Gupta Empire - Knowledge

1829: 1050: 4082: 1438: 2265:"The snow and heat are finely tempered, and there is neither hoarfrost nor snow. The people are numerous and happy. They have not to register their households. Only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay (a portion of) the gain from it. If they want to go, they go. If they want to stay on, they stay on. The king governs without decapitation or (other) corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined according to circumstances. Even in cases of repeated attempts at wicked rebellion, they only have their right-hand cut off. The king's bodyguards & attendants all have salaries. Throughout the whole country, the people do not kill any living creature, not drink any intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic." 4260: 1502: 4295: 4047: 2622: 65: 3154: 3287: 4394: 4280: 3293: 4155: 4322: 1701: 1692: 2022: 4178: 2281: 4194: 1043: 4310: 4213: 71: 4232: 3055: 1470: 1460: 1455: 1465: 1450: 1526: 1520: 1481: 1475: 2096: 4356: 9063: 1393:, the Vaishyas – who were traditionally associated with trade – may have become rulers after resisting oppressive taxation by the previous rulers. Critics of the Vaishya-origin theory point out that the suffix Gupta features in the names of several non-Vaishyas before as well as during the Gupta period, and the dynastic name "Gupta" may have simply derived from the name of the dynasty's first king 2443: 4136:(respectively Buddhist, Hindu, and mixed including Jain) were in fact produced under later dynasties, but primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Gupta style. Ajanta contains by far the most significant survivals of painting from this and the surrounding periods, showing a mature form which had probably had a long development, mainly in painting palaces. The Hindu 5098:"Historians once regarded the Gupta period (c.320–540) as the classical age of India It was also thought to have been an age of material prosperity, particularly among the urban elite Some of these assumptions have been questioned by more-extensive studies of the post-Mauryan, pre-Gupta period. Archaeological evidence from the earlier 2254:, and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration. The penal code was mild, and offences were punished by fines only. From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period. 3019:. The coinage of the Maukharis and Pushyabhutis followed the silver coin type of the Guptas, with portrait of the ruler in profile (although facing in the reverse direction compared to the Guptas, a possible symbol of antagonism) and the peacock on the reverse, the Brahmi legend being kept except for the name of the ruler. 3120:

and that the campaigns of Raghu – his protagonist in the Raghuvaṃśa – reflect those of Chandragupta II. In Canto IV of the Raghuvamsa, Kalidasa relates how the king's forces clash against the powerful, cavalry-centric, forces of the Persians and later the Yavanas (probably Huns) in the North-West.

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He gave more elegant rules for the sum of the squares and cubes of an initial segment of the positive integers. The sixth part of the product of three quantities consisting of the number of terms, the number of terms plus one, and twice the number of terms plus one is the sum of the squares. The

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made several contributions such as assigning the start of each day to midnight. the earth's rotation on its axis, westward motion of the stars. Aryabhata also mentioned that reflected sunlight is the cause behind the shining of the Moon. In his book, Aryabhata, he suggested that the Earth was

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Kalidasa wrote ... with excellence which, by unanimous consent, justifies the inevitable comparisons with Shakespeare ... When and where Kalidasa lived remains a mystery. He acknowledges no links with the Guptas; he may not even have coincided with them ... but the poet's vivid awareness of the

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The Allahabad Pillar inscription presents Samudragupta as a wise king and strict administrator, who was also compassionate enough to help the poor and the helpless. It also alludes to the king's talents as a musician and a poet, and calls him the "king of poets". Such claims are corroborated by

1049: 2018:(r. 1076 – 1126 CE) mentions Chandragupta with his title and states: "Why should the glory of the Kings Vikramaditya and Nanda be a hindrance any longer ? He with a loud command abolished that (era), which has the name of Saka, and made that (era) which has the Chalukya counting". 990:, earlier long poems on a variety of subjects, are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period. Hinduism was followed by the rulers and the Brahmins flourished in the Gupta empire but the Guptas were tolerant towards people of other faiths as well. 6717:... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p. cli 6639:

Cf:"In the story contained in Kathasarit-sagara, king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Tokharas and the, National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading – Sanskrit

1667:, the southern region: the exact identification of several of these kings is debated among modern scholars, but it is clear that these kings ruled areas located on the eastern coast of India. The inscription suggests that Samudragupta advanced as far as the 4046: 3684:

Empires. The four-fold varna system was observed under the Gupta period but caste system was fluid. Brahmins followed non-Brahmanical professions as well. Kshatriyas were involved in trade and commerce. The society largely coexisted among themselves.

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for all the major religious groups. Although painting was evidently widespread, the surviving works are almost all religious sculptures. The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone deity in Hindu art, as well as the Buddha-figure and

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Finally, the inscription mentions that several foreign kings tried to please Samudragupta by personal attendance; offered him their daughters in marriage (or according to another interpretation, gifted him maidens); and sought the use of the

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A record of Buddhistic kingdoms; being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon, A.D. 399–414, in search of the Buddhist books of discipline. Translated and annotated with a Corean recension of the Chinese

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The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so

7907: 2548:, ended as well. Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas. The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India's trade with 2111:

credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the

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ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah Mlechchana Kamboja. Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara. Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate (Brahata Katha, 10/1/285-86,

4017:– represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, rook, and bishop respectively. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed surgical operations. The ancient Gupta text 1819:

in present-day India, as well as a substantial part of central India. Besides, his empire comprised a number of monarchical and tribal tributary states of northern India, and of the south-eastern coastal region of India.

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Here he makes special mention of the use horse-archers in the king's army and that the horses needed much rest after the hotly contested battles. The five arms of the Gupta military included infantry, cavalry,

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serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art. Above all, it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period, the Guptas were supportive of thriving

5668: 1533:, fl. late 3rd century CE) is the earliest known king of the dynasty: different historians variously date the beginning of his reign from mid-to-late 3rd century CE. Gupta founded the Gupta Empire 2513:

broke through the Gupta defences in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500. According to some scholars the empire disintegrated under the attacks of

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Following Skandagupta's death, the empire was clearly in decline, and the later Gupta coinage indicates their loss of control over much of western India after 467–469. Skandagupta was followed by

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but far beyond her borders". Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in India and

5089:, caste distinctions became more entrenched and rigid during this time, as prosperity and the favour of the law accrued the top of the social scale, while the lower orders were degraded further. 1870:

and his brother Chandragupta has to sneak into the enemy camp to rescue her and kill the Saka king. The historicity of these events is unclear, but Ramagupta's existence is confirmed by three

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A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta Empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom. It was divided into 26 provinces, which were called

1374:, which would mean it was situated somewhere in the modern Bengal region. Another proposal is that the early Gupta kingdom extended from Prayaga in the west to northern Bengal in the east. 1570:: Śrigupta), "Shri" being an honorific prefix. According to Yijing, this king built a temple for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims near "Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no" (believed to be a transcription of 993:

The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the

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During the reign of either the emperor Kumāragupta or, more probably, that of his successor Skandagupta (AD 455–467), the capital of the empire was moved from Pāțaliputra to Ayodhyā...

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operated throughout the Gupta Empire serving as centuries of education. Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE.

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A 2019 study by archaeologist Shanker Sharma has concluded that the cause of the Gupta Empire's downfall was a devastating flood which happened around the middle of the 6th century in

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There is a paucity of contemporary sources detailing the tactical operations of the Imperial Gupta Army. The best extant information comes from the Sanskrit mahakavya (epic poem)

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The empire was divided into provinces (desha, rajya or bhukti). Each province was divided into a number of pradesha or vishaya. Each district had its own administrative officers

2083:, whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the 1626:

have led to some debate on this topic: according to one theory, Kacha was another name for Samudragupta; another possibility is that Kacha was a rival claimant to the throne.

1663:. It further claims that he subjugated all the kings of the forest region, which was most probably located in central India. It also credits him with defeating 12 rulers of 7716: 5000: 965: 5976: 1925: 1639: 11667: 978:, gave rise to achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting that "set standards of form and taste determined the whole subsequent course of art, not only in 813: 799: 785: 771: 757: 732: 718: 704: 690: 2068:. In particular, Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller 11662: 7180: 2521:. It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Huns. The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by 2384: 1933: 6034: 4154: 5233:

pg.17 : Gupta Empire at its height (5th-6th centuries) connected with the development of Mahayana Buddhism with the development of Tantric Buddhism.

6946: 9100: 1675:. During this southern campaign, Samudragupta most probably passed through the forest tract of central India, reached the eastern coast in present-day 2950:, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Huna invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the 6519: 4279: 7077: 5146: 2607:, bringing cultural regression. During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian 1970:. His son Kumaragupta I was married to a Kadamba princess of the Karnataka region. Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka 4995: 3196:. Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practising/enforcing 2419:

attack around 455 CE, but the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of

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ritual (horse sacrifice), which was used by the ancient Indian kings and emperors to prove their imperial sovereignty, and issued gold coins (see

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The empire was divided into provinces (desha, rashtra or bhukti). Each province was divided into a number of districts (pradesha or vishaya).

5451: 4945: 1562:-335 CE. "Che-li-ki-to", the name of a king mentioned by the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing, is believed to be a transcription of " 5558: 11627: 6888:"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in 890:

by historians, although this characterisation has been disputed by some other historians. The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by

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was defeated by 395, and he crushed the Bengal chiefdoms. This extended his control from coast to coast, established a second capital at

8939: 7263: 7156: 7008: 6688: 5907: 1322:, where most of the inscriptions and coin hoards of the early Gupta emperors have been discovered. This theory is also supported by the 8715: 5048: 1769:-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories. This is an exaggeration: for example, the inscription lists the King of 5595: 3286: 2946:

The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognised ruler of the dynasty's main line was King

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princess Kumaradevi, which may have helped him extend his political power and dominions, enabling him to adopt the prestigious title

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levels suggests greater material prosperity, to such a degree that some historians argue for an urban decline in the Gupta period."

4321: 3594: 7820: 6791: 2392:, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta emperors. He assumed the titles of 1437: 9341: 9299: 7708: 4231: 3275:

also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".

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origin, as certain ancient Indian texts prescribe the name "Gupta" for the members of the Vaishya varna. According to historian

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Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of India

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his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganisation and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the

11350: 4193: 2595:, gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks by the hand of the vehemently anti-Buddhist 1314:

The homeland of the Guptas is uncertain. According to one theory, they originated in the present-day lower-Doab region of

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These invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to

11496: 10496: 2544:. Soon after the invasions, the Gupta Empire, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as 7172: 4177: 1401:, because they had matrimonial relations with Brahmins, but others reject this evidence as inconclusive. Based on the 10140: 9086: 8501: 8414: 8059: 7901: 7752: 7482: 7442: 7347: 7257: 7218: 6901: 6026: 5901: 5662: 5177: 2560:, which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as 8239:

Champaneria, Manish C.; Workman, Adrienne D.; Gupta, Subhas C. (July 2014). "Sushruta: Father of Plastic Surgery".

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On the basis of ... historians have now come to accept the lower doab region as the original homeland of the Guptas

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approximates the method for determination of the meridian direction from any three positions of the shadow using a

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The high points of this period are the great cultural developments which took place primarily during the reigns of

4212: 3116:. Many modern scholars put forward the view that Kalidasa lived from the reign of Chandragupta II to the reign of 1721:

paid Samudragupta tributes, obeyed his orders, and performed obeisance before him. The frontier kingdoms included

1009:. After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. 11632: 11122: 2768: 10284: 2423:, the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the 1599:

was used by feudatory rulers, which has led to suggestions that Gupta and Ghatotkacha were vassals (possibly of

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Chakrabarti, K. (1996). "The Gupta Kingdom". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.).

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Chakrabarti, K. (1996). "The Gupta Kingdom". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.).

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Gupta administration proved to be highly conducive for the rapid growth of urban centers. The Chinese author

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According to the Gupta records, among his sons, Samudragupta nominated prince Chandragupta II, born of queen

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also indicate that Chandragupta was able to rule north western Indian subcontinent and proceeded to conquer

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was regarded as the second capital. Chandragupta Vikramaditya took personal interest in the development of

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ceremonies. The Gupta records credit him with making generous donations of cows and gold. He performed the

1042: 17: 8787:. Vol. 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985. Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. pp. 17–52. 8737:

Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty

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Despite the creation of the empire through war, the reign is remembered for its very influential style of

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Bimal Kanti Majumdar (1949). "Military Pursuits and National Defence Under the Second Magadhan Empire".

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Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534)

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mentions ships but not chariots. Ships had become integral part of Indian military in the 6th century

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as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son

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which existed from the mid 3rd century CE to mid 6th century CE. It was the seventh ruling dynasty of

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Ayodhya, Part 1: The History of Ayodhya from the seventh century BC to the middle of the 18th century

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Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D".

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from the country. He wrote 'Wasn't it Vikramaditya who drove the Sakas out from the lovely city of

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sent rich presents to the Gupta emperor requesting his permission to build a Buddhist monastery at

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from the Gupta period provide one of the earliest examples of pointed arches anywhere in the world

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In the heart of the former Gupta Empire, in the Gangetic region, the Guptas were succeeded by the

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The court of Chandragupta II was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the

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Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

9934: 5015: 4930: 4718: 4507: 2239: 2140:, as well as India proper. In one of his works Kalidasa also credits him with the removal of the 1360:) built a temple for Chinese pilgrims near Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no (apparently a transcription of 723: 5988: 4273:, is one of the last surviving fortification remains from the Gupta period, currently 5–7 m high 3888:. The gins consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood. 3082:

formed the core of the Gupta Army and were supported by the traditional Indian Army elements of

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is said to have developed in this period, where its early form in the 6th century was known as

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and was the high point of the empire. Kuntala inscriptions indicate rule of Chandragupta II in

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The Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions that rulers of several frontier kingdoms and tribal

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Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.

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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750

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is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the

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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750

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Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture

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figures, the latter often on a very large scale. The two great centres of sculpture were

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Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson

7138: 6783: 5346: 5213: 4636: 4487: 4285: 4168: 4118: 4072: 3790: 3769: 3756: 3724: 3292: 3267:), King Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ( 3256: 2843: 2804: 2656: 1979: 1971: 1734: 1660: 1611: 1541: 1074: 792: 764: 709: 450: 196: 129: 6581: 6497: 5982: 2079:(Nine Jewels), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Among these men was 1497:, where Samudragupta presents king Gupta as his great-grandfather. Dated circa 350 CE. 1349:

region in Ganges basin, based on the account of the 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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A history of fine art in India and Ceylon, from the earliest times to the present day

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The utilisation of horse archers in the Gupta period is evidenced on the coinage of

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The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the

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states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the

2021: 11357: 11144: 11139: 11095: 11082: 11012: 10980: 10975: 10839: 10834: 10816: 10777: 10710: 10693: 10634: 10624: 10619: 10560: 10516: 10486: 10446: 10429: 10412: 10375: 10126: 9832: 9817: 9813: 9766: 9762: 9722: 9688: 9684: 9503: 8558: 8477: 8369: 8248: 8150: 8107: 8103: 7981: 5338: 5301: 5236: 5205: 4990: 4786: 4671: 4665: 4557: 4382: 3838: 3801: 3681: 3582: 3560: 3500: 3319: 3043: 3035: 3012: 3000: 2891: 2184: 2113: 2065: 2037: 2011: 1862: 1578: 1494: 937: 778: 156: 2206:, was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor 11575: 11543: 11416: 11384: 11367: 11323: 11318: 11296: 11291: 11249: 11242: 11217: 11077: 11072: 10913: 10794: 10688: 10683: 10651: 10476: 10466: 10360: 10353: 10348: 10333: 10289: 10171: 10157: 10070: 9951: 9909: 9905: 9872: 9844: 9840: 9786: 9692: 9624: 9586: 9392: 9037: 9031: 8959: 8904: 8868: 8824: 8782: 8554: 8491: 8431: 8252: 8171: 8095: 7969: 7849: 7781: 7742: 7695: 7524: 7376: 7337: 7298: 7160: 7100: 7012: 6714: 6710: 5599: 5565: 5455: 4757: 4741: 4712: 4592: 4204: 4137: 4129: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3677: 3489: 3094: 3059: 2913: 2721: 2647: 2541: 2483: 2289: 2207: 2180: 2133: 2064:

cultures as well, and for this reason, there is also a long history of non-Hindu

2026: 2015: 1995: 1955: 1947: 1919: 1700: 1691: 1668: 1588: 1406: 1253: 1147: 922: 903: 737: 695: 573: 504: 268: 214: 10997: 8024:

A Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer

7985: 7137:

Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions of the Early Gupta emperors)

3822: 3764: 1603:). However, there are several instances of paramount sovereigns using the title 1353:. According to Yijing, king Che-li-ki-to (identified with the dynasty's founder 948:, were canonised during this period. The Gupta period produced scholars such as 11518: 11513: 11476: 11451: 11434: 11345: 11330: 11301: 11259: 11107: 11067: 11062: 11017: 10943: 10903: 10893: 10883: 10698: 10577: 10471: 10338: 10220: 9806: 9679: 9576: 9177: 8778: 8331: 7210:

Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History

5209: 5193: 4980: 4833: 4774: 4762: 4752: 4733: 4677: 4605: 4534: 4251: 4087: 3965: 3480: 3372: 3328: 3299: 3087: 3067: 2534: 2479: 2471: 2319: 2280: 2010:, although some scholars have also disputed the identity of the Gupta emperor. 1987: 1967: 1946:(Brave as the Sun), ruled from 375 until 415. He married a Kadamba princess of 1848: 1837: 1773:

among these kings. It is known that from Chinese sources that the Simhala king

1758: 1656: 1552: 1506: 1207: 1187: 1091: 983: 895: 468: 241: 147: 9226: 4512: 3976: 11616: 11599: 11486: 11281: 11254: 11227: 11205: 11183: 10950: 10933: 10918: 10762: 10715: 10703: 10629: 10521: 10395: 10390: 10365: 10247: 9955: 9758: 9718: 9619: 9602: 9555: 9540: 9526: 9499: 9495: 9455: 9440: 9429: 9381: 8991: 8618: 8381: 7993: 7946: 5315: 5099: 4819: 4807: 4630: 4617: 4611: 4577: 4328: 4148:

is a major temple, one of the earliest to survive, with important sculpture.

3809: 3243: 3185: 3098: 3079: 2822: 2813: 2777: 2730: 2683: 2665: 2611:. For example, the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the 2457: 2409: 2285: 2275: 2203: 2080: 2045: 2041: 1809: 1754: 1738: 1680: 1664: 1600: 1592: 1350: 1319: 1157: 926: 907: 522: 389: 232: 111: 11027: 11007: 9073: 8914: 8792: 8578: 2427:. The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire. 1485:("Great King, Lord Gupta"), mentioning the first ruler of the dynasty, king 11491: 11232: 11222: 11188: 11117: 11112: 11039: 10829: 10811: 10772: 10767: 10747: 10742: 10614: 10607: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10481: 10419: 10385: 10321: 9547: 9447: 9317: 9255: 9220: 9202: 9194: 9138: 9078: 9027: 8260: 5494:

terrain of the entire subcontinent argues strongly for a Guptan provenance.

4825: 4767: 4569: 4524: 4501: 4495: 4361: 4223: 4133: 4125: 4124:

The most famous remaining monuments in a broadly Gupta style, the caves at

4014: 3885: 3637: 3407: 3339: 3126: 3083: 3075: 3071: 2955: 2638: 2553: 2545: 2526: 2453: 2335: 1959: 1635: 1623: 1619: 1618:. According to the dynasty's official records, he was succeeded by his son 1514: 1490: 1486: 1441: 1394: 1382: 1357: 1118: 1108: 1057: 1006: 957: 918: 899: 891: 750: 486: 431: 5306: 5289: 3994: 882:. At its zenith, from approximately 319 to 467 CE, it covered much of the 70: 11210: 11195: 11044: 10757: 10666: 10656: 10582: 10230: 10225: 10095:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

9863: 9856: 9739: 9713: 9521: 9491: 9152: 4878: 4851: 4705: 4270: 4105: 3845:

medicine with innovative chapters on surgery, dates to the Gupta period.

3759:, an approximation of π of 4 decimal places, trignimotric functions, and 3755:, making significant contributions to mathematics including developing a 3751: 3462: 3138: 3117: 3023: 2978: 2969:

copper-plate inscription), in which he makes a land grant in the area of

2931: 2853: 2748: 2581: 2502: 2491: 2449: 2420: 2405: 2389: 2378: 2343: 2309: 2243: 2188: 2117: 1785: 1746: 1718: 1672: 1236: 1167: 1002: 994: 941: 933: 911: 854: 806: 540: 328: 259: 102: 8219:

http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupaaa/indian_astronomy/0

8217:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from 7954: 7930: 7592: 6784:"Nalanda University Ruins | Nalanda Travel Guide | Ancient Nalanda Site" 4140:

actually record connections with the dynasty and its ministers, and the

3054: 1644:

Samudragupta succeeded his father around 335 or 350 CE, and ruled until

1469: 11237: 11054: 10928: 10888: 10821: 9925: 9735: 5350: 4955: 4813: 4447: 4300: 4242: 4096: 4053: 4022: 4018: 3993: 3949: 3897: 3877: 3873: 3732: 3520: 3251: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3169: 2970: 2966: 2833: 2739: 2674: 2600: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2495: 2475: 2400:. He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading 2235: 2160: 1797: 1793: 1345:

Another prominent theory locates the Gupta homeland in the present-day

1218: 1197: 961: 844: 656: 187: 138: 8389: 8357: 6975:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates by S B. Bhattacherje p. A15

2525:

in 510. The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by King

1622:. However, the discovery of the coins issued by a Gupta emperor named 1459: 1454: 11127: 10898: 10782: 10752: 10533: 10407: 10198: 9668: 8925:

A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta

8450:

A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta

7871: 5521: 5468: 5086: 4519: 4219: 4038: 3865: 3858: 3841:, which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of 3821:

sphere, containing a circumference of 24,835 miles (39,967 km).

3817: 3813: 3786: 3746: 3471: 3451: 3429: 3102: 2951: 2467: 2431: 2424: 2401: 2366: 2339: 2251: 2164: 2156: 2090: 2033: 1939: 1875: 1855: 1815:

Samudragupta appears to have directly controlled a large part of the

1778: 1750: 1671:

kingdom in the south, and defeated Vishnugopa, the Pallava regent of

1525: 1519: 1480: 1474: 1426: 1177: 1136: 998: 974: 969: 953: 250: 205: 8870:

Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions

8563:. Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press). 6966:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p. 220

5342: 5288:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

3652:(council of representatives), which comprised four representatives: 2297:: Bust of king with crescents, with traces of corrupt Greek script. 1464: 1449: 1397:. Some scholars, such as S. R. Goyal, theorise that the Guptas were 10528: 10311: 10269: 10208: 9746: 9629: 9487: 9313: 9305: 9259: 9250: 8373: 8346:

by Dutt, Sukumar. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1962. pg 352-3

5823: 4529: 4453: 4435: 4200: 4114: 4056: 4002: 3953: 3913: 3881: 3842: 3549: 3418: 3272: 3247: 3204: 3197: 3173: 3113: 2982: 2701: 2692: 2596: 2592: 2514: 2506: 2247: 2172: 2129: 2121: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2057: 1963: 1882:. A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the 1730: 1722: 1652: 1583: 1398: 949: 945: 930: 839: 399: 369: 364: 346: 223: 93: 8289:

is a publication specialized in corrosion science and engineering.

6737: 4095:

The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of North

3917: 3571: 2330:. He ruled until 455. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the 1581:

inscription, Gupta and his successor Ghatotkacha are described as

10441: 10370: 10326: 10181: 9827: 9753: 9654: 9635: 9483: 9356: 9309: 9271: 9264: 6427: 6334: 6247: 6186: 6184: 6133: 5835: 5775: 5683: 5499: 4600: 4546: 4423: 4184: 4110: 4006: 3869: 3735: 3702: 3698: 3624: 3529: 3235: 3193: 3177: 2974: 2612: 2585: 2577: 2331: 2258: 2227: 2223: 2191:, and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely". 2168: 2137: 1887: 1871: 1742: 1386: 1371: 1335: 1327: 987: 879: 661: 384: 374: 350: 336: 120: 10242: 7970:"The Past, Present and Future of Mathematics in China and India" 6833: 6806: 6478: 6346: 6061: 6049: 5799: 2430:

Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother

1890:

region and classified in five distinct types, which include the

10274: 10149: 9790: 9361: 9276: 9208: 9134: 9062: 8139:"The so-called fibonacci numbers in ancient and medieval India" 7974:

Notices of the International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians

7610:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh

6382: 6300: 6298: 6237: 6235: 6208: 6121: 5995: 5946: 5404:. Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors. pp. 149–73. 4247: 4164: 4160: 4064: 4060: 3826: 3778: 3706: 3701:

as a prosperous country with rich towns and large populations.

3694: 3352: 3310: 3239: 3181: 2930:

Political fragmentation of South Asia after the retreat of the

2604: 2549: 2303: 2199: 2176: 2145: 2069: 1991: 1907: 1833: 1766: 1726: 1676: 1587:("Great King"), while the next king Chandragupta I is called a 1366: 1346: 1339: 1331: 1323: 859: 332: 318: 77: 7737: 7431:

Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969).

7023:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen

6259: 6196: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145: 5241:. Internet Archive. London : Franklin Watts. p. 17. 2128:

valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeded into the

10908: 8642: 7931:"Some Aspects of the Gupta Civilization: Economic Conditions" 6935:, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Section 4, 6583:

Old Brahmi Inscriptions In The Udayagiri And Khandagiri Caves

6073: 6007: 5958: 5859: 5726: 5568:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011. 5458:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011. 5362: 5360: 4903: 4441: 4238: 4010: 3988: 3363: 3165: 3122: 2959: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2530: 2460:

erected by person named Madra during the reign of Skandagupta

2351: 2007: 1975: 1910:

legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style.

1651:. The Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his courtier 1410: 1315: 849: 834: 651: 646: 8630: 6370: 6322: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6232: 6220: 6109: 6085: 5934: 5871: 5847: 5811: 5787: 4121:. Both exported sculpture to other parts of northern India. 968:

and political administration reached new heights during the

9321: 9162: 8594: 8301: 7004:

The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly

6709:"Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of 6394: 6358: 6310: 6097: 5576: 5574: 4101: 3774: 3511: 3203:

Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted

2591:

Furthermore, Indian urban culture was left in decline, and

2561: 2446: 2141: 2125: 2061: 1913: 1883: 1867: 1789: 1567: 1563: 1402: 1364:). Yijing states that this temple was located more than 40 10118: 8804:

The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms

8072: 7818: 7625:

In Translation - Reflections, Refractions, Transformations

7066:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 26, 146. 5922: 5357: 2442: 2288:(Coin of his Western territories, design derived from the 8531:

The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue

8215:

Encyclopedia of the history of Astronomy and Astrophysics

3861:. The corrosion resistance results from an even layer of 3046:, which had been introduced in India by the Alchon Huns. 8848:

The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain

8305:

Characterization of corrosion products on steel surfaces

8067:

square of the sum of the series is the sum of the cubes.

7709:"The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes" 5571: 5196:(1982). "The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage". 1710:

Evolution of Gupta territory, with neighbouring polities

8238: 8050:(Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 5893:

Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation

5167: 3112:

written by the Classical Sanskrit writer and dramatist

3062:

astride a caparisoned horse with a bow in his left hand

964:, who made great advancements in many academic fields. 8606: 8197: 8195: 8193: 6978: 5430: 5418: 1808:

Samudragupta's gold coins, which depict him playing a

1409:, some scholars believe that the name of her paternal 8089: 8087: 6660:. Translated by Legge, James. Oxford Clarendon Press. 6590: 8278:

On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar

8272: 8270: 7578: 6670: 6452:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 120–21. 4351: 2099:

Sculpture of Vishnu (red sandstone), 5th century CE.

10088:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 8759:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

8697: 8190: 7420:(2 ed.). Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. p. 118. 6855:

Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions

5841: 5829: 5805: 5781: 3808:appeared at the start of the Gupta period based on 1986:in a campaign lasting until 409. His main opponent 8954: 8845: 8801: 8756: 8493:The Recognition of Sakuntala: A Play In Seven Acts 8084: 7877: 7500:A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature 5505: 2934:to the northwest and the end of the Gupta Empire, 2306:standing facing with spread wings. Brahmi legend: 2091:Chandragupta II's campaigns against foreign tribes 1860:Ramagupta is known from a sixth-century play, the 1405:and Riddhapur inscriptions of the Gupta princess 27:Ancient Indian empire (c. 3rd century CE – 575 CE) 11668:States and territories disestablished in the 550s 8730: 8267: 7935:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 7627:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 159. 7526:Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE 7497: 7378:Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE 7300:Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE 6839: 6812: 6484: 4336: 3006: 1741:. The tribal aristocracies and kingdoms included 11614: 6648: 6646: 5287: 5127:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 4025:is widely considered to be the standard work on 2326:Dhruvasvamini. Kumaragupta I assumed the title, 2318:Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son 1866:, in which he surrenders his queen to the enemy 1679:, and then marched south along the coast of the 894:and the most notable rulers of the dynasty were 8664: 7652: 7252:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 45 Note 1. 6743: 6433: 6340: 6265: 6253: 6202: 6190: 6175: 6163: 6151: 6139: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6013: 5964: 5865: 5817: 5732: 5689: 4090:is a Jain temple built during the Gupta period. 3884:paintings depicting a single-roller gin in the 3880:was found in the fifth century, in the form of 3713: 3709:as a major cultural center after its conquest. 3022:In the western regions, they were succeeded by 2132:mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the 1377:The Gupta records do not mention the dynasty's 11663:States and territories established in the 320s 8964:. State Mutual Book & Periodical Service. 8921: 8358:"Kālidāsa and the Attitudes of the Golden Age" 7466: 6376: 6352: 6328: 6304: 6289: 6226: 6214: 6127: 6115: 6001: 5952: 5940: 5877: 5853: 5793: 5605: 5192: 3912:is also said to have belonged to this period. 3741:in the world originated from Gupta India. The 3250:, resembled the "great Vihara built under the 10134: 9094: 8990: 8866: 8777: 8402: 8213:Indian Astronomy. (2013). In D. Leverington, 8163: 8021: 7105:. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 480. 7047:Longman History & Civics ICSE 9 by Singh 6643: 6400: 6388: 6364: 6316: 6277: 6241: 6103: 6091: 5928: 5290:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 5042: 3848: 3785:made contributions on units of measurement. 1295: 638:3,500,000 km (1,400,000 sq mi) 11591:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 9108: 8899: 8297: 8295: 8169: 8100:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 8078: 8006: 7779: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7148: 7146: 7059: 6027:"The Gupta Empire | Boundless World History" 5889: 5120: 3676:. The Gupta also had trading links with the 3222:, was brought up under the influence of the 2338:, rose in power to threaten the empire. The 1878:, with inscriptions referring to him as the 10069: 8480:, edited by N. Balasubramanya, 1970, page X 8440: 6755: 5744: 5390:, Vol. I, (Atlantic Publishers, 2001), 130. 3105:) that depicts the kings as horse-archers. 2210:. He started his journey from China in 399 10141: 10127: 9101: 9087: 8754: 8648: 8636: 8624: 8467: 8453:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 90. 8423: 8327: 8325: 8223: 7581:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7213:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 161–164. 5593:Trade | The Story of India – Photo Gallery 5580: 5049: 5035: 4001:, which translates as "four divisions " – 3184:remained an important centre of Buddhism. 2490:(540–550), two lesser known kings namely, 1302: 1288: 8436:. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–7. 8292: 8154: 7731: 7676: 7622: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7249:History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest 7143: 7035:A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India 7000: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 5611: 5328: 5305: 5281: 5172:, Groningen: Egbert Forsten, p. 12, 3632:(districts) and put under the control of 3158:Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath 2365:. Kumaragupta I was also a worshipper of 1381:(social class). Some historians, such as 886:. This period has been considered as the 10083: 8822: 8528: 8496:. Oxford University Press. pp. ix. 8489: 8396: 8362:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8102:, New York, NY: Springer, p. 1251, 7928: 7889: 7687:The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji 7655:Rethinking 'Classical Yoga' and Buddhism 7413: 7245: 6827:The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 6652: 6547:. Pearson Education India. p. 480. 5701: 5650: 5424: 5322: 5268:The Public's Library and Digital Archive 4288:was first established under Gupta Empire 3956:, a playwright, wrote plays such as the 3727:flourished during the Gupta Empire. The 3238:and also a 300 ft (91 m) high 3152: 3053: 3049: 2441: 2437: 2361:which on 15 July 2016 was declared as a 2279: 2094: 2020: 1827: 1551:-319 CE, followed by Ghatotkacha's son, 1500: 1436: 11415: 8843: 8799: 8612: 8600: 8355: 8322: 8093: 7893:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 7825:, Vikas Publishing House, p. 128, 7502:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 77–78. 7335: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7092: 6823: 6821: 6677:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 112–. 6674:Coin splendour: a journey into the past 6605: 5654:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 5516: 5514: 4032: 3278: 2408:or "White Huns", known in India as the 2072:in his diary and published afterwards. 1540:-280 CE, and was succeeded by his son, 14: 11638:6th-century disestablishments in India 11615: 10092: 9658:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 8553: 8533:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199. 8446: 8302:Yoshio Waseda; Shigeru Suzuki (2006). 7910:from the original on 27 September 2022 7854:. Vikas Publishing House. p. 94. 7786:. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London. 7773: 7706: 7670:Medicine and Medical Policies in India 7599: 6989: 6928: 6889: 6879:, (George Braziller, Inc., 1967), 393. 6851: 6762:. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 191. 6498:"Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903" 6445: 5751:. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 188. 5234: 3438: 3427: 3394: 3361: 3350: 3218:–?), according to contemporary writer 2898: 2889: 2871: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2728: 2719: 2708: 2690: 2681: 2663: 2645: 277: 230: 221: 203: 163: 154: 145: 11658:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India 10122: 10060: 9855: 9672: 9601: 9574: 9525: 9520: 9082: 9026: 8829:. Britannica Educational Publishing. 8429: 8285:, Volume 42 (2000) pp. 2103 to 2129. 8136: 8036: 7657:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 151. 7637: 7173:"Deluge drowned mighty Guptas: Study" 7119:from the original on 20 December 2016 7098: 6794:from the original on 11 February 2017 6726: 6579: 6540: 6412: 6037:from the original on 28 December 2020 5984:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 5980: 5612:Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1993). 5436: 5227: 5149:from the original on 24 February 2021 3773:developing various formulas relating 3580: 3569: 3558: 3527: 3518: 3478: 3460: 3449: 3416: 3405: 3383: 3370: 3337: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3297: 2880: 2840: 2802: 2793: 2699: 2672: 2654: 2636: 2564:, leather goods, fur, iron products, 2218:. During his stay in India up to 411 1942:, as his successor. Chandragupta II, 1659:, the northern region, including the 972:. The period, sometimes described as 239: 212: 194: 185: 127: 118: 100: 9014:from the original on 10 January 2020 8978:from the original on 10 January 2020 8942:from the original on 13 January 2020 8887:from the original on 11 January 2020 8668:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 8510:from the original on 22 October 2020 7667: 7561: 7437:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 1–35. 7417:The military system in ancient India 7342:. Abhinav Publications. p. 92. 7239: 7195: 7080:from the original on 6 February 2022 6949:from the original on 11 January 2020 6818: 6419:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 5708:. Rutgers University Press. p. 5695: 5559:Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century 5520: 5511: 5467: 4265:Nalrajar Garh fortification wall in 3968:published major works including the 3952:wrote various on Sanskrit grammar. 3804:also saw progress in this era. The 3598:The Gupta Empire and other polities 3536: 3498: 3487: 3469: 2860: 2851: 2831: 2811: 2746: 2737: 2625: 2124:tribes located in the west and east 1958:from this Naga queen was married to 874:was an ancient Indian empire on the 600:• Coronation of Chandragupta I 248: 174: 136: 109: 91: 75: 11628:4th-century establishments in India 8997:Political Violence in Ancient India 8718:from the original on 8 January 2020 8701:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times 8685:from the original on 8 January 2020 8529:Cornille, Catherine (8 June 2020). 7967: 7707:Newitz, Annalee (25 January 2016). 7642:. Abhinav Publications. p. 97. 7562:Kale, Moreshwar Ramchandra (1922). 7522: 7374: 7356:from the original on 14 August 2020 7339:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times 7296: 7206: 7183:from the original on 19 August 2019 6910:from the original on 3 January 2022 6512:"HALDEIKISH, Sacred Rocks of Hunza" 5477:. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 5402:Ancient India in Historical Outline 5399: 5255: 3816:corresponding to the Roman names. 3622:. Provinces were also divided into 3547: 3509: 3101:and Prakasaditya (postulated to be 2911: 1930:Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh 1792:inscription, and performed several 1595:"). In the later period, the title 1385:, have theorised that they were of 266: 257: 24: 8627:, pp. 118–22, 123–26, 129–35. 8009:Translation of the Surya Siddhanta 8007:Deva Shastri, Pundit Bapu (1861). 7819:Sheila Bhattacharya; Monica Bose, 7800:from the original on 10 March 2017 7761:from the original on 10 March 2017 7266:from the original on 17 April 2022 6561:from the original on 18 March 2022 5910:from the original on 26 March 2021 5632:from the original on 2 August 2020 5602:. PBS. Retrieved 21 November 2011. 5530:. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 5006:List of Inventions and Discoveries 4392: 3168:dynasty. They were patronizers of 3160:from the Gupta era, 5th century CE 2820: 2572:, and pepper from centres such as 1784:Samudragupta appears to have been 25: 11679: 9055: 8430:Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1966). 5294:Journal of World-Systems Research 5261: 4327:Krishna fighting the horse demon 3806:names of the seven days in a week 2284:Silver coin of the Gupta Emperor 2087:(romantic) element in his verse. 1804:below) to mark this performance. 1425:For historical calendar era, see 10041: 10032: 10023: 10014: 10005: 9996: 9987: 9978: 9968:References and sources for table 9061: 8784:A Comprehensive History of India 8585: 8547: 8522: 8483: 8433:A History of Sanskrit literature 8409:. Penguin UK. pp. 268–274. 8349: 8337: 8232: 8207: 8130: 8030: 8026:. London: John Wiley & Sons. 8015: 8000: 7961: 7922: 7883: 7842: 7822:Transitions History & Civics 7812: 7719:from the original on 8 June 2021 7700: 7661: 7646: 7631: 7616: 7572: 7555: 7543:from the original on 9 July 2021 7516: 7491: 7460: 7451: 7424: 7407: 7395:from the original on 9 July 2021 7368: 7329: 7317:from the original on 9 July 2021 7290: 7278: 7227:from the original on 20 May 2022 7165: 7131: 7063:A Historical atlas of South Asia 7060:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 6969: 6960: 6922: 6882: 6727:Virji, krishnakumari J. (1952). 6691:from the original on 29 May 2013 6522:from the original on 13 May 2021 5124:A Historical atlas of South Asia 5121:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 4525:Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha 4354: 4320: 4308: 4293: 4278: 4258: 4230: 4211: 4192: 4176: 4153: 4080: 4045: 3291: 3285: 3164:The Guptas were traditionally a 3038:dynasties, who issued so-called 2620: 2269: 1699: 1690: 1524: 1518: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1048: 1041: 811: 797: 783: 769: 755: 730: 716: 702: 688: 69: 63: 8852:(3rd ed.). Penguin Books. 8808:. University of Chicago Press. 8657: 8173:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 8042:"The Mathematics of the Hindus" 7434:Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works 6865: 6845: 6776: 6749: 6720: 6703: 6664: 6633: 6624: 6614: 6599: 6573: 6534: 6504: 6490: 6466:from the original on 4 May 2016 6439: 6406: 6019: 5970: 5883: 5738: 5671:from the original on 7 May 2021 5644: 5586: 5552: 5461: 5442: 5393: 5092: 5079: 3688: 1629: 1432: 8356:Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1976). 8108:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1513 7739:Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal 7672:. Lexington Books. p. 37. 7414:Majumdar, Bimal Kanti (1960). 6877:A dictionary of Indian history 6413:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1911). 5981:Fleet, John Faithfull (1888). 5449:Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty) 5380: 5185: 5161: 5114: 5001:Science and Technology History 4337:Family tree and List of rulers 4063:besides the Apsidal hall with 3719: 3044:coinage of the Sasanian Empire 3007:Post-Gupta successor dynasties 2372: 1914:Chandragupta II "Vikramaditya" 13: 1: 8176:. Penguin Books. p. 89. 7851:New Milestones Social Science 7336:Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1987). 7207:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019). 6871:Sachchidananda Bhattacharya, 6730:Ancient History Of Saurashtra 6671:Prasanna Rao Bandela (2003). 6500:– via Internet Archive. 5108: 3903: 3599: 3261: 3212: 3180:to practice their religions. 3078:and heavy sword cavalry. The 2986: 2935: 2542:Classical Indian civilisation 2533:, and possibly Gupta emperor 2312:Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya 2222:, he went on a pilgrimage to 1841: 1645: 1556: 1545: 1534: 1259: 1242: 1225: 1124: 1097: 1080: 1063: 614: 589: 549: 531: 513: 495: 477: 459: 441: 422: 298: 81: 49: 42: 10097:, Cambridge University Press 10065:, Cambridge University Press 9795:Decline of Buddhism in India 9232:Northern Black Polished Ware 9000:. Harvard University Press. 8698:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987). 8253:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ae9f5 8156:10.1016/0315-0860(85)90021-7 7890:Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). 5651:Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). 5618:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 5063:Abhira-Gupta dynasty (Nepal) 4530:Spread of Jainism – Mahavira 3934:Jagatsundari-Yogamaladhikara 3891: 3796: 3137:copper plate inscription of 3058:An 8 gm gold coin featuring 2404:(sometimes described as the 1954:), Kuberanaga. His daughter 1823: 1801: 308:, with contemporary polities 7: 10148: 10063:An Introduction to Hinduism 8844:Rowland, Benjamin (1967) . 7986:10.4310/iccm.2013.v1.n2.a11 7653:O'Brien-Kop, Karen (2021). 7638:Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). 5369:Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta 4931:Dynasties in Indian History 4347: 4315:Ajanta caves from Gupta era 4117:, the latter the centre of 3995: 3832: 3246:within which, according to 3148: 1610:Chandragupta I married the 1019:Origin of the Gupta dynasty 10: 11684: 10086:Hinduism. Past and present 9956:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 9914:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 9306:Rise of Shramana movements 9030:(2010), Arnold, D. (ed.), 8906:Varāhamihira and His Times 8823:Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). 8740:. University of Calcutta. 7896:. Routledge. p. 235. 7640:Images of Indian Goddesses 7565:The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa 7498:Gaurīnātha Śāstrī (1987). 7246:Tripathi, Rama S. (1989). 6630:Kathasritsagara 18.1.76–78 6610:. Oxford University Press. 6580:Barua, Benimadhab (1929). 5657:. Routledge. p. 227. 5210:10.1163/000000082790081267 4926:Timeline of Indian History 4340: 4067:foundation, an example of 4036: 3983: 3920:poetry. his works include 3849:Metallurgy and Engineering 3761:Squared triangular numbers 3745:contains the Sine table. 3192:) is said to have founded 2558:Indo-Roman trade relations 2382: 2376: 2363:UNESCO world heritage site 2348:Bhitari pillar inscription 2273: 1923: 1917: 1853: 1633: 1505:Queen Kumaradevi and King 1424: 1420: 1417:of her mother Kuberanaga. 1016: 11584: 11536: 11053: 10457: 10156: 10093:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 9965: 9862: 9841:Pandyan kingdom (revival) 9826: 9805: 9780: 9752: 9712: 9707: 9648: 9534: 9469: 9427: 9406: 9390: 9379: 9372: 9355: 9339: 9325: 9296: 9289: 9235: 9217: 9214:Painted Grey Ware culture 9199: 9191: 9175: 9151: 9148: 9143: 9130: 9125: 9116: 8800:Michell, George (1988) . 8763:. Yale University Press. 8308:. Springer. p. vii. 8241:Annals of Plastic Surgery 8137:Singh, Parmanand (1985). 8094:Ikeyama, Setsuro (2007), 7744:The University of Nālandā 7529:. Routledge. p. 58. 7381:. Routledge. p. 57. 7303:. Routledge. p. 56. 6606:Wolpert, Stanley (1993). 6449:Indian Numismatic Studies 6031:courses.lumenlearning.com 5705:The Empire of the Steppes 4482:Indus Valley Civilization 4163:reclining on the serpent 3712: 3172:and allowed followers of 2214:and reached India in 405 2194: 1926:Gupta conquests of Bengal 1640:Gupta conquests of Bengal 1509:, depicted on a gold coin 1012: 827: 667: 642: 632: 627: 623: 608: 598: 583: 579: 569: 565: 546: 528: 510: 492: 474: 456: 438: 419: 415: 405: 395: 383: 357: 349:(literary and academic); 342: 324: 314: 58: 41: 34: 10061:Flood, Gavin D. (1996), 9650:"Golden Age of Hinduism" 9615:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom 9531:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 9292:Persian-Greek influences 9110:Middle kingdoms of India 9036:(2nd ed.), Oxford: 8665:Ashvini Agrawal (1989). 8447:Sharma, Tej Ram (1989). 8047:A History of Mathematics 7968:Yau, Shing-Tung (2013). 7929:Dandekar, R. N. (1960). 7694:17 December 2019 at the 7623:St-pierre, Paul (2007). 6852:Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). 5842:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987 5830:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987 5806:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987 5782:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987 5073: 4639:, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE 4513:Rise of Śramaṇa movement 4488:Post Indus Valley Period 4432:, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE 4029:in Sanskrit literature. 3932:), the medical treatise 3209:Narasimhagupta Baladitya 297:Map of the Gupta Empire 10084:Michaels, Axel (2004), 9782:Late-Classical Hinduism 8922:Tej Ram Sharma (1989). 8671:. Motilal Banarsidass. 7878:Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990 7467:C. R. Devadhar (1999). 7099:Singh, Upinder (2008). 6541:Singh, Upinder (2008). 5702:Grousset, Rene (1970). 5506:Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990 4674:, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE 4498:, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE 4492:, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE 4484:, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE 4059:Gupta period temple at 3922:Apabramsa Dharmapariksa 3916:was an early writer of 2412:), from the northwest. 1084: late 3rd century 1067: late 3rd century 724:Mahameghavahana dynasty 11633:550s disestablishments 9168:Middle Gangetic Plain 8867:Shankar Goyal (2001). 8403:Chandra Rajan (2005). 8281:, R. Balasubramaniam, 8022:George. Ifrah (1998). 7780:Sukumar Dutt (1988) . 7747:. B.G. Paul & co. 7568:. Canto IV: P.S. Rege. 7159:7 January 2020 at the 7011:5 January 2020 at the 6896:. BRILL. p. 162. 6890:Neelis, Jason (2010). 6840:H.C. Raychaudhuri 1923 6813:H.C. Raychaudhuri 1923 6485:H.C. Raychaudhuri 1923 5331:Social Science History 5235:Ganeri, Anita (2007). 4996:Paper Currency History 4854:, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE 4848:, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE 4842:, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE 4836:, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE 4828:, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE 4504:, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE 4460:South Indian Neolithic 4397: 4343:List of Gupta emperors 4027:human sexual behaviour 4021:by the Indian scholar 3161: 3063: 3042:, on the model of the 2501:In the late 490's the 2461: 2357:He was the founder of 2315: 2267: 2100: 2029: 1851: 1510: 1498: 610:• Disestablished 306:Joseph E. Schwartzberg 11561:Medieval great powers 9697:Western Ganga Dynasty 9564: 1st century BCE 9552:Early Pandyan kingdom 9517: 2nd century BCE 9477:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE) 9471:Preclassical Hinduism 9452:Early Pandyan kingdom 9424: 3rd century BCE 9369: 4th century BCE 9336: 5th century BCE 9246: 6th century BCE 9171:Lower Gangetic Plain 9159:Upper Gangetic Plain 9074:Coins of Gupta Empire 8170:Roshen Dalal (2010). 7668:Bala, Poonam (2007). 7523:Roy, Kaushik (2015). 7477:. pp. vii–viii. 7375:Roy, Kaushik (2015). 7297:Roy, Kaushik (2015). 6985:Columbia Encyclopedia 6929:Bakker, Hans (2017), 6596:Raghu Vamsa v 4.60–75 6446:Bajpai, K.D. (2004). 5890:R. S. Sharma (2003). 5598:28 March 2010 at the 5564:30 March 2010 at the 5454:30 March 2010 at the 5307:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 5168:Bakker, Hans (1984), 4971:Philosophical History 4951:Architectural History 4885:Independence Movement 4721:, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE 4715:, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE 4692:, c. 760 – c. 973 CE 4396: 4069:Buddhist architecture 3908:The highest point of 3731:which were the first 3648:with the help of the 3156: 3057: 3050:Military organisation 3040:Indo-Sasanian coinage 2445: 2438:Decline of the empire 2283: 2263: 2098: 2024: 1950:and of Naga lineage ( 1845: 5th century CE 1831: 1788:, as attested by his 1504: 1440: 343:Common languages 11571:European colonialism 11556:Ancient great powers 10047:Michaels (2004) p.41 10038:Michaels (2004) p.40 10020:Michaels (2004) p.39 10002:Michaels (2004) p.39 9939:Kamboja-Pala dynasty 9571: 1st century CE 9070:at Wikimedia Commons 8826:The History of India 8143:Historia Mathematica 6744:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6434:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6341:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6266:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6254:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6203:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6191:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6176:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6164:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6152:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6140:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6080:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6068:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6056:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 6014:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 5965:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 5866:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 5818:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 5733:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 5690:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 5198:Indo-Iranian Journal 5068:Uchchhakalpa dynasty 5021:Wars involving India 4894:, 1947 CE – present 4719:2nd Chalukya Dynasty 4680:, c. 724 – c. 760 CE 4645:, c. 240 – c. 550 CE 4554:1700 – 682 BCE 4490:(Cemetery H Culture) 4033:Art and architecture 3958:Abhijnanashakuntalam 3872:forming on the high- 3855:Iron Pillar of Delhi 3595:class=notpageimage| 3279:Gupta administration 3271:). The Chinese monk 3254:". According to the 2926:class=notpageimage| 1113:(early 4th century?) 11566:Modern great powers 9898:Rashtrakuta dynasty 9350:Shaishunaga dynasty 9300:Second Urbanisation 9145:Indo-Gangetic Plain 8755:J.C. Harle (1994). 8603:, pp. 219–220. 7475:Motilal Banarsidass 6746:, pp. 191–200. 6377:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6353:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6329:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6305:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6290:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6227:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6215:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6128:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6116:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 6002:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 5953:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 5941:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 5878:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 5854:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 5794:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 5376:on 29 October 2009. 4976:History of Religion 4941:Demographic History 4906:, 1950 CE – present 4873:The Great Rebellion 4816:, 1538/40 – 1556 CE 4690:Tripartite Struggle 4633:, c. 30 – c. 375 CE 4564:Shaishunaga Dynasty 4552:Brihadratha Dynasty 3910:Sanskrit literature 3868:hydrogen phosphate 3857:high resistance to 3066:In contrast to the 3017:Pushyabhuti dynasty 2257:Faxian on reaching 1817:Indo-Gangetic Plain 1593:King of Great Kings 1142:(late 4th century?) 888:Golden Age of India 884:Indian subcontinent 876:Indian subcontinent 779:Kingdom of Thanesar 585:• Established 11643:Dynasties of India 10029:Hiltebeitel (2002) 10011:Hiltebeitel (2002) 9709:Hephthalite Empire 9545:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 9536:Satavahana dynasty 9522:Indo-Greek Kingdom 9445:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 9436:Satavahana dynasty 9409:Spread of Buddhism 9131:Northwestern India 9033:A History of India 8961:A History of India 8956:Vidya Dhar Mahajan 8651:, pp. 113–14. 8560:A History of Chess 7880:, pp. 530–31. 6790:. 5 October 2016. 6436:, pp. 153–59. 6401:R.C. Majumdar 1981 6391:, pp. 23, 27. 6389:R.C. Majumdar 1981 6365:R.C. Majumdar 1981 6355:, pp. 91, 94. 6343:, pp. 125–26. 6317:R.C. Majumdar 1981 6278:Shankar Goyal 2001 6256:, pp. 112–18. 6242:Upinder Singh 2017 6142:, pp. 106–07. 6104:R.C. Majumdar 1981 6092:R.C. Majumdar 1981 5929:R.C. Majumdar 1981 5896:. Orient Longman. 5692:, pp. 264–69. 5400:Jha, D.N. (2002). 5262:Smith, Vincent A. 5129:145, map XIV.1 (j) 4946:Linguistic History 4701:Rastrakuta Dynasty 4637:Satavahana Dynasty 4601:Kingdom of Magadha 4580:, c. 600 – 345 BCE 4547:Kingdom of Magadha 4520:Later Vedic Period 4508:Early Vedic period 4496:Vedic civilization 4398: 4286:Nalanda University 4187:, 5–6th century CE 4169:Dashavatara Temple 4142:Dashavatara Temple 4119:Greco-Buddhist art 4073:Hindu architecture 3757:Place value system 3725:Indian mathematics 3257:Manjushrimulakalpa 3162: 3064: 3028:Gurjara-Pratiharas 2985:King Yashodharman 2517:and his successor 2462: 2359:Nalanda University 2316: 2153:Brihatkathamanjari 2101: 2050:Dashavatara Temple 2030: 1972:Western Kshatrapas 1852: 1836:in red sandstone, 1511: 1499: 1446:Maharaja Sri Gupta 793:Kingdom of Kannauj 765:Kingdom of Valabhi 710:Nagas of Padmavati 11610: 11609: 11532: 11531: 11497:Polish–Lithuanian 10672:Gurjara-Pratihara 10116: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10106: 9948:Eastern Chalukyas 9944:Kalyani Chalukyas 9902:Eastern Chalukyas 9891:Gurjara-Pratihara 9884: 9th century 9869:Eastern Chalukyas 9852: 8th century 9837:Eastern Chalukyas 9823:Mlechchha dynasty 9802: 7th century 9784:(ca. CE 650-1100) 9731: 6th century 9704: 5th century 9664: 4th century 9610: 3rd century 9598: 2nd century 9508:Mahayana Buddhism 9475:"Hindu Synthesis" 9342:Persian conquests 9227:Shramanic culture 9163:Ganga-Yamuna doab 9066:Media related to 9047:978-1-4051-9509-6 9007:978-0-674-98128-7 8971:978-0-7855-1191-5 8935:978-81-7022-251-4 8880:978-81-87036-66-1 8859:978-0-14-056102-9 8836:978-1-61530-201-7 8815:978-0-226-53230-1 8770:978-0-300-06217-5 8747:978-1-4400-5272-9 8732:H.C. Raychaudhuri 8711:978-81-7017-222-2 8678:978-81-208-0592-7 8639:, pp. 92–97. 8570:978-0-936317-01-4 8540:978-1-119-57259-6 8490:Kālidāsa (2001). 8460:978-81-7022-251-4 8315:978-3-540-35177-1 8287:Corrosion Science 8283:Corrosion Science 8183:978-0-14-341421-6 8117:978-0-387-30400-7 8079:A.M. Shastri 1991 8011:. pp. 15–16. 7861:978-93-5271-340-0 7832:978-93-5271-903-7 7793:978-81-208-0498-2 7536:978-1-315-74270-0 7509:978-81-208-0027-4 7470:Works of Kālidāsa 7388:978-1-315-74270-0 7310:978-1-315-74270-0 7112:978-81-317-1677-9 6942:978-90-6984-715-3 6788:Travel News India 6769:978-92-3-103211-0 6684:978-81-7017-427-1 6653:Fa-hsien (1886). 6554:978-81-317-1120-0 6459:978-81-7017-035-8 6217:, pp. 80–81. 6130:, pp. 51–52. 6070:, pp. 79–81. 6058:, pp. 84–85. 6004:, pp. 49–55. 5955:, pp. 43–44. 5758:978-92-3-103211-0 5719:978-0-8135-1304-1 5625:978-81-208-1024-2 5541:978-0-87113-800-2 5488:978-0-87113-800-2 5411:978-81-7304-285-0 5248:978-0-7496-6979-9 5059: 5058: 4986:Education History 4904:Republic of India 4898:Dominion of India 4892:Independent India 4881:, 1858 – 1947 CE 4846:Kingdom of Mysore 4822:, 1556 – 1857 CE 4744:, 1206 – 1526 CE 4696:Pratihara dynasty 4419:Madrasian culture 4267:Chilapata Forests 4075:. 5th century CE. 3791:Fibonacci numbers 3666:Prathama Kayastha 3644:administered the 3191: 3144: 2556:. In particular, 2385:Gupta–Hunnic Wars 2308:Parama-bhagavata 2221: 2217: 2213: 2004:Hunza inscription 1934:Gupta–Hunnic Wars 1874:statues found at 1489:. Inscription by 1362:Mriga-shikha-vana 1312: 1311: 1279: 1278: 940:sources, such as 868: 867: 823: 822: 819: 818: 743: 742: 553: 540-550 CE 535: 455-467 CE 517: 415-455 CE 499: 375-415 CE 481: 335-375 CE 463: 319-335 CE 445: 280-319 CE 426: 240-280 CE 16:(Redirected from 11675: 11413: 11412: 11078:Austro-Hungarian 10778:Chagatai Khanate 10143: 10136: 10129: 10120: 10119: 10098: 10089: 10080: 10071:Hiltebeitel, Alf 10066: 10048: 10045: 10039: 10036: 10030: 10027: 10021: 10018: 10012: 10009: 10003: 10000: 9994: 9991: 9985: 9982: 9833:Badami Chalukyas 9828:Adivasi (tribes) 9818:Empire of Harsha 9814:Vakataka dynasty 9767:Kalabhra dynasty 9763:Badami Chalukyas 9754:Adivasi (tribes) 9723:Kalabhra dynasty 9689:Kalabhra dynasty 9685:Andhra Ikshvakus 9652:(ca. CE 320-650) 9636:Adivasi (tribes) 9504:Smarta Tradition 9357:Adivasi (tribes) 9272:Adivasi (tribes) 9128:cultural period 9123: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9080: 9079: 9065: 9050: 9023: 9021: 9019: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8918: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8873:. Book Enclave. 8863: 8851: 8840: 8819: 8807: 8796: 8774: 8762: 8751: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8487: 8481: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8406:The Loom Of Time 8400: 8394: 8393: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8320: 8319: 8299: 8290: 8274: 8265: 8264: 8236: 8230: 8227: 8221: 8211: 8205: 8201:Hayashi (2008), 8199: 8188: 8187: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8091: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7941:(1/4): 108–115. 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7704: 7698: 7685: 7674: 7673: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7597: 7596: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7204: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7169: 7163: 7150: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7002: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6886: 6880: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6724: 6718: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6650: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5977:Full inscription 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5832:, pp. 7–11. 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5615:The Gupta Polity 5609: 5603: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5569: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5527:India: A history 5518: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5474:India: A history 5465: 5459: 5446: 5440: 5439:, p. 86-87. 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5397: 5391: 5388:History of India 5384: 5378: 5377: 5372:. Archived from 5364: 5355: 5354: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5118: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5011:Military History 4966:Literary History 4936:Economic History 4920:Related articles 4900:, 1947 – 1950 CE 4875:, 1857 – 1858 CE 4810:, 1526 – 1540 CE 4789:, 1342 – 1576 CE 4787:Bengal Sultanate 4783:, 1336 – 1646 CE 4777:, 1251 – 1618 CE 4678:Karakota Dynasty 4672:Harsha's Dynasty 4666:Chalukya Dynasty 4558:Haryanka Dynasty 4535:Rise of Buddhism 4426:, c. 500,000 BCE 4386: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4324: 4312: 4301:Bitargaon temple 4297: 4282: 4262: 4234: 4215: 4196: 4180: 4157: 4084: 4049: 3998: 3839:Sushruta Samhita 3802:Indian astronomy 3770:Pancha Siddhanta 3715: 3668:. A part of the 3654:Nagarasreshesthi 3604: 3601: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3525: 3523: 3516: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3368: 3366: 3359: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3321:ROURAN KHAGANATE 3315: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3289: 3266: 3263: 3217: 3214: 3189: 3142: 3030:, and later the 3013:Maukhari dynasty 2991: 2988: 2954:and the rise of 2940: 2937: 2920: 2918: 2909: 2907: 2896: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2849: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2346:mentions in the 2219: 2215: 2211: 2167:like the Sakas, 2103:The 4th century 2066:Gupta period art 1863:Devichandragupta 1846: 1843: 1761:, among others. 1703: 1694: 1650: 1647: 1579:Allahabad Pillar 1561: 1558: 1550: 1547: 1539: 1536: 1528: 1522: 1495:Allahabad pillar 1483: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1304: 1297: 1290: 1264: 1261: 1247: 1244: 1230: 1227: 1129: 1126: 1102: 1099: 1085: 1082: 1068: 1065: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1023: 1022: 815: 814: 807:Gurjara kingdoms 801: 800: 787: 786: 773: 772: 759: 758: 747: 746: 734: 733: 720: 719: 706: 705: 692: 691: 685: 684: 669: 668: 619: 616: 594: 591: 554: 551: 536: 533: 518: 515: 500: 497: 482: 479: 464: 461: 446: 443: 427: 424: 303: 300: 289: 287: 282: 275: 273: 264: 262: 255: 253: 246: 244: 237: 235: 228: 226: 219: 217: 210: 208: 201: 199: 192: 190: 183: 181: 172: 170: 161: 159: 152: 150: 143: 141: 134: 132: 125: 123: 116: 114: 107: 105: 98: 96: 89: 87: 86: 83: 73: 67: 54: 51: 47: 44: 32: 31: 21: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11595:American Empire 11580: 11576:African empires 11528: 11411: 11103:Central African 11049: 10867:Romano-Germanic 10453: 10187:Middle Assyrian 10160: 10152: 10147: 10117: 10112: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10051: 10046: 10042: 10037: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10019: 10015: 10010: 10006: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9983: 9979: 9969: 9958: 9954: 9952:Medieval Cholas 9950: 9946: 9937: 9912: 9910:Medieval Cholas 9908: 9906:Pandyan kingdom 9904: 9900: 9875: 9873:Pandyan kingdom 9871: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9816: 9793: 9787:Advaita Vedanta 9785: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9738: 9725: 9721: 9695: 9693:Kadamba Dynasty 9691: 9687: 9678: 9657: 9653: 9625:Western Satraps 9587:Kuninda Kingdom 9579: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9544: 9538: 9529: 9506: 9478: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9444: 9438: 9375:Greek conquests 9308: 9304: 9230: 9224: 9212: 9206: 9160: 9132: 9127: 9112: 9107: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9038:Wiley-Blackwell 9017: 9015: 9008: 8981: 8979: 8972: 8945: 8943: 8936: 8909:. Kusumanjali. 8890: 8888: 8881: 8860: 8837: 8816: 8771: 8748: 8721: 8719: 8712: 8688: 8686: 8679: 8660: 8655: 8649:J.C. Harle 1994 8647: 8643: 8637:J.C. Harle 1994 8635: 8631: 8625:J.C. Harle 1994 8623: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8571: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8527: 8523: 8513: 8511: 8504: 8488: 8484: 8472: 8468: 8461: 8445: 8441: 8428: 8424: 8417: 8401: 8397: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8300: 8293: 8275: 8268: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8212: 8208: 8200: 8191: 8184: 8168: 8164: 8135: 8131: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8092: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8062: 8035: 8031: 8020: 8016: 8005: 8001: 7966: 7962: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7904: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7862: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7817: 7813: 7803: 7801: 7794: 7778: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7755: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7705: 7701: 7696:Wayback Machine 7686: 7677: 7666: 7662: 7651: 7647: 7636: 7632: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7600: 7577: 7573: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7473:. Vol. 1. 7465: 7461: 7457:Ram Gopal. p.14 7456: 7452: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7389: 7373: 7369: 7359: 7357: 7350: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7311: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7221: 7205: 7196: 7186: 7184: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7161:Wayback Machine 7151: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7113: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7074: 7058: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7013:Wayback Machine 7003: 6990: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6952: 6950: 6943: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6904: 6887: 6883: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6725: 6721: 6715:Western Satraps 6711:Chandragupta II 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6651: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6460: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6094:, pp. 6–7. 6090: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5626: 5610: 5606: 5600:Wayback Machine 5591: 5587: 5581:J.C. Harle 1994 5579: 5572: 5566:Wayback Machine 5557: 5553: 5542: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5489: 5466: 5462: 5456:Wayback Machine 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5398: 5394: 5385: 5381: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5343:10.2307/1170959 5327: 5323: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5232: 5228: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5143: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5055: 5026: 5025: 4991:Coinage History 4981:Musical History 4921: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4867: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4802: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4742:Delhi Sultanate 4736: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4660: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4608:, 322 – 185 BCE 4595: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4572:, 345 – 322 BCE 4489: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4462:3000 – 1000 BCE 4456:7000 – 2600 BCE 4438:7570 – 6200 BCE 4413: 4384: 4377: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4316: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4274: 4263: 4254: 4235: 4226: 4216: 4207: 4205:Elephanta Caves 4197: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4158: 4138:Udayagiri Caves 4091: 4085: 4076: 4050: 4041: 4035: 3986: 3906: 3894: 3851: 3835: 3799: 3743:Surya Siddhanta 3739:numeral systems 3729:Indian numerals 3722: 3717: 3691: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3541:Paleo-Siberians 3539: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3264: 3215: 3151: 3095:Chandragupta II 3076:cavalry archers 3060:Chandragupta II 3052: 3009: 2989: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2484:Kumaragupta III 2440: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2298: 2293: 2290:Western Satraps 2278: 2272: 2208:Chandragupta II 2197: 2093: 2027:Chandragupta II 2016:Vikramaditya VI 1996:Kuntala country 1956:Prabhavatigupta 1952:Nāgakulotpannnā 1936: 1922: 1920:Chandragupta II 1916: 1880:Maharajadhiraja 1858: 1844: 1840:, Gupta period 1826: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1648: 1642: 1632: 1616:Maharajadhiraja 1589:Maharajadhiraja 1559: 1548: 1537: 1529: 1484: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1407:Prabhavatigupta 1308: 1262: 1254:Kumaragupta III 1245: 1228: 1152:(380 – 413/415) 1148:Chandragupta II 1127: 1100: 1083: 1066: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1015: 923:Chandragupta II 904:Chandragupta II 864: 812: 798: 784: 770: 756: 738:Murunda dynasty 731: 717: 703: 696:Western Satraps 689: 660: 655: 650: 635: 617: 611: 604:26 February 320 601: 592: 586: 574:Classical India 555: 552: 537: 534: 519: 516: 505:Chandragupta II 501: 498: 483: 480: 465: 462: 447: 444: 428: 425: 407:Maharajadhiraja 379: 335: 331: 310: 309: 304:, according to 301: 294: 293: 292: 291: 290: 285: 280: 278: 276: 271: 269: 267: 265: 260: 258: 256: 251: 249: 247: 242: 240: 238: 233: 231: 229: 224: 222: 220: 215: 213: 211: 206: 204: 202: 197: 195: 193: 188: 186: 184: 179: 177: 175: 173: 168: 166: 164: 162: 157: 155: 153: 148: 146: 144: 139: 137: 135: 130: 128: 126: 121: 119: 117: 112: 110: 108: 103: 101: 99: 94: 92: 90: 84: 80: 78: 76: 74: 52: 45: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11681: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11648:Former empires 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11442: 11432: 11427: 11421: 11419: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11377: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11360: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11333: 11328: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11311: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11272: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11208: 11198: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11186: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11093: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11059: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10990: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10568: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10507: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10463: 10461: 10459:Post-classical 10455: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10439: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10314: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10258:Middle Kingdom 10255: 10245: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10214:Neo-Babylonian 10211: 10206: 10204:Old Babylonian 10196: 10195: 10194: 10189: 10179: 10174: 10168: 10166: 10154: 10153: 10146: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10123: 10114: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10099: 10090: 10081: 10067: 10057: 10050: 10049: 10040: 10031: 10022: 10013: 10004: 9995: 9986: 9976: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9941: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9895: 9893: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9866: 9861: 9859: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9811: 9809: 9807:Indo-Sassanids 9804: 9798: 9797: 9779: 9771: 9770: 9756: 9751: 9749: 9744: 9742: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9682: 9680:Varman dynasty 9671: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9647: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9584: 9581:Indo-Parthians 9577:Indo-Scythians 9573: 9567: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9533: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9468: 9460: 9459: 9433: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9412: 9405: 9397: 9396: 9393:HISTORICAL AGE 9388: 9387: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9352: 9347: 9345: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9324: 9295: 9288: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9267: 9262: 9253: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9234: 9216: 9198: 9190: 9182: 9181: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9156: 9155: 9153:Southern India 9150: 9149:Central India 9147: 9142: 9129: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9106: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9057: 9056:External links 9054: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9024: 9006: 8988: 8970: 8952: 8934: 8919: 8897: 8879: 8864: 8858: 8841: 8835: 8820: 8814: 8797: 8775: 8769: 8752: 8746: 8728: 8710: 8695: 8677: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8584: 8569: 8555:Murray, H.J.R. 8546: 8539: 8521: 8502: 8482: 8466: 8459: 8439: 8422: 8415: 8395: 8374:10.2307/599886 8348: 8336: 8321: 8314: 8291: 8266: 8231: 8229:Abraham (2008) 8222: 8206: 8189: 8182: 8162: 8149:(3): 229–244. 8129: 8116: 8083: 8071: 8060: 8038:Boyer, Carl B. 8029: 8014: 7999: 7960: 7921: 7902: 7882: 7870: 7860: 7841: 7831: 7811: 7792: 7772: 7753: 7730: 7699: 7675: 7660: 7645: 7630: 7615: 7598: 7571: 7554: 7535: 7515: 7508: 7490: 7483: 7459: 7450: 7443: 7423: 7406: 7387: 7367: 7348: 7328: 7309: 7289: 7277: 7258: 7238: 7219: 7194: 7164: 7142: 7130: 7111: 7091: 7072: 7052: 7040: 7028: 7016: 6988: 6977: 6968: 6959: 6941: 6921: 6902: 6881: 6864: 6844: 6842:, p. 516. 6832: 6817: 6815:, p. 510. 6805: 6775: 6768: 6748: 6736: 6733:. p. 225. 6719: 6702: 6683: 6663: 6642: 6632: 6623: 6613: 6598: 6589: 6572: 6553: 6533: 6503: 6489: 6487:, p. 489. 6477: 6458: 6438: 6426: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6357: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6294: 6282: 6280:, p. 168. 6270: 6268:, p. 125. 6258: 6246: 6244:, p. 343. 6231: 6219: 6207: 6205:, p. 110. 6195: 6193:, p. 112. 6180: 6178:, p. 107. 6168: 6166:, p. 117. 6156: 6154:, p. 114. 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5902: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5757: 5737: 5725: 5718: 5694: 5682: 5663: 5643: 5624: 5604: 5585: 5570: 5551: 5540: 5510: 5508:, p. 540. 5498: 5487: 5460: 5441: 5429: 5417: 5410: 5392: 5386:N. Jayapalan, 5379: 5356: 5321: 5280: 5254: 5247: 5226: 5194:Hans T. Bakker 5184: 5178: 5160: 5141: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5091: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4876: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4834:Maratha Empire 4831: 4830: 4829: 4820:Mughal Dynasty 4817: 4811: 4808:Mughal Dynasty 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4775:Pandyan Empire 4772: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4763:Sayyid Dynasty 4760: 4758:Tugluq Dynasty 4755: 4753:Khalji Dynasty 4750: 4748:Mamluk Dynasty 4738: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4668:, 543 – 753 CE 4662: 4661: 4658:Early medieval 4656: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4631:Kushan Dynasty 4628: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4614:, 185 – 73 BCE 4612:Shunga Dynasty 4609: 4606:Maurya Dynasty 4597: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4505: 4493: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4349: 4346: 4341:Main article: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4275: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4252:Bhumara Temple 4236: 4229: 4227: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4173: 4159: 4152: 4093: 4092: 4088:Pataini temple 4086: 4079: 4077: 4051: 4044: 4037:Main article: 4034: 4031: 3985: 3982: 3946:Brhatkathakosa 3942:Astahnikakatha 3938:Yasodharacanta 3926:Karpuraprakara 3905: 3902: 3893: 3890: 3850: 3847: 3834: 3831: 3798: 3795: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3690: 3687: 3662:Prathamakulika 3593: 3592: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3150: 3147: 3088:light infantry 3068:Mauryan Empire 3051: 3048: 3008: 3005: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2535:Narasimhagupta 2480:Narasimhagupta 2472:Kumaragupta II 2439: 2436: 2415:He repelled a 2377:Main article: 2374: 2371: 2274:Main article: 2271: 2268: 2196: 2193: 2092: 2089: 2025:Gold coins of 1988:Rudrasimha III 1918:Main article: 1915: 1912: 1854:Main article: 1849:Mathura Museum 1838:Art of Mathura 1825: 1822: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1631: 1628: 1553:Chandragupta I 1523: 1507:Chandragupta I 1478: 1434: 1431: 1422: 1419: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1222: 1214: 1213: 1212:(495 – ?) 1210: 1208:Narasimhagupta 1204: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1188:Kumaragupta II 1184: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1132: 1131: 1128: 335/350 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1094: 1092:Chandragupta I 1088: 1087: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1034: 1033: 1017:Main article: 1014: 1011: 984:Southeast Asia 896:Chandragupta I 866: 865: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 829: 825: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 809: 803: 802: 795: 789: 788: 781: 775: 774: 767: 761: 760: 753: 744: 741: 740: 735: 727: 726: 721: 713: 712: 707: 699: 698: 693: 681: 680: 675: 665: 664: 659:(Copper Coins) 654:(Silver Coins) 644: 640: 639: 636: 633: 630: 629: 625: 624: 621: 620: 612: 609: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 595: 587: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 571: 570:Historical era 567: 566: 563: 562: 556: 547: 544: 543: 538: 529: 526: 525: 520: 511: 508: 507: 502: 493: 490: 489: 484: 475: 472: 471: 469:Chandragupta I 466: 457: 454: 453: 448: 439: 436: 435: 429: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 403: 402: 397: 393: 392: 387: 381: 380: 378: 377: 372: 367: 361: 359: 355: 354: 344: 340: 339: 326: 322: 321: 316: 312: 311: 296: 295: 68: 62: 61: 60: 59: 56: 55: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11680: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11601: 11600:Soviet empire 11598: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11585:Miscellaneous 11583: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11184:German Empire 11182: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10949: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10925: 10924:Turco-Persian 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10197: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10139: 10137: 10132: 10130: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10096: 10091: 10087: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10055: 10044: 10035: 10026: 10017: 10008: 9999: 9990: 9981: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9860: 9858: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9759:Vishnukundina 9757: 9755: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9719:Vishnukundina 9717: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9645: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9620:Kushan Empire 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9604: 9603:Kushan Empire 9599: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9541:Sangam period 9537: 9532: 9528: 9527:Shunga Empire 9523: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9500:Brahma Sutras 9497: 9496:Bhagavad Gita 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9476: 9472: 9467: 9466: 9462: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9441:Sangam period 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9430:Maurya Empire 9425: 9422: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9376: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9301: 9294: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9222: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9204: 9197: 9196: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9146: 9140: 9136: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9097: 9092: 9090: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9075: 9072: 9069: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9049: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9025: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8992:Upinder Singh 8989: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8953: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8898: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8850: 8849: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8828: 8827: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8779:R.C. Majumdar 8776: 8772: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8696: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8621: 8615:, p. 94. 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8525: 8509: 8505: 8503:9780191606090 8499: 8495: 8494: 8486: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8462: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8443: 8435: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8416:9789351180104 8412: 8408: 8407: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8326: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8298: 8296: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8235: 8226: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8185: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8119: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8096:"Yativṛṣabha" 8090: 8088: 8080: 8075: 8068: 8063: 8061:0-471-54397-7 8057: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8025: 8018: 8010: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7980:(2): 95–108. 7979: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7909: 7905: 7903:9788122411980 7899: 7895: 7894: 7886: 7879: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7776: 7760: 7756: 7754:9781014542144 7750: 7746: 7745: 7740: 7734: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7671: 7664: 7656: 7649: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7567: 7566: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7486: 7484:9788120800236 7480: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7463: 7454: 7446: 7444:9788171544684 7440: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7418: 7410: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7355: 7351: 7349:9788170172222 7345: 7341: 7340: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7293: 7287: 7286:1910,0403.26 7281: 7265: 7261: 7259:9788120804043 7255: 7251: 7250: 7242: 7226: 7222: 7220:9781000227932 7216: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7182: 7178: 7177:The Telegraph 7174: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7140: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6925: 6909: 6905: 6903:9789004181595 6899: 6895: 6894: 6885: 6878: 6874: 6873:Gupta dynasty 6868: 6861:. p. 93. 6857: 6856: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6814: 6809: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6745: 6740: 6732: 6731: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6667: 6659: 6658: 6649: 6647: 6636: 6627: 6617: 6609: 6602: 6593: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6499: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6409: 6403:, p. 22. 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6379:, p. 94. 6378: 6373: 6367:, p. 31. 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6331:, p. 91. 6330: 6325: 6319:, p. 32. 6318: 6313: 6307:, p. 68. 6306: 6301: 6299: 6292:, p. 90. 6291: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6229:, p. 84. 6228: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6118:, p. 71. 6117: 6112: 6106:, p. 10. 6105: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6082:, p. 85. 6081: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6016:, p. 86. 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5967:, p. 83. 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5943:, p. 40. 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5903:9788125025238 5899: 5895: 5894: 5886: 5880:, p. 42. 5879: 5874: 5868:, p. 82. 5867: 5862: 5856:, p. 44. 5855: 5850: 5844:, p. 12. 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5796:, p. 39. 5795: 5790: 5784:, p. 14. 5783: 5778: 5771: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5741: 5735:, p. 79. 5734: 5729: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5670: 5666: 5664:9788122411980 5660: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5583:, p. 87. 5582: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5427:, p. 90. 5426: 5425:Pletcher 2011 5421: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5363: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5230: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5179:90-6980-007-1 5175: 5171: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5085:According to 5082: 5078: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5016:Naval History 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4862: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4797: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4768:Lodhi Dynasty 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4734:Late medieval 4730: 4729: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4713:Chola Dynasty 4711: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4684:Arab Invasion 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4644: 4643:Gupta Dynasty 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:Sangam period 4624: 4620:, 73 – 28 BCE 4619: 4618:Kanva Dynasty 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4579: 4578:Mahajanapadas 4576: 4571: 4570:Nanda Dynasty 4568: 4566:413 – 345 BCE 4565: 4562: 4560:544 – 413 BCE 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4363: 4352: 4344: 4331:, 5th century 4330: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199:The Colossal 4195: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4089: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810:Hindu deities 3807: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3603: 420 CE 3596: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3495: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3435: 3424: 3413: 3402: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3367: 3358: 3347: 3345: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3288: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 800 CE 3259: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244:Buddha statue 3241: 3237: 3233: 3230:. He built a 3229: 3226:philosopher, 3225: 3221: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3186:Kumaragupta I 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3099:Kumaragupta I 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3084:war elephants 3081: 3080:heavy cavalry 3077: 3073: 3072:siege engines 3069: 3061: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2997:Uttar Pradesh 2993: 2990: 532 CE 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2939: 600 CE 2933: 2927: 2919: 2908: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2828: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2788:SHAILODBHAVAS 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2458:Kahaum pillar 2455: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:Mahendraditya 2325: 2321: 2320:Kumaragupta I 2313: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2286:Kumaragupta I 2282: 2277: 2276:Kumaragupta I 2270:Kumaragupta I 2266: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2209: 2205: 2204:Buddhist monk 2201: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1904:border legend 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1850: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:aristocracies 1702: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1681:Bay of Bengal 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665:Dakshinapatha 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 375 CE 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1601:Kushan Empire 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1572:Mṛgaśikhāvana 1569: 1565: 1554: 1543: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1428: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1338:areas in the 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320:Uttar Pradesh 1317: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1158:Kumaragupta I 1156: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031:320 CE–550 CE 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 932: 928: 927:Kumaragupta I 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 908:Kumaragupta I 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 830: 828:Today part of 826: 810: 808: 805: 804: 796: 794: 791: 790: 782: 780: 777: 776: 768: 766: 763: 762: 754: 752: 749: 748: 745: 739: 736: 729: 728: 725: 722: 715: 714: 711: 708: 701: 700: 697: 694: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 666: 663: 658: 653: 648: 645: 641: 637: 631: 626: 622: 618: 550 CE 613: 607: 603: 597: 593: 240 CE 588: 582: 578: 575: 572: 568: 564: 560: 557: 545: 542: 539: 527: 524: 523:Kumaragupta I 521: 509: 506: 503: 491: 488: 485: 473: 470: 467: 455: 452: 449: 437: 433: 430: 418: 414: 410: 408: 404: 401: 398: 394: 391: 388: 386: 382: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 345: 341: 338: 334: 330: 327: 323: 320: 317: 313: 307: 302: 420 CE 288: 283: 274: 263: 254: 245: 236: 227: 218: 209: 200: 191: 182: 171: 160: 151: 142: 133: 124: 115: 106: 97: 88: 85: 420 CE 72: 66: 57: 53: 550 CE 46: 240 CE 40: 33: 30: 19: 11653:Hindu states 11623:Gupta Empire 11351:Contemporary 11201:Indo-Persian 11189:Nazi Germany 11133:Contemporary 11035:Vijayanagara 10934:Great Seljuk 10845:Thessalonica 10773:Golden Horde 10413:Carthaginian 10400: 10192:Neo-Assyrian 10177:Neo-Sumerian 10094: 10085: 10075: 10062: 10053: 10052: 10043: 10034: 10025: 10016: 10007: 9998: 9989: 9980: 9972: 9971: 9935:Pala dynasty 9921:10th century 9920: 9883: 9851: 9801: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9730: 9703: 9675:Gupta Empire 9674: 9673: 9663: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9609: 9597: 9575: 9570: 9563: 9548:Early Cholas 9539: 9516: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9448:Early Cholas 9439: 9428: 9423: 9414: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9391: 9382:Nanda empire 9380: 9368: 9335: 9326: 9297: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9245: 9236: 9221:Vedic Period 9218: 9203:Vedic Period 9200: 9195:Vedic Period 9192: 9186: 9185: 9176: 9139:Sapta Sindhu 9126:Timeline and 9068:Gupta Empire 9032: 9016:. Retrieved 8996: 8980:. Retrieved 8960: 8944:. Retrieved 8924: 8905: 8901:A.M. Shastri 8889:. Retrieved 8869: 8847: 8825: 8803: 8783: 8758: 8736: 8720:. Retrieved 8700: 8687:. Retrieved 8667: 8658:Bibliography 8644: 8632: 8620: 8613:Michell 1988 8608: 8601:Rowland 1967 8596: 8587: 8559: 8549: 8530: 8524: 8512:. Retrieved 8492: 8485: 8476:compiled by 8473: 8469: 8449: 8442: 8432: 8425: 8405: 8398: 8368:(1): 15–26. 8365: 8361: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8304: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8225: 8214: 8209: 8202: 8172: 8165: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8121:, retrieved 8099: 8081:, p. 4. 8074: 8065: 8046: 8032: 8023: 8017: 8008: 8002: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7914:21 September 7912:. Retrieved 7892: 7885: 7873: 7865: 7850: 7844: 7836: 7821: 7814: 7802:. Retrieved 7782: 7775: 7763:. Retrieved 7743: 7733: 7721:. Retrieved 7713:Ars Technica 7712: 7702: 7669: 7663: 7654: 7648: 7639: 7633: 7624: 7618: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7564: 7557: 7545:. Retrieved 7525: 7518: 7499: 7493: 7469: 7462: 7453: 7433: 7426: 7416: 7409: 7397:. Retrieved 7377: 7370: 7358:. Retrieved 7338: 7331: 7319:. Retrieved 7299: 7292: 7280: 7270:27 September 7268:. Retrieved 7248: 7241: 7231:27 September 7229:. Retrieved 7209: 7185:. Retrieved 7176: 7167: 7133: 7121:. Retrieved 7101: 7094: 7082:. Retrieved 7062: 7055: 7043: 7031: 7019: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6951:, retrieved 6931: 6924: 6912:. Retrieved 6892: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6854: 6847: 6835: 6808: 6796:. Retrieved 6787: 6778: 6758: 6751: 6739: 6729: 6722: 6705: 6693:. Retrieved 6673: 6666: 6655: 6635: 6626: 6616: 6607: 6601: 6592: 6582: 6575: 6563:. Retrieved 6543: 6536: 6524:. Retrieved 6515: 6506: 6492: 6480: 6468:. Retrieved 6448: 6441: 6429: 6415: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6063: 6051: 6039:. Retrieved 6030: 6021: 6009: 5997: 5983: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5936: 5931:, p. 4. 5924: 5912:. Retrieved 5892: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5820:, p. 2. 5813: 5808:, p. 2. 5801: 5789: 5777: 5769: 5762:. Retrieved 5747: 5740: 5728: 5704: 5697: 5685: 5673:. Retrieved 5653: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5614: 5607: 5588: 5554: 5545: 5526: 5501: 5492: 5473: 5463: 5444: 5432: 5420: 5401: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5374:the original 5368: 5337:(3/4): 121. 5334: 5330: 5324: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5271:. Retrieved 5267: 5257: 5237: 5229: 5221: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5169: 5163: 5151:. Retrieved 5123: 5116: 5094: 5081: 4961:LGBT history 4826:Bengal Subah 4814:Suri Dynasty 4801:Early modern 4781:Vijayanagara 4706:Pala Dynasty 4642: 4502:Kuru kingdom 4362:India portal 4241: 4218:Painting of 4183:Buddha from 4123: 4104: 4094: 3992: 3987: 3975: 3969: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3907: 3895: 3886:Ajanta Caves 3852: 3836: 3823:Varāhamihira 3800: 3768: 3765:Varāhamihira 3750: 3749:, wrote the 3723: 3692: 3689:Urbanization 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636:s (district 3633: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3584: 3573: 3562: 3551: 3540: 3453: 3440: 3387: 3375: 3374: 3341: 3330: 3301: 3255: 3202: 3163: 3139:Vainya Gupta 3134: 3107: 3092: 3065: 3021: 3010: 2994: 2964: 2956:Yashodharman 2945: 2875:LATER GUPTAS 2842: 2770:PANDUVAMSHIS 2750: 2609:caste system 2590: 2554:Central Asia 2546:Yashodharman 2539: 2527:Yashodharman 2500: 2465: 2463: 2454:Parshvanatha 2429: 2416: 2414: 2406:Hephthalites 2397: 2394:Vikramaditya 2393: 2388: 2356: 2336:Pushyamitras 2334:valley, the 2327: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2299: 2294: 2264: 2256: 2202:, a Chinese 2198: 2152: 2150: 2102: 2084: 2076: 2074: 2031: 1960:Rudrasena II 1951: 1944:Vikramaditya 1943: 1937: 1903: 1899: 1896:Garudadhvaja 1895: 1891: 1879: 1861: 1859: 1814: 1806: 1783: 1763: 1716: 1643: 1636:Samudragupta 1630:Samudragupta 1620:Samudragupta 1615: 1609: 1604: 1596: 1582: 1576: 1530: 1515:Gupta script 1512: 1491:Samudragupta 1445: 1444:inscription 1442:Gupta script 1433:Early rulers 1414: 1391:R. S. Sharma 1383:A.S. Altekar 1376: 1365: 1354: 1344: 1313: 1119:Samudragupta 1027:Gupta Empire 1026: 1007:Central Asia 995:Huna peoples 992: 973: 958:Varahamihira 919:Samudragupta 916: 900:Samudragupta 872:Gupta Empire 871: 869: 751:Later Guptas 678:Succeeded by 677: 672: 649:(Gold Coins) 634:• Total 487:Samudragupta 353:(vernacular) 36:Gupta Empire 29: 18:Gupta period 10939:Khwarezmian 10872:Carolingian 10677:Rashtrakuta 10381:Shaishunaga 10280:Hellenistic 10263:New Kingdom 10253:Old Kingdom 10079:, Routledge 9960:Rashtrakuta 9864:Pala Empire 9857:Kabul Shahi 9740:Kabul Shahi 9714:Alchon Huns 9492:Mahabharata 9415:Pre-history 9328:Pre-history 9238:Pre-history 9018:13 December 8928:. Concept. 8891:13 December 8704:. Abhinav. 8591:Harle, 111; 8203:Aryabhata I 7587:: 105–109. 7179:. Kolkata. 6798:20 February 6695:21 November 6621:Kshmendra). 6516:Hunza Bytes 5987:. pp. 5153:12 February 4956:Art History 4879:British Raj 4852:Sikh Empire 4840:Company Raj 4686:, c. 738 CE 4412:Prehistoric 4383:History of 4271:West Bengal 4250:) from the 4171:5th century 4106:tirthankara 3977:Śatakatraya 3863:crystalline 3783:Yativṛṣabha 3781:functions. 3752:Aryabhatiya 3720:Mathematics 3672:was called 3642:Vishayapati 3634:Vishayapati 3118:Skandagupta 3024:Gurjaradesa 2979:West Bengal 2948:Vishnugupta 2932:Alchon Huns 2582:Pataliputra 2503:Alchon Huns 2492:Vainyagupta 2488:Vishnugupta 2486:(530–540), 2482:(495–530), 2478:(476–495), 2474:(473–476), 2470:(467–473), 2450:tirthankara 2421:Skandagupta 2390:Skandagupta 2379:Skandagupta 2373:Skandagupta 2344:Skandagupta 2310:rajadhiraja 2244:Pataliputra 2232:Kapilavastu 2185:Saka-Greeks 2116:, then the 1906:types. The 1794:Brahmanical 1786:Vaishnavite 1747:Arjunayanas 1739:Karttripura 1542:Ghatotkacha 1275:(540 – 550) 1271:Vishnugupta 1237:Vainyagupta 1202:(476 – 495) 1192:(473 - 476) 1182:(467 – 473) 1172:(455 - 467) 1168:Skandagupta 1162:(415 – 455) 1075:Ghatotkacha 1003:Alchon Huns 942:Mahabharata 912:Skandagupta 855:Afghanistan 673:Preceded by 559:Vishnugupta 541:Skandagupta 451:Ghatotkacha 329:Pataliputra 261:ALCHON HUNS 198:TRAITAKUTAS 104:ARJUNAYANAS 11617:Categories 11509:Portuguese 11390:Revival Le 11380:Vietnamese 11023:Later Tran 10993:Vietnamese 10889:Singhasari 10877:Holy Roman 10501:Bulgarian 10437:Satavahana 10408:Phoenician 10344:Achaemenid 10305:Indo-Greek 10285:Macedonian 10199:Babylonian 9973:References 9926:Ghaznavids 9736:Nezak Huns 8514:14 January 8478:B. L. 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11417:Colonial 11346:Imperial 11314:Moroccan 11250:Japanese 11228:Afsharid 11087:Burmese 11073:Austrian 11028:Later Le 11003:Early Le 10988:Venetian 10914:Tiwanaku 10827:Hellenic 10790:Moroccan 10721:Kamakura 10711:Japanese 10694:Saffarid 10647:Georgian 10561:Chalukya 10539:Rashidun 10529:Calakmul 10497:Bruneian 10376:Haryanka 10354:Sasanian 10349:Parthian 10300:Bactrian 10290:Seleucid 10270:Goguryeo 10248:Egyptian 10182:Assyrian 10172:Akkadian 10163:Colonies 10073:(2002), 9747:Maitraka 9632:kingdom 9630:Kamarupa 9488:Ramayana 9314:Buddhism 9260:Panchala 9251:Gandhara 9211:culture) 9178:IRON AGE 9012:Archived 8994:(2017). 8976:Archived 8958:(1990). 8940:Archived 8915:28644897 8903:(1991). 8885:Archived 8793:34008529 8781:(1981). 8734:(1923). 8716:Archived 8683:Archived 8579:13472872 8557:(1913). 8508:Archived 8261:23788147 8040:(1991). 7955:42929739 7908:Archived 7798:Archived 7759:Archived 7741:(1934). 7717:Archived 7692:Archived 7689:pp. 133– 7593:44140516 7547:8 August 7541:Archived 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10944:Timurid 10904:Tibetan 10894:Songhai 10884:Serbian 10805:Almohad 10795:Idrisid 10699:Samanid 10689:Tahirid 10684:Iranian 10662:Kannauj 10642:Genoese 10578:Chinese 10571:Eastern 10566:Western 10554:Fatimid 10549:Abbasid 10544:Umayyad 10517:Burmese 10477:Ayyubid 10472:Angevin 10442:Xianbei 10430:Eastern 10425:Western 10371:Magadha 10334:Iranian 10327:Xiongnu 10312:Hittite 10221:Chinese 10209:Kassite 10158:Ancient 10150:Empires 10054:Sources 9845:Pallava 9776:Culture 9655:Puranas 9644:Culture 9484:Puranas 9465:Culture 9402:Culture 9318:Ājīvika 9310:Jainism 9285:Culture 9265:Magadha 9187:Culture 8332:Lakwete 7804:27 July 7765:27 July 7006:pp. 48– 6829:pp. 50– 5914:26 June 5764:24 July 5547:golden. 5351:1170959 5273:14 July 4476:Ancient 4424:Soanian 4246:(faced- 4203:at the 4185:Sarnath 4146:Deogarh 4111:Mathura 4007:cavalry 3984:Leisure 3870:hydrate 3814:planets 3736:base 10 3703:Ayodhya 3699:Magadha 3670:Vishaya 3646:Vishaya 3531:TUYUHUN 3482:N.LIANG 3464:ALCHONS 3398:EASTERN 3331:Kyrgyzs 3242:with a 3236:Nalanda 3194:Nalanda 3178:Jainism 2975:Bangarh 2915:PERSIAN 2845:VALABHI 2824:WESTERN 2806:KANNAUJ 2751:ALCHONS 2712:VISHNU- 2649:PANDYAS 2613:Rajputs 2586:Benares 2578:Paithan 2452:relief 2332:Narmada 2259:Mathura 2228:Kannauj 2224:Mathura 2159:writer 2155:of the 2138:Kiratas 2122:Kamboja 2054:Deogarh 2046:science 2042:culture 1980:Gujarat 1948:Kuntala 1888:Vidisha 1802:Coinage 1771:Simhala 1759:Abhiras 1743:Malavas 1669:Pallava 1577:In the 1513:Gupta ( 1493:on the 1421:History 1387:Vaishya 1372:Nalanda 1367:yojanas 1342:basin. 1336:Magadha 1328:Prayaga 1005:) from 988:Puranas 966:Science 929:. Many 880:Magadha 662:Cowries 548:• 530:• 512:• 494:• 476:• 458:• 440:• 434:(first) 421:• 375:Jainism 351:Prakrit 337:Ayodhya 325:Capital 167:WESTERN 149:ABHIRAS 122:MALAVAS 11487:Mongol 11472:German 11467:French 11457:Danish 11400:Dainam 11375:Tongan 11363:Somali 11358:Sokoto 11324:'Alawi 11302:Kalmyk 11282:Mongol 11275:Second 11255:Korean 11206:Mughal 11196:Indian 11179:German 11172:Second 11162:French 11155:Second 11091:Second 11063:Afghan 11055:Modern 10981:Kyrgyz 10976:Uighur 10971:Second 10951:Turkic 10919:Toltec 10855:Epirus 10840:Nicaea 10763:Mongol 10716:Yamato 10652:Huetar 10510:Second 10447:Rouran 10396:Shunga 10391:Maurya 10366:Kushan 10339:Median 10317:Hunnic 10275:Harsha 9993:Samuel 9984:Samuel 9791:Tantra 9556:Cheras 9456:Cheras 9362:Assaka 9277:Assaka 9209:Srauta 9135:Punjab 9044: 9004: 8968: 8932: 8913: 8877: 8856: 8833: 8812: 8791: 8767: 8744: 8708: 8675: 8577: 8567: 8537: 8500: 8457: 8413: 8390:599886 8388: 8380: 8334:, 1–6. 8312: 8259: 8180: 8114: 8058: 7992: 7953: 7945: 7900: 7858: 7829: 7790: 7751: 7723:8 June 7612:p. 521 7591: 7533: 7506: 7481: 7441: 7385: 7346: 7307: 7256: 7217: 7139:p. 362 7109: 7070: 7037:p. 174 7025:p. 221 6953:20 May 6939: 6914:20 May 6900: 6766: 6681: 6551: 6456: 5900: 5755: 5716: 5661: 5636:1 July 5622: 5538: 5485: 5479:151–52 5408: 5349: 5314: 5245: 5216: 5176: 5139: 5100:Kushan 4866:Modern 4376:on the 4248:lingam 4224:Ajanta 4165:Shesha 4161:Vishnu 4134:Ellora 4132:, and 4126:Ajanta 4065:Maurya 4061:Sanchi 4013:, and 3827:gnomon 3779:cosine 3714:Legacy 3707:Ujjain 3695:Faxian 3612:Bhukti 3563:Tungus 3504:EMPIRE 3493:EMPIRE 3444:EMPIRE 3388:HYMYAR 3376:Khotan 3302:Sargat 3269:Dhyana 3240:vihara 3182:Sanchi 3026:, the 2917:EMPIRE 2906:CHURIS 2741:NEZAKS 2732:ALUPAS 2685:CHERAS 2667:CHOLAS 2631:600 CE 2605:Taxila 2584:, and 2550:Europe 2505:under 2304:Garuda 2250:, and 2200:Faxian 2195:Faxian 2177:Greeks 2146:Ujjain 2070:Faxian 1992:Ujjain 1968:Deccan 1962:, the 1932:, and 1908:Brahmi 1892:Garuda 1834:Buddha 1767:Garuda 1757:, and 1727:Davaka 1677:Odisha 1673:Kanchi 1531:gu-pta 1351:Yijing 1347:Bengal 1340:Ganges 1334:, and 1332:Saketa 1324:Purana 1130:– 375) 1086:- 319) 1013:Origin 986:. 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