948:
728:, Sarah James is cited as saying, "We are the caribou people. Caribou are not just what we eat; they are who we are. They are in our stories and songs and the whole way we see the world. Caribou are our life. Without caribou we wouldn't exist." Traditionally, their tents and most of their clothing were made out of caribou skin, and they lived "mostly on caribou and all other wild meats." Caribou fur skins were placed on top of spruce branches as bedding and flooring. Soap was made from boiled poplar tree ashes mixed with caribou fat. Drums were made of caribou hide. Overalls were made from "really good white tanned caribou skin".
660:, which translates roughly as "In the ancient days". This is usually followed with the admission that this was "when all of the people could talk to the animals, and all of the animals could speak with the people". These stories are often parables, which suggest a proper protocol, or code of behavior for Gwichʼin. Equality, generosity, hard work, kindness, mercy, cooperation for mutual success, and just revenge are often the themes of stories such as: "Tsyaa Too Oozhrii Gwizhit" (The Boy In The Moon), "Zhoh Ts’à Nahtryaa" (The Wolf and the Wolverine), "Vadzaih Luk Hàa" (The Caribou and the Fish).
2333:
54:
486:
321:
798:
807:
816:
1766:
1108:
1660:
1635:
891:, Deacon William Loola, and Deacon Albert Tritt. The Traditional Chief, an honorary and lifetime title, of one Gwichʼin village is also an Episcopal priest: the Rev. Traditional Chief Trimble Gilbert of Arctic Village. Chief Gilbert is recognized as the Second Traditional Chief of all of the Athabascan tribes in
324:
731:
Elders have identified at least 150 descriptive Gwichʼin names for all of the bones, organs, and tissues. "Associated with the caribou's anatomy are not just descriptive Gwichʼin names for all of the body parts including bones, organs, and tissues as well as "an encyclopedia of stories, songs, games,
386:
projects are underway to document the language and to enhance the writing and translation skills of younger Gwichʼin speakers. In one project lead research associate and fluent speaker Gwichʼin elder, Kenneth Frank, works with linguists which include young Gwichʼin speakers affiliated with the Alaska
323:
328:
327:
322:
708:
harvest woodland caribou but not as much as other caribou. The Gwichʼin prefer to hunt
Porcupine caribou or the barren-ground Blue Nose herd, who travel in large herds, when they are available. Many hunters claimed that woodland caribou that form very small groups, are wilder, both hard to see and
1505:
was developed for use by educators in the Gwich'in
Settlement Region . The Inuvik Research Centre, the Gwich'in Social and Cultural Institute, Parks Canada and the five schools in the GSR all have kits that are available for educational purposes. The kit includes a copy of this book, 27 pressed,
652:
include the "Vazaagiitsak cycle" (literally, "His
Younger Brother Became Snagged"), which focuses on the comical adventures of a Gwichʼin misfit who, among other things, battles lice on a giant's head, plays the fool to the cunning fox, and eats the scab from his own anus unknowingly. Gwichʼin
329:
1109:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"
1664:
1639:
985:
of a large cross-border
Porcupine caribou herd to energy drilling, despite international agreements to protect it." In December, the United States "released a draft environmental impact study proposal for the lease sale with a public comment period until February 11, 2019.
326:
477:, which translates as "In the middle" or "independents". This last clan is reserved for people who marry within their own clan, which is considered incestual. To a lesser degree, it is for children of people who are outside of the clan system.
683:
Caribou are an integral part of First
Nations and Inuit oral histories and legends including the Gwichʼin creation story of how Gwichʼin people and the caribou separated from a single entity. There is a stable population of
1083:
said that the "U.S. is living up to the agreement on the
Porcupine herd". The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency operating through the Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management which are both under the
906:
into Gwichʼin. The Takudh Bible is in a century-old orthography that is not very accurate, and thus hard to read. In the 1960s
Richard Mueller designed a new orthography for Gwichʼin, which has now become standard.
2472:
874:
The introduction of
Christianity in the 1840s throughout Gwichʼin territory produced spiritual changes that are still widely in effect today. Widespread conversion to Christianity, as influenced by Anglican and
771:
in collaboration with elders, in which they described dozens of trees, shrubs, woody plants, berry plants, vascular plants, mosses and lichens, and fungi that the Gwichʼin used. Examples included black spruce
1468:
756:
325:
669:
2322:
994:(BLM) Alaska office, that "Canada is concerned about the potential transboundary impacts of oil and gas exploration and development planned for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Coastal Plain."
2706:
608:(largest of the four Gwichʼin communities in the Gwichʼin Settlement Area (GSA), English is the main language spoken, though schools teach and a handful of local people still speak Gwichʼin.)
2668:
2688:
2673:
1709:
2678:
2696:
2562:
2635:
1276:
1258:
1307:
1071:
representatives who worked with Canada on this matter for decades. is an agency operating through the
Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management which are both under the
2663:
1506:
labelled and laminated plants, an organizer with assorted samples of dried berries and fungi, and two jars of lichens and mosses. The book can be used without the rest of the kit.
2653:
2582:
981:, along with the Canadian government, the Yukon and Northwest territories and other First Nations, expressed concerns to the United States about the proposed lease sale in the
653:
comedies often contain bawdy humor. Other major characters from the Gwichʼin oral tradition include: Googhwaii, Ool Ti’, Tł’oo Thal, K’aiheenjik, K’iizhazhal, and
Shaanyaati’.
2658:
2315:
853:
2701:
1059:
article, concerns were raised as there has been a change of structure in the US administration of the ANWR. For decades, the U.S. representative used to come from the
857:
688:
throughout a large portion of the Gwichʼin Settlement Area and woodland caribou are an important food source for Gwichʼin although they harvest them less than other
2308:
1076:
2478:
2567:
879:
missionaries, led to these as the two dominant Christian sects among the Gwichʼin. Notable figures in the missionary movement among the Gwichʼin are Archdeacon
2134:
398:
Analysis of the traditional place names indicate that the Gwich’in have an ancient history in this region, likely since the early Holocene (~8,000 years).
2838:
291:. Sometimes, these terms may refer (explicitly or implicitly) to particular dialects of the Gwichʼin language (or to the communities that speak them).
2484:
1997:
Yeenoo Dài’ K’è’tr’ijilkai’ Ganagwaandaii = Long Ago Sewing We Will Remember : the Story of the Gwichʼin Traditional Caribou Skin Clothing Project
974:
982:
2300:
724:
is the cultural symbol and a keystone subsistence species of the Gwichʼin, just as the buffalo is to the Plains Indians. In his book entitled
1185:
2848:
951:
Bernadette Demientieff, member of the Gwich’in Steering Committee, speaking in support congressional efforts to protect the Arctic in 2019.
1292:
1273:
1255:
1304:
2127:
1747:
465:
survive from antiquity across Gwichʼin lands. Two are primary clans and the third has a lower/secondary status. The first clan are the
2557:
379:
Gwichʼin is now a "severely endangered" language, with fewer than 150 fluent speakers in Alaska and another 250 in northwest Canada.
947:
1774:
1085:
1072:
1064:
252:
embroidery, both of which are highly regarded among Gwichʼin. Today, the Gwich’in economy consists mostly of hunting, fishing, and
1068:
1060:
2520:
784:
which was used as "food, medicine, shelter, fuel and tools." Boiled cones and branches were used to prevent and to treat colds.
2332:
1978:
New Haven: Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 14, 1936. Reprinted by the Human Relations Area Files Press, 1970.
2147:
2120:
1587:
701:
599:
998:
1459:
2354:
1889:
Gwichya Gwichʼin Googwandak: The History and Stories of the Gwichya Gwichʼin ; As Told by the Elders of Tsiigehtchic
732:
toys, ceremonies, traditional tools, skin clothing, personal names and surnames, and a highly developed ethnic cuisine."
501:
1389:
2042:
1969:
967:
1519:
919:
issued two stamps in the Indians of Canada, Indians of the Subarctic series both designed by Georges Beaupré. One was
676:
In recent times, important figures in who have represented traditional belief structures are: Johnny and Sarah Frank,
2004:
1896:
1882:
1833:
1802:
1685:
1425:
1335:
2011:
The Ladies, The Gwichʼin, and the Rat: Travels on the Athabasca, Mackenzie, Rat, Porcupine, and Yukon Rivers in 1926
1950:. Mercury series. Ottawa: Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canada, 1972.
1545:
Morice, Adrian. "Loucheux." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 Apr. 2022
1136:
2625:
2330:
1610:
849:
845:
2515:
1821:. Ottawa, Ont: Northern Co-ordination and Research Centre, Dept. of Northern Affairs and National Resources, 1963.
2843:
2525:
1002:
963:
829:
388:
346:
2729:
2577:
2530:
2018:
1854:
1480:
1169:(Yellowknife, N.W.T.: Curriculum Division, Dept. of Education, Government of the Northwest Territories, 1972).
2757:
2572:
2507:
369:
306:
literally translates as "Small People," but figuratively it refers to all First Nations, not just Gwichʼin.
2793:
2724:
2645:
2336:
888:
630:
2587:
1927:
The Crooked Stovepipe: Athapaskan Fiddle Music and Square Dancing in Northeast Alaska and Northwest Canada
1915:
Loovers, Jan Peter Laurens."Reading Life with Gwich'in: An Educational Approach". London: Routledge, 2020.
17:
2828:
2734:
1748:
Conservation, Native Groups Oppose Proposed Land Swap for Oil Development in Yukon Flats Refuge in Alaska
1418:
Caribou Rising: Defending the Porcupine Herd, Gwich-'in Culture, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
726:
Caribou Rising: Defending the Porcupine Herd, Gwich-'in Culture, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
2788:
2612:
2597:
2466:
936:
342:
35:
978:
2055:
1784:
1556:
1520:"Quannah Chasinghorse Didn't Want to Discuss Her Face Tattoo Because People 'Wouldn't Have Accepted'"
1472:
991:
760:
966:(ANWR). Gwichʼin people have been very active in protesting and lobbying against the possibility of
2762:
2739:
896:
272:
and translates as "one who dwells" or "resident of ." Historically, the French called the Gwichʼin
2438:
1962:
Gwichʼin Athabascan Implements: History, Manufacture, and Usage According to Reverend David Salmon
2798:
2602:
2592:
2112:
932:
685:
577:
383:
211:
1193:
2204:
1579:
648:
of storytelling that has only recently begun to be written in the modern orthography. Gwichʼin
519:
362:
2833:
2340:
2104:
1934:
Neerihiinjìk: We Traveled from Place to Place: the Gwichʼin Stories of Johnny and Sarah Frank
1080:
935:
The 8¢ stamps are perforated 12.5 and 13.5 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited and the
924:
494:
392:
77:
2823:
1983:
Physical Activities of the Kutchin Athabaskan Indians of Interior Alaska and Northern Canada
1739:
970:, due to fears that oil drilling will deplete the population of the Porcupine Caribou herd.
958:
is traditionally a major component of their diet. Many Gwichʼin people are dependent on the
2620:
2549:
1866:
Gilbert, Matthew. 2007. "Farewell, Sweet Ice - Hunters Feel the Heat in Gwichʼin Country".
208:
615:
561:
533:
422:
315:
173:
112:
31:
8:
2772:
2767:
2350:
2156:
884:
545:
539:
249:
215:
144:
2090:
2716:
2630:
2199:
1718:
1572:
1461:
Gwichʼin Ethnobotany: Plants Used by the Gwichʼin for Food, Medicine, Shelter and Tools
1055:
987:
903:
825:
769:
Gwichʼin Ethnobotany: Plants Used by the Gwichʼin for Food, Medicine, Shelter and Tools
557:
59:
2749:
2430:
2038:
2014:
2000:
1965:
1892:
1878:
1850:
1829:
1710:"Canadian governments, First Nations express concern over U.S. Arctic drilling plans"
1583:
1524:
1486:
1476:
1421:
1351:
1331:
1215:
959:
718:
689:
253:
997:
For similar reasons, Gwichʼin also actively protested the development of oil in the
840:
region. They are, in chronological order of service with the first three pictured:
740:
668:
473:
which translates as "The helpers" (second on the land). The last clan is called the
2098:
1819:
Vunta Kutchin Social Change: A Study of the People of the Old Crow, Yukon Territory
116:
345:, has two main dialects, eastern and western, which are delineated roughly at the
2497:
1743:
1325:
1311:
1280:
1262:
892:
841:
626:
567:
485:
358:
350:
53:
2251:
2143:
1714:
1006:
645:
551:
529:
406:
The many different bands or tribes of Gwichʼin include but are not limited to:
34:. For the organization representing Gwich’in in the Northwest Territories, see
2411:
1955:
Hunters of the Northern Forest: Designs for Survival Among the Alaskan Kutchin
1544:
2817:
2390:
2376:
2227:
1033:
927:
of "a ceremonial costume of the Kutchin tribe" (Gwichʼin people). The other,
865:
571:
523:
469:, which literally translates as "First on the land", the second clan are the
416:
223:
219:
92:
2169:
1826:
Gwindoo Nanh Kak Geenjit Gwichʼin Ginjik, More Gwichʼin Words About the Land
1490:
349:. Each village has unique dialect differences, idioms, and expressions. The
2362:
2279:
2023:
1999:. Mercury series. Gatineau, Québec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2005.
1455:
1231:
880:
764:
705:
611:
128:
493:
Over 6,000 Gwichʼin live in 15 small communities in northern parts of the
368:
Approximately 300 Alaskan Gwichʼin speak their language, according to the
2274:
1144:
916:
876:
837:
744:
285:
2174:
1614:
2189:
1026:
1019:
861:
288:
234:
62:, Ecotrust Indigenous Leadership Award ceremony, Portland, Oregon, 2004
2222:
2035:
Raising Ourselves: A Gwichʼin Coming of Age Story from the Yukon River
1948:
The Cadzow Lake Site (MjVi-1): A Multi-Component Historic Kutchin Camp
1941:
Tanana and Chandalar: the Alaska Field Journals of Robert A. McKennan.
1891:. Tsiigehtchic, N.W.T.: Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute, 2001.
656:
Numerous folk tales about prehistoric times all begin with the phrase
2460:
2397:
2289:
1390:"Gwichʼin Traditional Knowledge: Woodland Caribou, Boreal Population"
833:
2246:
1887:
Heine, Michael, Alestine Andre, Ingrid Kritsch & Alma Cardinal.
2454:
1877:. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Press, 1982.
1861:
Gwichʼin Topical Dictionary: Gwichyah and Teetłʼit Gwichʼin Dialect
677:
649:
248:. They also continue to make traditional caribou-skin clothing and
245:
230:
185:
2538:
2404:
2142:
2028:
Two Old Women. An Alaskan Legend Of Betrayal, Courage And Survival
1863:. Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute, Teetłʼit Zheh, NT, 2009.
797:
2284:
2238:
2232:
2194:
1992:. Ottawa: Dept. of Northern Affairs and National Resources, 1962.
1922:. Montreal and New York: Arctic Institute of North America, 1965.
1703:
1701:
1699:
955:
806:
697:
593:
132:
2534:
2214:
2097:
693:
605:
509:
505:
373:
334:
96:
73:
2184:
1696:
1574:
Northern Athabascan Survival: Women, Community, and the Future
149:
2424:
2269:
2164:
815:
498:
357:
have approximately the same dialect as those bands living in
354:
237:
81:
2384:
2370:
2080:
2065:
462:
241:
1936:. 2nd ed. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, 2001.
1929:. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
1557:"Executive Board of Directors – Tanana Chiefs Conference"
709:
hard to hunt. They are very smart, cunning, and elusive.
2075:
2070:
2066:
Gwichʼin Tribal Council web site (Northwest Territories)
1314:
Sapir John Haa Googwandak 3. (Sapir-Fredson Stories 3.)
1190:
Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCOS)
2085:
2060:
377:
Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger,
1217:
Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska
1067:(DOI) and operates under a different mandate as the
1686:"Gwich'in Human Rights Threatened by ANWR Drilling"
1001:, and a proposed land trade from the United States
244:. They are renowned for their intricate and ornate
1840:Living on Thin Ice: The Gwichʼin Natives of Alaska
1571:
1467:. Gwichʼin Elders (2nd ed.). Inuvik, N.W.T.:
1420:(1st ed.). San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
1369:
1179:
1177:
1175:
2108:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1305:Alaska Native Language Archive | Resource Details
1293:Alaska Native Language Archive | Resource Details
1274:Alaska Native Language Archive | Resource Details
1256:Alaska Native Language Archive | Resource Details
1143:. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Archived from
2815:
1976:Contributions to the Ethnography of the Kutchin.
1569:
1454:Alestine, Andre; Fehr, Alan (2002). Written at
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
902:The Takudh Bible is a translation of the entire
602:(traditional name, Tetlit Zheh, Tetlit Gwichʼin)
1172:
294:Gwichʼin often refer to themselves by the term
1847:A Special Gift: The Kutchin Beadwork Tradition
1742:, IEN Earth, 15 January 2008. Archived at the
962:which herd calves on the coastal plain in the
229:Gwichʼin are well-known for their crafting of
218:people. They live in the northwestern part of
2316:
2128:
1957:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
1434:
712:
2013:, University of Alberta Press, May 1, 1998.
1943:Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2006.
1344:
401:
1990:Band Organization of the Peel River Kutchin
1828:. Gwichʼin Renewable Resource Board, 2001.
489:Gwichʼin family outside their home, c. 1899
2839:First Nations in the Northwest Territories
2323:
2309:
2135:
2121:
1964:, University of Alaska Press, Nov.1 2011.
1939:Mishler, Craig, and William Simeone, eds.
1611:"Alaska Native Language Center | Gwichʼin"
480:
52:
1803:Learn how and when to remove this message
1409:
1327:Neerihiinjìk: Johnny Sarah Hàa Googwandak
1186:"Linguistic Team Studies Caribou Anatomy"
2086:Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments
1563:
1469:Gwichʼin Social & Cultural Institute
1381:
1236:Gwich'in Social & Cultural Institute
1086:United States Department of the Interior
1073:United States Department of the Interior
1065:United States Department of the Interior
946:
667:
484:
319:
1183:
1115:. Government of Canada. 25 October 2017
1069:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1061:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
14:
2816:
2095:
2071:Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute
1397:Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute
1387:
1375:
1131:
1129:
824:Only five Gwichʼin have served in the
757:Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute
663:
2304:
2116:
1707:
1323:
1213:
1995:Thompson, Judy, and Ingrid Kritsch.
1849:, University of Alaska Press, 1991.
1845:Duncan, Kate C. and Carney, Eunice.
1759:
1517:
1415:
999:Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge
672:Gwichʼin hunters at Fort Yukon, 1847
309:
68:Regions with significant populations
2849:Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic
1824:Clarkson, Peter and Leigh, Tamara.
1126:
942:
341:The Gwichʼin language, part of the
24:
1755:
1518:Frey, Kaitlyn (14 December 2021).
1511:
1453:
1324:Frank, Sarah (December 27, 1995).
1053:According to the January 13, 2019
25:
2860:
2076:Gwichʼin Renewable Resource Board
2049:
1330:. Alaska Native Language Center.
1063:. The current member is from the
2689:Northwest Territory Métis Nation
2331:
2102:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2061:Vuntut Gwitchin web site (Yukon)
1764:
1578:. U of Nebraska Press. pp.
1388:Benson, Kristi (31 March 2011),
1167:A Grammar of the Tukudh Language
814:
805:
796:
512:. The Gwichʼin communities are:
333:A Gwich’in speaker, recorded in
264:Their name is sometimes spelled
2646:Inuvialuit Regional Corporation
2096:Morice, Adrian Gabriel (1910).
1903:The Kutchin or Loucheux Indians
1733:
1708:Weber, Bob (January 13, 2019).
1678:
1653:
1628:
1603:
1549:
1538:
1317:
1298:
1047:
1003:National Wildlife Refuge System
964:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
787:
639:
389:University of Alaska, Fairbanks
254:seasonal wage-paying employment
2056:Gwichʼin Council International
1286:
1267:
1249:
1224:
1207:
1159:
1101:
990:wrote in a letter to the U.S.
910:
750:
387:Native Language Center at the
13:
1:
2563:Fort Providence Métis Council
2508:Akaitcho Territory Government
1787:and help improve the section.
1661:"Dance of the Kutcha-Kutchin"
1141:Alaska Native Language Center
1095:
848:of the group, the others are
767:co-published a book entitled
614:(formerly Arctic Red River) (
370:Alaska Native Language Center
2144:Indigenous peoples of Alaska
735:
631:Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation
372:. However, according to the
7:
2091:Gwichʼin Steering Committee
1283:Adventures of Vasaagihdzak.
1012:
931:was based on a painting by
929:Dance of the Kutcha-Kutchin
644:The Gwichʼin have a strong
347:United States-Canada border
10:
2865:
937:Canadian Bank Note Company
713:Caribou as cultural symbol
554:(Danzhit Hanlaii Gwichʼin)
343:Athabaskan language family
313:
276:("squinters"), as well as
29:
2781:
2748:
2715:
2687:
2644:
2611:
2548:
2506:
2494:
2447:
2361:
2347:
2262:
2213:
2155:
1570:Phyllis Ann Fast (2002).
1473:Aurora Research Institute
1340:– via Google Books.
992:Bureau of Land Management
761:Aurora Research Institute
402:Gwichʼin tribes and clans
179:
169:
159:
143:
138:
127:
122:
111:
106:
91:
72:
67:
51:
2448:Treaties and land claims
1690:www.culturalsurvival.org
1040:
897:Tanana Chiefs Conference
830:House of Representatives
214:people of Canada and an
2613:Gwich'in Tribal Council
1875:Shandaa, In My Lifetime
1842:. Berghahn Books, 2016.
1184:Mishler, Craig (2014),
979:Gwichʼin Tribal Council
933:Alexander Hunter Murray
923:based on a painting by
895:through the non-profit
481:Location and population
384:language revitalization
353:people in the northern
259:
36:Gwich'in Tribal Council
2844:First Nations in Yukon
2363:Ethnolinguistic groups
2081:Gwichyaa Zhee Gwichʼin
952:
673:
590:Northwest Territories
574:and Neetsaii Gwichʼin)
526:and Neetsaii Gwichʼin)
490:
363:Arctic Village, Alaska
338:
284:, a term also used by
222:, mostly north of the
30:For the language, see
2495:Regional councils and
2341:Northwest Territories
2105:Catholic Encyclopedia
1920:The Chandalar Kutchin
1214:Smith, Gerad (2020).
1081:Global Affairs Canada
977:, who is head of the
950:
747:of the Hän Gwich’in.
692:. Gwichʼin living in
671:
495:Northwest Territories
488:
393:traditional knowledge
332:
139:Related ethnic groups
78:Northwest Territories
2550:Dehcho First Nations
1932:Mishler, Craig, ed.
1918:McKennan, Robert A.
1232:"About the Gwich'in"
1075:(DOI). According to
968:oil drilling in ANWR
743:are the traditional
680:, and Ch’eegwalti’.
395:of caribou anatomy.
164:Dinjii Zhuu Gwichʼin
1988:Slobodin, Richard.
1974:Osgood, Cornelius.
1960:O'Brien, Thomas A.
1953:Nelson, Richard K.
1946:Morlan, Richard E.
1908:Leechman, Douglas.
1416:Bass, Rick (2004).
1196:on 10 February 2016
1147:on 20 November 2015
1113:www12.statcan.gc.ca
885:William West Kirkby
664:Traditional beliefs
596:(Ehdiitat Gwichʼin)
548:(Draanjik Gwichʼin)
250:porcupine quillwork
209:Athabaskan-speaking
145:Alaskan Athabaskans
58:Former Grand Chief
48:
2829:Athabaskan peoples
2717:Sahtu Dene Council
2568:Fort Simpson Métis
2337:Indigenous peoples
1981:Rogers, Thomas J.
1870:. 284, no. 18: 26.
1859:Firth, William G.
1838:Dinero, Steven C.
1740:"Yukon Flats DEIS"
1719:The Globe and Mail
1636:"Ceremonial Dress"
1559:. 5 December 2019.
1503:Gwich'in Plant Kit
1310:2016-09-02 at the
1279:2016-09-02 at the
1261:2016-09-02 at the
1056:The Globe and Mail
988:Environment Canada
953:
826:Alaska Legislature
674:
542:(Deenduu Gwichʼin)
508:, and in northern
491:
339:
240:, and the two-way
60:Clarence Alexander
44:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2750:Tłįchǫ Government
2583:Łı́ı́dlı̨ı̨ Kų́ę́
2541:
2531:Yellowknives Dene
2298:
2297:
1910:The Vanta Kutchin
1813:
1812:
1805:
1589:978-0-8032-2017-1
1352:"Vuntut Gwichʼin"
960:Porcupine caribou
915:On 4 April 1975,
776:and white spruce
616:Gwichyaa Gwichʼin
562:Gwichyaa Gwichʼin
534:Gwichyaa Gwichʼin
330:
316:Gwichʼin language
310:Gwichʼin language
193:
192:
155:
154:
32:Gwichʼin language
16:(Redirected from
2856:
2626:Gwichya Gwich'in
2573:Jean Marie River
2533:
2504:
2503:
2349:Cultural areas:
2335:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2241:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2099:"Loucheux"
2037:, , Oct.1 2002.
1925:Mishler, Craig.
1873:Herbert, Belle.
1808:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1783:Please read the
1779:may need cleanup
1768:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1663:. Archived from
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1638:. Archived from
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1613:. Archived from
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1466:
1451:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1315:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1271:
1265:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1192:, archived from
1181:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1105:
1089:
1051:
975:Greenland Morgan
943:Current politics
921:Ceremonial Dress
904:King James Bible
818:
809:
800:
686:woodland caribou
331:
174:Dinju Zhuh Kʼyuu
157:
156:
56:
49:
43:
21:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2777:
2744:
2711:
2697:Fort Resolution
2683:
2640:
2636:Tetlit Gwich'in
2607:
2558:Deh Gáh Got'ı̨ę
2544:
2526:Smith's Landing
2521:Łutsël K'é Dene
2496:
2490:
2443:
2357:
2343:
2329:
2299:
2294:
2258:
2247:Central Alaskan
2237:
2233:Alutiiq–Sugpiaq
2209:
2205:Upper Kuskokwim
2151:
2148:Tribal entities
2141:
2052:
2047:
2033:Wallis, Velma.
2009:Vyvyan, Clara.
1817:Balikci, Asen.
1809:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1782:
1775:Further reading
1769:
1765:
1758:
1756:Further reading
1753:
1744:Wayback Machine
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1706:
1697:
1692:. October 2005.
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1516:
1512:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1464:
1452:
1435:
1428:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1312:Wayback Machine
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1281:Wayback Machine
1272:
1268:
1263:Wayback Machine
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1015:
983:calving grounds
945:
913:
893:Interior Alaska
889:Robert McDonald
872:
871:
870:
869:
821:
820:
819:
811:
810:
802:
801:
790:
753:
738:
715:
666:
642:
578:Stevens Village
483:
444:Danzhit Hanlaii
404:
320:
318:
312:
262:
187:
184:
147:
63:
46:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:Fort Good Hope
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2050:External links
2048:
2046:
2045:
2043:978-0970849304
2031:
2021:
2007:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1970:978-1602231443
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1901:Kirkby, W. W.
1899:
1885:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1732:
1715:Canadian Press
1695:
1677:
1652:
1627:
1602:
1588:
1562:
1548:
1537:
1510:
1481:
1433:
1426:
1408:
1380:
1368:
1343:
1336:
1316:
1297:
1285:
1266:
1248:
1223:
1206:
1171:
1158:
1125:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1007:Doyon, Limited
944:
941:
912:
909:
854:Larry Peterson
823:
822:
813:
812:
804:
803:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
789:
786:
752:
749:
737:
734:
714:
711:
702:Fort McPherson
665:
662:
646:oral tradition
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
621:
620:
619:
609:
603:
600:Fort McPherson
597:
588:
587:
586:
583:
582:Canyon Village
580:
575:
565:
555:
549:
543:
537:
527:
520:Arctic Village
482:
479:
403:
400:
391:, to document
314:Main article:
311:
308:
261:
258:
191:
190:
183:Gwichʼin Nành,
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
153:
152:
141:
140:
136:
135:
125:
124:
120:
119:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
89:
88:
85:
70:
69:
65:
64:
57:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2861:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Acho Dene Koe
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Sachs Harbour
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:Woodland Cree
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:Wallis, Velma
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:0-660-19508-9
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:1-896337-05-8
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:0-912006-30-7
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:0-9682642-1-2
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1796:
1793:November 2015
1786:
1785:editing guide
1780:
1776:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1667:on 2016-01-08
1666:
1662:
1656:
1642:on 2016-01-08
1641:
1637:
1631:
1617:on 2014-12-25
1616:
1612:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:. p. 8:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1427:9781578051144
1423:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1337:9781555000547
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1034:Being Caribou
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
949:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
908:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
867:
866:Woodie Salmon
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:and all from
831:
828:, all in the
827:
817:
808:
799:
785:
783:
779:
775:
774:Picea mariana
770:
766:
762:
758:
748:
746:
742:
733:
729:
727:
723:
720:
710:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
679:
670:
661:
659:
654:
651:
647:
632:
628:
625:
624:
622:
617:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
591:
589:
584:
581:
579:
576:
573:
572:Dihai-kutchin
569:
566:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
524:Dihai-kutchin
521:
518:
517:
515:
514:
513:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
487:
478:
476:
475:Tenjeraatsaii
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
409:
399:
396:
394:
390:
385:
380:
378:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
227:
225:
224:Arctic Circle
221:
220:North America
217:
216:Alaska Native
213:
212:First Nations
210:
206:
202:
198:
189:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
151:
146:
142:
137:
134:
130:
126:
121:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
98:
94:
93:United States
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
61:
55:
50:
37:
33:
19:
18:Gwich'in
2834:Dene peoples
2794:Kátł'odeeche
2782:Unaffiliated
2758:Dechi Laot'i
2725:Behdzi Ahda'
2429:
2419:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2375:
2179:
2103:
2034:
2027:
2010:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1846:
1839:
1825:
1818:
1799:
1790:
1778:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1713:
1689:
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1573:
1565:
1551:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
1502:
1500:
1494:. Retrieved
1460:
1456:Tsiigehtchic
1417:
1411:
1400:, retrieved
1396:
1383:
1371:
1360:, retrieved
1356:First Voices
1355:
1346:
1326:
1319:
1300:
1288:
1269:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1238:. 2015-12-08
1235:
1226:
1216:
1209:
1198:, retrieved
1194:the original
1189:
1166:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:the original
1140:
1117:. Retrieved
1112:
1103:
1054:
1049:
1032:
1025:
1018:
996:
972:
954:
928:
925:Lewis Parker
920:
914:
901:
881:Hudson Stuck
873:
842:Jules Wright
788:Christianity
781:
778:Picea glauca
777:
773:
768:
765:Parks Canada
754:
745:face tattoos
739:
730:
725:
721:
716:
706:Tsiigehtchic
682:
675:
657:
655:
650:folk stories
643:
640:Oral history
612:Tsiigehtchic
492:
474:
470:
466:
461:Three major
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
415:
411:
407:
405:
397:
381:
376:
367:
340:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:missionaries
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
228:
204:
200:
196:
194:
163:
129:Christianity
41:Ethnic group
27:Ethnic group
2763:Dog Rib Rae
2740:Tulita Dene
2674:Tuktoyaktuk
2578:Ka'a'gee Tu
2516:Deninu Kųę́
2500:governments
2398:Dënesųłı̨ne
2157:Athabaskans
1725:January 13,
1376:Benson 2011
1358:, 2001–2013
1151:20 November
917:Canada Post
911:Recognition
838:Yukon Flats
751:Ethnobotany
546:Chalkyitsik
540:Birch Creek
382:Innovative
304:Dinjii Zhuu
298:instead of
296:Dinjii Zhuu
148:Especially
47:Dinjii Zhuu
2818:Categories
2799:Salt River
2702:Fort Smith
2679:Ulukhaktok
2603:West Point
2598:Sambaa K'e
2593:Pehdzeh Kı
2588:Nahɂą Dehé
2467:Inuvialuit
2431:Inuvialuit
2190:Holikachuk
2170:Deg Hitʼan
2019:0888643020
1868:The Nation
1855:0912006889
1777:" section
1671:2020-01-05
1646:2020-01-05
1621:2012-11-30
1531:2022-07-29
1496:2021-05-02
1482:1896337090
1458:, N.W.T..
1402:2 November
1362:17 January
1242:2023-09-26
1200:11 January
1165:McDonald,
1137:"Gwichʼin"
1119:2017-11-23
1096:References
1027:Oil on Ice
1020:Arctic Son
862:Kay Wallis
858:Tim Wallis
846:Republican
844:(the only
658:Deenaadai’
558:Fort Yukon
2707:Hay River
2498:community
2461:Treaty 11
2355:Subarctic
2290:Tsimshian
1905:. , 1863.
1717:(CP) via
1077:Bob Weber
973:Bobbi Jo
850:Democrats
834:Fairbanks
755:In 2002,
741:Yidįįłtoo
736:Tattooing
585:Christian
502:Territory
471:Chitsʼyaa
428:Kʼiitlʼit
235:birchbark
231:snowshoes
207:) are an
107:Languages
2824:Gwich'in
2664:Paulatuk
2473:Gwich'in
2455:Treaty 8
2420:Gwichʼin
2252:Siberian
2180:Gwichʼin
2175:Denaʼina
2030:, , 1993
1491:47257875
1308:Archived
1277:Archived
1259:Archived
1013:See also
877:Catholic
782:Ts’iivii
678:Sahneuti
627:Old Crow
497:and the
467:Nantsaii
448:Teetlʼit
440:Ehdiitat
436:Neetsʼit
432:Neetsaii
423:Gwichyaa
412:Draanjik
351:Old Crow
300:Gwichʼin
286:Anglican
274:Loucheux
270:Gwitchin
246:beadwork
205:Loucheux
197:Gwichʼin
186:Denendeh
170:Language
123:Religion
113:Gwichʼin
45:Gwichʼin
2730:Délı̨nę
2654:Aklavik
2621:Aklavik
2391:Deh Cho
2339:in the
2285:Tlingit
2239:Chugach
2223:Iñupiat
2195:Koyukon
1985:. 1978.
1912:. 1954.
956:Caribou
836:or the
722:vadzaih
719:caribou
698:Aklavik
690:caribou
594:Aklavik
568:Venetie
516:Alaska
417:Di’haii
408:Deenduu
359:Venetie
266:Kutchin
201:Kutchin
180:Country
133:Animism
117:English
2773:Wha Ti
2768:Gameti
2659:Inuvik
2631:Inuvik
2535:Dettah
2487:(2003)
2485:Tłįchǫ
2481:(1993)
2475:(1992)
2469:(1984)
2463:(1921)
2457:(1899)
2412:Tłįchǫ
2351:Arctic
2215:Eskimo
2200:Tanana
2041:
2017:
2003:
1968:
1895:
1881:
1853:
1832:
1773:This "
1595:7 July
1586:
1525:People
1489:
1479:
1424:
1334:
1088:(DOI).
763:, and
759:, the
704:, and
694:Inuvik
623:Yukon
606:Inuvik
552:Circle
530:Beaver
510:Alaska
506:Canada
456:Vantee
452:Vuntut
450:, and
374:UNESCO
335:Alaska
282:Takudh
278:Tukudh
238:canoes
160:People
97:Alaska
74:Canada
2539:Ndilǫ
2479:Sahtu
2439:Métis
2425:Inuit
2405:Sahtú
2280:Haida
2270:Aleut
2263:Other
2228:Yupik
2165:Ahtna
1465:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
1041:Notes
499:Yukon
463:clans
355:Yukon
188:ᑌᓀᐣᑌᐧ
102:1,100
87:3,275
82:Yukon
2385:Dene
2371:Cree
2275:Eyak
2039:ISBN
2015:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1727:2019
1597:2013
1584:ISBN
1501:The
1487:OCLC
1477:ISBN
1471:and
1422:ISBN
1404:2014
1364:2014
1332:ISBN
1202:2015
1153:2015
1005:and
864:and
717:The
361:and
260:Name
242:sled
199:(or
195:The
2185:Hän
1582:–.
852:),
504:of
454:or
434:or
280:or
268:or
203:or
150:Hän
2820::
2537:,
2353:,
2026:.
1746:,
1712:.
1698:^
1688:.
1580:68
1522:.
1485:.
1475:.
1436:^
1395:,
1354:,
1234:.
1188:,
1174:^
1139:.
1128:^
1111:.
1079:,
1009:.
939:.
899:.
887:,
883:,
860:,
856:,
780:,
700:,
696:,
458:.
446:,
442:,
438:,
430:,
426:,
420:,
414:,
410:,
365:.
302:.
256:.
233:,
226:.
131:,
115:,
80:,
2324:e
2317:t
2310:v
2150:)
2146:(
2136:e
2129:t
2122:v
1806:)
1800:(
1795:)
1791:(
1781:.
1729:.
1674:.
1649:.
1624:.
1599:.
1534:.
1430:.
1378:.
1295:)
1245:.
1220:.
1155:.
1122:.
868:.
633:)
629:(
618:)
570:(
564:)
560:(
536:)
532:(
522:(
337:.
99:)
95:(
84:)
76:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.