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761:, interviewed by Wright shortly after, maintained that he was unable to remember ever having done so. Nor was her husband in a position to convey to her information of use, despite vague newspaper suggestions, given the sharp separation of his work from that of foreign affairs and its focus on German spies and British turncoats rather than on matters related to the Soviet ally. In fact, Hart was anticommunist.
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684:. Hart's wit and humanity are demonstrated by the fact that he particularly enjoyed the passage where Sarah reports that John had been away for a long time, had arrived suddenly, and "enjoyed me straight way in his boots". Another incident at Blenheim that Hart enjoyed recounting was that he shared an office with one of the famous Cambridge spies,
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international law was "really" law. They had been wasting everyone's time, for the question was not a factual one, the many differences between municipal and international law being undeniable, but was simply one of conventional verbal usage, about which individual theorists could please themselves, but had no right to dictate to others.
1201:(1959, second edition 1985), which is regarded as one of the important academic discussions of causation in the legal context. The early chapters deal philosophically with the concept of cause and are clearly the work of Hart, while later chapters deal with individual cases in English law and are clearly his co-author's.
1114:, the rule by which any member of society may check to discover what the primary rules of the society are. In a simple society, Hart states, the recognition rule might only be what is written in a sacred book or what is said by a ruler. Hart claimed the concept of rule of recognition as an evolution from
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as having been in a position to have passed information to the
Soviets, and to Wright, MI5's official spy hunter, she explained her situation; Wright took no action. In fact her work as civil servant was in fields such as family policy and so would have been of no interest to the Soviets. The person
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as particularly influential during this time. The two jointly taught from 1948 a seminar on 'Legal and Moral
Responsibility'. Among Hart's publications at this time were the essays 'A Logician's Fairytale', 'Is There Knowledge by Acquaintance?', 'Law and Fact' and 'The Ascription of Responsibility
764:
The marriage contained "incompatible personalities", though it lasted right to the end of their lives and gave joy to both at times. Hart did joke with his daughter at one point, however, that "he trouble with this marriage is that one of us doesn't like sex and the other doesn't like food", and
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Significant in the differences between Hart and Kelsen was the emphasis on the
British version of positive law theory which Hart was defending as opposed to the Continental version of positive law theory which Kelsen was defending. This was studied in the University of Toronto Law Journal in an
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who had demonstrated his legal philosophy in a five-part article, "Language and the Law" and in a paper, "International Law and the
Controversy Concerning the Word 'Law'". In the paper on international law, he sharply attacked the many jurists and international lawyers who had debated whether
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A distinction between primary and secondary legal rules, such that a primary rule governs conduct, such as criminal law, and secondary rules govern the procedural methods by which primary rules are enforced, prosecuted and so on. Hart specifically enumerates three secondary rules; they
948:
reflected the fact that these phenomena each shared, without necessarily all possessing in common, some distinctive features. Glanville had himself said as much when editing a student text on jurisprudence and he had adopted essentially the same approach to "The
Definition of Crime".
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on the expansive reading of positive law theory to include philosophical and sociological domains of assessment rather than the more focused attention of Kelsen who considered
Continental positive law theory as more limited to the domain of jurisprudence itself.
575:
tailor of German and Polish origin; his mother, of Polish origin, daughter of successful retailers in the clothing trade, handled customer relations and the finances of their firm. Hart had an elder brother, Albert, and a younger sister, Sybil.
1224:(1965). Hart said that he believed Devlin's view of Mill's harm principle as it related to the decriminalisation of homosexuality was "perverse". He later stated that he believed the reforms to the law regarding homosexuality that followed the
509:. Hart's contributions focused on the nature of law, the relationship between law and morality, and the analysis of legal rules and systems, introducing concepts such as the "rule of recognition" that have shaped modern legal thought.
1079:, first published in 1961, and with a second edition (including a new postscript) published posthumously in 1994. The book emerged from a set of lectures that Hart began to deliver in 1952, and it is presaged by his Holmes lecture,
765:
according to Hart's biographer, LSE law professor Nicola Lacey, Hart was, by his own account, a "suppressed homosexual". Jenifer Hart was believed by her contemporaries to have had an affair of long duration with
2814:
1409:. However, key ideas in the book have also received fundamental reiterated criticism. For a summary, see C. M. Campbell, "The Career of the Concept" in P. Leith and P. Ingram (eds.)
637:, a division of British military intelligence concerned with unearthing spies who had penetrated Britain, where he renewed Oxford friendships including working with the philosophers
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Hart did not return to his legal practice after the war, preferring instead to accept the offer of a teaching fellowship (in philosophy, not law) at New
College, Oxford. Hart cites
40:
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A concept of "open-textured" terms in law, along the lines of
Wittgenstein and Waisman, and "defeasible" terms (later famously disavowed): both are ideas popular in
773:. The Harts had four children, including, late in life, a son who was disabled, the umbilical cord wrapped around his neck having deprived his brain of oxygen.
748:(specialising in the history of the police). Jenifer Hart was, for some years in the mid-1930s and fading out totally by decade's end, a 'sleeper' member of the
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543:, on the nature of legal interpretation. Hart's influence extended beyond his own work, mentoring legal thinkers the likes of
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The Rule of
Adjudication, the rule by which the society might determine when a rule has been violated and prescribe a remedy.
905:, Hart brought the tools of analytic, and especially linguistic, philosophy to bear on the central problems of legal theory.
1168:, a rights-oriented legal philosopher (and Hart's successor at Oxford) who criticised Hart's version of legal positivism in
2249:
1022:
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Hart's method combined the careful analysis of twentieth-century analytic philosophy with the jurisprudential tradition of
889:
Hart strongly influenced the application of methods in his version of Anglo-American positive law to jurisprudence and the
499:. One of the most influential legal theorists of the 20th century, he was instrumental in the development of the theory of
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and Claire Grant (2008). "Introduction", in
Matthew H. Kramer, Claire Grant, Ben Colburn, and Anthony Hatzistavrou (ed.):
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In addition to his legal positivism, Hart engaged in important debates on the role of law in society, most famously with
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A distinction between the internal and external points of view of law and rules, close to (and influenced by)
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Sugarman, David; Hart, H. L. A. (2005). "Hart Interviewed: H.L.A. Hart in Conversation with David Sugarman".
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912:, the great English legal, political, and moral philosopher. Hart's conception of law had parallels to the
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744:, a civil servant, later a senior civil servant, in the Home Office and, still later, Oxford historian at
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Many of Hart's former students have become important legal, moral, and political philosophers, including
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1235:". Hart considered himself to be "on the Left, the non-communist Left", and expressed animosity towards
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Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart was born on 18 July 1907, the son of Rose Samson Hart and Simeon Hart, in
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1228:"didn't go far enough". Despite this, Hart reported later that he got on well personally with Devlin.
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developed a sophisticated view of legal positivism. Among the many ideas developed in this book are:
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944:(1961), which showed how the use in respect of different social phenomena of an abstract word like
723:, from 1952 to 1973. It was in the summer of that year that he began writing his most famous book,
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The Rule of Change, the rule by which existing primary rules might be created, altered or deleted.
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article titled "Leaving the Hart-Dworkin Debate" which maintained that Hart insisted in his book
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Born in Harrogate, England, Hart received a first class honours degree in classical studies from
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Keith Culver. "Leaving the Hart-Dworkin Debate', University of Toronto Law Journal, pp. 374–398.
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Hart gave lectures to the Labour Party on closing tax loopholes which were being used by the "
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in the 1950s, when Rawls was a visiting scholar at Oxford shortly after finishing his PhD.
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729:, though it was not published until 1961. In the interim, he published another major work,
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had been born. He enjoyed telling the story that there he was able to read the diaries of
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and practised successfully at the Chancery Bar from 1932 to 1940. He was good friends with
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1445:(2004). "Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus". In Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.).
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Defending the Genetic Supermarket: The Law and Ethics of Selecting the Next Generation
1495:, Web Journal of Current Legal Issues (review 2007). Oxford University Press, (2004).
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theory that law is the command of the sovereign backed by the threat of punishment.
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over the enforcement of morality through law, and with his successor at Oxford,
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This approach was to be refined and developed by Hart in the last chapter of
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The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law: The Legacy of Glanville Williams
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Hart retired from the Chair of Jurisprudence in 1969 and was succeeded by
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There is a description of the Harts' household by the writer on religion
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320:
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920:, though Hart rejected several distinctive features of Kelsen's theory.
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Hart died in Oxford on 19 December 1992, aged 85. He is buried there in
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1778:(July 30, 1959). 162–163. Reprinted in Wasserstrom, Richard A. (ed.).
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at the University of Oxford in 1952, a position he held until 1969.
520:, Hart served in British intelligence, working with figures such as
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A late reply (published as a postscript to the second edition) to
2904:
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495:; 18 July 1907 – 19 December 1992) was an English
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1427:
The Legacy of H.L.A. Hart: Legal, Political and Moral Philosophy
1296:
Essays on Bentham: Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory
2886:
1877:
704:
83:
780:
became New Zealand's first deaf Member of Parliament in 2011.
1317:
Law, Morality, and Society: Essays in Honour of H. L. A. Hart
528:. Following the war, Hart transitioned to academia, becoming
39:
769:, a close friend of Hart's. In 1998, Jenifer Hart published
611:, among others. He received a Harmsworth Scholarship to the
484:
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2092:
1800:
A Life of H. L. A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream
1397:
The Concept of Law (Clarendon Law) (Clarendon Law Series)
737:
from 1959 to 1960. He gave the 1962 Master-Mind Lecture.
657:
and was a colleague of the mathematician and codebreaker
650:
634:
572:
206:
1491:
A Life of H.L.A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream
664:
Hart's war work took him on occasion to MI5 offices at
1385:
Legal Positivism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
615:
and also wrote literary journalism for the periodical
1274:(Clarendon Press, 1961; 2nd edn 1994; 3rd edn 2012)
1216:(1963), which consisted of three lectures he gave at
1327:
487:
733:(with Tony Honoré) (1959). He was president of the
481:
3103:Professors of Jurisprudence (University of Oxford)
1429:. Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press, xiii.
1319:, edited by P. M. S. Hacker and Joseph Raz (1977)
877:. Hart also had a strong influence on the young
3004:
1248:"The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights",
1081:Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals
516:, before qualifying at the English bar. During
1580:
2291:
2078:
1595:. pp. 486, 492–494, 501, 504, 513, 536.
1586:
893:in the English-speaking world. Influenced by
752:. Three decades later she was interviewed by
1520:
1747:
1679:Nicola Lacey, A Life of H.L.A. Hart (2004).
999:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
558:
3023:People educated at Bradford Grammar School
2298:
2284:
2085:
2071:
1782:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1971.
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1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
567:, to which his parents had moved from the
38:
1774:Hart. H. L. A. "Immorality and Treason",
1748:Baker, Dennis J.; Horder, Jeremy (2013).
1706:
1063:Learn how and when to remove this message
916:formulated by Austrian legal philosopher
2815:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
1555:
1493:– H.L.A. Hart in Anglo-American Context"
815:
703:
3088:Principals of Brasenose College, Oxford
2094:Principals of Brasenose College, Oxford
2002:Professional and academic associations
1589:A History of University College, Oxford
1505:
1448:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1250:Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
884:
682:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
678:Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough
3098:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
3005:
1985:Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford
1917:Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart 1970–1992
1441:
1437:
1435:
1302:Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy
1256:Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence
798:. He subsequently became principal of
96:Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford
3083:Fellows of University College, Oxford
3028:People educated at Cheltenham College
2279:
2066:
1562:. Biomedical Law and Ethics Library.
952:
680:, wife of the founder of the dynasty
503:, which was popularised by his book,
16:English legal philosopher (1907–1992)
2250:David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham
997:adding citations to reliable sources
964:
2977:
2743:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1707:Armstrong, Karen (3 January 2005),
1690:"How got Mojo Mathers got her name"
1432:
13:
1204:As a result of his famous debate (
828:
699:
14:
3139:
3043:20th-century English philosophers
2305:
1892:
1859:vol. 51 (2005) (reviewing Lacey,
1280:(Stanford University Press, 1963)
708:Hart standing at the entrance to
2976:
2961:
2952:
2951:
1905:Obituary: Professor Herbert Hart
1535:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2005.00324.x
1413:. London, Routledge, 1988, 1-25.
1330:
1284:The Morality of the Criminal Law
1222:The Morality of the Criminal Law
969:
771:Ask Me No More: An Autobiography
750:Communist Party of Great Britain
649:, later head of MI5 and then of
477:
1929:Works by or about H. L. A. Hart
1768:
1741:
1732:
1700:
1682:
1673:
1656:
1638:
1627:
1304:(Oxford University Press, 1983)
1292:(Oxford University Press, 1968)
1286:(Oxford University Press, 1964)
1160:Artificial intelligence and law
624:
117:
3128:Burials at Wolvercote Cemetery
3123:Fellows of the British Academy
3078:Fellows of New College, Oxford
3068:British political philosophers
2773:Natural Law and Natural Rights
1874:H.L.A. Hart: The Nature of Law
1853:, "A Philosopher's Humanity",
1754:. Cambridge University Press.
1609:
1549:
1481:
1416:
1411:The Jurisprudence of Orthodoxy
1389:
1378:
1308:
820:Grave of H. L. A. Hart at the
719:at Oxford and was a fellow at
1:
3033:Alumni of New College, Oxford
1856:Chronicle of Higher Education
1826:852 (2006) (reviewing Lacey,
1587:Darwall-Smith, Robin (2008).
1371:
1290:Punishment and Responsibility
1188:
3093:Ordinary language philosophy
3038:20th-century British writers
1210:Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin
932:Hart drew, among others, on
537:Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin
468:Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart
274:ordinary-language philosophy
51:Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart
7:
2850:Libertarian theories of law
1958:at the University of Oxford
1323:
1242:
1197:, Hart wrote and published
1075:Hart's most famous work is
10:
3144:
2361:International legal theory
1956:Professor of Jurisprudence
1789:
1523:Journal of Law and Society
1012:"Concept of Law" Hart
958:
721:University College, Oxford
717:Professor of Jurisprudence
715:In 1952, Hart was elected
530:Professor of Jurisprudence
295:University College, Oxford
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1991:
1982:
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1964:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1820:, "(Re)Taking Hart," 119
1634:Biography of Jenifer Hart
1529:(2). Blackwell: 267–293.
1278:Law, Liberty and Morality
1268:) (Clarendon Press, 1959)
1214:Law, Liberty and Morality
800:Brasenose College, Oxford
645:. He worked closely with
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395:
367:
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300:Brasenose College, Oxford
282:
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220:
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2932:Rational-legal authority
2820:German historical school
2805:Analytical jurisprudence
1645:Obituary of Jenifer Hart
1556:Gavaghan, Colin (2007).
1399:. Clarendon Law Series.
742:Jenifer Fischer Williams
559:Early life and education
259:analytical jurisprudence
2900:Judicial interpretation
2210:Charles Buller Heberden
1861:A Life of H. L. A. Hart
1840:, Harper Collins, 2004
1828:A Life of H. L. A. Hart
1804:Oxford University Press
1593:Oxford University Press
1453:Oxford University Press
1298:(Clarendon Press, 1982)
1171:Taking Rights Seriously
595:in 1929. Hart became a
585:Bradford Grammar School
25:H. L. A. Hart
3063:British legal scholars
3058:English legal scholars
2987:WikiProject Philosophy
2341:Critical legal studies
2200:Edward Hartopp Cradock
1949:Arthur Lehman Goodhart
1664:Obituary: Jenifer Hart
1617:"Master-Mind Lectures"
1135:
825:
809:, which also contains
712:
618:John O'London's Weekly
3118:Bletchley Park people
3108:English legal writers
2910:Law without the state
2215:Charles Henry Sampson
1176:A Matter of Principle
819:
776:Hart's granddaughter
707:
668:, family home of the
591:. He took a first in
579:Hart was educated at
2870:Virtue jurisprudence
2810:Deontological ethics
2045:Master-Mind Lecturer
2018:Aristotelian Society
1838:The Spiral Staircase
1780:Morality and the Law
1709:The Spiral Staircase
1487:Mullender, Richard:
1356:Legal interpretivism
1262:Causation in the Law
1199:Causation in the Law
993:improve this section
885:Philosophical method
789:The Spiral Staircase
735:Aristotelian Society
731:Causation in the Law
672:and the place where
670:Dukes of Marlborough
238:political philosophy
3073:Philosophers of law
3053:Jewish philosophers
2235:Noel Frederick Hall
2220:William Stallybrass
2028:Austin Duncan-Jones
1978:Noel Frederick Hall
1711:, HarperPerennial,
1696:. 19 February 2012.
1662:Margaret Howatson,
1621:The British Academy
1346:Hart–Dworkin debate
1218:Stanford University
1112:Rule of Recognition
899:Ludwig Wittgenstein
822:Wolvercote Cemetery
807:Wolvercote Cemetery
757:who recruited her,
710:New College, Oxford
633:, Hart worked with
601:Richard Wilberforce
589:New College, Oxford
571:. His father was a
514:New College, Oxford
387:rule of recognition
290:New College, Oxford
254:Analytic philosophy
247:School or tradition
143:New College, Oxford
132:Academic background
2763:The Concept of Law
2753:Pure Theory of Law
2160:Francis Yarborough
1913:by Zenon Bankowski
1351:Hart–Fuller debate
1272:The Concept of Law
1206:Hart–Devlin debate
1089:The Concept of Law
1085:Harvard Law School
1077:The Concept of Law
961:The Concept of Law
954:The Concept of Law
942:The Concept of Law
934:Glanville Williams
926:The Concept of Law
914:Pure Theory of Law
826:
726:The Concept of Law
713:
581:Cheltenham College
569:East End of London
506:The Concept of Law
360:The Concept of Law
3000:
2999:
2972:Philosophy portal
2733:The Spirit of Law
2371:Philosophy of law
2351:Economic analysis
2336:Constitutionalism
2273:
2272:
2230:Maurice Platnauer
2195:Richard Harington
2061:
2060:
2052:Succeeded by
2025:Succeeded by
2016:President of the
1992:Succeeded by
1965:Succeeded by
1941:Academic offices
1818:Frederick Schauer
1423:Matthew H. Kramer
1237:Margaret Thatcher
1073:
1072:
1065:
1047:
891:philosophy of law
746:St Anne's College
674:Winston Churchill
653:. Hart worked at
497:legal philosopher
465:
464:
309:Doctoral students
156:J. L. Austin
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2835:Legal positivism
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2376:Sociology of law
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2140:Daniel Greenwood
2135:Samuel Radcliffe
2130:Thomas Singleton
2125:Alexander Nowell
2115:Thomas Blanchard
2087:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2035:Preceded by
2007:Preceded by
1975:Preceded by
1946:Preceded by
1938:
1937:
1933:Internet Archive
1783:
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1479:
1478:
1451:. Vol. 25.
1439:
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1414:
1408:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1340:
1338:Biography portal
1335:
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1333:
1226:Wolfenden report
1220:. He also wrote
1128:
1125:
1122:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1005:
973:
965:
643:Stuart Hampshire
631:Second World War
593:classical greats
501:legal positivism
494:
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345:Notable students
264:legal positivism
228:Legal philosophy
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2982:WikiProject Law
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2927:Question of law
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2723:Treatise on Law
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2346:Comparative law
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2190:Ashurst Gilbert
2185:Frodsham Hodson
2180:William Cleaver
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2012:
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1910:The Independent
1901:by Tony Honoré
1899:Short Biography
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1834:Karen Armstrong
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875:William Twining
863:Neil MacCormick
851:Kent Greenawalt
831:
829:Hart's students
785:Karen Armstrong
702:
700:Academic career
666:Blenheim Palace
627:
609:Christopher Cox
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1966:
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1925:by Tony Honoré
1914:
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1894:
1893:External links
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1870:Matthew Kramer
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1566:. p. 37.
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1097:John Austin's
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1053:November 2023
1045:
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1024:
1021:
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1014: –
1013:
1009:
1008:Find sources:
1002:
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987:
983:
978:This section
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871:Chin Liew Ten
868:
864:
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859:David Hodgson
856:
852:
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836:
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818:
814:
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811:Isaiah Berlin
808:
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767:Isaiah Berlin
762:
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747:
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740:Hart married
738:
736:
732:
728:
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718:
711:
706:
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696:and Rights'.
694:
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686:Anthony Blunt
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283:Institutions
186:Wittgenstein
78:(1992-12-19)
61:18 July 1907
18:
3018:1992 deaths
3013:1907 births
2860:Paternalism
2855:Natural law
2717:(c. 355 BC)
2564:Montesquieu
2356:Legal norms
2265:John Bowers
2260:Alan Bowman
2145:Thomas Yate
2038:Ronald Syme
2010:Karl Popper
1923:In Memoriam
1455:. pp.
1361:Natural law
1310:Festschrift
1266:Tony Honoré
1195:Tony Honoré
1178:(1985) and
1116:Hans Kelsen
918:Hans Kelsen
903:Hans Kelsen
895:John Austin
843:John Finnis
835:Brian Barry
659:Alan Turing
629:During the
605:Douglas Jay
549:John Finnis
522:Alan Turing
321:John Finnis
316:Brian Barry
161:John Austin
98:(1973–1978)
3007:Categories
2967:Law portal
2594:Petrażycki
2584:Pashukanis
2579:Olivecrona
2514:Hägerström
2429:Blackstone
2150:John Meare
2022:1959–1960
1989:1973–1978
1962:1952–1968
1886:1509520732
1846:0007122284
1812:0199274975
1466:019861411X
1405:0199644705
1372:References
1366:Lon Fuller
1233:super-rich
1189:Other work
1124:basic norm
1023:newspapers
879:John Rawls
867:Joseph Raz
813:'s grave.
647:Dick White
545:Joseph Raz
526:Dick White
443:MacCormick
396:Influenced
375:Empiricist
331:Joseph Raz
269:liberalism
212:philosophy
200:Discipline
149:Influences
138:Alma mater
57:1907-07-18
2727:(c. 1270)
2609:Pufendorf
2544:Llewellyn
2404:Aristotle
2225:Hugh Last
1564:Routledge
1153:Max Weber
1136:Grundnorm
980:does not
824:in Oxford
597:barrister
565:Harrogate
378:normative
86:, England
67:, England
65:Harrogate
2957:Category
2879:Concepts
2845:Legalism
2797:Theories
2684:Voegelin
2654:Scaevola
2614:Radbruch
2589:Perelman
2574:Nussbaum
2519:Jellinek
2484:Habermas
2479:Gurvitch
2449:Durkheim
2419:Beccaria
1727:9216389M
1475:54778415
1324:See also
1243:Writings
1174:(1977),
433:Houlgate
413:Feinberg
176:Waismann
2992:changes
2905:Justice
2659:Schmitt
2649:Savigny
2629:Reinach
2554:Maistre
2549:Luhmann
2524:Jhering
2474:Grotius
2459:Ehrlich
2454:Dworkin
2444:Cardozo
2424:Bentham
2414:Bastiat
2399:Aquinas
1931:at the
1880:: 2018
1806:: 2004
1790:Sources
1543:3557228
1457:575–580
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1184:(1986).
1037:scholar
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986:sources
587:and at
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418:Gardner
408:Dworkin
166:Bentham
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2887:Dharma
2787:(1986)
2777:(1980)
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2737:(1748)
2689:Walzer
2669:Suárez
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2569:Müller
2534:Kelsen
2509:Hobbes
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