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541:. When Guelleh was younger he attended a traditional Islamic school. In 1960, Guelleh migrated to Djibouti before finishing high school. In 1964, at the age of 18, Ismail Omar Guelleh began working in the General Information of the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, because he spoke Amharic, Somali, Arabic, French, Italian and English.
691:. One opposition candidate ran in the election, political newcomer Zakaria Ismail Farah, who accused the government of "ballot-box stuffing" and barring his delegates from accessing polling stations to monitor the voting process. Other with major opposition parties opted not to run candidates, accusing Guelleh of ruling via a dictatorship.
985:’s National Financial Prosecutor's Office opened a preliminary investigation into the alleged fraudulent acquisition of several properties in the city. The investigation, launched after a complaint from anti-corruption NGO Sherpa and focusing on Guelleh’s wife, eldest daughter and son in law, is ongoing as of July 2021.
860:, an UAE-based port operator. In February 2018, Ismaïl Guelleh revoked DP World’s concession by presidential decree, transferring its assets to a state-run company. Using Chinese funding, that same year Djibouti also opened a long-term project to build what is projected to be Africa’s greatest free trade zone.
725:
Guelleh’s long-time rule has opened questions about his eventual succession, with a trusted, hand-picked candidate chosen from within his inner circle being almost a certainty. For the longest time, the president’s son in law and minister of health, Djama Elmi Okieh, seemed to be
Guelleh’s designated
888:
While the FDI-driven policy into port and logistics infrastructure pursued by
Guelleh has been responsible for steady economic growth, it has created a service-dependent and capital-intensive economy with low exports and opportunities for job creation. Indeed, unemployment remains an enduring issue
674:
with about 87% of the popular vote. As in previous elections, the opposition had called for a country-wide boycott and demanded
Guelleh conduct "transparent, free, fair and just elections." Opposition leaders and human rights groups complained of repression and police brutality in the run-up to the
764:
Throughout his presidency, Guelleh has worked to install members of his family in important political and economic positions. A central role is occupied by his wife, Kadra
Mahamoud Haid, who acts as the de facto vice-president, and his two daughters: Haibado, functioning as an important advisor to
775:
Owing to this intricate blurring of state functions and the ruling clan, Guelleh has been able to exercise strict control over the country’s political, economic and judiciary affairs, aided by his strong grip on the police, military and other security forces. This has guaranteed that "the
Guelleh
835:
model. It is often understood as "an authoritarian government delivering national prosperity through rigid planning and a singular focus on economic development at the expense of democracy, human rights, and basic freedoms." Guelleh has frequently made references to following
Singapore’s path in
867:
ruled
Djibouti’s expropriation illegal and ordered the original concession rights are to be restored. The Court had previously ordered the country to pay $ 533 million in compensation to the DP World company. Djibouti rejected the Court’s ruling and handed a quarter of the port's stake to China
606:
held on 9 April 1999 with 74.02% of the vote, defeating his only challenger, the independent candidate Moussa Ahmed Idriss. He took office on 8 May. Moussa Ahmed Idriss was arrested the following
September for "threatening the morale of the armed forces" and detained at an undisclosed location.
815:
The ensuing great power competition for the country has increased
Djibouti’s scope for maneuver, but China’s influence has also grown over Djibouti, having established a naval base there in 2017 and triggering concerns among Djibouti’s traditional Western allies that Beijing’s authoritarian
892:
Furthermore, the investment projects behind the country’s economic growth throughout the years were financed by external debt, which has led to high levels of debt ownership by foreign actors, particularly China. Overall, the country’s economy was ranked as "mostly unfree" by the
532:
ethnic group. The father of Ismaïl Omar
Guelleh, son of Guelleh Batal, is Omar Guelleh, one of the first native teachers in the 1930s before working, following his father's path, on behalf of the Franco-Ethiopian Railway Company (CFE) which built the line connecting Djibouti to
782:
In its 2020 country report on Human Rights Practices, the US government identified "unlawful or arbitrary killings", "cases of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment by the government", and "arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; serious restrictions on
928:
Djibouti under Guelleh’s rule has remained a stable country within a conflict-ridden region. Guelleh’s presidency has seen the signing of a peace agreement between warring ethnic tribes in 2000 and the resolution of a decade-long border dispute between Djibouti and
889:
that disproportionally affects the young. According to a 2015 employment survey, Djibouti’s unemployment rate was at 39 percent, where only 25 percent of working age people were employed. A more recent estimate puts unemployment of the young at 80 percent.
635:
held on 8 April 2005. Brief protests against the elections erupted but were quickly suppressed by police. Without a challenger, Guelleh won 100% of the ballots cast and was sworn in for a second six-year term, which he said would be his last, on 7 May.
552:
After Djibouti became independent, he became head of the secret police and chief of the cabinet in the government of his uncle Hassan Gouled Aptidon, for whom he also served as chief of staff for more than two decades. He received training from the
1489:
614:, prompting policemen loyal to Yabeh to unsuccessfully rebel following his dismissal. Guelleh is credited with brokering a permanent peace agreement that year that brought to an end the country’s post-independence ethnic conflict.
933:
in 2018. The 2018 peace treaty between Ethiopia and Eritrea is expected to reduce Djibouti’s port revenues in the long-run and could in turn lead to Guelleh becoming unable to maintain his stringent control over the country.
803:
Guelleh has made use of his country’s strategic position for years, marked by large infrastructure investments, especially in ports and logistics. Since 2013, Guelleh has pursued closer economic and political relations with
960:
between the government and the rebels, saying that he had chosen to "restore law and order at the federal level, and punish those seeking to break up the country" and dismissed the prospect of negotiations, saying that the
549:, who campaigns for independence. Guelleh was elected into the LPAI’s Central Committee in 1983 and subsequently became the director of a cultural commission in Paris. In 1987, he became a member of the party leadership.
630:
Guelleh was nominated by the RPP as its presidential candidate for a second time on 7 October 2004, at an Extraordinary Congress of the party. He was backed by several other parties and was the only candidate in the
544:
In 1975, he was suspended from his duties because he was suspected of transmitting information to the independence movement. He then became involved in the African People's League for Independence (LPAI) chaired by
876:
851:
However, experts regard Djibouti’s continued government corruption and favoring of Chinese investors as a hindrance to that development strategy paying off. For example, in 2012 the Djibouti government sold its
733:
By retaining Djibouti’s main political players in their respective government position, Guelleh has increased the risk for internal power struggles. Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed and Finance Minister
726:
successor, but since 2018 he has fallen out of favor after an alleged affair with an employee and subsequent divorce. The new favored candidate since then seems to be Naguib Abdallah Kamil, a son of First Lady
410:
965:
had "structured itself so as to bring the central government to its knees" and that talks could "only lead to the partition of Ethiopia", setting a precedent for secession by other groups in the region.
738:
are considered prime contenders for leadership struggles in the run-up to the next elections in 2026. Another possible candidate involved in intra-governmental fights for power includes Foreign Minister
1861:
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1973:
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779:
A message sent from the US Embassy in Djibouti in 2004 and published on WikiLeaks described Djibouti as "less a country than a commercial city state controlled by one man, Ismail Omar Guelleh."
772:, while first cousin Djama Ali Guelleh has been the Director General of state-owned utilities company Electricité de Djibouti (EDD) since 1986, more than a decade before Guelleh came to power.
1835:
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On 4 February 1999, President Gouled Aptidon, uncle of Ismail Guelleh, announced his retirement at the time of the next election, and an extraordinary congress of his party, the ruling
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official speeches, hoping to transform Djibouti into the "Singapore of Africa" by capitalizing on the Port of Djibouti’s growing role as a strategically located maritime trading hub.
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1502:
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912:’s dependence on Djibouti for large parts of its trade, has been speculated to pose a threat to the port of Djibouti’s regional dominance. Guelleh has dismissed such claims.
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Throughout that same month, Guelleh reshuffled of his diplomatic corps, recalling seven ambassadors and appointing new ones to several countries across the Middle East.
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questioned the fairness of the election given that opposition leaders were jailed twice prior to polling. Guelleh again said that he would not run for another term.
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Opposition parties boycotted the election, leaving only one little-known candidate against him on the ballot. Guelleh won almost 80% of the vote.
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Guelleh, and Fatouma-Awo, heavily involved in the country’s business activities. His son in law, Djama Elmi Okieh, is the Minister of Health.
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482:. The elections were largely boycotted by the opposition amid complaints over widespread irregularities. Guelleh has been characterized as a
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to amend the nation's Constitution, allowing him to stand for a third term. This cleared the way for him to place his name on the ballot in
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in the Arab countries. The protests were quickly put down, opposition leaders arrested and international observers expelled or arrested.
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Djibouti is one of four countries in Africa that have experienced instances of immediate successions from one family member to another.
1974:"DJIBOUTI : Comment Ismaïl Omar Guelleh gouverne en famille avec Kadra, Naguib, Saad et les autres - La Lettre de l'Océan Indien"
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598:(RPP), chose Guelleh as its presidential candidate, handpicked by Aptidon. As the joint candidate of the RPP and moderate wing of the
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2728:"France-Djibouti : l'entourage d'Ismaël Omar Guelleh visé par une enquête sur des biens mal acquis | DW | 11 March 2019"
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1503:""The Notion of Spring Does Not Exist in the Arab world": Djibouti's President Ismail Guelleh Wards off the Arab Spring"
501:, India's second-highest civilian award, on 25 January 2019 for his role in the safe evacuation of Indian citizens from
334:
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787:, the press, and the internet, including violence", among others, as "significant human rights issues" in the country.
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Guelleh cuts the inaugural ribbon at the new Defense Fuel Supply Point (DFSP) at the Port of Doralleh in February 2006.
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808:, which coincided with Beijing’s growing strategic interest in the Middle East and Africa through the launch of the
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Guelleh with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev at the 18th Non-Aligned Movement summit in Baku, October 2019.
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One of the President’s half-brothers, Saad Omar Guelleh, is the General Manager of the economically paramount
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since 1999, making him one of the longest-serving rulers in Africa. He is often referred to by his initials,
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1862:"Djibouti: la question de la succession d'Ismaël Omar Guelleh se pose après sa réélection pour un 5e mandat"
699:
In June 2021, Guelleh made vaccination against COVID-19 compulsory for both citizens and foreign residents.
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Guelleh with US Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld at the Presidential residence in Djibouti in 2002.
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1310:"Djibouti: President Gouled Aptidon to retire in April after 22 years in power", AFP, 4 February 1999.
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groups and governments, such as the United States. He is, at the international level, a close ally of
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1708:"Djibouti's 73-year-old President Guelleh announces fifth term bid "for the youth" | Africa Times"
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564:, and was intended to become his uncle's successor. He became President of Djibouti in 1999.
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Guelleh was first elected as President in 1999 as the handpicked successor to his uncle,
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1836:"DJIBOUTI : IOG continues to ring the changes in ambassadorial corps - 23/06/2021"
1320:"Proclamation du Président de la République de Djibouti par le Conseil Constitutionnel"
1064:
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451:; born 27 November 1946) is a Djiboutian politician who has served as the President of
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2679:"'Abiy Ahmed had to punish those seeking to break up Ethiopia' – Djibouti President"
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governance style is encouraging more autocratic behavior on Guelleh’s part as well.
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2701:"Biens mal acquis: un rapport demande un mécanisme de restitution aux populations"
2653:"Somali, Somaliland Leaders Resume Talks in Djibouti | Voice of America - English"
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In December 2000, Guelleh sacked the chief of staff of the National Police Force,
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concession of the Port of Djibouti to a Chinese competitor of concession partner
498:
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324:
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2499:"Djibouti Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption"
1945:"DJIBOUTI : IOG sows the seeds of discord over his succession - 28/05/2021"
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2181:"What Guelleh missed in trying to turn Djibouti into the "Singapore of Africa""
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and its break-away Republic of Somaliland as well as Ethiopia’s Prime Minister
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466:, who had ruled Djibouti since independence in 1977. Guelleh was re-elected in
1999:
1734:"Guelleh re-elected president of Djibouti with 98.58% of vote: official count"
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1785:"Début de la campagne présidentielle à Djibouti sur fond d'appel au boycott"
1213:, report to Congress, U.S. Dept. of State, August 2008 (on Issa in Djibouti)
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5185:
4835:
4672:
4530:
4233:
4084:
3979:
3951:
3912:
3907:
3742:
3557:
3432:
3418:
3242:
2799:
718:
652:
611:
534:
522:
1319:
7652:
7535:
7046:
6683:
6340:
6290:
6280:
6174:
5934:
5787:
5560:
5062:
4779:
4596:
4496:
4487:
4289:
4275:
4178:
4065:
4037:
3807:
3793:
3709:
3700:
3681:
3619:
3513:
3485:
3370:
3342:
3299:
3185:
3016:
1916:"Djibouti: Qui veut la peau du ministre de la santé, Djama Elmi Okieh?"
957:
953:
942:
905:
831:
into the country has furthered Guelleh’s development plan based on the
525:
583:
7465:
7389:
7274:
6886:
6784:
6668:
5127:
4992:
4973:
4953:
4906:
4849:
4701:
4454:
3993:
3965:
3737:
3356:
3007:
1187:"Why awarding Padma Vibhushan to Djibouti President matters to India"
832:
799:
Guelleh arriving at the London Conference on Somalia in February 2012
538:
514:
392:
154:
77:
2126:"China's Djibouti naval base increasing its power | East Asia Forum"
7571:
7480:
7364:
6991:
6936:
6678:
5389:
5166:
5099:
5071:
5029:
4878:
4807:
4765:
4642:
4628:
4554:
4228:
4120:
3921:
3864:
3850:
3656:
3586:
3156:
3100:
3002:
2959:
2313:"DP World accuses Djibouti of illegally seizing container terminal"
1121:"Djibouti: l'opposition se prépare au boycott de la présidentielle"
949:
909:
857:
483:
452:
6608:
5782:
5705:
5585:
5514:
5369:
5344:
5319:
5250:
5113:
5043:
4987:
4740:
4568:
4482:
4382:
4368:
4340:
4298:
4284:
4242:
4192:
4164:
4150:
4136:
4079:
3878:
3835:
3614:
3529:
3471:
3413:
3384:
3270:
3142:
3058:
2988:
2917:
1547:"HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVIST ARRESTED IN DJIBOUTI: JEAN-PAUL NOЁL ABDI"
1096:"Veteran ruler Guelleh re-elected Djibouti leader for fifth term"
938:
930:
847:
and Guelleh shake hands at the AMISOM Heads of State Summit, 2016
554:
1759:"Djibouti's President Guelleh wins fifth term with 97% of votes"
1529:"Djibouti Forces Arrest Opposition Leaders, Scuppering Protests"
6119:
5489:
5464:
5057:
5001:
4920:
4892:
4726:
4614:
4582:
4540:
4440:
4424:
4354:
4312:
4256:
4021:
3779:
3642:
3628:
3427:
3313:
3213:
2931:
2602:"Djibouti, Eritrea agree to normalize ties strained since 2008"
2388:"Djibouti Rejects Court Ruling to Hand Back Container Terminal"
2025:"In Djibouti, A Dictator Clings to Power and Extends Suffering"
1421:"No challengers for Guelleh as presidential campaign kicks off"
982:
491:
2208:"China to start work soon on naval base in Djibouti - Guelleh"
1005:"(Page 7) Tout savoir sur Ismaïl Omar Guelleh – Jeune Afrique"
5832:
5757:
5730:
5655:
5535:
5414:
5236:
5222:
5208:
5015:
4863:
4468:
4410:
4094:
4007:
3893:
3723:
3695:
3571:
3398:
3284:
3256:
3199:
3170:
3114:
2945:
2627:"Why Djibouti is the loser of the Horn of Africa's new peace"
978:
805:
578:
561:
1656:"Djibouti's Guelleh clinches fourth term with landslide win"
1147:"Djibouti's veteran ruler Guelleh re-elected for fifth term"
5610:
5439:
5152:
5085:
4793:
3821:
3765:
3751:
3600:
3327:
3044:
2754:"How Dirty Money Finds a Home in Dubai Real Estate - OCCRP"
2524:"Will Somaliland's Berbera port be a threat to Djibouti's?"
2235:"Djibouti's port dream to become the 'Singapore of Africa'"
1573:"A Djibouti, le régime d'Omar Guelleh étouffe l'opposition"
1259:
Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders
1370:"Horn of Africa, Monthly Review, September - October 1999"
717:
and President Guelleh of Djibouti during a meeting in the
2758:
How Dirty Money Finds a Home in Dubai Real Estate - OCCRP
2362:"Ruling by London Tribunal Says Djibouti Acted Illegally"
2258:"Government Corruption Violates Human Rights in Djibouti"
1682:"Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh wins fourth term"
1598:"Djibouti: President Ismael Omar Guelleh wins third term"
676:
5297:
2336:"DP World wins ruling against Djibouti over seized port"
2101:"China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti"
2076:"African Agency and Chinese Power: The Case of Djibouti"
1290:. Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies. p. 14.
1224:"Djibouti: le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates"
679:
team was arrested and expelled shortly before the vote.
521:, into the politically powerful Mamassan subclan of the
2899:
1640:
Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh wins fourth term
508:
2284:"Djibouti: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report"
1492:, Economist Intelligence Unit Report, 20 April 2010.
1358:"Sudan: President holds weekend talks with Ethiopia"
1211:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007"
776:
clan’s domination of all public affairs prevailed."
7752:
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs
2311:
2233:
1623:"Djibouti president vows third term would be last"
977:Following a visit of Guelleh and his entourage to
675:polls. After interviewing an opposition leader, a
5895:
823:Ismail Omar Guelleh with Obamas on 5 August 2014.
7703:
1811:"Djibouti makes COVID-19 vaccination compulsory"
1285:
600:Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy
2466:"Djibouti risks dependence on Chinese largesse"
1466:"Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term"
1286:Arnould, Valérie; Strazzari, Francesco (2017).
1256:East, Roger; Thomas, Richard J. (3 June 2014).
2725:
2551:"Growth of Berbera Port a Concern to Djibouti"
974:Ismail Guelleh is married with four children.
790:
5881:
5283:
2885:
2815:
1612:, Human Rights Watch statement, 4 April 2011.
1372:, UN-OCHA Archive (accessed 23 February 2009)
1331:Journal Officiel de la République de Djibouti
411:
5666:Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani
2445:"DJIBOUTI: COUNTRY STRATEGY PAPER 2011-2015"
682:
617:
908:by DP World, which would reduce landlocked
658:
5888:
5874:
5290:
5276:
2892:
2878:
2829:
2822:
2808:
2580:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1255:
1046:"Factbox: Africa's longest-ruling leaders"
687:He was re-elected for a fifth term in the
579:Rise to power and first term, 1999 to 2005
418:
404:
51:
2576:"Saudi Arabia and the UAE Look to Africa"
2074:Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (30 October 2020).
1434:"Djibouti's Leader Wins Uncontested Vote"
1043:
865:London Court of International Arbitration
694:
2231:
2073:
919:
875:
838:
818:
794:
755:
709:
639:However, in 2010, Guelleh persuaded the
621:
582:
7732:People's Rally for Progress politicians
5242:Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
2548:
1526:
1478:"Djibouti lawmakers remove term limits"
937:In 2020, Guelleh hosted the leaders of
884:and Ismail Omar Guelleh in October 2017
746:
14:
7704:
2689:from the original on 24 November 2020.
2676:
2599:
2418:
2416:
2324:from the original on 10 December 2022.
2246:from the original on 10 December 2022.
2150:
486:, and his rule has been criticized by
228:This article is part of a series about
5869:
5271:
2873:
2803:
2677:Soudan, François (24 November 2020).
2549:Ivudria, Godfrey (27 November 2020).
2424:"Economic Transformation in Djibouti"
2385:
2306:
2304:
2205:
2175:
2173:
1968:
1966:
1939:
1937:
1909:
1907:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1650:
1648:
1281:
1279:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1184:
948:Guelleh expressed strong support for
647:. It also resulted in large protests
200:Nasir Omar Ismaïl Saalah (1st line)
5300:Leaders of Arab League member states
2153:"Great power rivalry in the Red Sea"
1891:
1090:
1088:
1086:
915:
7686:
2901:Current heads of state of republics
2413:
1625:. AFP. 7 April 2011. Archived from
1610:"Djibouti: Allow Peaceful Protests"
1382:"Witnesses describe 'coup attempt'"
897:’s 2021 Index of Economic Freedom.
670:Guelleh was also the winner of the
509:Early life and political beginnings
448:
24:
2855:
2600:Maasho, Aaron (6 September 2018).
2301:
2170:
1963:
1934:
1904:
1880:
1645:
1527:Davison, William (11 March 2011).
1339:
1276:
1242:
1165:
25:
7768:
5495:Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
4869:Transitional Presidential Council
2386:Paris, Costas (17 January 2020).
2206:Blair, Edmund (2 February 2016).
2054:United States Department of State
1913:
1083:
202:Ahmad Shaheer Mappingé (2nd line)
7717:Government ministers of Djibouti
7685:
7676:
7675:
7665:
6714:Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh
5854:
5825:
5800:
5775:
5750:
5736:Transitional Sovereignty Council
5723:
5698:
5673:
5648:
5623:
5603:
5578:
5553:
5528:
5507:
5482:
5457:
5432:
5407:
5382:
5362:
5337:
5312:
5249:
5235:
5221:
5207:
5193:
5179:
5165:
5151:
5126:
5112:
5098:
5084:
5070:
5056:
5042:
5028:
5014:
5000:
4986:
4972:
4947:
4933:
4919:
4905:
4891:
4877:
4862:
4848:
4834:
4820:
4806:
4792:
4778:
4764:
4739:
4725:
4709:
4671:
4655:
4641:
4627:
4613:
4595:
4581:
4567:
4553:
4539:
4523:
4509:
4495:
4481:
4467:
4453:
4439:
4423:
4409:
4395:
4381:
4367:
4353:
4339:
4325:
4311:
4297:
4283:
4269:
4255:
4241:
4227:
4205:
4191:
4177:
4163:
4149:
4135:
4119:
4093:
4078:
4064:
4050:
4036:
4020:
4006:
3992:
3978:
3964:
3950:
3934:
3920:
3906:
3892:
3877:
3863:
3849:
3834:
3820:
3806:
3792:
3778:
3764:
3750:
3736:
3722:
3708:
3694:
3680:
3655:
3641:
3627:
3613:
3599:
3585:
3577:Transitional Sovereignty Council
3570:
3556:
3542:
3528:
3512:
3498:
3484:
3470:
3456:
3440:
3426:
3412:
3397:
3383:
3369:
3355:
3341:
3326:
3312:
3298:
3283:
3269:
3255:
3241:
3227:
3212:
3198:
3184:
3169:
3155:
3141:
3127:
3113:
3099:
3085:
3071:
3057:
3043:
3029:
3015:
3001:
2987:
2972:
2958:
2944:
2930:
2916:
2232:Schipani, Andres (1 June 2021).
1394:"Le RPP plébiscite son candidat"
969:
963:Tigray People's Liberation Front
391:
219:
27:President of Djibouti since 1999
2746:
2719:
2693:
2670:
2645:
2619:
2593:
2568:
2542:
2516:
2491:
2458:
2437:
2379:
2354:
2328:
2276:
2250:
2225:
2199:
2144:
2118:
2093:
2067:
2042:
2017:
1992:
1892:Hirt, Nicole (1 October 2019).
1854:
1828:
1803:
1777:
1751:
1726:
1700:
1674:
1633:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1565:
1539:
1520:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1426:
1414:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1313:
1304:
1262:. Routledge. pp. 141–142.
1216:
5818:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
2726:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2452:AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP
1490:"Djibouti politics: Issa job?"
1204:
1178:
1173:The world's enduring dictators
1139:
1113:
1037:
1023:
997:
13:
1:
6719:Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey
3134:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
2707:(in French). 26 November 2019
2151:Vertin, Zach (15 June 2020).
1348:, African Elections Database.
1288:African futures: Horizon 2025
1031:"Bio express – Jeune Afrique"
991:
988:He owns a property in Dubai.
751:
705:
653:larger movement for democracy
641:National Assembly of Djibouti
567:
537:and whose head office was in
6619:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
1127:(in French). 15 January 2016
320:Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway
7:
7531:Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta
7237:Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
7222:Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
6639:Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir
6491:Chandrika Prasad Srivastava
6331:P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam
6155:Balwant Moreshwar Purandare
5813:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
4898:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
4516:Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova
791:Closer relations with China
596:People's Rally for Progress
169:People's Rally for Progress
10:
7773:
7608:Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan
7471:Pandurang Shastri Athavale
7315:Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
7285:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
6775:Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti
6760:A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
6644:Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri
6634:Kotha Satchidananda Murthy
6421:Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao
6386:Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan
6381:Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda
5500:Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah
2555:East African Business Week
1868:(in French). 12 April 2021
1791:(in French). 27 March 2021
871:
868:Merchants Ports Holdings.
854:Doraleh Container Terminal
730:from a previous marriage.
571:
7661:
7585:
7554:
7458:
7335:Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
7260:
6864:
6818:
6737:
6689:Hormasji Maneckji Seervai
6519:
6311:Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi
6238:
6020:Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer
5907:
5852:
5400:Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
5307:
5142:
5007:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
4963:
4755:
4698:Élisabeth Baume-Schneider
4110:
3671:
3036:Faustin-Archange Touadéra
2907:
2853:
2837:
2791:
2782:
2774:
2769:
1980:(in French). 19 June 2015
1894:"Djibouti (Vol 15, 2018)"
1600:, BBC News, 9 April 2011.
1579:(in French). 6 April 2011
1480:, Reuters, 11 April 2010.
1440:. Reuters. 9 April 2005.
1230:(in French). 7 April 2016
1185:Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy.
1175:". CBS News. 16 May 2011.
683:Fourth term, 2016 to 2021
618:Second term, 2005 to 2011
558:National Security Service
206:
192:
184:
174:
164:
138:
133:
129:
117:
112:Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
97:
85:
74:
66:
62:
50:
41:
34:
7747:Djiboutian Sunni Muslims
7633:Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi
7486:Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
7450:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
7375:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
7047:Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher
6436:Khusro Faramurz Rustamji
6205:Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
5661:Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
5450:Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
5350:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
4360:Katerina Sakellaropoulou
4170:Alexander Van der Bellen
1384:, IRIN, 8 December 2000.
810:Belt and Road Initiative
659:Third term, 2011 to 2016
645:Djibouti's 2011 election
602:(FRUD), Guelleh won the
574:Human rights in Djibouti
340:China–Djibouti relations
335:Djibouti–Japan relations
315:2011 Djiboutian protests
198:Fatouma-Awo Ismaïl Omar
42:
6790:Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar
6125:Benode Behari Mukherjee
4560:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
4346:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1399:13 October 2004 at the
689:2021 landslide election
347:Parliamentary Elections
108:Dileita Mohamed Dileita
7737:Presidents of Djibouti
7290:Rajagopala Chidambaram
7137:Naryana Raghvan Pillai
7067:Hirendranath Mukherjee
7052:Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
6932:Chandra Kisan Daphtary
6877:Montek Singh Ahluwalia
6800:Brihaspati Dev Triguna
6584:Lakshman Shastri Joshi
6574:John Kenneth Galbraith
6549:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
6416:C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao
6261:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
6160:Akkineni Nageswara Rao
5950:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
5844:Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak
5566:Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
3971:Tharman Shanmugaratnam
3348:Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
2861:
2831:Presidents of Djibouti
2366:The Maritime Executive
1898:Africa Yearbook Online
1642:BBC News, 9 April 2016
1423:, IRIN, 29 March 2005.
1325:16 August 2007 at the
925:
885:
848:
827:The influx of Chinese
824:
800:
761:
722:
695:Fifth term, since 2021
627:
588:
439:Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle
438:
7727:People from Dire Dawa
7623:N. R. Narayana Murthy
7445:Narinder Singh Kapany
7405:Udupi Ramachandra Rao
7242:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
7162:Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq
7122:Hari Vinayak Pataskar
6947:Anthony Lancelot Dias
6917:Mirza Hameedullah Beg
6795:Prakash Narain Tandon
6406:Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
6296:Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim
6246:Bimala Prasad Chaliha
5711:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
4785:Rodrigo Chaves Robles
4474:Myriam Spiteri Debono
4262:Nikos Christodoulides
4057:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
3870:Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
3799:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
3535:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
3477:Bassirou Diomaye Faye
3404:Abdourahamane Tchiani
3362:Prithvirajsing Roopun
2994:Évariste Ndayishimiye
2859:
2842:Hassan Gouled Aptidon
2785:President of Djibouti
2778:Hassan Gouled Aptidon
2528:The Africa Report.com
1551:Amnesty International
1346:Elections in Djibouti
923:
900:The expansion of the
879:
842:
822:
798:
759:
741:Mahamoud Ali Youssouf
713:
633:presidential election
625:
604:presidential election
586:
572:Further information:
562:French Secret Service
547:Hassan Gouled Aptidon
464:Hassan Gouled Aptidon
291:President of Djibouti
124:Hassan Gouled Aptidon
104:Barkat Gourad Hamadou
69:President of Djibouti
7757:Ethnic Somali people
7603:Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
7526:Mary Clubwala Jadhav
7355:Rajendra K. Pachauri
7325:Daulat Singh Kothari
7310:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
7232:M. N. Venkatachaliah
7227:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
7057:Jivraj Narayan Mehta
6967:P. B. Gajendragadkar
6897:Madhav Shrihari Aney
6729:Bashir Hussain Zaidi
6554:D. P. Chattopadhyaya
6529:V. S. R. Arunachalam
6501:Arun Shridhar Vaidya
6441:Harish Chandra Sarin
6376:A. Ramasamy Mudaliar
6316:Ajudhiya Nath Khosla
6286:Jyotindra Nath Dixit
6130:Hrishikesh Mukherjee
6110:Kelucharan Mohapatra
6055:Yamini Krishnamurthy
5985:Adoor Gopalakrishnan
5965:Hariprasad Chaurasia
5940:M. Balamuralikrishna
5808:United Arab Emirates
5420:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
5325:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
4732:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
4332:Salome Zourabichvili
4198:Alexander Lukashenko
3999:Ranil Wickremesinghe
3687:Mohammed Shahabuddin
3234:Umaro Sissoco Embaló
3120:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
3092:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2923:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
2320:. 23 February 2018.
1914:Hared, Hassan Cher.
1360:, IRIN, 11 May 1999.
747:Political assessment
736:Ilyas Moussa Dawaleh
513:Guelleh was born in
196:Haïbado Ismaïl Omar
188:Ridwan Ismaïl Saalah
7598:Ghanshyam Das Birla
7252:Mulayam Singh Yadav
7152:Ravi Narayana Reddy
7112:Nanabhoy Palkhivala
7062:V. K. Krishna Menon
7012:Murli Manohar Joshi
6977:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
6957:Kazi Lhendup Dorjee
6952:Uma Shankar Dikshit
6902:Parkash Singh Badal
6770:Autar Singh Paintal
6594:Dhondo Keshav Karve
6539:Satyendra Nath Bose
6511:Narinder Nath Vohra
6481:Lallan Prasad Singh
6165:Kaloji Narayana Rao
6115:Raghunath Mohapatra
6050:Ghulam Mustafa Khan
5691:Mohammed bin Salman
5546:Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh
5395:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
5256:Nikenike Vurobaravu
5228:Surangel Whipps Jr.
4746:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
4682:Karin Keller-Sutter
4156:Vahagn Khachaturyan
3827:Thongloun Sisoulith
3592:Samia Suluhu Hassan
3563:Salva Kiir Mayardit
3106:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
2847:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
2392:Wall Street Journal
2264:. 20 September 2017
1978:Africa Intelligence
1949:Africa Intelligence
1840:Africa Intelligence
1629:on 24 January 2013.
1468:, IRIN, 9 May 2005.
895:Heritage Foundation
728:Kadra Mahamoud Haid
497:He was awarded the
386:Kadra Mahamoud Haid
237:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
179:Kadra Mahamoud Haid
7742:Djiboutian Muslims
7618:Anil Manibhai Naik
7586:Trade and industry
7360:Benjamin Peary Pal
7320:Har Gobind Khorana
7157:Y. Venugopal Reddy
6997:Lakshmi Chand Jain
6987:V. R. Krishna Iyer
6826:Sunderlal Bahuguna
6745:Jasbir Singh Bajaj
6624:Sitakant Mahapatra
6396:Bhairab Dutt Pande
6336:Pratap Chandra Lal
6210:M. S. Subbulakshmi
6090:Mallikarjun Mansur
5445:Abdul Latif Rashid
5158:Wiliame Katonivere
4940:Christine Kangaloo
4717:Vadim Krasnoselsky
4402:Michael D. Higgins
4071:Shavkat Mirziyoyev
3899:Ram Chandra Poudel
3771:Abdul Latif Rashid
3662:Emmerson Mnangagwa
3648:Hakainde Hichilema
2862:
2770:Political offices
2530:. 24 December 2020
1553:. 11 February 2011
1438:The New York Times
1407:, 11 October 2004
1191:The Economic Times
1075:has generic name (
1033:. 3 February 2008.
952:'s Prime Minister
926:
886:
849:
825:
801:
762:
723:
665:Human Rights Watch
628:
589:
560:and then from the
431:Ismaïl Omar Guellé
36:Ismaïl Omar Guellé
7699:
7698:
7562:Viswanathan Anand
7521:Veerendra Heggade
7501:Nirmala Deshpande
7491:Durgabai Deshmukh
7476:Janaki Devi Bajaj
7440:M. S. Swaminathan
6892:Adarsh Sein Anand
6846:Vishwesha Teertha
6810:Dilip Mahalanabis
6704:Govindbhai Shroff
6699:Kalu Lal Shrimali
6604:Radheshyam Khemka
6486:Balaram Sivaraman
6356:Mohan Sinha Mehta
6215:K. G. Subramanyan
6150:K. Shankar Pillai
6105:Chhannulal Mishra
5863:
5862:
5641:Mohammad Shtayyeh
5616:Haitham bin Tariq
5571:Mokhtar Ould Djay
5425:Moustafa Madbouly
5265:
5264:
4799:Miguel Díaz-Canel
4648:Nataša Pirc Musar
4416:Sergio Mattarella
4388:Halla Tómasdóttir
4216:Željka Cvijanović
3248:Alassane Ouattara
2965:Mokgweetsi Masisi
2867:
2866:
2798:
2797:
2683:The Africa Report
2185:African Arguments
1714:. 12 January 2021
1297:978-92-9198-631-6
1269:978-1-317-63940-4
1100:www.aljazeera.com
945:for peace talks.
916:Regional security
880:Indian President
843:Kenyan President
649:beginning in 2010
428:
427:
330:Force Base(Japan)
300:
246:
245:
210:
209:
16:(Redirected from
7764:
7689:
7688:
7679:
7678:
7669:
7643:Prathap C. Reddy
7593:Dhirubhai Ambani
7577:Sachin Tendulkar
7516:Valerian Gracias
7435:George Sudarshan
7430:M. R. Srinivasan
7415:Man Mohan Sharma
7380:K. R. Ramanathan
7345:Roddam Narasimha
7340:G. Madhavan Nair
7127:Sunder Lal Patwa
7102:Fali Sam Nariman
7092:Gulzarilal Nanda
7077:Pranab Mukherjee
7022:Mehdi Nawaz Jung
7017:Anerood Jugnauth
6962:George Fernandes
6912:Milon K. Banerji
6831:B. K. S. Iyengar
6599:Gopinath Kaviraj
6579:Sarvepalli Gopal
6534:Jagdish Bhagwati
6446:Binay Ranjan Sen
6391:Braj Kumar Nehru
6351:Om Prakash Mehra
6326:V. Krishnamurthy
6301:H. V. R. Iyengar
6256:T. N. Chaturvedi
6225:Homai Vyarawalla
6220:Kapila Vatsyayan
6200:Shivkumar Sharma
5945:T. Balasaraswati
5930:Amitabh Bachchan
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5716:Hamza Abdi Barre
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3162:Sahle-Work Zewde
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3078:Félix Tshisekedi
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2503:www.heritage.org
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2472:. 19 July 2018.
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449:إسماعيل عمر جيله
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44:إسماعيل عمر جيله
32:
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7546:Nellie Sengupta
7496:Nanaji Deshmukh
7454:
7410:Vikram Sarabhai
7350:Jayant Narlikar
7330:Verghese Kurien
7262:
7256:
7212:Kalyan Sundaram
7037:Hans Raj Khanna
7007:Aditya Nath Jha
6972:Benjamin Gilman
6860:
6836:Rambhadracharya
6814:
6805:M. S. Valiathan
6765:S. I. Padmavati
6733:
6709:Khushwant Singh
6694:Rajaram Shastri
6659:P. Parameswaran
6559:Bhabatosh Datta
6521:
6520:Literature and
6515:
6426:V. K. R. V. Rao
6401:Ghananand Pande
6371:Sumati Morarjee
6321:Rai Krishnadasa
6271:Rajeshwar Dayal
6234:
6145:D. K. Pattammal
6080:Lata Mangeshkar
6000:Bhupen Hazarika
5995:Gangubai Hangal
5980:Kumar Gandharva
5920:Kishori Amonkar
5903:
5901:Padma Vibhushan
5894:
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5838:Rashad al-Alimi
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4460:Gitanas Nausėda
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4304:Alexander Stubb
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4248:Zoran Milanović
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4225:
4212:Denis Bećirović
4204:
4203:
4190:
4189:
4176:
4175:
4162:
4161:
4148:
4147:
4134:
4133:
4118:
4117:
4106:
4100:Rashad al-Alimi
4092:
4091:
4077:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4049:
4048:
4035:
4034:
4019:
4018:
4013:Bashar al-Assad
4005:
4004:
3991:
3990:
3977:
3976:
3963:
3962:
3957:Bongbong Marcos
3949:
3948:
3933:
3932:
3919:
3918:
3905:
3904:
3891:
3890:
3884:Min Aung Hlaing
3876:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3848:
3847:
3833:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3805:
3804:
3791:
3790:
3777:
3776:
3763:
3762:
3749:
3748:
3735:
3734:
3721:
3720:
3707:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3654:
3653:
3640:
3639:
3634:Yoweri Museveni
3626:
3625:
3612:
3611:
3598:
3597:
3584:
3583:
3569:
3568:
3555:
3554:
3549:Cyril Ramaphosa
3541:
3540:
3527:
3526:
3511:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3483:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3455:
3454:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3411:
3410:
3396:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3325:
3324:
3311:
3310:
3305:Andry Rajoelina
3297:
3296:
3282:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3211:
3210:
3205:Nana Akufo-Addo
3197:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3168:
3167:
3154:
3153:
3140:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3098:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3070:
3069:
3064:Azali Assoumani
3056:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3028:
3027:
3014:
3013:
3000:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2971:
2970:
2957:
2956:
2943:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2851:
2833:
2828:
2788:
2780:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2657:www.voanews.com
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2433:. October 2018.
2426:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2342:. 26 April 2021
2334:
2333:
2329:
2318:Financial Times
2310:
2309:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2240:Financial Times
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2130:East Asia Forum
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2105:thediplomat.com
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2029:Vanguard Africa
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2000:"PORT DJIBOUTI"
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1905:
1890:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1765:. 10 April 2021
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1712:africatimes.com
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1401:Wayback Machine
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1327:Wayback Machine
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1254:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1153:. 10 April 2021
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1044:Reuters Staff.
1042:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
972:
918:
882:Ram Nath Kovind
874:
793:
785:free expression
754:
749:
708:
697:
685:
661:
651:similar to the
620:
587:Guelleh in 1999
581:
576:
570:
511:
499:Padma Vibhushan
441:
424:
390:
377:
344:
325:Port of Doraleh
301:
299:
288:
236:
234:
233:
232:
231:
227:
226:
201:
199:
197:
165:Political party
153:
150:
144:
142:
118:
110:
106:
98:
92:
86:
81:
58:
57:Guelleh in 2023
46:
43:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7770:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7683:
7673:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7613:Lakshmi Mittal
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7567:Edmund Hillary
7564:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7541:Sister Nirmala
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7400:Palle Rama Rao
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7295:Charles Correa
7292:
7287:
7282:
7280:Norman Borlaug
7277:
7272:
7266:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7192:Nagendra Singh
7189:
7184:
7179:
7177:M. C. Setalvad
7174:
7169:
7167:Lakshmi Sahgal
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7087:Venkaiah Naidu
7084:
7079:
7074:
7072:Ajoy Mukherjee
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7027:Ali Yavar Jung
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6942:C. D. Deshmukh
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6922:P. N. Bhagwati
6919:
6914:
6909:
6907:Sikander Bakht
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6882:Aruna Asaf Ali
6879:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6865:Public affairs
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6724:Mahadevi Varma
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6614:O. N. V. Kurup
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6569:Mahasweta Devi
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6496:T. Swaminathan
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6471:Manmohan Singh
6468:
6463:
6461:Harbaksh Singh
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6411:T. V. Rajeswar
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6366:Brajesh Mishra
6363:
6361:M. G. K. Menon
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6306:Bhola Nath Jha
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:Naresh Chandra
6248:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6120:Jasraj Motiram
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6085:Sonal Mansingh
6082:
6077:
6075:Kishan Maharaj
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6045:Bismillah Khan
6042:
6040:Allauddin Khan
6037:
6035:Amjad Ali Khan
6032:
6030:Ali Akbar Khan
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5915:Ebrahim Alkazi
5911:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5768:Hussein Arnous
5765:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5739:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5330:Nadir Larbaoui
5327:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5245:
5231:
5217:
5203:
5189:
5175:
5161:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5133:Nicolás Maduro
5122:
5108:
5094:
5080:
5066:
5052:
5038:
5024:
5010:
4996:
4982:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4943:
4929:
4915:
4901:
4887:
4884:Xiomara Castro
4873:
4858:
4844:
4830:
4816:
4802:
4788:
4774:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4735:
4721:
4705:
4690:Ignazio Cassis
4667:
4651:
4637:
4623:
4609:
4591:
4588:Vladimir Putin
4577:
4574:Klaus Iohannis
4563:
4549:
4535:
4519:
4505:
4491:
4477:
4463:
4449:
4435:
4419:
4405:
4391:
4377:
4363:
4349:
4335:
4321:
4307:
4293:
4279:
4265:
4251:
4237:
4223:
4201:
4187:
4173:
4159:
4145:
4131:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4089:
4074:
4060:
4046:
4043:Emomali Rahmon
4032:
4016:
4002:
3988:
3974:
3960:
3946:
3930:
3916:
3902:
3888:
3873:
3859:
3856:Mohamed Muizzu
3845:
3830:
3816:
3802:
3788:
3774:
3760:
3746:
3732:
3729:Droupadi Murmu
3718:
3704:
3690:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3651:
3637:
3623:
3609:
3595:
3581:
3566:
3552:
3538:
3524:
3520:Muse Bihi Abdi
3508:
3494:
3480:
3466:
3452:
3436:
3422:
3408:
3393:
3390:Nangolo Mbumba
3379:
3365:
3351:
3337:
3322:
3308:
3294:
3279:
3265:
3251:
3237:
3223:
3208:
3194:
3180:
3165:
3151:
3148:Isaias Afwerki
3137:
3123:
3109:
3095:
3081:
3067:
3053:
3039:
3025:
3011:
2997:
2983:
2979:Ibrahim Traoré
2968:
2954:
2940:
2926:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2760:. 14 May 2024.
2745:
2718:
2692:
2669:
2644:
2633:. 12 July 2018
2618:
2592:
2567:
2541:
2515:
2490:
2457:
2454:. August 2011.
2436:
2412:
2378:
2353:
2327:
2300:
2275:
2249:
2224:
2198:
2169:
2143:
2117:
2092:
2066:
2041:
2016:
1991:
1962:
1933:
1903:
1879:
1853:
1842:. 23 June 2021
1827:
1802:
1776:
1750:
1725:
1699:
1688:. 9 April 2016
1673:
1662:. 9 April 2016
1644:
1632:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1564:
1538:
1519:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1425:
1413:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1275:
1268:
1241:
1215:
1203:
1177:
1164:
1138:
1112:
1082:
1036:
1022:
995:
993:
990:
981:in late 2018,
971:
968:
917:
914:
873:
870:
845:Uhuru Kenyatta
792:
789:
753:
750:
748:
745:
715:George W. Bush
707:
704:
696:
693:
684:
681:
660:
657:
619:
616:
580:
577:
569:
566:
510:
507:
426:
425:
423:
422:
415:
408:
400:
397:
396:
389:
388:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
295:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
248:
247:
244:
243:
224:
208:
207:
204:
203:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
140:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
101:
99:Prime Minister
95:
94:
88:Assumed office
83:
82:
75:
72:
71:
64:
63:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7769:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7722:Living people
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7692:
7684:
7682:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7648:J. R. D. Tata
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7628:M. Narasimham
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7575:
7573:
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7568:
7565:
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7560:
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7553:
7547:
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7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
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7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
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7484:
7482:
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7477:
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7469:
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7464:
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7457:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7425:E. Sreedharan
7423:
7421:
7420:Obaid Siddiqi
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
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7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
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7348:
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7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:Anil Kakodkar
7303:
7301:
7300:Satish Dhawan
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7259:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7247:S. M. Krishna
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7217:Sushma Swaraj
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:Soli Sorabjee
7205:
7203:
7202:Walter Sisulu
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
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7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
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7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7097:Govind Narain
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7082:Padmaja Naidu
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
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7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
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7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
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6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6927:Raja Chelliah
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6851:Jaggi Vasudev
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6780:Balu Sankaran
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:Purshotam Lal
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:C. Rangarajan
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6664:Amrita Pritam
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:R. K. Narayan
6652:
6650:
6649:Bal Ram Nanda
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:Kaka Kalelkar
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6564:Avinash Dixit
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6346:Sam Manekshaw
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:Civil service
6237:
6231:
6230:K. J. Yesudas
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:Mario Miranda
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6070:Birju Maharaj
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:Bhimsen Joshi
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:Zakir Hussain
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5990:Satish Gujral
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Nandalal Bose
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5857:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5798:
5794:
5793:Kamel Madouri
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5748:
5743:
5742:Osman Hussein
5740:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:Mahmoud Abbas
5634:
5633:
5632:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5526:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5200:Wesley Simina
5196:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5173:
5172:Taneti Maamau
5168:
5162:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5105:Chan Santokhi
5101:
5095:
5092:
5091:Dina Boluarte
5087:
5081:
5078:
5077:Santiago Peña
5073:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5035:Gustavo Petro
5031:
5025:
5022:
5021:Gabriel Boric
5017:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:South America
4962:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4912:Daniel Ortega
4908:
4902:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4827:Luis Abinader
4823:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:North America
4754:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4220:Željko Komšić
4217:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:Aslan Bzhania
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3985:Yoon Suk Yeol
3981:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:Mahmoud Abbas
3937:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3813:Sadyr Japarov
3809:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3276:Joseph Boakai
3272:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2951:Patrice Talon
2947:
2941:
2938:
2937:João Lourenço
2933:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2858:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2794:
2789:1999–present
2787:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:The Economist
2467:
2461:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2289:
2288:Freedom House
2285:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2187:. 11 May 2021
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2132:. 16 May 2020
2131:
2127:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2081:
2080:Africa Portal
2077:
2070:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1951:. 28 May 2021
1950:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1895:
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