Fish fin - Knowledge

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occur near the surface of the ocean, where the ambient water pressure is relatively low. Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage.

1798: 3143: 2590: 3514: 2121: 3631:– that all vertebrate paired fins and limbs were transformations of the Archipterygium. Based on this theory, paired appendages such as pectoral and pelvic fins would have differentiated from the branchial arches and migrated posteriorly. However, there has been limited support for this hypothesis in the fossil record both morphologically and phylogenically. In addition, there was little to no evidence of an anterior-posterior migration of pelvic fins. Such shortcomings of the gill-arch theory led to its early demise in favor of the lateral fin-fold theory proposed by 2234: 1284: 2087: 1934: 7760: 1985: 2556: 2155: 2803: 3572: 1600: 3722: 2641: 1509: 3616:,” was posited in 1870 and proposes that the “paired fins are derived from gill structures”. This fell out of popularity in favor of the lateral fin-fold theory, first suggested in 1877, which proposes that paired fins budded from longitudinal, lateral folds along the epidermis just behind the gills. There is weak support for both hypotheses in the fossil record and in embryology. However, recent insights from developmental patterning have prompted reconsideration of both theories in order to better elucidate the origins of paired fins. 1781: 2607: 22: 1299: 4037:

single parameter, such as flexibility or a specific motion control. Researchers can directly measure forces, which is not easy to do in live fish. "Robotic devices also facilitate three-dimensional kinematic studies and correlated hydrodynamic analyses, as the location of the locomotor surface can be known accurately. And, individual components of a natural motion (such as outstroke vs. instroke of a flapping appendage) can be programmed separately, which is certainly difficult to achieve when working with a live animal."

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of the female, with hook-like adaptations that allow the fish to grip onto the female to ensure impregnation. If a female remains stationary and her partner contacts her vent with his gonopodium, she is fertilized. The sperm is preserved in the female's oviduct. This allows females to fertilize themselves at any time without further assistance from males. In some species, the gonopodium may be half the total body length. Occasionally the fin is too long to be used, as in the "lyretail" breeds of

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kind of movement. Coelacanths can create thrust for quick starts by using their caudal fins. Due to the high number of fins they possess, coelacanths have high maneuverability and can orient their bodies in almost any direction in the water. They have been seen doing headstands and swimming belly up. It is thought that their rostral organ helps give the coelacanth electroperception, which aids in their movement around obstacles.

1764: 721: 9163: 547: 3396: 3693:(four-legged animals) evolved from fish and made their first forays onto land about 390 million years ago. They used paired pectoral and pelvic fins for locomotion. The pectoral fins developed into forelegs (arms in the case of humans) and the pelvic fins developed into hind legs. Much of the genetic machinery that builds a walking limb in a tetrapod is already present in the swimming fin of a fish. 816: 3015: 823: 2984:. There has been much speculation about the function of these finlets. Research done in 2000 and 2001 by Nauen and Lauder indicated that "the finlets have a hydrodynamic effect on local flow during steady swimming" and that "the most posterior finlet is oriented to redirect flow into the developing tail vortex, which may increase thrust produced by the tail of swimming mackerel". 1749:. They are segmented and appear as a series of disks stacked one on top of another. They may have been derived from dermal scales. The genetic basis for the formation of the fin rays is thought to be genes coded for the production of certain proteins. It has been suggested that the evolution of the tetrapod limb from lobe-finned fishes is related to the loss of these proteins. 2279:, the pectoral fins have connected to the head and are very flexible. One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion. Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction. 3075:. For this manoeuvrability is more important than straight line speed, so coral reef fish have developed bodies which optimize their ability to dart and change direction. They outwit predators by dodging into fissures in the reef or playing hide and seek around coral heads. The pectoral and pelvic fins of many reef fish, such as 3706:, and made the following prophetic comparison: "Birds in a way resemble fishes. For birds have their wings in the upper part of their bodies and fishes have two fins in the front part of their bodies. Birds have feet on their underpart and most fishes have a second pair of fins in their under-part and near their front fins." 3300:, they streamline themselves by retracting their dorsal fins into a groove in their body when they swim. The huge dorsal fin, or sail, of the sailfish is kept retracted most of the time. Sailfish raise them if they want to herd a school of small fish, and also after periods of high activity, presumably to cool down. 794:

adipose fin develops late after the larval-fin fold has diminished and the other median fins have developed. They claim the existence of the characiform-type of development suggests the adipose fin is not "just a larval fin fold remainder" and is inconsistent with the view that the adipose fin lacks function.

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The lateral fin-fold theory hypothesized that paired fins developed from lateral folds along the body wall of the fish. Just as segmentation and budding of the median fin fold gave rise to the median fins, a similar mechanism of fin bud segmentation and elongation from a lateral fin fold was proposed

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techniques were able to generate "the first instantaneous three-dimensional views of wake structures as they are produced by freely swimming fishes". They found that "continuous tail beats resulted in the formation of a linked chain of vortex rings" and that "the dorsal and anal fin wakes are rapidly

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The function of the adipose fin is something of a mystery. It is frequently clipped off to mark hatchery-raised fish, though data from 2005 showed that trout with their adipose fin removed have an 8% higher tailbeat frequency. Additional information released in 2011 has suggested that the fin may be

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occurs when negative pressure causes bubbles (cavities) to form in a liquid, which then promptly and violently collapse. It can cause significant damage and wear. Cavitation damage can occur to the tail fins of powerful swimming marine animals, such as dolphins and tuna. Cavitation is more likely to

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during mating. The third, fourth and fifth rays of the male's anal fin are formed into a tube-like structure in which the sperm of the fish is ejected. When ready for mating, the gonopodium becomes erect and points forward towards the female. The male shortly inserts the organ into the sex opening

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A comparative study in 2013 indicates the adipose fin can develop in two different ways. One is the salmoniform-type way, where the adipose fin develops from the larval-fin fold at the same time and in the same direct manner as the other median fins. The other is the characiform-type way, where the

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Robotic fish offer some research advantages, such as the ability to examine an individual part of a fish design in isolation from the rest of the fish. However, this risks oversimplifying the biology so key aspects of the animal design are overlooked. Robotic fish also allow researchers to vary a

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Locomotion of the coelacanths is unique to their kind. To move around, coelacanths most commonly take advantage of up or downwellings of the current and drift. They use their paired fins to stabilize their movement through the water. While on the ocean floor their paired fins are not used for any

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Fins or flippers of varying forms and at varying locations (limbs, body, tail) have also evolved in a number of other tetrapod groups, including diving birds such as penguins (modified from wings), sea turtles (forelimbs modified into flippers), mosasaurs (limbs modified into flippers), and sea

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to have given rise to the paired pectoral and pelvic fins. However, there was little evidence of a lateral fold-to-fin transition in the fossil record. In addition, it was later demonstrated phylogenically that pectoral and pelvic fins arise from distinct evolutionary and mechanistic origins.

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Fish use multiple fins, so it is possible that a given fin can have a hydrodynamic interaction with another fin. In particular, the fins immediately upstream of the caudal (tail) fin may be proximate fins that can directly affect the flow dynamics at the caudal fin. In 2011, researchers using

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vital for the detection of, and response to, stimuli such as touch, sound and changes in pressure. Canadian researchers identified a neural network in the fin, indicating that it likely has a sensory function, but are still not sure exactly what the consequences of removing it are.

3762:"to trace the evolution of pelvic fin muscles to find out how the load-bearing hind limbs of the tetrapods evolved." Further research at the University of Chicago found bottom-walking lungfishes had already evolved characteristics of the walking gaits of terrestrial tetrapods. 3284:

Other uses of fins include walking and perching on the sea floor, gliding over water, cooling of body temperature, stunning of prey, display (scaring of predators, courtship), defence (venomous fin spines, locking between corals), luring of prey, and attachment structures.

2323:) of China. Fanjingshania possess compound pectoral plates composed of dermal scales fused to a bony plate and fin spines formed entirely of bone. Fin spines associated with the dorsal fins are rare among extant cartilaginous fishes, but are present, for instance, in 3099:, have evolved bodies which are deep and laterally compressed like a pancake, and will fit into fissures in rocks. Their pelvic and pectoral fins have evolved differently, so they act together with the flattened body to optimise manoeuvrability. Some fishes, such as 1713:. Spines are generally stiff and sharp. Rays are generally soft, flexible, segmented, and may be branched. This segmentation of rays is the main difference that separates them from spines; spines may be flexible in certain species, but they will never be segmented. 3627:'s concept of the “Archipterygium” was introduced in 1876. It was described as a gill ray, or “joined cartilaginous stem,” that extended from the gill arch. Additional rays arose from along the arch and from the central gill ray. Gegenbaur suggested a model of 2274:

in hair and feathers. Originally the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and puboischiadic bars evolved. In

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of a ship, this is a lateral ridge on the caudal peduncle, usually composed of scutes (see below), that provides stability and support to the caudal fin. There may be a single paired keel, one on each side, or two pairs above and below.

1294:, have fins that are borne on a fleshy, lobe-like, scaly stalk extending from the body. Due to the high number of fins it possesses, the coelacanth has high maneuverability and can orient its body in almost any direction in the water. 3991:. The fish were designed to be autonomous, swimming around and avoiding obstacles like real fish. Their creator claimed that he was trying to combine "the speed of tuna, acceleration of a pike, and the navigating skills of an eel." 3680:

demonstrated that there are shared molecular patterning mechanisms in the early development of the chondricthyan gill arch and paired fins. Findings such as these have prompted reconsideration of the once-debunked gill-arch theory.

3669:, the most basal living vertebrate with paired fins. In 2006, researchers found that the same genetic programming involved in the segmentation and development of median fins was found in the development of paired appendages in 5238: 3835:

and tail fin for improved aquatic locomotion. These structures are all the more remarkable because they evolved from nothing — the ancestral terrestrial reptile had no hump on its back or blade on its tail to serve as a

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There are two prevailing hypotheses that have been historically debated as models for the evolution of paired fins in fish: the gill arch theory and the lateral fin-fold theory. The former, commonly referred to as the

3071:. Open water fishes are usually built for speed, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through the water. Reef fish operate in the relatively confined spaces and complex underwater landscapes of 5269: 1337:, paired fins, which are joined to the body by a series of bones. The fins of lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobe-like, scaly stalk extending from the body. 3781:

further evolved along independent paths into flying wings. Even with flying wings there are many similarities with walking legs, and core aspects of the genetic blueprint of the pectoral fin have been retained.

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where the fin usually appears superficially symmetric but in fact the vertebrae extend for a very short distance into the upper lobe of the fin. Homocercal caudal fins can, however, also appear asymmetric (e.g.

1230:. It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today, making up more than 50% of species. In the distant past, lobe-finned fish were abundant; however, there are currently only 8 species. 4857:

Zhang, J.; Wagh, P.; Guay, D.; Sanchez-Pulido, L.; Padhi, B. K.; Korzh, V.; Andrade-Navarro, M. A.; Akimenko, M. A. (2010). "Loss of fish actinotrichia proteins and the fin-to-limb transition".

299:. The pectoral and pelvic fins are paired, whereas the dorsal, anal and caudal fins are unpaired and situated along the midline of the body. For every type of fin, there are a number of fish 3673:. Although these findings do not directly support the lateral fin-fold hypothesis, the original concept of a shared median-paired fin evolutionary developmental mechanism remains relevant. 2980:

fishes (tuna, mackerel and bonito) are particularly high-performance swimmers. Along the margin at the rear of their bodies is a line of small rayless, non-retractable fins, known as

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called Actinopterygii. Their fins contain spines or rays. A fin may contain only spiny rays, only soft rays, or a combination of both. If both are present, the spiny rays are always

2414:, which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the 7326: 3813:. Fish tails are usually vertical and move from side to side. Cetacean flukes are horizontal and move up and down, because cetacean spines bend the same way as in other mammals. 3446:. "The researchers found that males clearly preferred females with a larger pelvic fin and that pelvic fins grew in a more disproportionate way than other fins on female fish." 5987: 5318: 7105: 6175:

Goodrich, Edwin S. 1906. "Memoirs: Notes on the Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median and Paired Fins of Fish." Journal of Cell Science s2-50 (198): 333–76.

3276:. The clasper is then inserted into the cloaca, where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and sperm. 566:

are located on the back. A fish can have up to three dorsal fins. The dorsal fins serve to protect the fish against rolling, and assist it in sudden turns and stops.

327:("spiny sharks"), one or more pairs of "intermediate" or "prepelvic" spines are present between the pectoral and pelvic fins, but these are not associated with fins. 3676:

A similar renovation of an old theory may be found in the developmental programming of chondricthyan gill arches and paired appendages. In 2009, researchers at the

2225:, like this shark, have fins that are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny 3268:. They are the posterior part of the pelvic fins that have also been modified to function as intromittent organs, and are used to channel semen into the female's 735:

is a soft, fleshy fin found on the back behind the dorsal fin and just forward of the caudal fin. It is absent in many fish families, but found in nine of the 31

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Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).

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refers to a condition that is intermediate between heterocercal and homocercal (see below), where the vertebrae do not extend to the tip the upper lobe (e.g. in

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Bender, Anke; Moritz, Timo (1 September 2013). "Developmental residue and developmental novelty – different modes of adipose-fin formation during ontogeny".

6591: 3809:, while the hindlimbs were either lost (cetaceans) or also modified into flipper (pinnipeds). In cetaceans, the tail gained two fins at the end, called a 4262: 2069: 4725:

Fricke, Hans; Reinicke, Olaf; Hofer, Heribert; Nachtigall, Werner (1987). "Locomotion of the Coelacanth Latimeria Chalumnae in Its Natural Environment".

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Martill D.M. (1993). "Soupy Substrates: A Medium for the Exceptional Preservation of Ichthyosaurs of the Posidonia Shale (Lower Jurassic) of Germany".

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Gene Helfman, Bruce Collette, Douglas Facey, & Brian Bowen. (2009) The Diversity of Fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons.

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Shark fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny

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Freitas, Renata; Zhang, GuangJun; Cohn, Martin J. (2006). "Evidence That Mechanisms of Fin Development Evolved in the Midline of Early Vertebrates".

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Elements of Comparative Anatomy. By Carl Gegenbaur ... Tr. by F. Jeffrey Bell ... The Translation Rev. and a Preface Written by E. Ray Lankester ...

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are ancient reptiles that resembled dolphins. They first appeared about 245 million years ago and disappeared about 90 million years ago.

2426:, has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey more directly, such as the 2300:) possessed pectoral dermal plates as well as dermal spines associated with the paired fins. The oldest species demonstrating these features is the 1438:). Lungfish evolved during the Devonian Period. Genetic studies and paleontological data confirm that lungfish are the closest living relatives of 2623: 7661: 2775: 1249:, so it can sink or float without having to use the fins to swim up and down. However, swim bladders are absent in many fish, most notably in 7467: 4033:

by surgically transplanting muscles from frog legs to the robot and then making the robot swim by pulsing the muscle fibers with electricity.

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has large pectoral fins which it normally holds against its body, and expands when threatened to scare predators. Despite its name, it is a

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during copulation. The act of mating in sharks usually includes raising one of the claspers to allow water into a siphon through a specific

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when moved, the lift of the fin sets water or air in motion and pushes the fin in the opposite direction. Aquatic animals get significant

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fibers that work "like riggings that stabilize a ship's mast", and stiffen dynamically as the shark swims faster to control roll and yaw.

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families. They are anal fins that have been modified to function as movable intromittent organs and are used to impregnate females with

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and pterygiophores (radials). Depending on the relationship with the axial skeleton, four types of caudal fins (A-D) are distinguished:

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period (between 251.9 and 201.4 million years ago). Several groups of these mammals started returning to the sea, including the

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Coelacanths are thought to have evolved roughly into their current form about 408 million years ago, during the early Devonian.

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studies of underwater robots which attempt to emulate the locomotion of aquatic animals. An example is the Robot Tuna built by the

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Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering

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On the other hand, rays rely on their enlarged pectoral fins for propulsion. Similarly enlarged pectoral fins can be found in the

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of sharks have impacted consumption and availability of shark fin soup worldwide. Shark finning is prohibited in many countries.

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Fin arrangement and body shape is relatively conservative in lobe-finned fishes. However, there are a few examples from the

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Goodrich, Edwin S. 1906. "Memoirs: Notes on the Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median and Paired Fins of Fish."

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Lingham-Soliar, T. (2005). "Dorsal fin in the white shark,Carcharodon carcharias: A dynamic stabilizer for fast swimming".

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Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael; Ginter, Michał; Hairapetian, Vachik; Rücklin, Martin; Jerjen, Iwan; Klug, Christian (2019).

2103: 8432: 7654: 5903: 1831: 5362: 1950: 7630: 7570: 5939: 4393: 3801:. About 23 million years ago another group of bearlike land mammals started returning to the sea. These were the 3656: 1916: 2683: 8462: 7524: 7505: 7263: 7092: 6606: 6572: 6546: 6163: 5967: 5837: 5704: 5678: 5636: 5345: 4932: 3313: 5806:"Notes on the Habits, Morphology of the Reproductive Organs, and Embryology of the Viviparous Fish Gambusia affinis" 4770:"Support for lungfish as the closest relative of tetrapods by using slowly evolving ray-finned fish as the outgroup" 2035: 5239:"In China, victory for wildlife conservation as citizens persuaded to give up shark fin soup - The Washington Post" 928:, means that the vertebrae extend into the lower lobe of the tail, making it longer than the upper lobe (as in the 5386:"Locomotion in scombrid fishes: visualization of flow around the caudal peduncle and finlets of the Chub mackerel 2372:

shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate environments. Sharks possess a

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Biscotti, M.A.; Gerdol, M.; Canapa, A.; Forconi, M.; Olmo, E.; Pallavicini, A.; Barruca, M.; Schartl, M. (2016).

2709: 2001: 604:". In rock-hard, spinous fins the distal pterygiophores are often fused to the middle ones, or not present at all 6031: 1882: 1364:. Sarcopterygians also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of most 7647: 7238: 4270: 4061: 3021: 2171: 1525: 6735:"Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes" 5957: 3831:"This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors converged so strongly on fishes that it actually evolved a 3661:

Recent studies in the ontogeny and evolution of paired appendages have compared finless vertebrates – such as

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As with most fish, the tails of sharks provide thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape.

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means the vertebrae extend into the upper lobe of the tail, often making it longer than the lower lobe (as in

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The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly.

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n. gen and sp., (Thrinacodontidae, new family) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Serpukhovian of Montana, USA".

4822:"A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton of the Devonian actinopterygian 4606:"The Lungfish Transcriptome: A Glimpse into Molecular Evolution Events at the Transition from Water to Land" 2572: 2018: 1967: 184: 172:

Fins at different locations of the fish body serve different purposes, and are divided into two groups: the

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Piveteau, 1945 (Actinopterygii, Early Triassic), with implications for the early saurichthyid morphotype".

2835: 1990: 1388: 1145:, they are rayless, non-retractable, and found between the last dorsal and/or anal fin and the caudal fin. 652: 7278: 5872:

Maxwell; et al. (2018). "Re-evaluation of the ontogeny and reproductive biology of the Triassic fish

2052: 1814: 1542: 8101: 7781: 7759: 3024:, three translational (heaving, swaying and surging) and three rotational (pitching, yawing and rolling). 2810: 2785: 469: 'belly') are typically located ventrally below and behind the pectoral fins, although in many fish 4335:"The origins of adipose fins: an analysis of homoplasy and the serial homology of vertebrate appendages" 2735: 1599: 8853: 8580: 8550: 8437: 8046: 7873: 7709: 7619: 7495: 6901:"More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen" 6536: 4051: 3980: 2989: 2648: 1856: 858: 7293: 3793:(whales, dolphins and porpoises). Recent DNA analysis suggests that cetaceans evolved from within the 1763: 1053:

means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the tail and the tail is symmetrical and expanded (as in the

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means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the tail and the tail is symmetrical but not expanded (as in

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of aquatic animals can be remarkably effective. It has been calculated that some fish can achieve a

2137: 9136: 8895: 5533: 4286:"Neural network detected in a presumed vestigial trait: ultrastructure of the salmonid adipose fin" 3984: 3636: 3561:

have modified first dorsal fins, which take the form of an oval, sucker-like organ with which they

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have elongated pectoral and pelvic fins, and an elongated caudal fin, which allow them to move and

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Fish are the ancestors of all mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians. In particular, terrestrial

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Once motion has been established, the motion itself can be controlled with the use of other fins.

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entrained by the caudal fin wake, approximately within the timeframe of a subsequent tail beat".

2842:. After the fins are cut off, the mutilated sharks are thrown back in the water and left to die. 2700: 2160: 2126: 1654: 706: 627: 31: 6856: 9076: 8900: 8885: 8708: 8427: 8316: 8012: 7956: 7951: 7936: 7003: 5761: 5581:

Fish, FE; Lauder, GV (2006). "Passive and active flow control by swimming fishes and mammals".

5292: 3774: 3746: 3712: 3640: 3179: 3087:, have evolved so they can act as brakes and allow complex manoeuvres. Many reef fish, such as 2946: 2880: 2563: 2311: 2177: 2043: 1346: 1113: 283:

by squeezing into coral crevices and using spines in their fins to anchor themselves in place.

111: 5624: 5488:"Locomotion in scombrid fishes: morphology and kinematics of the finlets of the Chub mackerel 4676:

Johanson, Zerina; Long, John A.; Talent, John A.; Janvier, Philippe; Warren, James W. (2006).

9189: 9106: 9091: 8600: 8417: 8027: 6870:"Scientists find missing link between the dolphin, whale and its closest relative, the hippo" 6271: 4081: 3703: 3677: 3613: 3519: 3358: 3289: 3142: 2546: 1533: 1396: 1257:, which may have a shared evolutionary origin with those of their terrestrial relatives, the 264: 188: 142: 6621:"[www.sicb.org/dl/saawok/449.pdf "Understanding nature—form and function"] Page 485" 3820:

Similar adaptations for fully aquatic lifestyle are found both in dolphins and ichthyosaurs.

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meaning tail), located at the end of the caudal peduncle. It is used for propulsion in most

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A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, is the creation of the

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has claspers, a modification to the pelvic fins which also function as intromittent organs.

2838:, approximately 100 million sharks are killed each year for their fins, in an act known as 2222: 1958: 1924: 1450: 798: 6919: 6900: 4582: 2373: 2233: 1283: 494:

Pelvic fins can take many positions along the ventral surface of the fish. The ancestral

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Certain rays of the pectoral fins may be adapted into finger-like projections, such as in

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efficiency greater than 90%. Fish can accelerate and maneuver much more effectively than

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Fins can have an adaptive significance as sexual ornaments. During courtship, the female

3215: 2854: 2497: 2075: 1839: 1771: 1645: 897:). However, the external shape of heterocercal tail fins can also appear symmetric (e.g. 381: 363: 228: 204: 7589: 7536:"Experimental Hydrodynamics and Evolution: Function of Median Fins in Ray-finned Fishes" 7432: 7396: 6812: 6750: 6464: 6409: 6255: 6111: 5594: 5288: 5100: 5010: 4919: 4870: 4738: 4621: 4484: 1137:, there are only finlets on the dorsal surface and no dorsal fin). In some fish such as 371: 8472: 7976: 7941: 7694: 7601: 7444: 7045: 6832: 6769: 6734: 6695: 6668: 6483: 6448: 6429: 6378: 6214: 6189: 6130: 6095: 5741: 5606: 5558: 5468: 5452: 5310: 5173: 5160: 5131: 5112: 5038: 4890: 4794: 4769: 4750: 4702: 4677: 4640: 4605: 4496: 4436: 4432: 4359: 4334: 4310: 4285: 3956: 3794: 3628: 3265: 3222:

Similar organs with similar characteristics are found in other fishes, for example the

3175: 3167: 2244: 1941: 1516: 1184: 979: 474: 352: 208: 146: 69: 7374: 7347: 6576: 5061: 2401: 91:

Fish fins are distinctive anatomical features with varying structures among different

8818: 8723: 8628: 8540: 8535: 8482: 8289: 8096: 8086: 7992: 7971: 7931: 7811: 7729: 7557: 7520: 7501: 7473: 7379: 7088: 6965: 6924: 6824: 6774: 6700: 6602: 6568: 6542: 6488: 6421: 6370: 6219: 6159: 6135: 6012: 5963: 5935: 5856: 5833: 5778: 5733: 5700: 5674: 5632: 5563: 5514: 5460: 5409: 5385: 5341: 5177: 5165: 5136:: phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution" 5042: 5030: 5022: 4994: 4975: 4965: 4894: 4882: 4799: 4707: 4645: 4534: 4524: 4389: 4364: 4315: 4179: 4132: 3960: 3841: 3806: 3755: 3601: 3571: 3470: 3429:, not a flying fish, and uses its pelvic fins to walk along the bottom of the ocean. 2768: 2726: 2631: 2614: 2597: 2440: 2393: 2346: 2297: 1093: 959: 552: 183:. Unpaired fins are predominantly associated with generating linear acceleration via 162: 7605: 7215: 7140: 7049: 6382: 5472: 5314: 5216: 5116: 4500: 4440: 4419:

Brough, James (1936). "On the evolution of bony fishes during the Triassic Period".

3721: 8560: 8505: 8467: 8422: 8380: 8304: 8091: 8002: 7776: 7593: 7547: 7436: 7369: 7359: 7035: 6955: 6914: 6836: 6816: 6764: 6754: 6690: 6680: 6632: 6478: 6468: 6433: 6413: 6360: 6329: 6259: 6209: 6201: 6125: 6115: 5885: 5725: 5631:, Volume 7: Locomotion, WS Hoar and DJ Randall (Eds) Academic Press. Page 240–308. 5610: 5598: 5553: 5545: 5506: 5444: 5401: 5302: 5155: 5147: 5104: 5014: 4874: 4837: 4789: 4781: 4754: 4742: 4697: 4689: 4635: 4625: 4488: 4428: 4354: 4346: 4305: 4297: 4243: 4210: 4171: 4122: 3366: 2580: 2502: 2385: 2377: 1871: 1499: 1361: 1326: 1298: 1287: 1262: 1242: 1223: 1212: 894: 470: 122: 81: 7448: 6877: 5745: 4492: 8777: 8757: 8585: 8572: 8555: 8510: 8392: 8331: 8255: 8250: 8186: 8173: 8143: 7946: 7850: 7833: 7704: 7330: 7080: 6685: 5991: 5655: 5428: 4056: 3241: 3219:. Hormone treated females may develop gonopodia. These are useless for breeding. 3171: 2875: 2793: 2511: 2339: 2238: 2092: 1805: 1724:

also use spines to lock themselves in crevices to prevent them being pulled out.

1702: 1472: 1365: 1219: 1166: 772: 351:

are located on each side, usually kept folded just behind the operculum, and are

303:

in which this particular fin has been lost during evolution (e.g. pelvic fins in

224: 107: 96: 7020: 6984:"Some functional and structural characteristics of cetacean flippers and flukes" 6349:"Insights from Sharks: Evolutionary and Developmental Models of Fin Development" 4018:, respectively emulating the locomotion of manta rays, jellyfish and barracuda. 3159:"Gonopodium" redirects here. For the reproductive appendages of arthropods, see 2916: 834: 641: 447: 211:. Fins can also be used for other locomotions other than swimming, for example, 21: 9053: 9026: 8918: 8910: 8843: 8813: 8752: 8734: 8688: 8678: 8282: 8235: 8007: 7898: 7821: 7768: 7739: 7699: 7674: 5108: 5018: 4071: 4046: 4026: 3987:

displayed three robotic fish created by the computer science department at the

3666: 3624: 3382: 3228: 2858: 2850: 2693: 2674: 2427: 2411: 2290: 2213: 1888: 1681: 1664: 1590: 1387:

is one type of living lobe-finned fish. Both extant members of this group, the

1334: 1196: 1176: 1073: 890: 866: 744: 740: 462: 400: 256: 252: 216: 200: 150: 100: 7440: 7040: 6960: 6943: 6564:

Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body

6205: 5850: 4979: 3941: 3925: 3909: 3893: 2335:. Dorsal fin spines are typically developed in many fossil groups, such as in 9183: 9155: 9058: 8972: 8792: 8767: 8762: 8718: 8713: 8668: 8663: 8643: 8515: 8294: 8213: 7828: 7744: 7734: 6120: 6051: 5026: 4183: 4002:

of Germany, copies the streamlined shape and propulsion by front flippers of

3726: 3426: 3149: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 2900: 2839: 2719: 2484: 2361: 2058: 1609: 1446: 1278: 1234: 1180: 1020: 986:) have a homocercal tail. These come in a variety of shapes, and can appear: 764: 756: 702: 684: 623: 514:

position, when the pelvics are anterior to the pectoral fins, as seen in the

507: 428:; this is actually a modification of the anterior portion of the pectoral fin 313: 166: 126: 7597: 7552: 7535: 7239:"Merlin Entertainments tops up list of London attractions with aquarium buy" 6759: 6473: 6263: 5510: 5405: 4538: 3584:

spines (fin rays) on their dorsal, pelvic and anal fins, which they use for

9048: 8872: 8787: 8747: 8648: 8590: 8530: 8457: 8452: 8442: 8358: 8348: 8277: 8260: 8167: 8128: 8121: 7910: 7561: 7383: 6969: 6778: 6704: 6637: 6620: 6492: 6425: 6374: 6223: 6139: 5737: 5567: 5549: 5518: 5464: 5413: 5190: 5169: 5151: 5034: 4886: 4842: 4821: 4803: 4711: 4693: 4649: 4368: 4350: 4319: 4301: 4175: 4136: 3798: 3483: 3406: 3375: 3273: 3131: 3068: 2742: 2667: 2492: 2353: 2325: 1746: 1732: 1628: 1455: 1428: 1338: 1315: 1238: 1188: 911: 768: 760: 752: 748: 587: 473:

they may be positioned in front of the pectoral fins (e.g. cods). They are

406: 389: 308: 248: 196: 154: 7624: 7364: 6928: 6828: 6667:

Cole, NJ; Hall, TE; Don, EK; Berger, S; Boisvert, CA; et al. (2011).

6652:

Lungfish Provides Insight to Life On Land: 'Humans Are Just Modified Fish'

6333: 4936: 4555: 3459: 3351: 2365:, the first dorsal fin spine was modified, forming a spine-brush complex. 2247:

form a class of fishes called Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons made of

1310: 9031: 9019: 8945: 8703: 8698: 8673: 8653: 8595: 8490: 8385: 8363: 8353: 8326: 8196: 8148: 7905: 7855: 7838: 7796: 7791: 7786: 6558: 4785: 3824: 3816: 3338: 3248: 3205: 3201: 3100: 3030: 2479: 2471: 2407: 2304: 2143: 1907: 1737: 1721: 1461: 1434: 1422: 1157: 963: 945: 688: 583: 375: 276: 272: 240: 212: 173: 7639: 7571:"Morphology and experimental hydrodynamics of fish fin control surfaces" 6417: 5889: 5625:"Locomotion by scombrid fishes: Hydromechanics, morphology and behavior" 4878: 3810: 3124: 3046: 705:

use their anal fin in combination with their dorsal fin for propulsion (

626:

use their dorsal fin in combination with their anal fin for propulsion (

9081: 8880: 8848: 8782: 8772: 8693: 8683: 8368: 8336: 8321: 8267: 8240: 8223: 7806: 7749: 7719: 7714: 6365: 6348: 5729: 5696: 5456: 4283: 4127: 4106: 3972: 3861: 3832: 3539: 3504: 3443: 3293: 3253: 3134:

has a gonopodium, an anal fin which functions as an intromittent organ.

3092: 3080: 3072: 2970: 2896: 2430:'s usage of its powerful, elongated upper lobe to stun fish and squid. 2388:

extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for

2369: 2283: 2194: 1571: 1384: 1373: 1342: 1291: 1250: 1195:); they have skeletons made of bone mostly, and can be contrasted with 1077: 1066: 1000: 942: 887: 883: 698: 619: 608: 571: 562: 524: 499: 437: 410: 385: 324: 268: 130: 115: 77: 46: 40: 36: 6183: 6181: 5429:"Three-dimensional analysis of finlet kinematics in the Chub mackerel 5306: 4959: 4630: 4332: 4215: 4198: 3532: 3345:

above the surface of the water thanks to their enlarged pectoral fins.

3111:, rely on pectoral fins for swimming and hardly use tail fins at all. 8838: 8823: 8808: 8638: 8299: 8245: 8230: 8208: 8191: 8138: 7883: 6599:

Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods

6315: 6313: 6096:"Male mate choice scales female ornament allometry in a cichlid fish" 6094:

Baldauf, SA; Bakker, TCM; Herder, F; Kullmann, H; Thünken, T (2010).

4746: 4022: 3968: 3770: 3733:. Bones considered to correspond with each other have the same color. 3552: 3402: 3332: 3233: 3108: 3064: 3037: 2826: 2749: 2520: 2448: 2415: 2248: 1973: 1820: 1706: 1405: 1354: 1330: 1208: 1200: 1172: 1040: 967: 862: 736: 421: 396: 341: 57: 5928:

Heinicke, Matthew P.; Naylor, Gavin J. P.; Hedges, S. Blair (2009).

5448: 4247: 4232:"Hydrodynamic and phylogenetic aspects of the adipose fin in fishes" 2928: 534: 243:-like dorsal fins for attaching to surfaces and "hitchhiking"; male 9041: 8982: 8928: 8923: 8742: 8610: 8272: 8133: 7915: 7816: 7021:"From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises" 6718:

A small step for lungfish, a big step for the evolution of walking"

6178: 6064: 4107:"Muscle activity and hydrodynamic function of pelvic fins in trout 4066: 4030: 3866: 3802: 3790: 3786: 3759: 3737: 3730: 3690: 3670: 3581: 3577: 3319: 3297: 3104: 2977: 2466: 2419: 2397: 2320: 2316: 2276: 2264: 2260: 2218: 2007: 1552: 1439: 1417: 1369: 1358: 1350: 1258: 1246: 1237:

or "rays" (due to how the spines spread open). They typically have

1192: 1058: 932: 902: 780: 671: 597: 478: 414: 356: 280: 220: 138: 134: 16:

Bony skin-covered spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish

6820: 6310: 4231: 1345:

have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs. These fins

9014: 9009: 8987: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8495: 8447: 8341: 8111: 8106: 7843: 4003: 3662: 3494: 3433: 3260: 3160: 2457: 2434: 2423: 2381: 2331: 2271: 2226: 2024: 1742: 1717: 1691: 1467: 1227: 1162: 1142: 1062: 983: 784: 720: 694: 615: 384:, especially in the lobe-like fins of some anglerfish and in the 300: 158: 27: 7472:(1st ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 56. 5083:

Grogan, Eileen D.; Lund, Richard (2008). "A basal elasmobranch,

3971:, and produce less water disturbance and noise. This has led to 3750:

developed fins (or flippers) very similar to fish (or dolphins).

1686: 546: 8933: 7801: 6320:

Begemann, Gerrit (2009). "Evolutionary Developmental Biology".

3558: 3269: 3053: 2981: 2959: 2955: 2892: 2888: 2389: 2109: 1134: 1054: 776: 675: 660: 601: 515: 317: 236: 232: 85: 65: 4333:

Stewart, Thomas A.; Smith, W. Leo; Coates, Michael I. (2014).

3395: 1133:

are small fins, generally behind the dorsal and anal fins (in

797:

Research published in 2014 indicates that the adipose fin has

9036: 8965: 8375: 4995:"Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China" 4724: 3999: 3741:

In a parallel but independent evolution, the ancient reptile

3526:

themselves in place with the first spine of their dorsal fin.

3170:(sharks and rays), as well as the males of some live-bearing 3040:

have pectoral and pelvic fins optimised for flattened bodies.

2256: 1204: 1030: 1010: 876: 367: 260: 244: 92: 7469:

Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes

6669:"Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin" 4388:(3 ed.). The University of Chicago Press. p. 210. 3014: 2922:

Fish get thrust moving vertical tail fins from side to side.

2527: 822: 815: 8938: 8525: 8078: 8069: 7997: 7865: 7678: 7497:

Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation

7018: 6538:

Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation

6093: 5931:

The Timetree of Life: Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes)

5531: 5129: 4922:- The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2365–2374 (2002) 4856: 4603: 4284:

Buckland-Nicks, J. A.; Gillis, M.; Reimchen, T. E. (2011).

3976: 3964: 3209: 2846: 2252: 1728: 1377: 1266: 1254: 1138: 1124: 854: 656: 488: 118: 104: 73: 61: 7019:

Thewissen, JGM; Cooper, LN; George, JC; Bajpai, S (2009).

6006: 5532:

Flammang, BE; Lauder, GV; Troolin, DR; Strand, TE (2011).

3878:, designed to collect underwater intelligence undetected. 3020:

Like boats and airplanes, fish need some control over six

2400:

cartilaginous fish. By contrast, most bony fish possess a

1478: 8977: 8545: 7686: 7670: 7211: 6942:

Flynn JJ, Finarelli JA, Zehr S, Hsu J, Nedbal MA (2005).

6041:. Updated: 15 September 2012. Retrieved: 2 November 2012. 4767: 4678:"Oldest Coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia" 4675: 3871: 2884: 1752: 1695: 5852:

The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology

1420:

are also living lobe-finned fish. They occur in Africa (

681:

Most fish use their anal fin to stabilize while swimming

8038: 6290:

Gegenbaur, C., F. J. Bell, and E. Ray Lankester. 1878.

5140:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4819: 4339:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4290:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2899:

is used, but some aquatic animals generate thrust from

2496:(Squatinactiformes). Some cartilaginous fishes have an 6242:

Coates, M. I. (2003). "The Evolution of Paired Fins".

5270:"Review of Fish Swimming Modes for Aquatic Locomotion" 4901: 3542:

is modified so it functions like a fishing rod with a

1698:, is ray-finned. It has three dorsal and two anal fins 1253:, who have evolved their swim bladders into primitive 137:, fins are short rays based around a muscular central 7511:

Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DE and Bowen BW (2009)

6941: 6190:"Origin and Comparative Anatomy of the Pectoral Limb" 5849:

Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DH and Bowen BW (2009)

5267: 3650: 574:, the anterior of the dorsal fin is modified into an 7620:

Homology of fin lepidotrichia in osteichthyan fishes

7085:

Eight Little Piggies: Reflections in Natural History

6859:

University of California. Updated 29 September 2005.

6732: 5927: 5832:

pp. 497–498, Springer Science & Business Media.

3742: 3522:

squeeze into coral crevices to avoid predators, and

3244: 2771: 2765: 2745: 2722: 2716: 2696: 2690: 2670: 2664: 2516: 2507: 2488: 2475: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2437: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2287: 1660: 1624: 1605: 1586: 1567: 1548: 1495: 1090: 1070: 929: 907: 898: 880: 321: 304: 7348:"A Swimming Robot Actuated by Living Muscle Tissue" 6733:King, HM; Shubin, NH; Coates, MI; Hale, ME (2011). 5962:pp. 332–333, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2000. 4992: 4820:Zylberberg, L.; Meunier, F. J.; Laurin, M. (2016). 4229: 3174:, have fins that have been modified to function as 1119:Some types of fast-swimming fish have a horizontal 7530: 7184:. Human Centred Robotics Group at Essex University 6794:"Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs" 6791: 6447:Gillis, J. A.; Dahn, R. D.; Shubin, N. H. (2009). 4453:von Zittel KA, Woodward AS and Schlosser M (1932) 3852:snakes (vertically expanded, flattened tail fin). 3797:, and that they share a common ancestor with the 2895:by moving fins back and forth in water. Often the 7513:"Functional morphology of locomotion and feeding" 7064:Kaupia - Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte 6666: 6276:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 5810:Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries 5334:Franc, Jean-Pierre and Michel, Jean-Marie (2004) 4815: 4813: 4585:. University of California Museum of Paleontology 3844:said the ichthyosaur was his favorite example of 3442:, displays a large and visually arresting purple 1199:(see below), which have skeletons made mainly of 592:The bones that support the dorsal fin are called 9181: 6446: 6395: 7153: 6739:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6453:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6011:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 138–139. 1314:Skeleton of the pectoral girdle and fin of the 1009:, ending in a more-or-less vertical edge (e.g. 666:The bones that support the anal fin are called 271:use the first spine of their dorsal fin like a 80:, fish fins have no direct connection with the 7352:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 5715: 5268:Sfakiotakis, M; Lane, DM; Davies, JBC (1999). 5263: 5261: 5259: 4810: 4466: 4263:"Removal of trout, salmon fin touches a nerve" 3200:are found on the males of some species in the 2934:Stingrays get thrust from large pectoral fins. 2849:, shark fins are a culinary delicacy, such as 2380:portion is usually noticeably larger than the 915:). Heterocercal is the opposite of hypocercal 775:). Famous representatives of these orders are 8054: 7655: 7568: 7230: 7158:. Institute of Field Robotics. Archived from 7056: 4414: 4412: 3758:in Australia used primitive but still living 3698:Aristotle recognised the distinction between 3190:, and in cartilaginous fish, they are called 2853:. Currently, international concerns over the 2282:Unlike modern cartilaginous fish, members of 413:, the pectoral fins are used for propulsion ( 370:, in maintaining depth and also enables the " 259:have spines in their dorsal fins that inject 7279:Bionic penguins fly through water... and air 7182:"Robotic fish powered by Gumstix PC and PIC" 6347:Cole, Nicholas J.; Currie, Peter D. (2007). 5953: 5951: 5426: 5383: 5202: 4669: 4550: 4548: 4161: 4157: 4155: 3725:Comparison between A) the swimming fin of a 2474:(ratfish and their fossil relatives), or in 1123:just forward of the tail fin. Much like the 1080:fishes had a diphycercal heterocercal tail. 255:use their caudal fin to whip and stun prey; 231:. Fins can also be used for other purposes: 191:; while paired fins are used for generating 6862: 6155:Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish 5691: 5689: 5687: 5485: 5256: 4583:"Introduction to the Dipnoi - the lungfish" 3606: 3007:Specialised fins are used to control motion 195:, deceleration, and differential thrust or 8061: 8047: 7662: 7648: 7309:The AquaJelly Robotic Jellyfish from Festo 6898: 6346: 6194:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 5580: 5082: 4718: 4409: 1019:, ending with a slight inward curve (e.g. 8606:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 8018:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 7669: 7551: 7373: 7363: 7345: 7324:Lightweight robots: Festo's flying circus 7134: 7039: 6959: 6918: 6768: 6758: 6694: 6684: 6636: 6506:"Primordial Fish Had Rudimentary Fingers" 6482: 6472: 6364: 6213: 6129: 6119: 6079:Female fish flaunt fins to attract a mate 5948: 5557: 5296: 5159: 4850: 4841: 4793: 4701: 4639: 4629: 4545: 4512: 4510: 4467:Kogan , Romano (2016). "Redescription of 4457:Volume 2, Macmillan and Company. Page 13. 4358: 4309: 4214: 4152: 4126: 4077:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 3538:The first spine of the dorsal fin of the 3503:, displays her visually arresting purple 2528:Diversity of fins in cartilaginous fishes 481:or the lower limbs of bipedal tetrapods. 359:or the upper limbs of bipedal tetrapods. 6792:Shubin, N; Tabin, C; Carroll, S (1997). 6319: 5934:. Oxford University Press. p. 320. 5697:"Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology" 5684: 5617: 5356: 5354: 5205:"Shark utilization, marketing and trade" 3865: 3815: 3736: 3720: 3052:The dorsal fin of a white shark contain 2825: 2232: 2217: 1685: 1333:called Sarcopterygii. They have fleshy, 1309: 1297: 1282: 1156: 1089:is a diphycercal fin with a short base ( 600:" (axonosts), "middle" (baseosts), and " 545: 20: 7465: 7346:Huge Herr, D. Robert G (October 2004). 6526:, 25 November 2020, Harvard University. 6050: 5871: 5757: 5755: 5534:"Volumetric imaging of fish locomotion" 4925: 4907: 4104: 2392:attachment. This allows more efficient 2207: 1479:Diversity of fins in lobe-finned fishes 1265:that function to draw water across the 799:evolved repeatedly in separate lineages 612:uses only its dorsal fin for propulsion 582:, a biological equivalent to a fishing 380:In many fish, the pectoral fins aid in 9182: 7411: 6857:Vertebrate flight: The three solutions 6521:"From fins to limbs and water to land" 6241: 5981:Species Spotlight: Atlantic Sailfish ( 5673:Page 391, Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 5603:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092201 5360: 4957: 4516: 4507: 4418: 4385:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy 4260: 4196: 3979:, to analyze and mathematically model 3785:The first mammals appeared during the 3385:uses its very elongated caudal fin to 3322:use their pectoral and pelvic fins to 3182:. In ray finned fish, they are called 3178:, reproductive appendages which allow 1753:Diversity of fins in ray-finned fishes 1727:Lepidotrichia are usually composed of 935:). It is the opposite of heterocercal. 498:position is seen in (for example) the 366:force that assists some fish, such as 8042: 7643: 7236: 6920:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790 6618: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6187: 5803: 5776: 5351: 5328: 5060:. Columbia University. Archived from 5058:"Jaws: The Natural History of Sharks" 4580: 4381: 3684: 3619: 3565:themselves to other marine organisms. 2996: 2418:, which hunts schooling fish such as 2384:portion. This is because the shark's 1039:or shaped like a crescent moon (e.g. 251:use a modified fin to deliver sperm; 64:that interact with water to generate 7137:"What is the market for robot fish?" 5752: 4768:Takezaki, N.; Nishihara, H. (2017). 3357:Large retractable dorsal fin of the 2869: 1376:is either heterocercal (only fossil 1241:, which allow the fish to alter the 966:, and a more primitive precursor in 861:). The tail fin is supported by the 227:use pectoral and/or pelvic fins for 9162: 8433:Electroreception and electrogenesis 7196: 6892: 6007:Bertelsen E and Pietsch TW (1998). 5876:(Actinopterygii, Saurichthyidae)". 5361:Brahic, Catherine (28 March 2008). 5277:IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 5055: 4230:Reimchen, T E; Temple, N F (2004). 4115:The Journal of Experimental Biology 1261:. Bony fishes also have a pair of 596:. There are two to three of them: " 45:(4) adipose fin, (5) anal fin, (6) 13: 7488: 7204:"Robotic fish make aquarium debut" 6230: 5089:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4473:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4433:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1936.tb00912.x 3657:Evolutionary developmental biology 3651:Evolutionary developmental biology 3279: 3067:are often shaped differently from 2286:chondrichthyan lineages (e.g. the 1716:Spines have a variety of uses. In 14: 9201: 7613: 7534:; Nauen, JC; Drucker, EG (2002). 7214:. 10 October 2005. Archived from 6994:, University of California Press. 6876:. 25 January 2005. Archived from 6158:Page 250, John Wiley & Sons. 5765:Florida Museum of Natural History 4933:"A Shark's Skeleton & Organs" 4523:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 4199:"The Mysterious Little Fatty Fin" 3292:has a prominent dorsal fin. Like 1302:Pectoral fin with fleshy lobe of 1233:Bony fish have fin spines called 9161: 9150: 9149: 9132: 9131: 8157: 7758: 7569:Lauder, GV; Drucker, EG (2004). 7517:The Diversity of Fishes: Biology 7515:Chapter 8, pp. 101–116. In: 7405: 7390: 7339: 7317: 7302: 7287: 5583:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 5363:"Dolphins swim so fast it hurts" 3936: 3920: 3904: 3888: 3570: 3551: 3531: 3512: 3482: 3458: 3394: 3374: 3350: 3331: 3312: 3141: 3123: 3045: 3029: 3013: 2945: 2927: 2915: 2864: 2821: 2801: 2784: 2757: 2734: 2708: 2682: 2656: 2639: 2622: 2605: 2588: 2571: 2554: 2537: 2187: 2170: 2153: 2136: 2119: 2102: 2085: 2068: 2051: 2034: 2017: 2000: 1983: 1966: 1949: 1932: 1915: 1898: 1881: 1864: 1847: 1830: 1813: 1796: 1779: 1762: 1653: 1636: 1617: 1598: 1579: 1560: 1541: 1524: 1507: 1488: 1112: 849:is the tail fin (from the Latin 833: 821: 814: 719: 687:use their anal fins for thrust ( 670:. There are up to two series, a 640: 533: 477:to the hindlimbs of quadrupedal 446: 355:to the forelimbs of quadrupedal 340: 286: 35:(1) pectoral fins (paired), (2) 8117:Environmental impact of fishing 7458: 7272: 7264:For Festo, Nature Shows the Way 7257: 7174: 7147: 7128: 7098: 7073: 7012: 7007:University of California Museum 6997: 6992:Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises 6976: 6935: 6906:Molecular Biology and Evolution 6850: 6785: 6726: 6711: 6660: 6645: 6612: 6584: 6552: 6529: 6514: 6499: 6440: 6389: 6340: 6297: 6284: 6169: 6146: 6087: 6072: 6044: 6025: 6000: 5973: 5921: 5896: 5865: 5843: 5820: 5797: 5770: 5709: 5661: 5642: 5574: 5525: 5499:Journal of Experimental Biology 5479: 5427:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2001b). 5420: 5394:Journal of Experimental Biology 5384:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2001a). 5377: 5231: 5196: 5193:. Humane Society International. 5184: 5123: 5076: 5049: 4986: 4961:Acanthodii, Stem Chondrichthyes 4951: 4913: 4761: 4656: 4597: 4574: 4460: 4447: 4261:Temple, Nicola (18 July 2011). 4203:Journal of Experimental Biology 3874:built a robotic catfish called 3855: 3114: 2675:Lebachacanthus senckenbergianus 424:and their relatives are called 179:and the more laterally located 103:), fins are mainly composed of 7631:Can robot fish find pollution? 7578:Journal of Oceanic Engineering 5826:Kapoor BG and Khanna B (2004) 5486:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2000). 4964:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. 4375: 4326: 4277: 4254: 4223: 4190: 4143: 4098: 4062:Polydactyly in early tetrapods 3252:, the oldest known example of 2909:Moving fins can provide thrust 2096:Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus 1187:group called Osteichthyes (or 1152: 1: 7500:University of Chicago Press. 7402:/ Retrieved 22 November 2012. 7237:Walsh, Dominic (3 May 2008). 7112:. 4 June 2013. Archived from 7106:"Charlie: CIA's Robotic Fish" 7009:. Retrieved 27 November 2012. 6541:University of Chicago Press. 6266:(inactive 18 September 2024). 5767:. Retrieved 22 November 2012. 5209:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 4830:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4493:10.1080/02724634.2016.1151886 4087: 3469:has large pectoral fins with 2962:develops around the tail fin. 1643:West Indian Ocean coelacanth 1218:Bony fishes are divided into 1029:, ending in two prongs (e.g. 461:are the belly fins (from 114:covered by a thin stretch of 8202:intramembranous ossification 7466:Hamlett, William C. (1999). 6686:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168 6601:, Indiana University Press. 6294:London,: Macmillan and Co.,. 4774:Genome Biology and Evolution 4469:Saurichthys madagascariensis 4164:Zoosystematics and Evolution 4092: 3729:and B) the walking leg of a 3595: 2836:Humane Society International 1991:Tropical two-wing flyingfish 1389:West Indian Ocean coelacanth 1272: 60:protruding from the body of 7: 7636:. Accessed 30 January 2012. 7110:Central Intelligence Agency 5658:Retrieved 22 November 2012. 4581:Speer, B.R. (29 May 2000). 4236:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4040: 4029:robotic fish with a living 3977:Institute of Field Robotics 3341:achieve sufficient lift to 2811:Callorhinchus callorhynchus 1675: 828:Heterocercal caudal fin (A) 10: 9206: 8581:Fin and flipper locomotion 8551:Sequential hermaphroditism 8438:Jamming avoidance response 8155: 7874:Flying and gliding animals 7710:Fin and flipper locomotion 6594:Chapter 6, pages 187–260, 5990:December 17, 2010, at the 5654:November 25, 2011, at the 5337:Fundamentals of Cavitation 5109:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.970 5019:10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8 4556:"Osteichthyes - Bony Fish" 4517:Nelson, Joseph S. (1994). 4052:Fin and flipper locomotion 3859: 3654: 3599: 3264:are found on the males of 3158: 2953:Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling 2873: 2649:Chlamydoselachus anguineus 2211: 2079:Tetrapturus angustirostris 1857:Hoplostethus mediterraneus 1679: 1403:), are found in the genus 1276: 1118: 859:body-caudal fin locomotion 844: 730: 646: 544: 452: 346: 84:and are supported only by 9145: 9069: 9002: 8909: 8871: 8862: 8801: 8732: 8619: 8571: 8481: 8406: 8166: 8076: 7985: 7924: 7864: 7767: 7756: 7685: 7519:, John Wiley & Sons. 7441:10.1007/s00348-009-0765-8 7397:How Biomechatronics Works 7329:19 September 2015 at the 7079:Gould,Stephen Jay (1993) 7041:10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2 6961:10.1080/10635150590923326 6899:Gatesy, J. (1 May 1997). 6590:Clack, Jennifer A (2012) 6206:10.1007/s11999-007-0102-6 6188:Brand, Richard A (2008). 5997:. Retrieved 1 April 2012. 5959:Aquatic Life of the World 5785:. Smithsonian Institution 4562:. New Hampshire PBS. 2023 4455:Text-book of Paleontology 3935: 3919: 3903: 3887: 3882: 3633:St. George Jackson Mivart 2130:Blenniella periophthalmus 1572:Osteolepis macrolepidotus 1245:of its body and thus the 840:Homocercal caudal fin (C) 219:above water surface, and 8068: 6121:10.1186/1471-2148-10-301 6100:BMC Evolutionary Biology 6068:. November 2012 version. 6054:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5855:p. 35, Wiley-Blackwell. 5699:Gulf Publishing Company 5132:"The early elasmobranch 3985:Sea Life London Aquarium 3769:, the pectoral limbs of 3765:In a classic example of 3754:In 2011, researchers at 3607:Evolution of paired fins 3500:Pelvicachromis taeniatus 3439:Pelvicachromis taeniatus 2958:may influence the way a 2376:caudal fin in which the 1789:Halieutichthys aculeatus 895:sturgeons and paddlefish 674:series (axonosts) and a 9097:Glossary of ichthyology 8659:Diel vertical migration 7598:10.1109/joe.2004.833219 7004:The evolution of whales 6760:10.1073/pnas.1118669109 6474:10.1073/pnas.0810959106 6305:Journal of Cell Science 6264:10.1078/1431-7613-00087 6058:Dactyloptena orientalis 6034:Dactyloptena orientalis 6032:Purple Flying Gurnard, 5649:Ship's movements at sea 5511:10.1242/jeb.203.15.2247 5437:The Biological Bulletin 5406:10.1242/jeb.204.13.2251 4958:Burrow, Carole (2021). 4560:Wildlife Journal Junior 4006:. Festo also developed 3629:transformative homology 3467:Oriental flying gurnard 3423:oriental flying gurnard 3326:along the ocean bottom. 2701:Stethacanthus productus 2544:Small-spotted catshark 2396:among these negatively 2161:Coastal cutthroat trout 2127:Blue-dashed rockskipper 1837:Diaphanous hatchetfish 1553:Dipterus valenciennesi 1322:(Citron / CC-BY-SA-3.0) 1306:(Citron / CC-BY-SA-3.0) 982:). Most modern fishes ( 187:, as well as providing 8463:Surface wave detection 8428:Hydrodynamic reception 8102:Diseases and parasites 8013:Terrestrial locomotion 7957:Evolution of cetaceans 7952:Origin of avian flight 7937:Evolution of tetrapods 7412:Lauder, G. V. (2011). 6619:Moore, John A (1988). 6353:Developmental Dynamics 6009:Encyclopedia of Fishes 5804:Kuntz, Albert (1913). 5550:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0282 5243:www.washingtonpost.com 5152:10.1098/rspb.2019.1336 5085:Thrinacoselache gracia 4843:10.4202/app.00161.2015 4824:Cheirolepis canadensis 4694:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0470 4382:Hyman, Libbie (1992). 4351:10.1098/rspb.2013.3120 4302:10.1098/rspb.2011.1009 4176:10.1002/zoos.201300007 3952: 3838: 3821: 3751: 3747:Ichthyosaurus communis 3734: 3708: 3641:James Kingsley Thacher 3256:in a ray-finned fish. 3180:internal fertilization 2831: 2808:American elephantfish 2564:Carcharodon carcharias 2312:Fanjingshania renovata 2241: 2230: 2178:African butter catfish 2044:Bathypterois grallator 2011:Benthocometes robustus 1699: 1432:), and South America ( 1323: 1307: 1295: 1191:, which includes also 1169: 1087:Abbreviate diphycercal 726:Adipose fin of a trout 557: 550:Dorsal fin of a chub ( 215:use pectoral fins for 185:oscillating propulsion 50: 8601:Undulatory locomotion 8418:Ampullae of Lorenzini 8028:Undulatory locomotion 7977:Homologous structures 7553:10.1093/icb/42.5.1009 7494:Hall, Brian K (2007) 7421:Experiments in Fluids 7365:10.1186/1743-0003-1-6 7154:Witoon Juwarahawong. 6846:on 16 September 2012. 6535:Hall, Brian K (2007) 6334:10.1089/zeb.2009.0593 6244:Theory in Biosciences 5718:Journal of Morphology 5667:Rana and Joag (2001) 5203:Vannuccini S (1999). 4109:(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 4082:Undulatory locomotion 3869: 3829: 3819: 3740: 3724: 3704:homologous structures 3696: 3678:University of Chicago 3473:which it displays to 3359:Indo-Pacific sailfish 3290:Indo-Pacific sailfish 2845:In some countries of 2829: 2776:Sibyrhynchus denisoni 2612:Marbled electric ray 2547:Scyliorhinus canicula 2255:. The class includes 2236: 2229:in hair and feathers. 2221: 1731:, but those of early 1689: 1680:Further information: 1629:Allenypterus montanus 1591:Eusthenopteron foordi 1534:Neoceratodus forsteri 1401:Latimeria menadoensis 1397:Indonesian coelacanth 1313: 1301: 1286: 1160: 926:reversed heterocercal 549: 540:Dorsal fin of a shark 438:Pelvic / Ventral fins 265:anti-predator defense 193:paddling acceleration 189:directional stability 24: 8829:Genetically modified 7972:Analogous structures 7967:Convergent evolution 6638:10.1093/icb/28.2.449 6524:The Harvard Gazzette 6511:, 23 September 2008. 6307:s2-50 (198): 333–76. 6152:Schultz, Ken (2011) 5983:Istiophorus albicans 5829:Ichthyology Handbook 5324:on 24 December 2013. 4666:. Indiana University 4662:Clack, J. A. (2002) 4105:Standen, EM (2009). 4025:at MIT prototyped a 3955:The use of fins for 3846:convergent evolution 3767:convergent evolution 3714:De incessu animalium 3614:Gegenbaur hypothesis 3361:, possibly used for 3266:cartilaginous fishes 3168:cartilaginous fishes 2632:Hemitrygon bennettii 2245:Cartilaginous fishes 2223:Cartilaginous fishes 2208:Cartilaginous fishes 2198:Leptocephalus conger 2164:Oncorhynchus clarkii 2028:Trachonurus sulcatus 1959:Ceratias uranoscopus 1956:Stargazing seadevil 1939:Stellate pufferfish 1925:Polyprion americanus 1531:Queensland lungfish 1197:cartilaginous fishes 161:), fins are fleshy " 32:Hector's lanternfish 8634:Aquatic respiration 8521:Life history theory 8023:Rotating locomotion 7962:Comparative anatomy 7590:2004IJOE...29..556L 7433:2011ExFl...51...23L 7294:Festo AquaRay Robot 7267:Control Engineering 7218:on 26 November 2020 7081:"Bent Out of Shape" 6813:1997Natur.388..639S 6751:2011PNAS..10821146K 6745:(52): 21146–21151. 6723:, 13 December 2011. 6592:"From fins to feet" 6465:2009PNAS..106.5720G 6418:10.1038/nature04984 6410:2006Natur.442.1033F 6256:2003ThBio.122..266C 6112:2010BMCEE..10..301B 5995:littoralsociety.org 5890:10.5061/dryad.vc8h5 5695:Alevizon WS (1994) 5670:Classical Mechanics 5623:Magnuson JJ (1978) 5595:2006AnRFM..38..193F 5431:(Scomber japonicus) 5289:1999IJOE...24..237S 5101:2008JVPal..28..970G 5064:on 24 December 2011 5011:2022Natur.609..969A 4879:10.1038/nature09137 4871:2010Natur.466..234Z 4739:1987Natur.329..331F 4622:2016NatSR...621571B 4520:Fishes of the World 4485:2016JVPal..36E1886K 4273:on 12 January 2014. 4197:Tytell, E. (2005). 3989:University of Essex 3795:even-toed ungulates 3414:on the ocean floor. 3216:Xiphophorus helleri 3176:intromittent organs 2629:Bennett's stingray 2595:Largetooth sawfish 2498:eel-like locomotion 2470:), which belong to 2410:have a large upper 2076:Shortbill spearfish 1977:Poromitra unicornis 1922:Atlantic wreckfish 1892:Equetus lanceolatus 1840:Sternoptyx diaphana 1824:Pteraclis carolinus 1772:Caulophryne jordani 1646:Latimeria chalumnae 1449:that show aberrant 1393:Latimeria chalumnae 1320:Latimeria chalumnae 1304:Latimeria chalumnae 655:surface behind the 291:Fins can either be 205:surfacing or diving 8473:Weberian apparatus 7942:Evolution of birds 7695:Aquatic locomotion 7540:Integr. Comp. Biol 7162:on 4 November 2007 7087:. Norton, 179–94. 6948:Systematic Biology 6874:Science News Daily 6625:American Zoologist 6366:10.1002/dvdy.21268 5730:10.1002/jmor.10207 5505:(Pt 15): 2247–59. 5400:(Pt 13): 2251–63. 4786:10.1093/gbe/evw288 4610:Scientific Reports 4421:Biological Reviews 4345:(1781): 20133120. 4128:10.1242/jeb.033084 3953: 3870:In the 1990s, the 3822: 3752: 3735: 3685:From fins to limbs 3620:Classical theories 3452:Other uses of fins 3306:Other uses of fins 3022:degrees of freedom 2997:Controlling motion 2990:volumetric imaging 2832: 2561:Great white shark 2242: 2231: 2113:Remora brachyptera 1942:Arothron stellatus 1875:Lophonectes gallus 1700: 1517:Protopterus dolloi 1380:) or diphycercal. 1353:land vertebrates ( 1327:Lobe-finned fishes 1324: 1308: 1296: 1288:Lobe-finned fishes 1203:(except for their 1170: 651:is located on the 558: 275:to lure prey; and 147:cartilaginous fish 68:and help the fish 51: 9177: 9176: 9087:Fish common names 8998: 8997: 8629:Aquatic predation 8453:Capacity for pain 8182:Age determination 8036: 8035: 7993:Animal locomotion 7932:Evolution of fish 7812:facultative biped 7479:978-0-8018-6048-5 7245:. Times of London 7116:on 16 August 2013 6807:(6643): 639–648. 6657:, 7 October 2011. 6404:(7106): 1033–37. 6084:. 8 October 2010. 6039:Australian Museum 6018:978-0-12-547665-2 5904:"System glossary" 5861:978-1-4051-2494-2 5490:Scomber japonicus 5388:Scomber japonicus 5307:10.1109/48.757275 5056:Michael, Bright. 5005:(7929): 969–974. 4971:978-3-89937-271-7 4865:(7303): 234–237. 4652:. Art. No. 21571. 4631:10.1038/srep21571 4530:978-0-471-54713-6 4296:(1728): 553–563. 4216:10.1242/jeb.01391 3981:thunniform motion 3951: 3950: 3842:Stephen Jay Gould 3756:Monash University 3602:Evolution of fish 3172:ray finned fishes 3069:open water fishes 2870:Generating thrust 2834:According to the 2769:Iniopterygiformes 2727:Wodnika striatula 2615:Torpedo marmorata 2598:Pristis perotteti 2441:Petalodontiformes 2347:Ctenacanthiformes 2147:Polypterus bichir 1994:Exocoetus evolans 1905:Atlantic pomfret 1703:Ray-finned fishes 1514:Spotted lungfish 1347:evolved into legs 1150: 1149: 1094:Saurichthyiformes 841: 829: 811: 727: 678:series (baseosts) 637:Anal/cloacal fin 553:Squalius cephalus 541: 530: 443: 337: 225:amphibious fishes 165:" supported by a 72:. Apart from the 47:caudal (tail) fin 9197: 9165: 9164: 9153: 9152: 9135: 9134: 8869: 8868: 8161: 8092:Ethnoichthyology 8063: 8056: 8049: 8040: 8039: 8003:Robot locomotion 7777:Limb development 7762: 7735:Lobe-finned fish 7664: 7657: 7650: 7641: 7640: 7609: 7575: 7565: 7555: 7546:(5): 1009–1017. 7483: 7453: 7452: 7418: 7409: 7403: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7377: 7367: 7343: 7337: 7321: 7315: 7306: 7300: 7299:, 20 April 2009. 7291: 7285: 7284:, 27 April 2009. 7276: 7270: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7139:. Archived from 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7102: 7096: 7077: 7071: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7028:Evo Edu Outreach 7025: 7016: 7010: 7001: 6995: 6990:Norris KS (ed.) 6980: 6974: 6973: 6963: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6922: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6839:. Archived from 6798: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6730: 6724: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6688: 6679:(10): e1001168. 6664: 6658: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6616: 6610: 6588: 6582: 6556: 6550: 6533: 6527: 6518: 6512: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6476: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6368: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6317: 6308: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6275: 6267: 6239: 6228: 6227: 6217: 6185: 6176: 6173: 6167: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6123: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6048: 6042: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6004: 5998: 5977: 5971: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5869: 5863: 5847: 5841: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5781:Gambusia affinis 5774: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5713: 5707: 5693: 5682: 5665: 5659: 5646: 5640: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5496: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5358: 5349: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5317:. Archived from 5300: 5274: 5265: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5219:on 2 August 2017 5215:. Archived from 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5163: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5053: 5047: 5046: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4939:on 5 August 2010 4935:. Archived from 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4747:10.1038/329331a0 4733:(6137): 331–33. 4722: 4716: 4715: 4705: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4633: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4552: 4543: 4542: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4464: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4362: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4269:. Archived from 4258: 4252: 4251: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4159: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4130: 4102: 3940: 3939: 3924: 3923: 3908: 3907: 3892: 3891: 3880: 3879: 3744: 3727:lobe-finned fish 3717: 3574: 3555: 3546:to attract prey. 3535: 3516: 3486: 3462: 3398: 3378: 3367:thermoregulation 3354: 3335: 3316: 3246: 3148:This young male 3145: 3127: 3049: 3033: 3017: 2949: 2931: 2919: 2805: 2788: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2747: 2738: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2643: 2626: 2609: 2592: 2581:Alopias vulpinus 2578:Common thresher 2575: 2558: 2541: 2518: 2509: 2503:Chlamydoselachus 2490: 2477: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2439: 2386:vertebral column 2359: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2289: 2237:Caudal fin of a 2191: 2174: 2157: 2140: 2123: 2106: 2089: 2072: 2062:Regalecus glesne 2055: 2038: 2021: 2004: 1987: 1970: 1953: 1936: 1919: 1902: 1885: 1872:Crested flounder 1868: 1851: 1834: 1817: 1803:Slender sunfish 1800: 1786:Pancake batfish 1783: 1766: 1705:form a class of 1662: 1657: 1640: 1626: 1621: 1607: 1602: 1588: 1583: 1569: 1564: 1550: 1545: 1528: 1511: 1500:Tiktaalik roseae 1497: 1492: 1440:land vertebrates 1329:form a class of 1243:relative density 1224:lobe-finned fish 1193:land vertebrates 1116: 1092: 1072: 980:blue flying fish 960:the first fishes 939:Hemiheterocercal 931: 924:, also known as 909: 900: 882: 839: 837: 827: 825: 818: 809: 725: 723: 649:anal/cloacal fin 644: 539: 537: 528: 450: 441: 344: 335: 330: 329: 323: 312:, caudal fin in 306: 123:lobe-finned fish 9205: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9141: 9065: 8994: 8905: 8858: 8797: 8728: 8621: 8615: 8567: 8511:Ichthyoplankton 8477: 8409: 8402: 8398:Digital Library 8393:Teleost leptins 8332:Shark cartilage 8256:pharyngeal slit 8251:pharyngeal arch 8187:Anguilliformity 8172: 8170: 8162: 8153: 8072: 8067: 8037: 8032: 7981: 7947:Origin of birds 7920: 7860: 7782:Limb morphology 7763: 7754: 7740:Ray-finned fish 7705:Fish locomotion 7681: 7668: 7616: 7573: 7491: 7489:Further reading 7486: 7480: 7461: 7456: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7395: 7391: 7344: 7340: 7336:, 18 July 2011. 7331:Wayback Machine 7322: 7318: 7314:, 12 July 2012. 7307: 7303: 7292: 7288: 7277: 7273: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7152: 7148: 7143:on 4 July 2009. 7135:Richard Mason. 7133: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7078: 7074: 7061: 7057: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7002: 6998: 6981: 6977: 6940: 6936: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6880:on 4 March 2007 6868: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6796: 6790: 6786: 6731: 6727: 6716: 6712: 6665: 6661: 6650: 6646: 6617: 6613: 6589: 6585: 6567:Vintage Books. 6557: 6553: 6534: 6530: 6519: 6515: 6504: 6500: 6459:(14): 5720–24. 6445: 6441: 6394: 6390: 6345: 6341: 6318: 6311: 6302: 6298: 6289: 6285: 6269: 6268: 6250:(2–3): 266–87. 6240: 6231: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6151: 6147: 6092: 6088: 6077: 6073: 6049: 6045: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6005: 6001: 5992:Wayback Machine 5978: 5974: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5870: 5866: 5848: 5844: 5825: 5821: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5775: 5771: 5760: 5753: 5714: 5710: 5694: 5685: 5666: 5662: 5656:Wayback Machine 5647: 5643: 5629:Fish Physiology 5622: 5618: 5579: 5575: 5538:Biology Letters 5530: 5526: 5494: 5484: 5480: 5449:10.2307/1543081 5425: 5421: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5365:. New Scientist 5359: 5352: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5298:10.1.1.459.8614 5272: 5266: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5128: 5124: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5054: 5050: 4991: 4987: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4855: 4851: 4818: 4811: 4766: 4762: 4723: 4719: 4682:Biology Letters 4674: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4531: 4515: 4508: 4479:(4): e1151886. 4465: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4417: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4380: 4376: 4331: 4327: 4282: 4278: 4259: 4255: 4248:10.1139/Z04-069 4228: 4224: 4195: 4191: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4057:Fish locomotion 4043: 3998:, developed by 3983:. In 2005, the 3937: 3921: 3905: 3889: 3883:External videos 3864: 3858: 3719: 3710: 3687: 3659: 3653: 3637:Francis Balfour 3622: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3556: 3548: 3547: 3536: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3475:scare predators 3463: 3454: 3453: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3399: 3391: 3390: 3379: 3371: 3370: 3355: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3282: 3280:Other functions 3242:Middle Triassic 3164: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3117: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3009: 3008: 2999: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2954: 2950: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2878: 2876:Fish locomotion 2872: 2867: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2806: 2797: 2794:Chimaera cubana 2791:Cuban chimaera 2789: 2780: 2762: 2753: 2739: 2730: 2713: 2704: 2687: 2678: 2661: 2652: 2644: 2635: 2627: 2618: 2610: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2576: 2567: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2530: 2512:Thrinacoselache 2416:porbeagle shark 2340:Hybodontiformes 2315:from the lower 2239:grey reef shark 2216: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2192: 2183: 2175: 2166: 2158: 2149: 2141: 2132: 2124: 2115: 2107: 2098: 2093:Ghost knifefish 2090: 2081: 2073: 2064: 2056: 2047: 2039: 2030: 2022: 2013: 2005: 1996: 1988: 1979: 1971: 1962: 1954: 1945: 1937: 1928: 1920: 1911: 1903: 1894: 1886: 1877: 1869: 1860: 1852: 1843: 1835: 1826: 1818: 1809: 1806:Ranzania laevis 1801: 1792: 1784: 1775: 1767: 1755: 1684: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1658: 1649: 1641: 1632: 1622: 1613: 1603: 1594: 1584: 1575: 1565: 1556: 1546: 1537: 1529: 1520: 1512: 1503: 1493: 1481: 1473:tetrapodomorphs 1366:ray-finned fish 1281: 1275: 1167:ray-finned fish 1155: 1108: 1107: 1106: 842: 832: 831: 830: 820: 819: 808: 773:Argentiniformes 728: 707:tetraodontiform 628:tetraodontiform 542: 527: 440: 420:The "horns" of 401:flying gurnards 364:dynamic lifting 334: 289: 253:thresher sharks 97:ray-finned fish 49: 44: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9203: 9193: 9192: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9159: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8915: 8913: 8911:Wild fisheries 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8875: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8834:Hallucinogenic 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8739: 8737: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8709:Schooling fish 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8669:Filter feeders 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8644:Bottom feeders 8641: 8636: 8631: 8625: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8414: 8412: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8290:Leydig's organ 8287: 8286: 8285: 8283:pharyngeal jaw 8280: 8270: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8236:branchial arch 8228: 8227: 8226: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8189: 8184: 8178: 8176: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8083: 8081: 8074: 8073: 8066: 8065: 8058: 8051: 8043: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7911:Pterosaur wing 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7779: 7773: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7700:Cephalopod fin 7697: 7691: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7667: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7628: 7625:The Fish's Fin 7622: 7615: 7614:External links 7612: 7611: 7610: 7584:(3): 556–571. 7566: 7528: 7509: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7478: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7404: 7389: 7338: 7316: 7312:Engineering TV 7301: 7286: 7271: 7269:, 18 May 2009. 7256: 7243:thetimes.co.uk 7229: 7195: 7173: 7146: 7127: 7097: 7072: 7070: : 77-97. 7055: 7034:(2): 272–288. 7011: 6996: 6986:Pages 255–275 6975: 6954:(2): 317–337. 6934: 6913:(5): 537–543. 6891: 6861: 6849: 6784: 6725: 6710: 6659: 6644: 6631:(2): 449–584. 6611: 6583: 6551: 6528: 6513: 6498: 6439: 6388: 6359:(9): 2421–31. 6339: 6309: 6296: 6283: 6229: 6177: 6168: 6145: 6086: 6071: 6052:Froese, Rainer 6043: 6036:(Cuvier, 1829) 6024: 6017: 5999: 5972: 5947: 5941:978-0191560156 5940: 5920: 5895: 5864: 5842: 5819: 5796: 5777:Masterson, J. 5769: 5751: 5708: 5683: 5660: 5641: 5616: 5589:(1): 193–224. 5573: 5544:(5): 695–698. 5524: 5478: 5419: 5376: 5350: 5327: 5283:(2): 237–252. 5255: 5230: 5195: 5183: 5122: 5095:(4): 970–988. 5075: 5048: 4985: 4970: 4950: 4924: 4912: 4910:, p. 528. 4900: 4849: 4836:(2): 363–376. 4809: 4760: 4717: 4668: 4664:Gaining Ground 4655: 4596: 4573: 4544: 4529: 4506: 4459: 4446: 4427:(3): 385–405. 4408: 4395:978-0226870137 4394: 4374: 4325: 4276: 4253: 4242:(6): 910–916. 4222: 4189: 4170:(2): 209–214. 4151: 4142: 4121:(5): 831–841. 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4072:Shark fin soup 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4047:Cephalopod fin 4042: 4039: 4027:biomechatronic 3957:the propulsion 3949: 3948: 3946:Festo, YouTube 3933: 3932: 3930:Festo, YouTube 3917: 3916: 3914:Festo, YouTube 3901: 3900: 3898:Festo, YouTube 3885: 3884: 3857: 3854: 3840:The biologist 3695: 3686: 3683: 3652: 3649: 3625:Carl Gegenbaur 3621: 3618: 3608: 3605: 3597: 3594: 3576: 3569: 3568: 3557: 3550: 3549: 3537: 3530: 3529: 3518: 3511: 3510: 3488: 3481: 3480: 3464: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3400: 3393: 3392: 3383:thresher shark 3380: 3373: 3372: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3337: 3330: 3329: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3281: 3278: 3229:Hemirhamphodon 3147: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3129: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3063:The bodies of 3051: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2855:sustainability 2851:shark fin soup 2823: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2750:Bandringa rayi 2740: 2733: 2731: 2714: 2707: 2705: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2646:Frilled shark 2645: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2428:thresher shark 2214:Chondrichthyes 2212:Main article: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2181:Schilbe mystus 2176: 2169: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2074: 2067: 2065: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2040: 2033: 2031: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1989: 1982: 1980: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1889:Jack-knifefish 1887: 1880: 1878: 1870: 1863: 1861: 1854:Silver roughy 1853: 1846: 1844: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1769:Fanfin angler 1768: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1682:Actinopterygii 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1665:Mawsonia gigas 1659: 1652: 1650: 1642: 1635: 1633: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1513: 1506: 1504: 1494: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1426:), Australia ( 1277:Main article: 1274: 1271: 1177:Actinopterygii 1161:Skeleton of a 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1117: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1074:Tarrasiiformes 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1034: 1024: 1014: 1004: 952: 951: 950: 949: 936: 891:Actinopterygii 867:axial skeleton 843: 838: 826: 812: 804: 803: 745:Myctophiformes 741:Percopsiformes 729: 724: 717: 713: 712: 711: 710: 692: 682: 679: 668:pterygiophores 645: 638: 634: 633: 632: 631: 613: 605: 594:pterygiophores 590: 543: 538: 531: 521: 520: 519: 518: 492: 451: 444: 434: 433: 432: 431: 430: 429: 403: 393: 378: 345: 338: 288: 285: 257:reef stonefish 217:gliding flight 151:Chondrichthyes 101:Actinopterygii 39:(paired), (3) 26:Ray fins on a 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9202: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9170: 9169: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9138: 9137:more lists... 9130: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9092:Fish families 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9077:Aquarium life 9075: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9060: 9059:fleshy-finned 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9027:Cartilaginous 9025: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8731: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8664:Electric fish 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8295:Mauthner cell 8293: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8214:Chromatophore 8212: 8210: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8160: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8059: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7745:Pectoral fins 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7660: 7658: 7653: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7635: 7634:HowStuffWorks 7632: 7629: 7627:Earthlife Web 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7525:9781444311907 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7506:9780226313375 7503: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7492: 7481: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7400:HowStuffWorks 7398: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7320: 7313: 7310: 7305: 7298: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7280: 7275: 7268: 7265: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7183: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7094: 7093:9780393311396 7090: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6895: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6821:10.1038/41710 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6719: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6653: 6648: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6607:9780253356758 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6574: 6573:9780307277459 6570: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6548: 6547:9780226313375 6544: 6540: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6314: 6306: 6300: 6293: 6287: 6279: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6200:(3): 531–42. 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6182: 6172: 6165: 6164:9781118039885 6161: 6157: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5976: 5969: 5968:9780761471707 5965: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5878:Palaeontology 5875: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5838:9783540428541 5835: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5784: 5782: 5773: 5766: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5705:1-55992-077-7 5702: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5680: 5679:9780074603154 5676: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5637:9780123504074 5634: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5364: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5346:9781402022326 5343: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5191:Shark Finning 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4780:(1): 93–101. 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688:(3): 443–46. 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4584: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4156: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3947: 3943: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3711:– Aristotle, 3707: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3692: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3667:chondricthyes 3664: 3658: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3615: 3603: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3493:, the female 3492: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3427:demersal fish 3424: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3151: 3150:spinner shark 3144: 3133: 3126: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089:butterflyfish 3086: 3082: 3078: 3077:butterflyfish 3074: 3070: 3066: 3055: 3048: 3039: 3032: 3023: 3016: 3002: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2930: 2918: 2904: 2902: 2901:pectoral fins 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2865:Fin functions 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2840:shark finning 2837: 2828: 2822:Shark finning 2813: 2812: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2787: 2782: 2779:(Holocephali) 2778: 2777: 2770: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2485:Selachimorpha 2482: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2362:Stethacanthus 2355: 2348: 2341: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2298:diplacanthids 2292: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2059:Giant oarfish 2054: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733:osteichthyans 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1667: 1666: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1447:fossil record 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368:(except some 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349:of the first 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1279:Sarcopterygii 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239:swim bladders 1236: 1235:lepidotrichia 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Sarcopterygii 1178: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021:Eurasian carp 1018: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 990: 989: 988: 987: 985: 981: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 947: 944: 940: 937: 934: 927: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 916: 914: 913: 905: 904: 896: 892: 889: 885: 878: 874: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 836: 824: 817: 813: 806: 805: 802: 800: 795: 791: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 765:Characiformes 762: 758: 757:Salmoniformes 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 722: 718: 715: 714: 708: 704: 703:ocean sunfish 700: 696: 693: 690: 686: 683: 680: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 643: 639: 636: 635: 629: 625: 624:ocean sunfish 621: 617: 614: 611: 610: 606: 603: 599: 595: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568: 567: 565: 564: 555: 554: 548: 536: 532: 529:(Spinal fins) 526: 523: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 485: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 449: 445: 439: 436: 435: 427: 426:cephalic fins 423: 419: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 402: 398: 394: 391: 387: 383: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360: 358: 354: 350: 349:pectoral fins 343: 339: 333:Pectoral fins 332: 331: 328: 326: 319: 315: 314:ocean sunfish 311: 310: 302: 298: 294: 287:Types of fins 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239:have evolved 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177:unpaired fins 175: 170: 168: 167:cartilaginous 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 143:jointed bones 141:supported by 140: 136: 132: 128: 127:Sarcopterygii 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 48: 42: 38: 33: 29: 23: 19: 9190:Fish anatomy 9166: 9154: 9054:spiny-finned 9003:Major groups 8724:Intelligence 8704:Scale eaters 8649:Cleaner fish 8531:Mouthbrooder 8483:Reproduction 8458:Schreckstoff 8443:Lateral line 8359:Swim bladder 8349:Spiral valve 8278:hyomandibula 8261:pseudobranch 8218: 8144:Hypoxia in - 7724: 7633: 7581: 7577: 7543: 7539: 7516: 7496: 7468: 7459:Bibliography 7427:(1): 23–35. 7424: 7420: 7407: 7399: 7392: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7334:The Engineer 7333: 7319: 7311: 7304: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7274: 7266: 7259: 7247:. Retrieved 7242: 7232: 7220:. Retrieved 7216:the original 7207: 7198: 7186:. Retrieved 7176: 7164:. Retrieved 7160:the original 7156:"Fish Robot" 7149: 7141:the original 7130: 7118:. Retrieved 7114:the original 7109: 7100: 7084: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7031: 7027: 7014: 7006: 6999: 6991: 6987: 6978: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6910: 6904: 6894: 6882:. Retrieved 6878:the original 6873: 6864: 6852: 6841:the original 6804: 6800: 6787: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6721:ScienceDaily 6720: 6713: 6676: 6673:PLOS Biology 6672: 6662: 6655:ScienceDaily 6654: 6647: 6628: 6624: 6614: 6598: 6595: 6586: 6577: 6563: 6559:Shubin, Neil 6554: 6537: 6531: 6523: 6516: 6509:ScienceDaily 6508: 6501: 6456: 6452: 6442: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6328:(3): 303–4. 6325: 6321: 6304: 6299: 6291: 6286: 6272:cite journal 6247: 6243: 6197: 6193: 6171: 6154: 6148: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6082:ScienceDaily 6081: 6074: 6063: 6057: 6046: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6008: 6002: 5994: 5982: 5975: 5958: 5930: 5923: 5911:. 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Retrieved 4384: 4377: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4271:the original 4266: 4256: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4167: 4163: 4145: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4035: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 3995: 3993: 3954: 3945: 3929: 3913: 3897: 3875: 3856:Robotic fins 3850: 3839: 3830: 3825:Ichthyosaurs 3823: 3799:hippopotamus 3784: 3764: 3753: 3745: 3713: 3709: 3697: 3688: 3675: 3660: 3645: 3623: 3610: 3585: 3562: 3543: 3523: 3498: 3490: 3474: 3437: 3431: 3420: 3411: 3407:Bathypterois 3405: 3386: 3362: 3342: 3323: 3287: 3283: 3259: 3258: 3247: 3237: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3214: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3165: 3132:mosquitofish 3115:Reproduction 3062: 3000: 2986: 2976: 2969: 2879: 2844: 2833: 2809: 2792: 2774: 2748: 2743:elasmobranch 2725: 2720:ctenacanthid 2699: 2694:symmoriiform 2673: 2647: 2630: 2613: 2596: 2579: 2562: 2545: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2493:Squatinactis 2491: 2478: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2432: 2408:Tiger sharks 2406: 2404:caudal fin. 2374:heterocercal 2367: 2360: 2354:Xenacanthida 2330: 2326:Heterodontus 2324: 2310: 2281: 2269: 2251:rather than 2243: 2197: 2180: 2163: 2146: 2129: 2112: 2095: 2078: 2061: 2042: 2041:Tripod fish 2027: 2010: 1993: 1976: 1957: 1940: 1923: 1906: 1891: 1874: 1855: 1838: 1823: 1804: 1787: 1770: 1736: 1726: 1715: 1701: 1694:, a type of 1663: 1644: 1627: 1608: 1589: 1570: 1551: 1532: 1515: 1498: 1466: 1460: 1456:Allenypterus 1454: 1451:morphologies 1444: 1433: 1429:Neoceratodus 1427: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1382: 1325: 1319: 1303: 1290:, like this 1232: 1217: 1189:Euteleostomi 1171: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1086: 1050: 1048: 1036: 1026: 1016: 1006: 996: 992: 974: 972: 955: 953: 938: 925: 921: 912:Bobasatrania 910: 901: 873:Heterocercal 872: 870: 850: 846: 796: 792: 788: 769:Siluriformes 761:Osmeriformes 753:Stomiiformes 749:Aulopiformes 737:euteleostean 732: 716:Adipose fin 667: 648: 607: 593: 579: 575: 561: 559: 551: 511: 506:position in 503: 495: 482: 466: 459:ventral fins 458: 454: 442:(Belly fins) 425: 417:propulsion) 390:walking fish 348: 309:Bobasatrania 307: 296: 292: 290: 249:mosquitofish 180: 176: 171: 155:jawless fish 90: 53: 52: 28:teleost fish 18: 9168:WikiProject 9127:Prehistoric 9111:Threatened 8802:Other types 8699:Sardine run 8674:Forage fish 8654:Corallivory 8506:Development 8491:Bubble nest 8364:physoclisti 8354:Suckermouth 8327:Root effect 8149:Ichthyology 7906:Insect wing 7856:Webbed foot 7797:unguligrade 7792:plantigrade 7787:digitigrade 7297:Technovelgy 7120:12 December 5913:15 February 5884:: 559–574. 5874:Saurichthys 5762:Ichthyology 5724:(1): 1–11. 5443:(1): 9–19. 4209:(1): v–vi. 3996:AquaPenguin 3894:AquaPenguin 3836:precursor." 3520:Triggerfish 3403:tripod fish 3401:Species of 3339:Flying fish 3249:Saurichthys 3224:andropodium 3206:Poeciliidae 3202:Anablepidae 3101:puffer fish 3073:coral reefs 3065:reef fishes 2480:Aquilolamna 2472:Holocephali 2305:acanthodian 2144:Nile bichir 1908:Brama brama 1741:- also had 1738:Cheirolepis 1722:Triggerfish 1707:bony fishes 1610:Undina gulo 1462:Rebellatrix 1435:Lepidosiren 1423:Protopterus 1343:pelvic fins 1331:bony fishes 1318:coelacanth 1173:Bony fishes 1153:Bony fishes 1121:caudal keel 1105:Caudal keel 1067:coelacanths 1051:Diphycercal 964:cyclostomes 956:Protocercal 946:Neopterygii 733:adipose fin 709:propulsion) 691:propulsion) 689:gymnotiform 630:propulsion) 563:dorsal fins 453:The paired 376:flying fish 347:The paired 316:). In some 277:triggerfish 273:fishing rod 213:flying fish 181:paired fins 174:midsagittal 131:coelacanths 56:are moving 37:pelvic fins 8783:Groundfish 8778:Freshwater 8773:Euryhaline 8758:Coral reef 8694:Salmon run 8684:Paedophagy 8586:Amphibious 8573:Locomotion 8381:pharyngeal 8369:physostome 8322:Photophore 8268:Glossohyal 8241:gill raker 8224:dorsal fin 8174:physiology 7834:Cephalopod 7750:Pelvic fin 7720:Dorsal fin 7715:Caudal fin 7532:Lauder, GV 7188:25 October 7166:25 October 6982:Felts WJL 6106:(1): 301. 5816:: 181–190. 5789:21 October 5340:Springer. 5248:20 January 5223:21 January 4980:1335983356 4401:18 October 4088:References 3973:biomimetic 3961:propulsive 3862:Robot fish 3860:See also: 3833:dorsal fin 3771:pterosaurs 3655:See also: 3600:See also: 3540:anglerfish 3505:pelvic fin 3444:pelvic fin 3296:and other 3294:scombroids 3254:viviparity 3238:gonopodium 3232:or in the 3188:andropodia 3130:This male 3093:damselfish 3081:damselfish 2971:Cavitation 2874:See also: 2402:homocercal 2394:locomotion 2370:Caudal fin 2291:climatiids 2195:Conger eel 1735:- such as 1453:, such as 1395:) and the 1385:coelacanth 1374:caudal fin 1355:amphibians 1292:coelacanth 1251:lungfishes 1220:ray-finned 1209:fin spines 1078:Palaeozoic 1017:emarginate 1001:round goby 975:Homocercal 922:Hypocercal 884:Placodermi 857:(see also 847:caudal fin 810:(Tail fin) 807:Caudal fin 699:pufferfish 620:pufferfish 609:Gymnarchus 572:anglerfish 525:Dorsal fin 510:; and the 475:homologous 422:manta rays 397:sea robins 388:(see also 386:mudskipper 353:homologous 336:(Arm fins) 325:Acanthodii 269:anglerfish 169:skeleton. 129:) such as 78:caudal fin 58:appendages 41:dorsal fin 9032:chimaeras 8919:Predatory 8896:Salmonids 8854:Whitefish 8844:Poisonous 8819:Diversity 8753:Coldwater 8689:Predatory 8679:Migratory 8639:Bait ball 8622:behaviour 8541:Pregnancy 8536:Polyandry 8310:papillare 8305:Operculum 8300:Meristics 8246:gill slit 8209:Cleithrum 8139:Fish kill 8129:Fear of - 8122:- as food 8112:Fisheries 8097:Evolution 8087:Diversity 7925:Evolution 7884:Bird wing 7829:Arthropod 7822:quadruped 6580:interview 6322:Zebrafish 5979:Dement J 5293:CiteSeerX 5178:203619135 5134:Phoebodus 5068:29 August 5043:252570103 5027:1476-4687 4943:14 August 4895:205221027 4616:: 21571. 4184:1860-0743 4093:Citations 4023:Hugh Herr 4021:In 2004, 4012:AquaJelly 3969:submarine 3942:AiraCuda 3926:AquaJelly 3791:cetaceans 3700:analogous 3691:tetrapods 3671:catsharks 3596:Evolution 3491:courtship 3471:eye spots 3234:Goodeidae 3198:Gonopodia 3184:gonopodia 3109:trunkfish 3097:angelfish 3085:angelfish 3038:reef fish 2887:generate 2830:Shark fin 2668:xenacanth 2521:Phoebodus 2449:Belantsea 2265:chimaeras 2249:cartilage 1974:Ridgehead 1406:Latimeria 1357:) in the 1273:Lobe-fins 1259:tetrapods 1213:denticles 1201:cartilage 1185:taxonomic 1183:) form a 1109:Finlets 1041:swordfish 1007:truncated 968:lancelets 863:vertebrae 781:characids 685:Knifefish 496:abdominal 479:tetrapods 357:tetrapods 281:predators 223:and many 116:scaleless 82:back bone 9184:Category 9156:Category 9107:Smallest 9020:lampreys 8983:flatfish 8973:Demersal 8929:mackerel 8924:billfish 8864:Commerce 8793:Tropical 8768:Demersal 8763:Deep-sea 8719:Venomous 8611:RoboTuna 8561:triggers 8556:Spawning 8516:Juvenile 8501:Egg case 8134:FishBase 7916:Wingspan 7899:feathers 7894:skeleton 7879:Bat wing 7839:Tetrapod 7725:Fish fin 7606:36207755 7562:21680382 7384:15679914 7358:(1): 6. 7327:Archived 7050:11583496 6970:16012099 6779:22160688 6705:21990962 6493:19321424 6426:16878142 6383:40763215 6375:17676641 6224:18264841 6140:20932273 6065:FishBase 5988:Archived 5908:FishBase 5738:15536651 5652:Archived 5568:21508026 5519:10887065 5473:28910289 5465:11249216 5414:11507109 5369:31 March 5315:17226211 5170:31575362 5146:(1912). 5117:84735866 5035:36171377 4887:20574421 4804:28082606 4712:17148426 4650:26908371 4589:31 March 4566:31 March 4539:28965588 4501:87234436 4441:84992418 4369:24598422 4320:21733904 4137:20154199 4067:RoboTuna 4041:See also 4031:actuator 4016:AiraCuda 4004:penguins 3807:flippers 3787:Triassic 3760:lungfish 3731:tetrapod 3663:lampreys 3582:venomous 3578:Lionfish 3320:Frogfish 3298:billfish 3261:Claspers 3192:claspers 3105:filefish 2978:Scombrid 2897:tail fin 2467:Menaspis 2420:mackerel 2321:Aeronian 2317:Silurian 2293:and the 2008:Cusk-eel 1711:anterior 1676:Ray-fins 1418:Lungfish 1370:teleosts 1359:Devonian 1351:tetrapod 1339:Pectoral 1263:opercula 1247:buoyancy 1076:). Most 1059:lungfish 984:teleosts 962:and the 933:Anaspida 903:Birgeria 739:orders ( 672:proximal 598:proximal 576:illicium 504:thoracic 471:families 415:rajiform 297:unpaired 229:crawling 221:frogfish 163:flippers 135:lungfish 9102:Largest 9015:hagfish 9010:Jawless 8988:pollock 8961:sardine 8956:herring 8951:anchovy 8901:Tilapia 8891:Octopus 8886:Catfish 8873:Farming 8788:Pelagic 8748:Coastal 8735:habitat 8591:Walking 8496:Clasper 8448:Otolith 8410:systems 8408:Sensory 8342:ganoine 8317:Papilla 8168:Anatomy 8107:Fishing 7986:Related 7844:dactyly 7730:Flipper 7586:Bibcode 7429:Bibcode 7249:12 June 7222:12 June 7208:cnn.com 6929:9159931 6884:18 June 6837:2913898 6829:9262397 6809:Bibcode 6770:3248479 6747:Bibcode 6696:3186808 6561:(2009) 6484:2667079 6461:Bibcode 6434:4322878 6406:Bibcode 6252:Bibcode 6215:2505211 6131:2958921 6108:Bibcode 5611:4983205 5591:Bibcode 5559:3169073 5457:1543081 5285:Bibcode 5161:6790773 5097:Bibcode 5007:Bibcode 4867:Bibcode 4795:5381532 4755:4353395 4735:Bibcode 4703:1686207 4641:4764851 4618:Bibcode 4481:Bibcode 4360:3953844 4311:3234561 4008:AquaRay 3910:AquaRay 3876:Charlie 3665:– with 3586:defense 3559:Remoras 3495:cichlid 3489:During 3434:cichlid 3363:cooling 3274:orifice 3240:in the 3236:or the 3226:in the 3161:Gonopod 2982:finlets 2956:Finlets 2883:shaped 2859:welfare 2458:Janassa 2435:extinct 2424:herring 2398:buoyant 2382:ventral 2332:Squalus 2272:keratin 2227:keratin 2025:Rattail 1821:Fanfish 1743:dentine 1718:catfish 1692:haddock 1471:or the 1468:Foreyia 1372:). 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