789:. Guppies' small bodies and the bright coloration of males make them easy prey, and like many fish, they often school together to avoid predation. Schooling is more favored by evolution in populations of guppies under high predation pressure, exerted either by predator type or predator density. Male guppies rely on schooling, in particular the behavioral responses of females, to make antipredator decisions. Coloration of guppies also evolves differentially in response to predation. Male guppies that are brighter in color have an advantage in mating as they attract more females in general, but they have a higher risk of being noticed by predators than duller males. Male guppies evolve to be more dull in color and have fewer, smaller spots under intense predation both in wild and in laboratory settings. Female guppies in a high-predation environment also evolve to prefer brightly colored males less, often rejecting them.
925:
744:
517:. While wild-type females are grey in body colour, males have splashes, spots, or stripes that can be any of a wide variety of colors. The development and exhibiting of color patterns in male guppies is usually due to the amount of thyroid hormone that they contain. The thyroid hormones not only influence color pattern, but control endocrine function in response to their environment. The size of guppies vary, but males are typically 1.5–4 cm (0.6–1.6 in) long, while females are 3–7 cm (1.2–2.8 in) long.
556:
87:
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attention from the males, which is important because the males sometimes attack the females while they are giving birth. It also provides a separate area for the newborn young as protection from being eaten by their mother. However, if a female is put in the breeder box too early, it may cause her to have a miscarriage. Well-planted tanks that offer barriers to adult guppies shelter the young quite well.
653:, where females mate with multiple males. Multiple mating is beneficial for males because the males' reproductive success is directly related to how many times they mate. The cost of multiple mating for males is very low because they do not provide material benefit to the females or parental care to the offspring. Conversely, multiple mating can be disadvantageous for females because it reduces
208:
888:
different groups of guppies have weak and variable food preference. Diet preference in guppies could be related to factors such as the presence of competitors. For example, the lower
Tacarigua River has a larger variety of species and competition for invertebrate prey is higher; therefore, the proportion of invertebrates is small in the diets of those guppies.
806:. According to this hypothesis, guppies would inspect the predator on the first move, but if their co-inspectors do not participate in the predator inspection visits or do not approach the predator close enough, they can retaliate by copying the defector's last move in the next predator inspection visit. The hypothesis was supported in laboratory experiments.
528:, characterized by different colours, patterns, shapes, and sizes of fins, such as snakeskin and grass varieties. Many domestic strains have morphological traits that are very distinct from the wild-type antecedents. Males and females of many domestic strains usually have larger body size and are much more lavishly ornamented than their wild-type antecedents.
911:
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area—called the 'attack cone'—and approach the predator from the side or back. They may also form a group for protection, the size of which is larger in high-predation populations. Although evidence indicates predators are less likely to attack an inspector than a non-inspector, the inspectors remain at higher risk due to proximity to the predator.
1299:. When these parasites attach to a fish's skin, gills, and eyes, they trigger a range of symptoms. Notable symptoms include a fine gold or rust-colored dust appearing on the fish's body, clamped fins, scratching against objects, rapid gill movement due to irritation, decreased feeding, lethargy, and, in advanced stages, respiratory distress.
336:. Guppies originate from northeast South America, but have been introduced to many environments and are now found all over the world. They are highly adaptable and thrive in many different environmental and ecological conditions. Male guppies, which are smaller than females, have ornamental caudal and dorsal
751:
Female mating choice may also be influenced by another female's choice. In an experiment, female guppies watched two males, one solitary and the other actively courting another female, and were given a choice between the two. Most females spent a longer time next to the male that was courting. Female
1314:
Several factors can contribute to the onset of swim bladder disease. Overfeeding is a common cause, leading to constipation which may press against the swim bladder. Bacterial or viral infections affecting the swim bladder can also trigger this condition. Physical injury or congenital deformities of
1310:
is a common condition which impairs their ability to maintain buoyancy. This condition is associated with the swim bladder, a gas-filled organ that aids fish in remaining buoyant at varying water depths. The symptoms of swim bladder disease are quite distinctive and include difficulty in maintaining
1236:
is primarily caused by bacterial infections, although fungal infections can also be a culprit. The condition manifests through the progressive decay or fraying of the fins, often accompanied by discoloration, usually turning the edges of the fins white, black, or red. The primary causative agents of
972:
Once inseminated, female guppies can store sperm in their ovaries and gonoducts, which can continue to fertilize ova up to eight months. Because of the sperm-storage mechanism, males are capable of posthumous reproduction, meaning the female mate can give birth to the male's offspring long after the
701:
mutations. Numerous inbreeding avoidance mechanisms operating prior to mating have been described. However, inbreeding avoidance mechanisms that operate subsequent to copulation are less well known. In guppies, a post-copulatory mechanism of inbreeding avoidance occurs based on competition between
618:
In addition to senescence pattern, resource availability and density also matter in regulation of guppy populations. Guppies reduce their fecundity and reproductive allocation in response to scarce food. When food is abundant, they increase brood size. Differential reproductive allocation can be the
609:
patterns is the mortality rate caused by predation. Guppies from high-predation environments suffer high extrinsic mortality rate because they are more likely to be killed by predators. Female guppies from high-predation environments experience a significant increase in mortality at 6 months of age,
901:
is preferred in high-predation regions, but not in low-predation regions. When guppies with a high tendency to shoal were isolated from high-predation regions and were relocated to predator-free environments, over time, they decreased their shoaling behavior, supporting the hypothesis that shoaling
479:
on native fish populations. Field studies reveal that guppies have colonized almost every freshwater body accessible to them in their natural ranges, especially in the streams located near the coastal fringes of mainland South
America. Although not typically found there, guppies also have tolerance
965:, called spermatozeugmata, are transferred to females. In courted mating, where the female shows receptive behavior following the male's courtship display, the male briefly inserts the gonopodium into the female's genital pore for internal fertilization. However, in the case of sneaky mating where
896:
Guppies often forage in groups because they can find food more easily. Shoaling guppies spend less time and energy on antipredatory behavior than solitary ones and spend more time on feeding. However, such behavior results in food that is found being shared with other members of the group. Studies
730:
of which is affected by the male's carotenoid ingestion and parasite load. Guppies cannot synthesize these pigments by themselves and must obtain them through their diet. Because of this connection, females are possibly selecting for healthy males with superior foraging abilities by choosing mates
710:
Female guppy choice plays an important role in multiple mating. Female guppies are attracted to brightly colored males, especially ones with orange spots on the flank. Orange spots can serve as an indicator of better physical fitness, as orange-spotted males are observed to swim longer in a strong
857:
Wild guppies feed on algal remains, diatoms, invertebrates, zooplankton, detritus, plant fragments, mineral particles, aquatic insect larvae, and other sources. Algal remains constitute the biggest proportion of wild guppy diet in most cases, but diets vary depending on the specific conditions of
575:
level and other factors. Females of matching body sizes tend to produce more numerous but smaller-sized offspring in high-predation conditions. Female guppies first produce offspring at 10–20 weeks of age, and they continue to reproduce until 20–34 months of age. Male guppies mature in 7 weeks or
814:
When guppies detect a predator, their irises rapidly darken from silver to jet black, which draws predators to attack the guppies' head instead of their body's center of mass. Perhaps counterintuitively, this predator divertive behavior allows guppies to rapidly pivot out of the way as predators
797:
When guppies encounter a potential predator, some of them approach the predator to assess danger. This behavior, called predator inspection, benefits the inspector since it gains information, but puts the inspector at a risk of predation. To reduce the risk, inspectors avoid the predator's mouth
1218:, commonly known as ich, is a protozoan parasite that infects guppies and other freshwater fish. The infection is characterized by white cysts appearing on the skin, gills, and fins of the affected fish, giving a distinct white spot appearance which is often referred to as "white spot disease".
610:
while those from low-predation environments do not suffer increased mortality until 16 months. However, guppies from high-predation environments were found to have longer lifespans because their reproductive lifespans are longer. No significant difference is seen in postreproductive lifespans.
1142:
Well-fed adults do not often eat their own young, although sometimes safe zones are required for the fry. Specially designed livebearer birthing tanks, which can be suspended inside the aquarium, are available from aquatic retailers. These also serve to shield the pregnant female from further
887:
Guppies' diet preference is not simply correlated to the abundance of a particular food. Laboratory experiments confirmed that guppies show 'diet switching' behavior, in which they feed disproportionately on the more abundant food when they are offered two food choices. The result shows that
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with bright orange carotinoid pigments, thus increasing the survival chance of her offspring. Due to the advantage in mating, male guppies evolve to have more ornamentation across generations in low-predation environments where the cost of being conspicuous is lower. The rate and duration of
592:
Guppies' body sizes are positively correlated with age, and their size at maturation varies highly depending on the predation risk of the occupied environments. Male and female guppies from high-predation regions mature faster and start reproducing earlier, and they devote more resources to
1006:
Due to the extensive selective breeding of guppies for desirable traits such as greater size and colour, some strains of the fish have become less hardy than their wild counterparts. Immense inbreeding of guppies has been found to affect body size, fertility and susceptibility to diseases.
1113:, which has led to them being occasionally included in marine tropical community tanks, as well as in freshwater tropical tanks. Guppies are generally peaceful, though nipping behaviour is sometimes exhibited between male guppies or towards other top swimmers like members of the genus
1134:
near their anal vents. Just before birth, the eyes of fry may be seen through the translucent skin in this area of the female's body. When birth occurs, individual offspring are dropped in sequence, typically over a period of one to six hours. The female guppy has drops of two to 200
669:
Female guppies mate again more actively and delay the development of a brood when the anticipated second mate is more attractive than the first male. Experiments show that remating females prefer a novel male to the original male or a brother of the original male with similar
735:
of male guppies also play an important role in female guppies' mating choice. Courtship behavior is another indicator of fitness due to the physical strength involved in maintaining the courtship dance, called sigmoid display, in which the males flex their bodies into an
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efficiency and increases the chances of predation and parasitic infection. However, females gain some potential benefits from multiple mating. For example, females that mate multiple times are found to be able to produce more offspring in shorter
801:
Risk-taking behaviors such as predator inspection can be evolutionarily stable only when a mechanism prevents selfish individuals from taking advantage of "altruistic" individuals. Guppies may adopt a conditional-approach strategy that resembles
944:
of guppies varies considerably, ranging from 20 to 60 days at 25 to 27 C and depending on several environmental factors. Reproduction typically continues through the year, and the female becomes ready for conception again quickly after
1266:. This bacterium thrives in warm, freshwater environments. Treatment for columnaris should commence promptly to prevent severe mortality. Common treatment measures include: Improving water quality, Antibacterial medications such as
1249:. Poor water quality, overcrowding, and stress are significant contributors to the onset and progression of the disease, as they create an environment conducive for bacterial growth and can compromise the fish's immune system.
915:
815:
lunge where the guppies' head was; this "matador-like" anti-predator behavior was first described in guppies but may be found in other animal species with bright, attention-grabbing coloration located on vital organs, such as
484:
and have colonized some brackish environments. They tend to be more abundant in smaller streams and pools than in large, deep, or fast-flowing rivers. They also are capable of being acclimated to full saltwater like their
1201:
Guppies are susceptible to various diseases, which may stem from bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infections. Maintaining a clean tank, a balanced diet, and regular monitoring can help in preventing these diseases.
2310:
1311:
buoyancy which causes the fish to either float to the top or sink to the bottom, abnormal swimming patterns such as swimming on the side or upside down, and a bloated appearance or a visibly enlarged belly.
702:
sperm of rival males for achieving fertilization. In competitions between sperm from an unrelated male and from a full sibling male, a significant bias in paternity towards the unrelated male was observed.
623:
of
Trinidad reduce their investment in reproduction regardless of predation level, possibly in response to decreased food resources. Population density also matters in simpler environments because higher
3066:
Heathcote, Robert J. P.; Troscianko, Jolyon; Darden, Safi K.; Naisbett-Jones, Lewis C.; Laker, Philippa R.; Brown, Antony M.; Ramnarine, Indar W.; Walker, Jeffrey; Croft, Darren P. (20 July 2020).
563:
Two generations of guppies per year occur in the wild. Guppies are well developed and capable of independent existence without further parental care by the time they are born. Young guppies
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reproduction than those from low-predation regions. Females from high-predation regions reproduce more frequently and produce more offspring per litter, indicating that they are more
914:
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with a temperature between 25.5 and 27.8 °C (78 and 82 °F) and salt levels equivalent to one tablespoon per 19 L (5 US gal). They can withstand levels of
597:
than low-predation females. Female guppies' reproductive success is also related to age. Older females produce offspring with reduced size and at increased interbrood intervals.
463:. However, guppies have been introduced to many different countries on every continent except Antarctica. Sometimes this has occurred accidentally, but most often as a means of
1193:, is recommended. Alternatives include finely ground flake food, egg yolk, and liquid fish food, though the particulates in these may be too large for the youngest fry to eat.
2934:
Stoner, Gregory; Breden, Felix (April 1988). "Phenotypic differentiation in female preference related to geographic variation in male predation risk in the
Trinidad guppy (
1127:, and are usually found in large groups in the wild. Its most famous characteristic is its propensity for breeding, and it can breed in both freshwater and marine aquaria.
2217:
Bronikowski, Anne M.; Clark, Mark E.; Rodd, F. Helen; Reznick, David N. (2002). "Population-Dynamic
Consequences of Predator-Induced Life History Variation in the Guppy (
4299:
988:), e.g., male guppy and female molly. However, the hybrids are always male and appear to be infertile. The guppy has also been hybridised with the Endler's livebearer (
4200:
3804:
1177:, keep adult fish full and may spare the fry when they are born. Young fry take roughly three or four months to reach maturity. Feeding fry live foods, such as baby
4222:
von
Gersdorff Jorgensen, Louise; Puspasari, Khumaira; Insariani (1 January 2022), Kibenge, Frederick S. B.; Baldisserotto, Bernardo; Chong, Roger Sie-Maen (eds.),
884:
Guppies have also been observed eating native fishes' eggs, occasionally expressing cannibalism, also eating its own young, when kept in laboratory conditions.
845:
can decrease guppy survival. While a short burst of underwater noise has positive effects on parasite densities on the host. Most likely resulting in negative
3826:
Van
Oosterhout, Cock; et al. (December 2007). "The Guppy as a Conservation Model: Implications of Parasitism and Inbreeding for Reintroduction Success".
3773:
897:
also show when an evolutionary cost exists, guppies that tend to shoal are less aggressive and less competitive with regards to scarce resources. Therefore,
3329:
3228:
3579:
2463:
1260:, also known as cotton mouth disease or cotton wool disease, is a common bacterial infection in guppies and other freshwater fish, caused by the bacterium
4101:
1741:
Prazdnikov, Denis V. (28 May 2021). "Role of thyroid hormones in color diversity of male guppies: experimental data on Endler's guppy (Poecilia wingei)".
870:) consumed mostly diatoms and mineral particles. Algae are less nutritious than invertebrates, and the guppies that feed mainly on algae have poor diets.
619:
cause of seasonality of life-history characteristics in some guppy populations. For example, during the wet season from May to
December, guppies in the
3385:
Magurran, Anne E.; Seghers, Benoni H.; Carvalho, Gary R.; Shaw, Paul W. (1992). "Behavioural
Consequences of an Artificial Introduction of Guppies (
693:), and as a result species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. Inbreeding depression is considered to be due largely to the expression of
2119:
Reznick, David N. (1989). "Life-History
Evolution in Guppies: 2. Repeatability of Field Observations and the Effects of Season on Life Histories".
1373:
4758:
1407:
1130:
Guppies prefer water temperatures around 22.2–26.1 °C (72–79 °F) for reproduction. Pregnant female guppies have enlarged and darkened
2975:
Magurran, Anne E.; Seghers, Benoni H. (September 1990). "Population differences in predator recognition and attack cone avoidance in the guppy
994:) to produce fertile offspring, with the suggestion that, despite physical and behavioural differences, Endler's may represent a subspecies of
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1564:
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mortality rate due to cannibalism. It was confirmed that in low-predation environments, guppy populations are in part regulated by density.
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2777:
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325:
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Guppies have many predators, such as larger fish and birds, in their native range. Some of their common predators in the wild are
419:. While the taxonomy of the species was frequently changed and resulted in many synonyms, "guppy" remains the common name even as
4784:
3434:
2848:
Brusseau, Alix J P; Feyten, Laurence E A; Crane, Adam L; Ramnarine, Indar W; Ferrari, Maud C O; Brown, Grant E (7 August 2024).
2027:
Reznick, David N.; Buckwalter, G.; Groff, J.; Elder, D. (2001). "The evolution of senescence in natural populations of guppies (
3796:
5004:
4994:
4969:
4869:
4488:
4437:
4402:
4235:
3902:
2367:"Possible role of female discrimination against 'redundant' males in the evolution of colour pattern polymorphism in guppies"
1492:
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guppies' preference for fit males allows their descendants to inherit better physical fitness and better chance of survival.
4789:
4276:
4989:
4192:
2940:
2557:
4324:
Declercq, Annelies Maria; Haesebrouck, Freddy; Van den Broeck, Wim; Bossier, Peter; Decostere, Annemie (24 April 2013).
4979:
4667:
3690:
3391:
3258:"Food and Feeding Habits of the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata, from Drainage Canal Systems in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria"
2371:
4139:
3168:"Noise pollution: acute noise exposure increases susceptibility to disease and chronic exposure reduces host survival"
858:
food availability in the habitat. For example, a study on wild Trinidad guppies showed that guppies collected from an
867:
4685:
2551:
Nicoletto, Paul F. (June 1991). "The relationship between male ornamentation and swimming performance in the guppy,
4908:
4732:
4161:
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less. Total lifespan of guppies in the wild varies greatly, but it is typically around 2 years. Variations in such
3765:
4999:
4851:
4698:
3368:
2074:
Reznick, David N. (1983). "The Structure of Guppy Life Histories: The Tradeoff between Growth and Reproduction".
1978:
Reznick, David N.; Butler, Mark J. IV; Rodd, F. Helen; Ross, Patrick (1996). "Life-History Evolution in Guppies (
726:-containing fruit. The orange coloration that female guppies select for in males is composed of carotenoids, the
3612:
4964:
2850:"Antipredator decisions of male Trinidadian guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) depend on social cues from females"
404:
4109:
4926:
4833:
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571:. Brood size is extremely variable, yet some consistent differences exist among populations depending on the
3145:
4461:
3580:"Environmental conditions and male morphology determine alternative mating behavior in Trinidadian guppies"
2703:
2258:
Barbosa, Miguel; Magurran, Anne E. (2011). "Evidence of female-promoted polyandry in Trinidadian guppies".
1214:
3735:
Ghadially, F. N.; Gordon, M. (July 1957). "A Localized Melanoma in a Hybrid Fish Lebistes × Mollienesia".
1123:. Guppies should not be kept as a single fish in an aquarium because both males and females show signs of
973:
male's death, which contributes significantly to the reproductive dynamics of the wild guppy populations.
4959:
4771:
4615:
4592:
4223:
1517:
4620:
3686:"Beyond lifetime reproductive success: the posthumous reproductive dynamics of male Trinidadian guppies"
4974:
3587:
2981:
2516:
1865:
Brooks, Robert (2000). "Negative genetic correlation between male sexual attractiveness and survival".
1148:
937:
400:
333:
4900:
3684:
López-Sepulcre, Andrés; Gordon, Swanne P.; Paterson, Ian G.; Bentzen, Paul; Reznick, David N. (2013).
4913:
4861:
3737:
834:
625:
86:
3330:"Variation in schooling and aggression amongst guppy (Poecilia reticulata) populations in Trinidad"
1262:
715:
since one of the food sources wild guppies compete vigorously for is the fruit of cabrehash trees (
4825:
2732:
Dugatkin, L. A. (1992). "Sexual selection and imitation: Females copy the mate choice of others".
2514:
Houde, Anne E. (April 1988). "Genetic difference in female choice between two guppy populations".
1350:
1336:
4984:
4384:
3924:
2734:
2416:
Charlesworth, Deborah; Willis, John H. (November 2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".
1239:
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675:
663:
564:
20:
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969:, the male approaches the female and thrusts the gonopodium at the female's urogenital pore.
690:
581:
568:
181:
4887:
4584:
4040:
3283:
Murduch, William W.; Avery, S.; Smyth, Michael E. B. (1975). "Switching in Predatory Fish".
2644:
Rodd, F. Helen; Hughes, Kimberly A.; Grether, Gregory F.; Baril, Colette T. (7 March 2002).
2164:
Barlow, Jay (1992). "Nonlinear and Logistic Growth in Experimental Populations of Guppies".
1707:
4802:
4641:
4597:
4579:
4011:
3933:
3835:
3648:
3532:
3517:"Male coloration affects female gestation period and timing of fertilization in the guppy (
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2267:
2175:
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1784:
1750:
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1307:
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1120:
3257:
1662:"Evolutionary implications of large-scale patterns in the ecology of Trinidadian guppies,
1598:
1511:
Dussault, Gertrude V.; Kramer, Donald L. (1981). "Food and feeding behavior of the guppy,
8:
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1984:
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3068:"A Matador-like Predator Diversion Strategy Driven by Conspicuous Coloration in Guppies"
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2179:
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upstream region (upper Aripo River) mainly consumed invertebrates, while guppies from a
539:, the same number as humans. The genes responsible for male guppies' ornamentations are
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674:. Females' preference for novel males in remating can explain the excessive phenotypic
525:
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388:
272:
223:
138:
81:
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3426:
3389:) in N. Trinidad: Evidence for the Evolution of Anti-Predator Behaviour in the Wild".
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2646:"A possible non-sexual origin of mate preference: are male guppies mimicking fruit?"
2578:
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involves three stages: the trophont stage, the tomont stage, and the theront stage.
396:
237:
4633:
4425:
4390:
4355:
4337:
4326:"Columnaris disease in fish: a review with emphasis on bacterium-host interactions"
4019:
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1119:(platies and swordtails), and occasionally other fish with prominent fins, such as
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476:
4737:
2500:
2445:
3545:
3166:
Masud, Numair; Hayes, Laura; Crivelli, Davide; Grigg, Stephen; Cable, Jo (2020).
3020:): the relative nature of cooperation and defection during predator inspection".
1945:
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990:
838:
837:. Recent work on this has shown that the interaction between exposure to chronic
816:
536:
501:
Sexual polymorphism exhibited in the Trinidadian guppy (above male, below female)
4838:
4693:
4680:
2311:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1762:
1290:
863:
620:
481:
424:
380:
352:
197:
128:
3092:
3067:
2279:
415:
in 1913. Then in 1963, Rosen and Bailey brought it back to its original name,
4943:
4797:
4555:
4505:
4351:
3111:
2871:
2717:
2694:
1632:
1340:
978:
873:
779:
321:
71:
66:
4672:
4342:
4257:
Caldwell, Melba C.; Caldwell, David K.; B. C. Townsend, Jr (30 March 2015).
4169:
3348:
3229:"Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago [OGATT] - Guppy"
1818:
Khoo, Gideon; Lim, Tit Meng; Chan, Woon-Khiong; Phang, Violet P. E. (1999).
711:
current. There is also the concept of color association to possibly explain
580:
of guppies are observed in different populations, indicating that different
555:
4776:
4369:
4024:
3995:
3863:
3750:
3721:
3703:
3600:
3564:
3501:
3482:
3404:
3211:
3119:
2920:
2834:
2679:
2661:
2627:
2609:
2492:
2437:
2402:
2384:
2351:
2332:
2150:
2052:
2013:
1964:
1931:
1896:
1692:
1661:
1316:
1271:
1178:
1174:
962:
727:
544:
521:
497:
341:
4429:
4394:
4131:
2695:"The influence of water velocity on the display behavior of male guppies,
976:
The guppy has been successfully hybridised with various species of molly (
4820:
4745:
4607:
4564:
4221:
3016:
Dugatkin, Lee A.; Alfieri, Michael (July 1991). "Tit-For-Tat in guppies (
2862:
2849:
1267:
1190:
1131:
1115:
1015:
958:
950:
946:
803:
773:
712:
662:
time, and their offspring tend to have better qualities such as enhanced
329:
148:
4323:
3192:
3102:
2885:
Endler, John A. (January 1980). "Natural Selection on Color Patterns in
1923:"The Evolution of Senescence and Post-Reproductive Lifespan in Guppies (
1289:, also known as gold dust disease, is a prevalent ailment caused by the
4724:
4711:
3972:
3855:
3356:
3314:
3065:
3041:
2953:
2912:
2826:
2799:
Seghers, Benoni H. (September 1974). "Schooling Behavior in the Guppy (
2570:
2244:
2195:
2142:
2105:
2005:
1842:
1819:
1257:
1156:
1099:
961:. The gonopodium has a channel-like structure through which bundles of
954:
859:
785:
723:
694:
686:
606:
532:
4750:
3061:
3059:
2483:
340:. Wild guppies generally feed on a variety of food sources, including
45:
Female (left) and male (right) guppies, an ornamental aquarium strain
37:
4654:
4258:
3661:
3630:
1888:
1186:
1182:
1164:
698:
671:
659:
594:
572:
540:
460:
360:
98:
4526:
3825:
3306:
2904:
2818:
2429:
2236:
2187:
2134:
2097:
1997:
1530:
760:
4706:
4659:
4549:
4518:
3683:
3056:
2747:
1982:) 6. Differential Mortality as a Mechanism for Natural Selection".
1645:
1295:
1110:
1106:
1102:
898:
654:
486:
464:
444:
337:
158:
118:
4921:
4424:(1 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, : CRC Press.
1233:
1169:
717:
472:
356:
4874:
3139:
3137:
1167:
are all good choices. A continuous supply of live food, such as
827:
Guppies are also host to a range of parasites and one of these,
4646:
3918:
Chervinski, J. (April 1984). "Salinity tolerance of the guppy,
1160:
505:
452:
448:
108:
4256:
4895:
3134:
468:
348:
344:
2847:
1820:"Genetic Basis of the Variegated Tail Pattern in the Guppy,
207:
3578:
Reynolds, John D.; Gross, Mart R.; Coombs, Mark J. (1993).
3384:
2216:
2026:
4483:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 227.
1921:
Reznick, David N.; Bryant, Michael; Holmes, Donna (2006).
403:, who sent specimens of the species from Trinidad to the
4224:"Chapter 40 - Infection by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis"
332:
and, like almost all American members of the family, is
3165:
2650:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2598:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1553:. Vol. 6. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 353.
1139:
at a time, though typically ranging between 30 and 60.
467:
control. The guppies were expected to eat the mosquito
3256:
Lawal, M. O.; Edokpayi, C. A.; Osibona, A. O. (2012).
2643:
1977:
1205:
3255:
1653:
4298:Medicine, Center for Veterinary (27 October 2020).
4000:
with Reference to High Salinity Tolerance at Birth"
3994:Shikano, Takahito; Fujio, Yoshihisa (August 1997).
3677:
3577:
3515:Sato, Aya; Aihara, Ryu-ichi; Karino, Kenji (2021).
1920:
3886:
2594:"Artificial selection for food colour preferences"
2462:Fitzpatrick, J. L.; Evans, J. P. (December 2014).
2457:
2455:
2415:
4277:"Guppy Fin Rot: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments"
3996:"Successful Propagation in Seawater of the Guppy
3819:
3458:"Multiple benefits of multiple mating in guppies"
3282:
2306:"Multiple benefits of multiple mating in guppies"
953:, possess a modified tubular anal fin called the
949:. Male guppies, like other members of the family
902:is less preferred in low-predation environments.
4941:
4132:"Guppy fry care: how to look after baby guppies"
3884:
3514:
2592:Cole, Gemma L.; Endler, John A. (7 April 2015).
2464:"Postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance in guppies"
2461:
1817:
320:, is one of the world's most widely distributed
3734:
3462:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3327:
3015:
2974:
2452:
2257:
2210:
1660:Magurran, Anne E.; Phillip, Dawn A. T. (2001).
1659:
1278:, and in extreme cases, antibiotic injections.
833:, has been used as a model system for studying
524:guppy strains are produced by breeders through
3328:Magurran, Anne E.; Seghers, Benoni H. (1991).
3223:
3221:
1916:
1914:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
689:ordinarily has negative fitness consequences (
475:, but in many cases, these guppies have had a
3788:
3757:
3455:
3161:
3159:
2686:
2639:
2637:
2544:
2303:
1550:Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum
1351:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T60444A3100119.en
632:growth rate, and a corresponding increase in
375:Guppies were first described in Venezuela as
3993:
3878:
3571:
3378:
3321:
3009:
2968:
2933:
2725:
2409:
2299:
2297:
605:One major factor that affects wild guppies'
3987:
3276:
3218:
2803:): An Evolutionary Response to Predation".
2792:
2364:
2112:
2067:
2020:
1971:
1911:
1501:
1485:Evolutionary Ecology: The Trinidadian Guppy
1459:
1237:fin rot are gram-negative bacteria such as
628:causes a decrease in reproductive rate and
434:
306:
4300:"Everything Aquatic - 610530 - 10/06/2020"
3917:
3449:
3156:
2927:
2878:
2634:
2591:
2585:
2365:Eakley, Angela L.; Houde, Anne E. (2004).
2358:
2157:
1740:
1537:
206:
60:
36:
4359:
4341:
4023:
3958:
3794:
3763:
3711:
3660:
3622:
3554:
3544:
3508:
3491:
3481:
3249:
3201:
3191:
3101:
3091:
2861:
2716:
2692:
2669:
2617:
2550:
2507:
2482:
2392:
2341:
2331:
2294:
1954:
1944:
1841:
1691:
1671:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1349:
705:
613:
4297:
3893:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. p.
2731:
2304:Evans, J. P.; Magurran, Anne E. (2000).
1811:
1482:
1014:
1001:
923:
909:
872:
759:
742:
554:
504:
496:
4504:
4418:Smith, Stephen A., ed. (2 April 2019).
4102:"Breed Guppies – Tips You Need to Know"
3959:Nandedkar, Swaraj (30 September 2023).
3885:Hargrove, Maddy; Hargrove, Mic (2006).
3262:West African Journal of Applied Ecology
2798:
2251:
2118:
2073:
1631:
1543:
1302:
681:
639:
4942:
4481:Sex, Color, and Mate Choice in Guppies
3456:Evans, J. P.; Magurran, A. E. (2000).
2884:
2163:
1864:
1858:
1613:from the original on 21 September 2013
1579:from the original on 21 September 2013
1388:from the original on 22 September 2013
792:
649:Guppies have the mating system called
4531:
4530:
4478:
4417:
4386:Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
3628:
3272:from the original on 3 December 2013.
2780:from the original on 12 December 2013
2513:
1487:. New York: Oxford University Press.
809:
4927:D37558B5-5F0E-4DE7-B10A-282FAF084D6E
4901:284E04CB-5F93-87AB-567F-4FE7074F94B8
4862:e1bd81e1-e049-4e98-a018-aa9d3128e234
4699:b16d647a-a58c-41f7-982d-64f3e0629aab
4382:
4230:, Academic Press, pp. 493–503,
4203:from the original on 2 December 2013
4142:from the original on 22 October 2013
4082:from the original on 2 December 2013
4051:from the original on 3 December 2013
3797:"Endler's Livebearer: It's a Guppy!"
3776:from the original on 2 December 2013
1799:from the original on 19 January 2012
1722:from the original on 19 October 2013
4950:IUCN Red List least concern species
4190:
4069:
2941:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2558:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
13:
4472:
4038:
3946:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04815.x
3691:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3392:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2372:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1337:"Poecilia reticulata: Lyons, T.J."
1196:
1010:
407:in London. It was reclassified as
14:
5016:
4498:
3807:from the original on 24 July 2013
1281:
932:in an aquarium at one week of age
4383:Noga, Edward J. (18 June 2010).
3889:Freshwater Aquariums for Dummies
3848:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00809.x
3437:from the original on 13 May 2008
3143:
1607:Global Invasive Species Database
1447:from the original on 9 June 2012
998:rather than a distinct species.
666:and predator evasion abilities.
326:freshwater aquarium fish species
85:
4411:
4376:
4317:
4291:
4269:
4250:
4215:
4184:
4154:
4124:
4108:. 20 April 2012. Archived from
4094:
4063:
4032:
3952:
3911:
3728:
3419:
3146:"The Matador in Your Fish Tank"
2841:
2762:
2471:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2260:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1777:
1743:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1734:
1700:
1625:
905:
328:. It is a member of the family
4304:Center for Veterinary Medicine
4041:"Gestation Period for Guppies"
3431:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1591:
1557:
1429:
1400:
1366:
1329:
957:, located directly behind the
767:, a common predator of guppies
492:
1:
2995:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80524-X
2530:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80022-8
2045:10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00241-2
1322:
1252:
747:Sigmoid display of male guppy
600:
578:life historic characteristics
5005:Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters
4995:Freshwater fish of Venezuela
4970:Fauna of Antigua and Barbuda
3961:"Guppies are Schooling Fish"
3546:10.1371/journal.pone.0261004
2031:): a comparative approach".
1946:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040007
1223:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
1215:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
1207:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
936:Guppies are highly prolific
822:
755:
550:
471:and help slow the spread of
324:and one of the most popular
7:
4990:Fish of Trinidad and Tobago
4228:Aquaculture Pathophysiology
2693:Nicoletto, Paul F. (1996).
1518:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1319:are other potential causes.
891:
740:shape and vibrate rapidly.
587:
370:
245:Acanthophacelus reticulatus
10:
5021:
4421:Fish Diseases and Medicine
4193:"Tiny Foods For Small Fry"
3172:Royal Society Open Science
2770:"Sex and the single guppy"
1763:10.1007/s10641-021-01102-x
1483:Magurran, Anne E. (2005).
1228:
1109:up to 150% that of normal
852:
835:host-parasite interactions
401:Robert John Lechmere Guppy
18:
4980:Euryhaline fish of Brazil
4539:
3631:"Succession of broods in
3093:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.017
2280:10.1007/s10641-010-9721-y
866:downstream region (lower
644:
626:intraspecific competition
531:Guppies have 23 pairs of
229:
222:
214:
205:
187:
180:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
44:
35:
30:
4508:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4460:: CS1 maint: location (
3795:Griffitts, Tony (2011).
3764:Griffitts, Tony (1997).
2033:Experimental Gerontology
1635:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1515:(Pisces: Poeciliidae)".
1263:Flavobacterium columnare
535:, including one pair of
435:Distribution and habitat
351:. Guppies are used as a
289:Poecilioides reticulatus
16:Species of tropical fish
4343:10.1186/1297-9716-44-27
3925:Journal of Fish Biology
3349:10.1163/156853991X00292
2735:The American Naturalist
2418:Nature Reviews Genetics
1293:parasites of the genus
1240:Pseudomonas fluorescens
5000:Fish described in 1859
4479:Houde, Anne E (1997).
4162:"Livebearers: Guppies"
4025:10.2331/fishsci.63.573
3704:10.1098/rspb.2013.1116
3601:10.1006/anbe.1993.1013
3483:10.1073/pnas.180207297
3405:10.1098/rspb.1992.0050
2718:10.1093/beheco/7.3.272
2662:10.1098/rspb.2001.1891
2610:10.1098/rspb.2014.3108
2385:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0165
2379:(Suppl 5): S299–S301.
2333:10.1073/pnas.180207297
1749:(June 2021): 675–688.
1693:10.1006/bijl.2000.0519
1095:
933:
921:
881:
830:Gyrodactylus turnbulli
768:
748:
706:Females' mating choice
614:Population regulations
582:evolutionary pressures
560:
510:
502:
439:Guppies are native to
405:Natural History Museum
391:in 1861. It was named
307:
261:Girardinus reticulatus
233:Acanthocephalus guppii
21:Guppy (disambiguation)
4965:Fish of the Caribbean
4522:. April 2004 version.
4430:10.1201/9780429195259
4395:10.1002/9781118786758
4389:(1 ed.). Wiley.
4072:"Pregnant Guppy Fish"
3766:"Endler's Livebearer"
1649:. April 2007 version.
1018:
1002:Inbreeding depression
927:
919:
876:
849:effects for guppies.
763:
746:
691:inbreeding depression
569:anti-predator tactics
567:together and perform
558:
508:
500:
385:Lebistes poecilioides
269:Lebistes poecilioides
215:Distribution map for
4694:Fauna Europaea (new)
3828:Conservation Biology
3374:on 13 February 2020.
3078:(14): 2844–2851.e8.
3022:Evolutionary Ecology
1441:AquaticCommunity.com
1308:Swim bladder disease
1303:Swim bladder disease
1246:Aeromonas hydrophila
967:copulation is forced
780:Anablepsoides hartii
682:Inbreeding avoidance
640:Ecology and behavior
423:is now considered a
409:Lebistes reticulatus
280:Lebistes reticulatus
19:For other uses, see
4598:Poecilia_reticulata
4585:Poecilia_reticulata
4571:Poecilia reticulata
4541:Poecilia reticulata
4512:Poecilia reticulata
4330:Veterinary Research
4279:. 24 September 2023
4138:. 12 October 2013.
4112:on 24 December 2013
4016:1997FisSc..63..573S
3998:Poecilia reticulata
3938:1984JFBio..24..449C
3920:Poecilia Reticulata
3840:2007ConBi..21.1573V
3653:1937Natur.140..467W
3537:2021PLoSO..1661004S
3519:Poecilia reticulata
3474:2000PNAS...9710074E
3468:(18): 10074–10076.
3387:Poecilia reticulata
3299:1975Ecol...56.1094M
3193:10.1098/rsos.200172
3184:2020RSOS....700172M
3150:Scientific American
3084:2020CBio...30E2844H
3034:1991EvEco...5..300D
3018:Poecilia reticulata
2977:Poecilia reticulata
2936:Poecilia reticulata
2887:Poecilia reticulata
2801:Poecilia reticulata
2697:Poecilia reticulata
2553:Poecilia reticulata
2324:2000PNAS...9710074E
2318:(18): 10074–10076.
2272:2011EnvBF..90...95B
2219:Poecilia reticulata
2180:1992Ecol...73..941B
2090:1983Ecol...64..862R
2029:Poecilia reticulata
1980:Poecilia reticulata
1925:Poecilia reticulata
1881:2000Natur.406...67B
1822:Poecilia reticulata
1787:Poecilia reticulata
1755:2021EnvBF.104..675P
1710:Poecilia reticulata
1684:2001BJLS...73....1M
1664:Poecilia reticulata
1639:Poecilia reticulata
1609:. 27 October 2006.
1601:Poecilia reticulata
1567:Poecilia reticulata
1513:Poecilia reticulata
1410:Poecilia reticulata
1376:Poecilia reticulata
996:Poecilia reticulata
839:anthropogenic noise
793:Predator inspection
541:Y-chromosome linked
457:Trinidad and Tobago
441:Antigua and Barbuda
429:Poecilia reticulata
417:Poecilia reticulata
377:Poecilia reticulata
365:behavioural studies
347:and aquatic insect
308:Poecilia reticulata
217:Poecilia reticulata
191:Poecilia reticulata
52:Conservation status
4960:Ovoviviparous fish
4191:Carroll, Fussell.
4172:on 7 December 2013
4166:TropicalFauna.info
3973:10.1007/BF00300143
3801:Aquaworld Aquarium
3770:Aquaworld Aquarium
3698:(1763): 20131116.
3629:Winge, Ö. (1937).
3042:10.1007/BF02214234
2954:10.1007/BF00299844
2863:10.1093/cz/zoae040
2704:Behavioral Ecology
2604:(1804). 20143108.
2571:10.1007/BF00164386
1843:10.2108/zsj.16.431
1829:Zoological Science
1221:The life cycle of
1096:
979:Poecilia latipinna
934:
922:
920:Birth of guppy fry
882:
810:Predator diversion
769:
749:
561:
526:selective breeding
511:
503:
173:P. reticulata
139:Cyprinodontiformes
4975:Fauna of Barbados
4937:
4936:
4883:Open Tree of Life
4533:Taxon identifiers
4490:978-0-691-02789-0
4439:978-0-429-19525-9
4404:978-0-8138-0697-6
4237:978-0-12-812211-2
4136:Guppyfishcare.com
4106:Guppybreeding.net
4039:Mayntz, Melissa.
4004:Fisheries Science
3904:978-0-470-05103-0
3399:(1322): 117–122.
2656:(1490): 475–481.
2484:10.1111/jeb.12545
1716:SeriouslyFish.com
1565:"Countries where
1494:978-0-19-852786-2
1408:"Common Names of
1098:Guppies prefer a
917:
786:Aequidens pulcher
765:Aequidens pulcher
733:courtship display
678:in male guppies.
515:sexual dimorphism
421:Girardinus guppii
393:Girardinus guppii
355:in the fields of
312:), also known as
298:
297:
292:(W. Peters, 1859)
283:(W. Peters, 1859)
264:(W. Peters, 1859)
253:Girardinus guppii
248:(W. Peters, 1859)
75:
5012:
4930:
4929:
4917:
4916:
4904:
4903:
4891:
4890:
4878:
4877:
4865:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4842:
4841:
4839:NHMSYS0021109773
4829:
4828:
4816:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4793:
4792:
4780:
4779:
4767:
4766:
4754:
4753:
4741:
4740:
4728:
4727:
4715:
4714:
4702:
4701:
4689:
4688:
4676:
4675:
4663:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4494:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4451:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4345:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4168:. Archived from
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3892:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3834:(6): 1573–1583.
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3662:10.1038/140467b0
3626:
3620:
3619:
3618:on 4 March 2019.
3617:
3611:. Archived from
3588:Animal Behaviour
3584:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3531:(12): e0261004.
3512:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3367:. Archived from
3343:(3/4): 214–234.
3334:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3293:(5): 1094–1105.
3280:
3274:
3273:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3195:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3105:
3095:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2982:Animal Behaviour
2972:
2966:
2965:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2742:(6): 1384–1389.
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2517:Animal Behaviour
2511:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2231:(8): 2194–2204.
2214:
2208:
2207:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2129:(6): 1285–1297.
2116:
2110:
2109:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2039:(4–6): 791–812.
2024:
2018:
2017:
1992:(4): 1651–1660.
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1889:10.1038/35017552
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1480:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1333:
942:gestation period
918:
817:epaulette sharks
774:Crenicichla alta
513:Guppies exhibit
310:
293:
284:
276:
265:
257:
249:
241:
210:
193:
90:
89:
69:
64:
63:
40:
28:
27:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4925:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4899:
4894:
4886:
4881:
4873:
4868:
4860:
4858:
4850:
4845:
4837:
4832:
4824:
4819:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4796:
4788:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4731:
4723:
4718:
4710:
4705:
4697:
4692:
4684:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4653:
4645:
4640:
4632:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4606:
4604:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4535:
4501:
4491:
4475:
4473:Further reading
4470:
4469:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4381:
4377:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4259:"IAAAM Archive"
4255:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4197:FishChannel.com
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4070:Donovan, Dave.
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4037:
4033:
3992:
3988:
3957:
3953:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3883:
3879:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3738:Cancer Research
3733:
3729:
3682:
3678:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3513:
3509:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3307:10.2307/1936149
3281:
3277:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3164:
3157:
3144:Sima, Richard.
3142:
3135:
3072:Current Biology
3064:
3057:
3014:
3010:
2973:
2969:
2932:
2928:
2905:10.2307/2408316
2883:
2879:
2854:Current Zoology
2846:
2842:
2819:10.2307/2407174
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2730:
2726:
2691:
2687:
2642:
2635:
2590:
2586:
2549:
2545:
2512:
2508:
2477:(12): 2585–94.
2466:
2460:
2453:
2430:10.1038/nrg2664
2414:
2410:
2363:
2359:
2302:
2295:
2256:
2252:
2237:10.2307/3072051
2215:
2211:
2188:10.2307/1940170
2162:
2158:
2135:10.2307/2409363
2117:
2113:
2098:10.2307/1937209
2072:
2068:
2025:
2021:
1998:10.2307/2410901
1976:
1972:
1919:
1912:
1875:(6791): 67–70.
1863:
1859:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1658:
1654:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1545:Günther, Albert
1542:
1538:
1531:10.1139/z81-098
1509:
1502:
1495:
1481:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1305:
1284:
1276:Oxytetracycline
1255:
1231:
1211:
1199:
1197:Common diseases
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:- Triangle tail
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1019:Guppy standards
1013:
1011:In the aquarium
1004:
991:Poecilia wingei
910:
908:
894:
868:Tacarigua River
855:
825:
812:
795:
758:
708:
684:
647:
642:
616:
603:
590:
553:
537:sex chromosomes
495:
477:negative impact
437:
387:in Barbados by
383:in 1859 and as
373:
291:
282:
271:
263:
255:
247:
235:
201:
195:
189:
176:
84:
76:
65:
61:
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5018:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4985:Fish of Guyana
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4918:
4905:
4892:
4879:
4866:
4856:
4843:
4830:
4817:
4807:
4794:
4781:
4768:
4755:
4742:
4729:
4716:
4703:
4690:
4681:Fauna Europaea
4677:
4664:
4651:
4638:
4625:
4612:
4602:
4589:
4576:
4561:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4525:
4524:
4506:Froese, Rainer
4500:
4499:External links
4497:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4438:
4410:
4403:
4375:
4316:
4290:
4268:
4249:
4236:
4214:
4183:
4153:
4123:
4093:
4076:LoveToKnow.com
4062:
4045:LoveToKnow.com
4031:
4010:(4): 573–575.
3986:
3965:FishFanforLife
3951:
3932:(4): 449–452.
3910:
3903:
3877:
3818:
3787:
3756:
3745:(6): 597–599.
3727:
3676:
3621:
3595:(1): 145–152.
3570:
3507:
3448:
3418:
3377:
3320:
3275:
3248:
3217:
3155:
3133:
3055:
3028:(3): 300–309.
3008:
2989:(3): 443–452.
2967:
2948:(4): 285–291.
2926:
2877:
2840:
2813:(3): 486–489.
2791:
2761:
2748:10.1086/285392
2724:
2711:(3): 272–278.
2685:
2633:
2584:
2565:(5): 365–370.
2543:
2524:(2): 511–516.
2506:
2451:
2424:(11): 783–96.
2408:
2357:
2293:
2250:
2209:
2174:(3): 941–950.
2156:
2111:
2084:(4): 862–873.
2066:
2019:
1970:
1939:(1): 136–143.
1910:
1857:
1836:(3): 431–437.
1810:
1776:
1733:
1699:
1652:
1633:Froese, Rainer
1624:
1590:
1556:
1536:
1525:(4): 684–701.
1500:
1493:
1458:
1428:
1399:
1365:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1304:
1301:
1291:dinoflagellate
1283:
1282:Velvet disease
1280:
1254:
1251:
1230:
1227:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1153:water wisteria
1073:Short strains:
1054:- Double sword
1048:Sword strains:
1023:Large strains:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
907:
904:
893:
890:
854:
851:
824:
821:
811:
808:
794:
791:
757:
754:
707:
704:
683:
680:
646:
643:
641:
638:
621:Northern Range
615:
612:
602:
599:
589:
586:
559:guppy (female)
552:
549:
494:
491:
482:brackish water
436:
433:
425:junior synonym
397:Albert Günther
381:Wilhelm Peters
372:
369:
353:model organism
296:
295:
286:
285:
277:
266:
258:
250:
242:
227:
226:
220:
219:
212:
211:
203:
202:
196:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
129:Actinopterygii
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
59:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5017:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4463:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4278:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:(3541): 467.
3646:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:(9): 200172.
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:(1): 95–102.
2265:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
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1793:Viviparos.com
1790:
1789:Peters, 1860"
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1780:
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877:Guppy food -
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322:tropical fish
319:
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182:Binomial name
179:
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3235:
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1979:
1973:
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1932:PLOS Biology
1930:
1924:
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1813:
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1792:
1786:
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1715:
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1615:. Retrieved
1606:
1600:
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1573:FishBase.org
1572:
1566:
1559:
1549:
1539:
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1449:. Retrieved
1440:
1437:"Guppy Fish"
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1416:FishBase.org
1415:
1409:
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1390:. Retrieved
1382:FishBase.org
1381:
1375:
1368:
1339:
1331:
1317:swim bladder
1313:
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1285:
1272:Erythromycin
1261:
1256:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1191:vinegar eels
1179:brine shrimp
1175:brine shrimp
1168:
1149:water sprite
1141:
1132:gravid spots
1129:
1114:
1097:
1091:
1089:- Round tail
1086:
1084:- Spear tail
1081:
1079:- Spade tail
1076:
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906:Reproduction
895:
886:
883:
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860:oligotrophic
856:
843:G. turnbulli
842:
828:
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800:
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697:deleterious
685:
676:polymorphism
668:
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562:
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512:
509:Guppy breeds
438:
428:
420:
416:
408:
399:in honor of
392:
384:
376:
374:
334:live-bearing
318:rainbow fish
317:
313:
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301:
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288:
287:
279:
268:
260:
252:
244:
232:
216:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
25:
4821:NatureServe
4746:iNaturalist
4565:Wikispecies
4207:26 November
4086:25 November
4055:25 November
3811:26 November
3780:26 November
3236:Sta.uwi.edu
1803:18 November
1726:24 February
1583:24 February
1451:24 February
1421:16 November
1392:16 November
1145:Guppy grass
1116:Xiphophorus
1069:- Lyre tail
1044:- Flag tail
1029:- Veil tail
985:P. velifera
963:spermatozoa
959:ventral fin
951:Poeciliidae
947:parturition
938:livebearers
804:tit for tat
713:mate choice
533:chromosomes
493:Description
330:Poeciliidae
314:millionfish
149:Poeciliidae
4944:Categories
4309:20 October
4283:20 October
4243:20 October
4146:6 December
4116:6 December
3268:(2): 1–9.
2784:6 December
1678:(1): 1–9.
1323:References
1258:Columnaris
1253:Columnaris
1183:microworms
1100:hard-water
1094:- Pin tail
1039:- Fan tail
955:gonopodium
728:saturation
724:carotenoid
720:laurifolia
695:homozygous
687:Inbreeding
672:phenotypes
607:senescence
601:Senescence
389:De Filippi
273:De Filippi
4456:cite book
4448:232970157
4352:1297-9716
4336:(1): 27.
3922:Peters".
3337:Behaviour
3128:219572283
3112:0960-9822
2892:Evolution
2872:1674-5507
2806:Evolution
2122:Evolution
1985:Evolution
1771:236416650
1617:27 August
1569:is found"
1360:242029263
1268:Kanamycin
1187:infusoria
1165:java moss
1121:angelfish
864:eutrophic
823:Parasites
756:Predation
699:recessive
664:schooling
660:gestation
651:polyandry
573:predation
551:Lifecycle
545:heritable
489:cousins.
461:Venezuela
361:evolution
198:W. Peters
167:Species:
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
4955:Poecilia
4826:2.104127
4764:11093437
4707:FishBase
4605:BioLib:
4550:Wikidata
4519:FishBase
4370:23617544
4201:Archived
4140:Archived
4080:Archived
4049:Archived
3981:13158363
3872:23388119
3864:18173481
3805:Archived
3774:Archived
3751:13446844
3722:23740786
3633:Lebistes
3609:53174560
3565:34855912
3525:PLOS ONE
3502:10954750
3435:Archived
3433:. 2007.
3413:85844006
3365:84573662
3270:Archived
3212:33047012
3120:32531279
3050:23482076
3003:53258954
2962:24521306
2921:28563214
2835:28564850
2778:Archived
2756:84747983
2680:11886639
2628:25740894
2579:22006110
2538:53157095
2493:25387854
2438:19834483
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2151:28564499
2061:23359090
2053:11295514
2014:28565709
1965:16363919
1897:10894542
1852:73606453
1797:Archived
1720:Archived
1712:: Guppy"
1646:FishBase
1611:Archived
1577:Archived
1547:(1866).
1445:Archived
1386:Archived
1344:. 2020.
1296:Oodinium
1157:duckweed
1125:shoaling
1111:seawater
1107:salinity
1103:aquarium
928:A guppy
899:shoaling
892:Foraging
655:foraging
634:juvenile
588:Maturity
543:and are
465:mosquito
445:Barbados
371:Taxonomy
224:Synonyms
160:Poecilia
145:Family:
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
4922:ZooBank
4725:2350050
4556:Q178202
4361:3648355
4263:VIN.com
4176:23 June
4012:Bibcode
3934:Bibcode
3856:4621001
3836:Bibcode
3713:3774245
3671:4092610
3649:Bibcode
3556:8639057
3533:Bibcode
3470:Bibcode
3427:"Guppy"
3357:4534965
3315:1936149
3295:Bibcode
3286:Ecology
3203:7540788
3180:Bibcode
3080:Bibcode
3030:Bibcode
2913:2408316
2827:2407174
2671:1690917
2619:4375879
2394:1810072
2320:Bibcode
2268:Bibcode
2245:3072051
2224:Ecology
2196:1940170
2176:Bibcode
2167:Ecology
2143:2409363
2106:1937209
2086:Bibcode
2077:Ecology
2006:2410901
1956:1318473
1905:4385649
1877:Bibcode
1751:Bibcode
1680:Bibcode
1603:(fish)"
1234:Fin rot
1229:Fin rot
1170:Daphnia
853:Feeding
847:fitness
718:Sloanea
630:somatic
584:exist.
473:malaria
357:ecology
342:benthic
316:or the
240:, 1866)
238:Günther
155:Genus:
135:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
4914:154400
4888:312452
4875:154400
4859:NZOR:
4790:165903
4751:173412
4686:304808
4660:POCIRE
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940:. The
783:, and
645:Mating
595:fecund
565:school
469:larvae
459:, and
453:Guyana
449:Brazil
363:, and
349:larvae
275:, 1861
200:, 1859
31:Guppy
4909:WoRMS
4896:Plazi
4810:NAS:
4803:60444
4777:68208
4759:IRMNG
4673:10056
4668:EUNIS
4634:8YYHJ
4621:89419
4608:15976
4444:S2CID
3977:S2CID
3868:S2CID
3852:JSTOR
3667:S2CID
3616:(PDF)
3605:S2CID
3583:(PDF)
3493:27698
3441:7 May
3409:S2CID
3372:(PDF)
3361:S2CID
3353:JSTOR
3333:(PDF)
3311:JSTOR
3232:(PDF)
3124:S2CID
3046:S2CID
2999:S2CID
2958:S2CID
2909:JSTOR
2823:JSTOR
2752:S2CID
2575:S2CID
2534:S2CID
2497:S2CID
2467:(PDF)
2442:S2CID
2343:27698
2284:S2CID
2241:JSTOR
2200:S2CID
2192:JSTOR
2139:JSTOR
2102:JSTOR
2057:S2CID
2002:JSTOR
1901:S2CID
1848:S2CID
1767:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1274:, or
1209:(Ich)
522:fancy
487:molly
413:Regan
345:algae
302:guppy
4870:OBIS
4852:8081
4847:NCBI
4798:IUCN
4785:ITIS
4733:GISD
4720:GBIF
4712:3228
4655:EPPO
4616:BOLD
4485:ISBN
4462:link
4434:ISBN
4399:ISBN
4366:PMID
4348:ISSN
4311:2023
4285:2023
4245:2023
4232:ISBN
4209:2013
4178:2012
4148:2013
4118:2013
4088:2013
4057:2013
3899:ISBN
3860:PMID
3813:2013
3782:2013
3747:PMID
3718:PMID
3561:PMID
3498:PMID
3443:2007
3243:2023
3208:PMID
3116:PMID
3108:ISSN
2938:)".
2917:PMID
2868:ISSN
2831:PMID
2786:2013
2676:PMID
2624:PMID
2489:PMID
2434:PMID
2399:PMID
2348:PMID
2221:)".
2147:PMID
2049:PMID
2010:PMID
1961:PMID
1893:PMID
1805:2013
1728:2013
1619:2010
1585:2010
1489:ISBN
1453:2013
1423:2013
1394:2013
1315:the
1243:and
1189:and
1163:and
841:and
338:fins
300:The
4834:NBN
4813:863
4772:ISC
4738:683
4642:EoL
4629:CoL
4593:AFD
4580:ADW
4426:doi
4391:doi
4356:PMC
4338:doi
4020:doi
3969:doi
3942:doi
3844:doi
3708:PMC
3700:doi
3696:280
3657:doi
3645:140
3597:doi
3551:PMC
3541:doi
3488:PMC
3478:doi
3401:doi
3397:248
3345:doi
3341:118
3303:doi
3198:PMC
3188:doi
3098:hdl
3088:doi
3038:doi
2991:doi
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2950:doi
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2858:doi
2815:doi
2774:PBS
2744:doi
2740:139
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2606:doi
2602:282
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2381:doi
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2328:doi
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2233:doi
2184:doi
2131:doi
2094:doi
2041:doi
1994:doi
1951:PMC
1941:doi
1885:doi
1873:406
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1759:doi
1747:104
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