilitation ad personam
1951:Higher National Diploma
1878:Habilitation in Romania
1386:principal investigators
816:(Doctor of Letters) or
747:is a title (similar to
547:, "Doctor of Sciences")
1760:Decree of Law 239/2007
1244:
1238:
1229:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1166:
1158:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1101:
1077:
1048:
1025:or titular teaching).
1021:
1015:
1005:
988:
981:
975:
954:
947:
939:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
881:maîtres de conférences
880:
874:
868:Directeur de Recherche
867:
855:
845:
837:
830:
819:
810:
803:
795:
770:
749:
742:
724:
712:
674:
667:
618:
609:
603:
594:
585:
576:
567:
526:
517:
508:
502:
490:
481:
472:
463:
454:
430:
424:
415:
406:
398:
368:dr. med./scient./phil.
367:
358:
352:
326:
317:
287:
281:
272:
263:
143:
137:
123:
115:
87:
59:
47:
2058:Candidate of Sciences
1694:Universität Innsbruck
1441:Postdoctoral research
1230:Universitätsprofessor
1215:, such as the D.Sc. (
1099:
893:maître de conférences
875:maître de conférences
688:philosophy of science
270:Armenia, Azerbaijan (
138:Inauguraldissertation
102:History and etymology
2128:Academic certificate
2020:Postgraduate diploma
1485:Sociology in Austria
1293:improve this article
964:Dr. rer. nat. habil.
940:Habilitationsschrift
834:was replaced by the
822:Doctorat ès sciences
692:practical philosophy
449:), abolished in 1983
179:improve this article
144:Habilitationsschrift
110:is derived from the
18:Habilitationsschrift
2163:Professional degree
1552:on 14 October 2009.
1428:German constitution
1370:assistant professor
1250:European Commission
1146:) or a researcher (
812:Doctorat ès lettres
509:doktor habilitowany
75:in Russia and some
60:Doktor habilitowany
27:Postdoctoral degree
2090:Doctor of Sciences
1827:. 27 February 2016
1747:legifrance.gouv.fr
1729:legifrance.gouv.fr
1496:Carl Brockelmann,
1203:Equivalent degrees
1102:
865:(CNU). Members of
800:(State Doctor) or
776:state of São Paulo
279:Austria (formerly
72:Doctor of Sciences
48:Doctor habilitatus
2250:Higher doctorates
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2182:Specialist degree
2066:
2065:
2034:Engineer's degree
1991:
1990:
1978:Bachelor's degree
1946:Foundation degree
1783:"Anabin database"
1570:. 30 August 2006.
1564:"PhD and Postdoc"
1483:Christian Fleck,
1358:
1357:
1343:
1217:Doctor of Science
1213:higher doctorates
1209:Doctor of Science
771:professor titular
255:
254:
247:
229:
37:university degree
16:(Redirected from
2257:
2245:Academic degrees
2168:Graduate diploma
2085:Higher doctorate
2075:
2074:
2002:
2001:
1941:Associate degree
1928:
1927:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1883:
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1696:. Archived from
1686:
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1649:. Archived from
1648:
1640:
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1377:natural sciences
1362:Edelgard Bulmahn
1353:
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1273:
1265:
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1241:
1239:førsteamanuensis
1232:
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1138:
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1080:
1051:
1024:
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1008:
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984:
978:
957:
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942:
934:junior professor
913:
907:
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895:
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833:
826:
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21:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2224:
2207:Honorary degree
2195:
2191:Terminal degree
2153:Magister degree
2138:External degree
2120:
2114:
2062:
2038:
2015:Master's degree
1987:
1963:
1917:
1915:academic degree
1911:
1846:
1844:Further reading
1841:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
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1741:
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1736:
1723:
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1718:
1709:
1705:
1700:on 6 June 2014.
1688:
1687:
1683:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:"Archived copy"
1642:
1641:
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1624:
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1619:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1588:on 26 July 2020
1580:
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1511:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1472:Wayback Machine
1458:
1454:
1449:
1437:
1409:quality control
1405:social sciences
1354:
1348:
1345:
1302:
1300:
1286:
1274:
1263:
1258:
1205:
1122:
1094:
1039:
1031:
968:doctoral degree
944:, often simply
926:
920:
831:Doctorat d'État
821:
820:
804:Doctorat d'État
790:
784:
738:
707:
699:academic tenure
629:
251:
240:
234:
231:
188:
186:
176:
164:
153:
132:
121:Classical Latin
104:
35:is the highest
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2263:
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2230:
2229:
2226:
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2222:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2177:Higher diploma
2174:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Artist diploma
2130:
2124:
2122:
2121:classification
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2068:
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2061:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1983:Honours degree
1980:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1812:
1800:
1789:. 24 July 2009
1774:
1763:
1752:
1734:
1716:
1703:
1681:
1656:on 6 June 2014
1635:
1617:
1599:
1573:
1555:
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1518:russianenic.ru
1502:
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1476:
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1450:
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1445:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1356:
1355:
1308:"Habilitation"
1291:. Please help
1277:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1204:
1201:
1121:
1118:
1093:
1090:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1043:Gelmini reform
1038:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1006:Privatdozentin
919:
916:
796:Docteur d'État
792:The degree of
783:
780:
743:Livre-docência
737:
734:
706:
703:
628:
625:
624:
623:
614:
599:
590:
581:
572:
563:
548:
531:
522:
513:
498:
495:
486:
477:
468:
459:
450:
435:
420:
411:
394:
372:
363:
348:
333:
328:Livre-docência
322:
313:
292:
277:
268:
253:
252:
194:"Habilitation"
167:
165:
158:
152:
149:
112:Medieval Latin
103:
100:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
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2082:
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2069:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Diplom degree
2027:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Undergraduate
1920:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:"Legal basis"
1685:
1677:
1671:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:Erhard Weigel
1456:
1452:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
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1398:
1393:
1391:
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1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1352:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310: –
1309:
1305:
1304:Find sources:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1282:single source
1278:This section
1276:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1242:(Norway), or
1240:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1172:
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1162:
1160:
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1144:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1110:
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1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:(for men) or
1002:
1001:
996:
995:professorship
992:
990:
989:Venia legendi
983:
982:Venia docendi
977:
976:Venia legendi
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
955:Habilitand/in
951:
949:
943:
941:
935:
931:
925:
915:
912:
906:
905:qualification
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
869:
857:
856:qualification
851:
849:
847:
841:
839:
832:
827:
825:
814:
813:
807:
805:
799:
797:
789:
779:
777:
772:
767:
763:
759:
757:
751:
746:
744:
733:
729:
726:
721:
720:
719:venia docendi
714:
702:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
671:
669:
668:venia legendi
662:
659:
653:
651:
647:
641:
639:
635:
620:
615:
611:
605:
601:Switzerland (
600:
596:
591:
587:
582:
578:
573:
569:
564:
560:
549:
545:
538:
532:
528:
523:
519:
514:
510:
504:
499:
496:
492:
487:
483:
478:
474:
469:
467:, since 2012)
465:
460:
456:
451:
436:
432:
426:
421:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
373:
369:
364:
360:
354:
349:
345:
334:
330:
329:
323:
321:, until 2010)
319:
314:
310:
305:
299:
293:
289:
283:
278:
274:
269:
265:
260:
259:
258:
249:
246:
238:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196: –
195:
191:
190:Find sources:
184:
180:
174:
173:
168:This article
166:
162:
157:
156:
148:
145:
139:
127:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
99:
96:
91:
90:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
67:
61:
56:
55:
49:
44:
43:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2212:
2095:Habilitation
2094:
2078:Postdoctoral
1997:Postgraduate
1860:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1815:
1803:
1793:13 September
1791:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1766:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1698:the original
1693:
1684:
1658:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1638:
1630:univie.ac.at
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:the original
1576:
1568:fu-berlin.de
1567:
1558:
1547:the original
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1520:(in Russian)
1517:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1455:
1413:
1394:
1374:
1359:
1346:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1303:
1279:
1233:
1226:
1221:German state
1206:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1103:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1059:
1040:
1032:
1010:
1000:Privatdozent
998:
986:
972:
963:
959:
948:Habilitation
945:
937:
927:
899:habilitation
852:
846:habilitation
843:
835:
817:
801:
793:
791:
755:
750:Habilitation
740:
739:
730:
717:
708:
696:
680:criminal law
665:
663:
654:
642:
630:
488:Luxembourg (
402:
385:
309:Doktar navuk
298:Доктар навук
256:
241:
232:
222:
215:
208:
201:
189:
177:Please help
172:verification
169:
108:habilitation
107:
105:
89:Privatdozent
81:
80:
70:
65:
64:
53:
52:
41:
40:
33:Habilitation
32:
31:
29:
2172:certificate
2158:Microdegree
2119:No dominant
2024:certificate
1381:brain drain
1245:Doktor hab.
1236:(Germany),
1195:habilitação
1167:habilitação
1149:habilitação
1136:habilitação
842:(or French
758:examination
544:Doktor nauk
537:Доктор наук
479:Lithuania (
133: 1652
2239:Categories
2148:Licentiate
1913:Levels of
1831:12 October
1447:References
1401:humanities
1349:March 2021
1319:newspapers
1107:VAT number
1022:Titellehre
1016:Priv.-Doz.
993:but not a
960:Dr. habil.
922:See also:
786:See also:
650:humanities
610:Dr. habil.
574:Slovenia (
565:Slovakia (
515:Portugal (
482:Dr. habil.
473:Dr. habil.
455:Dr. habil.
431:Dr. habil.
425:Priv.-Doz.
335:Bulgaria (
288:Priv.-Doz.
282:Univ.-Doz.
273:Habil. dr.
205:newspapers
151:Prevalence
116:habilitare
2213:Ad eundem
2184:/
2170:/
2053:Doctorate
2022:/
1957:/
1953:/
1612:bka.gv.at
1424:Bundestag
1289:talk page
1187:agregação
1179:agregação
1159:agregação
1143:agregação
1128:agregação
896:, French
766:professor
756:viva voce
684:civil law
616:Tunisia (
527:abilitare
524:Romania (
518:Agregação
452:Hungary (
422:Germany (
396:Finland (
365:Denmark (
294:Belarus (
261:Algeria (
106:The term
42:Dr. habil
2200:Unearned
1670:cite web
1592:17 April
1468:Archived
1435:See also
1403:and the
1397:medicine
1120:Portugal
646:sciences
634:medicine
592:Sweden (
586:Agregado
550:Serbia (
500:Poland (
470:Latvia (
446:υφηγητής
440:υφηγεσία
437:Greece (
413:France (
399:Dosentti
390:Al-Azhar
382:Ālimiyya
377:العالمية
324:Brazil (
235:May 2024
2186:diploma
2046:level 8
2008:level 7
1971:level 6
1934:level 5
1524:2 March
1366:tenured
1333:scholar
918:Germany
705:Austria
627:Process
607:and/or
503:dr hab.
497:Moldova
461:Italy (
428:and/or
374:Egypt (
304:Łacinka
219:scholar
125:habilis
54:Dr hab.
2215:degree
2143:Laurea
2110:Fellow
2105:Tenure
2100:Docent
1825:wdr.de
1660:4 June
1416:states
1399:, the
1335:
1328:
1321:
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1306:
1256:Debate
1062:-index
908:, and
782:France
736:Brazil
658:senate
595:Docent
577:Docent
568:Docent
559:Docent
553:Доцент
407:Docent
359:docent
344:Docent
338:Доцент
285:, now
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200:
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2071:Other
2044:ISCED
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1969:ISCED
1932:ISCED
1654:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
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1340:JSTOR
1326:books
1029:Italy
686:, or
675:venia
226:JSTOR
212:books
85:(for
66:D.Sc.
1833:2016
1795:2018
1676:link
1662:2014
1594:2013
1526:2021
1312:news
1234:(W2)
1207:The
762:HEIs
353:doc.
198:news
1390:DFG
1295:by
1199:).
1068:on.
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638:law
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1330:·
1323:·
1316:·
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