Gudrun - Knowledge

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the Burgundians arrive, Grimhild demands the hoard from them, but Högni replies that it was left behind. Grimhild attempts to convince Atli's brother Bloedel and Thidrek (Dietrich von Bern) to help her take revenge, but both refuse. Finally, she provokes a fight by bringing her and Atli's son into the hall, seating him across from Högni, and telling the son to hit Högni. Högni reacts to a second blow by cutting off the prince's head, leading to a terrible massacre. After severe fighting, Gunnar is captured, and Grimhild tells Atli to throw him in a tower full of snakes. Högni now leads the Burgundians, who lock themselves in the king's hall. Grimhild orders the hall set on fire, and in the following battle Gisler and Gernoz die. Grimhild sticks a piece of flaming wood into her dead brothers' mouths to see if they are dead, causing an enraged Thidrek to kill her.

757:(c. 1250), Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gibeche. She possesses a rose garden that is guarded by twelve heroes, including her fiancé, Siegfried. Desiring to see whether Siegfried can beat Dietrich von Bern in combat, she challenges Dietrich to bring twelve of his own heroes for a day of tournaments in the rose garden. The winner will receive a garland and a kiss from her as a reward. Dietrich accepts the challenge, and the heroes come to Worms. Eventually, all of the Burgundian heroes are defeated, including Siegfried, who flees to Kriemhild's lap in fear when Dietrich starts breathing fire. Dietrich's warrior Ilsan, a monk, punishes Kriemhild for her haughtiness in challenging Dietrich by demanding so many kisses from Kriemhild that his rough beard causes her face to bleed. In one version of the poem, Hagen curses Kriemhild for having provoked the combat. 586: 633:

impenetrable Siegfried may be wounded. Once Siegfried is murdered while hunting with Hagen and Gunther, his body is thrown in front of Kriemhild's bedroom door. Kriemhild quickly realizes that Siegfried was murdered by Gunther and Hagen. Kriemhild sees to Siegfried's burial and refuses to return to Xanten with Siegfried's father, instead remaining in Worms near her family and Siegfried's tomb. Eventually, Gunther and his brothers are able to reconcile with Kriemhild, but she refuses to forgive Hagen. Kriemhild has the hoard of the Nibelungen, which she has inherited after Siegfried's death, brought to Worms. She uses the hoard to acquire warriors; Hagen, realizing that she is dangerous, conspires to steal the hoard and sink it in the Rhine.

721:, Grimhild (Kriemhild) is the daughter of king Aldrian of Niflungaland and Oda, sister of king Gunnar (Gunther), Gisler (Giselher), and Gernoz (Gernot), and half sister of Högni (Hagen). When Sigurd (Siegfried) comes to Gunnar's kingdom one day, he marries Grimhild and suggests that Gunnar marry Brunhild. Some time later, Grimhild and Brunhild argue over precedent in the king's hall. Brunhild accuses Grimhild of not even being married to a man of noble birth, whereupon Grimhild reveals that Sigurd and not Gunnar took Brunhild's virginity, showing a ring that Sigurd had given her as proof. Brunhild then agitates for Sigurd's murder; once Grimhild's brothers have murdered Sigurd, they place his corpse in her bed. 578: 3614: 629:

get along, but in the private while they are watching a tournament, they soon argue over which of them has the highest ranking husband. Brunhild accuses Kriemhild of being married to a vassal. The queens part in anger. Later, the two queens encounter each other before entering the cathedral at Worms for mass. Brunhild and Kriemhild each insist that they should be allowed to enter the church before the other. Brunhild repeats her accusation that Kriemhild is married to a vassal publicly. Kriemhild then declares that Siegfried, and not Gunther, has taken Brunhild's virginity, displaying Brunhild apparent proof. Kriemhild then enters the church before Brunhild.

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for five years. After that time he will marry her and they will travel to hell together. Kriemhild prays to avoid this fate. Finally, Siegfried (Seyfrid) arrives to save her, but the dragon appears. The dragon forces Siegfried and Kriemhild to flee into the depths of the mountain, where they find the treasure of the Nibelungen and a sword that can cut through the dragon's skin. Siegfried defeats the dragon, and Kriemhild and Siegfried return to Worms, where they are married and Siegfried rules together with Kriemhild's brothers. Her brothers, however, resent how powerful Siegfried has become and after seven years, they murder him.

621:. Her brothers are Gunther, Gernot, and Giselher, with Gunther being the king. The poem opens when Kriemhild has a dream that she raised a falcon only to see it killed by two eagles. Her mother explains to her that this means she will love a man very much, but he will be killed. One day, Siegfried comes to the Burgundian court, intending to woo Kriemhild. The two do not speak for a year, but once Siegfried has helped the Burgundians in a war the two are allowed to see each other for the first time. They fall deeply in love and see each other daily. Once Siegfried has helped Kriemhild's brother king Gunther acquire 1256:

captured. Gudrun and Atli then accuse each other of causing the slaughter. Atli kills Gunnar and Högni and then tells Gudrun. She curses him, and he offers her some form of compensation, which she refuses. Gudrun pretends to have reconciled herself with the situation, but secretly kills her sons and feeds them to Atli. She tells Atli what he has eaten then kills Atli with the help of Högni's son Hniflung. While he dies, Atli claims to have treated Gudrun well and accuses her of being cruel. Gudrun defends herself and promises to bury Atli appropriately, and tries to kill herself.

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and a daughter named Svanhild. Some time later, Gudrun and Brunhild have a quarrel while washing their hair in a river: Brunhild says that she cannot have the water that touched Gudrun's hair touch hers, for she is married to the braver husband. The fight leads Gudrun to reveal that it was Sigurd in Gunnar's shape who rode through the flames to woo Brunhild, producing a ring that Sigurd had taken from Brunhild as proof. This knowledge leads Brunhild to agitate for Sigurd's murder, which is performed by Gudrun's half-brother Guthorm, who also kills the young Sigmund.

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Gudrun's brothers. He invites them to his hall intending to kill them for the gold. Gudrun warns them, but the warning is ignored. When the brothers arrive, Gudrun first attempts to mediate between the two sides, but afterwards fights with her brothers until they are captured and then killed. During the preparations for the funeral feast for her brothers, Gudrun kills Atli's sons. She feeds their flesh to Atli. Then she kills Atli in his bed with the help of Högni's son Niflung. Finally, they set the palace on fire and kill everyone inside.

966: 59: 43: 740: 234:, Gunther's wife, over their respective ranks. In both traditions, once Sigurd has been murdered, Gudrun is married to Etzel/Atli, the legendary analogue of Attila the Hun. In the Norse tradition, Atli desires the hoard of the Nibelungen, which the Burgundians had taken after murdering Sigurd, and invites them to his court; intending to kill them. Gudrun then avenges her brothers by killing Atli and burning down his hall. The Norse tradition then tells of her further life as mother of 1348:

queens continue their quarrel in the king's hall the next day. Brunhild then persuades Gunnar and Högni to have Sigurd killed, claiming that Sigurd slept with her. The murder is carried out by their younger brother Guthorm. Guthorm attacks Sigurd while he is asleep in bed with Gudrun; Sigurd is mortally wounded, but kills Guthorm. He then assures Gudrun that he never deceived Gunnar and dies. Gudrun then cries out loudly, which Brunhild answers with a loud laugh.

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mockingly asks Hagen whether he has brought her what he stole at Worms. Later, Kriemhild confronts Hagen with a group of Huns, and Hagen provokes her by bragging that he killed Siegfried. None of the Huns is brave enough to attack, and the Burgundians prevent an attack that Kriemhild had planned for that night. The next day, Kriemhild convinces Etzel's brother Bloedelin to attack the Burgundians' supplies; this occurs while Etzel, Kriemhild, and their son

1082:, Gudrun lies besides Sigurd's corpse but is unable to weep. Two other women attempt to comfort her by telling of their own grief, but it is only when Gudrun's sister Gullrönd uncovers Sigurd's body and tells her to kiss it that she is able to weep. Gudrun now accuses Gunnar of the murder and denies him any right to Sigurd's treasure. She warns that she will avenge her husband. It is implied that if Gudrun had been unable to weep, she may have died. 27: 71: 3487: 1027:, a collection of heroic and mythological Nordic poems, appears to have been compiled around 1270 in Iceland, and assembles mythological and heroic songs of various ages. As elsewhere in the Scandinavian tradition, Gudrun is portrayed as the sister of Gunnar and Högni. Depending on the poem Guthorm is either her full brother, step-brother, or half-brother. A sister Gullrönd also appears in one poem. 1218:, Atli invites Gudrun's brothers Högni and Gunnar to his hall with the intent of killing them. The brothers come, although Gudrun has sent them a warning. Once Gunnar and Högni are dead, Gudrun offers Atli a drink and invites him and the Huns to a feast. After all are drunk, she reveals that Atli has eaten his sons, kills him, then sets the hall on fire, killing everyone within, including herself. 826: 650:

separates the two and demands that Hagen give back to her what he has taken from her. Hagen says he cannot tell her where the hoard is as long as his lord Gunther lives; Kriemhild then has Gunther decapitated. Hagen then reveals that the hoard is in the Rhine; Kriemhild takes Siegfried's sword, which Hagen had stolen, and beheads him with it herself. Dietrich's mentor

1151:, but ignores Brunhild and includes the detail that Gudrun went into the woods to mourn over Sigurd's body. The inclusion of the figure of Thiodrek points to continental influence on the poem. The last stanza is incomplete, and scholars debate whether the poem originally also included Gudrun's killing of Atli and his sons. 1270: 1119:

make her forget about Sigurd first. Some time later Atli invites Gunnar and Högni intending to betray them and take their gold. Gudrun attempts to warn her brothers, but they come anyway. After they are taken prisoner by Atli, she asks her sons to intervene with their father on Gunnar and Högni's behalf, but they refuse.

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Gudrun will afterwards lose him due to conflict. When Sigurd comes to the court, Gudrun's mother Grimhild gives Sigurd a potion to forget his betrothal to Brunhild, and he marries Gudrun. Sigurd then helps Gunnar woo Brunhild, using a spell taught them by Grimhild, and for a time Brunhild and Gudrun share Gjuki's court.

1199:. Michael Curschmann argues that the poem is a transformation of a continental Germanic legend in which Dietrich (Thjodrek) is accused of sleeping with Etzel's wife Helche (Herkja), with whom he had a close relationship; an Old Norse poet then made Herkja into a concubine and accuser and made Gudrun into the accused. 1007:). When Atli invites Gudrun's brothers and kills them for their gold, Gudrun kills her two sons by Atli. She makes their skulls into drinking goblets and cooks their hearts, giving them to Atli to eat. She then tells Atli what she has done, and later kills Atli together with Högni's son. She then burns down the hall. 1030:

Generally, none of the poems in the collection is thought to be older than 900 and some appear to have been written in the thirteenth century. It is also possible that apparently old poems have been written in an archaicizing style and that apparently recent poems are reworkings of older material, so

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The author of the saga has made a number of changes to create a more or less coherent story out of the many oral and possibly written sources that he used to create the saga. The author mentions alternative Scandinavian versions of many of these same tales, and appears to have changed some details to

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In the saga, Gudrun is the daughter of Gjuki, sister to Gunnar and Högni, and Guthorm. Gudrun is introduced to the saga having a bad dream; she chooses to go to Brunhild to have this dream interpreted. Brunhild explains that Gudrun will marry Sigurd, even though he is betrothed to Brunhild, and that

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The poem proper starts after Gudrun has learned of Svanhild's death: she stirs up her three sons to kill Jormunrek and avenge their sister. The brothers agree, warning her, however, they will surely die. This leads Gudrun to tell them of her own woes in life. Once she is left alone, Gudrun calls for

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retells the story of Sigurd's life from his arrival at Gunnar's court to his murder. Gudrun plays a passive role in the poem. She is shown to wake up in a pool of blood from the dying Sigurd, who then makes a short speech to her blaming Brunhild, predicting the murder of their son, assuring her that

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Siegfried is forced to publicly deny the accusation to Gunther, and beats Kriemhild to punish her. Brunhild is not satisfied, however, and Hagen convinces Gunther to have Siegfried murdered. Under the pretext that he wants to protect Siegfried, Hagen convinces Kriemhild to reveal the only spot where

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is a Scandinavian innovation that brings this legend into direct contact with the more famous legend of Sigurd. Edward Haymes and Susan Samples believe that it is a relatively late development. Other scholars date it to the tenth century, however, on the basis of a version of the story cited in the

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Scholars are generally in agreement that Gudrun's original role in the destruction of Burgundians was that of the Scandinavian tradition, in which she avenges her brothers. Her role then altered in the continental tradition once the story of the destruction of the Burgundians became attached to the

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and tells the story of her tribulations leading to her marriage to Atli. She recounts how Sigurd was killed and how she then wandered to Denmark, where she stayed with King Half for three and a half years. Then her family came for her, and her mother Grimhild gave her a potion to forget her sorrow.

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Gudrun is introduced as the daughter of Gjúki and Grimhild, full sister to Gunnar and Högni, and half-sister to Guthorm. Gudrun marries Sigurd when he comes to Gjúki's kingdom. When Sigurd returns from aiding Gunnar in his wooing of Brunhild, Sigurd and Gudrun have two children, a son named Sigmund

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In the middle of the ballad, a dragon abducts Kriemhild from her home in Worms. The dragon holds Kriemhild captive for years in his lair of mount Trachenstein (dragon stone), treating her well. One day it lays its head in her lap and transforms into a man, explaining that she needs to stay with him

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Some time later, Atli (Etzel) woos Grimhild to be his new wife. Seven years later Grimhild convinces Atli to invite the Burgundians (called Niflungs) to visit her by mentioning the hoard of the Nibelungen which her brothers had stolen from her. Atli is seized by greed for the hoard and agrees. Once

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Some years pass, and Kriemhild and Siegfried have a son whom they name Gunther. One day, Brunhild, who had been convinced that Siegfried was Gunther's vassal rather than an equal king, convinces Gunther to invite his sister and Siegfried to stay with them at Worms. Initially, Brunhild and Kriemhild

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Jan-Dirk Müller, however, argues that we cannot know for sure which version of Gudrun's role is more original, as neither resembles the actual historical destruction of the Burgundians or the end of Etzel's kingdom. He suggests that the change in roles may be because of the continental tradition's

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Gudrun afterwards flees to the Danish king Half, but is later retrieved by her family. Grimhild gives her daughter a potion to make her forget her anger against her brothers, then convinces a reluctant Gudrun to marry Atli. Atli and Gudrun are not happily married, and Atli soon desires the gold of

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One day Gudrun and Brunhild quarrel while washing their hair; Brunhild insists that her husband Gunnar is a higher-ranking man than Sigurd. This causes Gudrun to reveal that it was Sigurd in Gunnar's shape who won Brunhild, and she shows Brunhild a ring that Brunhild had given Sigurd as proof. The

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with several important differences. Gudrun tries to warn her brothers of Atli's betrayal, but they decide to come anyway. Gudrun greets her brothers when they arrive and tries to negotiate between them and Atli, but when she sees that this is not possible she fights together with them until she is

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Afterwards, Gudrun tries to drown herself in the sea, but she washes ashore in the land of King Jonak. Jonak marries her and has three sons with her, Sorli, Hamdir, and Erp. Svanhild, Sigurd's daughter, is also raised there, before being married to king Jormunrek. When Jormunrek kills Svanhild for

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In the Heldenbuch-Prosa, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gibeche and married to Siegfried. She arranges for the disaster at Etzel's hall in order to take vengeance on Dietrich von Bern for having killed Siegfried in the rose garden. She provokes the fighting by having her and Etzel's son brought

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is proceeded by a brief prose interlude that explains that tried to drown herself in the sea after killing Atli, but was instead taken to the land of King Jonak, who married her and with whom she had three sons, Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp, and where she also raises Svanhild, her daughter with Sigurd.

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is a short prose section connecting the death of Sigurd to the following poems about the Burgundians (Niflungs) and Atli (Attila). Atli, who is Brunhild's brother, blames Gunnar for Brunhild's death, and in order to placate him Gunnar marries Gudrun to Atli. Gudrun must be given a magic potion to

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arranges for Kriemhild and Etzel to leave the hall. Kriemhild later demands that Gunther surrender Hagen to her, but he refuses: she then has the hall set on fire. Eventually, Dietrich von Bern captures Gunther and Hagen as the last survivors in the hall, handing them over to Kriemhild. Kriemhild

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Victor Millet notes that the detail of the potion of forgetting helps explain why Gudrun does not seek to avenge Sigurd; he connects this to a possible attempt to discount the continental version of the story, which the poet appears to have known. The use of the name Grimhild for her mother, the

1386:, most scholars believe that the destruction of the Burgundians and the murder of Sigurd were originally separate traditions. Gudrun's two names may result from the merging of two different figures, one who was the wife of Sigurd, and one who was the brother of the Burgundians killed by Attila. 1065:

is only preserved fragmentarily: the surviving part of the poem tells the story of Sigurd's murder. The poem briefly shows Gudrun's surprise and grief at Sigurd's death, as well as her hostility to Brunhild. She is portrayed as a less important character than Brunhild. The lost part of the poem

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of the Huns seeks Kriemhild's hand in marriage, and she reluctantly agrees. Thirteen years after her arrival in Etzel's kingdom, she convinces Etzel to invite her brothers to a feast. Gunther agrees and the Burgundians and their vassals arrive at Etzel's court. Kriemhild greets her brothers but

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Gudrun now attempts to drown herself, but she is instead washed up in the land of king Jonak, who marries her. They have three sons, Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp. Gudrun's daughter with Sigurd, Svanhild, is also raised at Jonak's court. Svanhild marries King Jormunrek, but kills her on suspicion of

1047:, a prophecy that Sigurd receives about his future life and deeds, it is mentioned that Gudrun will be his wife, and that Brunhild will feel insulted by this. The prophecy ends shortly after describing Gudrun's grief and blaming her mother Grimhild for the whole debacle. 242:. In the continental tradition, Kriemhild instead desires revenge for her brothers' murder of Siegfried, and invites them to visit Etzel's court intending to kill them. Her revenge destroys both the Huns and the Burgundians, and in the end she herself is killed. 1175:

to prove her innocence. To perform the ordeal, she puts her hand into the kettle of boiling water, and because she is innocent, she is unscathed. Herkja is then forced to perform the same ordeal and burns herself. As a punishment, she is killed by being

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into the hall and having the child provoke Hagen, who kills him. This leads to an outbreak of hostilities in which many heroes die. When Dietrich takes Gunther and Hagen prisoner, she cuts off their heads, causing Dietrich to cut her to pieces.

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Some of the differences and similarities between Gudrun and Kriemhild in the Scandinavian and continental Germanic traditions can be seen in the following two stanzas taken from original sources. The first is Kriemhild's introduction in the

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for Kriemhild, as she develops from a relatively mild-manner courtly lady into a forceful and ferocious avenger of her dead husband. Various versions of the text judge her actions differently; in the A and B versions, she is condemned as a

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Then she was forced to marry Atli. One night, Atli awoke and told Gudrun that he had had a dream that she would kill him and cause him to eat his sons. Gudrun interprets the dream in a way that makes it seem harmless.

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in 436/437, possibly with the help of Hunnish mercenaries. The downfall of this kingdom was blamed on Attila and combined with his death at the hands of his wife at some early point in the development of the legend.

599:(c. 1200): she is the first character to be introduced and the romance ends with her death. The poem is even called "Kriemhild" in at least one manuscript. It has even been argued that the epic represents a sort of 1085:

The poem focuses entirely on Gudrun's grief at the death of Sigurd, omitting almost all details surrounding his death. The three women, including Gudrun's sister Gullrönd, are probably inventions of the poet.

948:. In this version, in which "Jarmericus" is a Danish king, Gudrun appears as a powerful sorceress who casts spells on the weapons of the brothers coming to avenge Svanhild's death that make them invincible. 531:, her husband. In the oral tradition, Brunhilda's name has become attached to the murderer rather than the wife. The second element of Fredegund's name, meanwhile, corresponds with the first in Gudrun's. 511:

In the first instance, Gudrun's quarrel with Brunhild, which results in Sigurd's death at the urging of the latter, is widely thought to have its origins in the quarrel between the two historical

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match the stories known by his Scandinavian audience. The saga's version of the downfall of the Burgundians represents a unique mix of elements known from the Norse and continental traditions.

682:, Kriemhild was acting out of true love for Siegfried and the true treachery was that of Hagen. This is underlined by having Hildebrand specifically blame Hagen for the disaster, calling him a 1500:

saga. In this version she willingly gives up the Nibelungs' ring and gold after Siegfried's death, having realized the deadly curse they bring on all who would try to claim them for their own.

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Although the poem is placed before the poems about Atli's death in the codex, references to Gudrun being without kin seem to indicate that it takes place after the death of the Burgundians.

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is the earliest attestation of the full Scandinavian version of Gudrun's life, dating to around 1220. Snorri tells the story of Gudrun in several chapters of the section of the poem called

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This version of the poem makes the destruction of the Burgundians look like the result of a feud between Atli and Gudrun; Atli is even said to execute Gunnar and Högni to hurt his wife.

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version m includes a version of Siegfried's freeing of Kriemhild from a dragon, meaning the legend developed by 1400. The earliest surviving copy of the ballad itself is from 1530.

2888:, Issue 7, Winter 1992. "In Norway, the oskorei is led by Sigurd Svein and Guro Rysserova ("Gudrun Horse-tail")—the Sigurdhr Fáfnisbani and Gudhrun Gjúkadottir of the Eddic lays." 1011:

adultery, Gudrun tells her sons to kill him, giving them special weapons that could not be pierced by iron. The sons die in the attempt, leading to the extinction of Gjúki's line.

955:. Victor Millet nevertheless believes that Saxo is of little value as a source for authentic heroic traditions, as he appears to have thoroughly altered whatever sources he used. 4173: 3074:

Curschmann, Michael (1988). "Eddic poetry and continental heroic legend: the case of the third lay of Guðrún (Guðrúnarqviða)". In Calder, Daniel G; Christy, T. Craig (eds.).

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of Diebolt von Hanowe and afterwards contained in printings until 1590, is considered one of the most important attestations of a continued oral tradition outside of the

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Saxo probably completed his history before 1208, making this the earliest version of the Scandinavian tradition to have survived and roughly contemporary with the

259:. As Wagner's cycle ends with Siegfried's funeral and its immediate aftermath, it does not include her marriage to Atli/Etzel or revenge for Siegfried's death. 3613: 850:

and the Scandinavian tradition as well. This is taken as evidence that these elements of the tradition existed in oral story-telling into the late Middle Ages.

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fairly closely, although there is no indication that the author knew the other text. The author appears to have been working in Norway and to have known the

4112: 569: 459:), the cognate name to Kriemhild. Victor Millet suggests that the name, along with the mother's wickedness, may derive from the continental tradition. 912:) is mentioned as a popular story that the German courtly public enjoyed hearing, along with tales of Sigurd's death and the hoard of the Nibelungs. 1102:

he has not slept with Brunhild, and noting that he brothers still live. After this, she disappears from the poem and is only mentioned by Brunhild.

1452:, who lived in the tenth century, although other scholars date it instead to around 1000 and believe that the attribution to Bragi is incorrect. 3227:

Das Nibelungenlied und die Klage. Nach der Handschrift 857 der Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen. Mittelhochdeutscher Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar

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Gudrun is believed to have her origins in two historical figures who featured in two originally independent traditions, one about the death of

610:(fiend) for her bloody revenge, but the C version emphasizes her love for her dead husband as her motivation and absolves her of most blame. 905:

The phrase "Kriemhilden hôchzît" (Kriemhild's festival) is attested in other medieval German works to denote an especially bloody battle.

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shows knowledge of continental traditions with the figure of Thiodrek. In addition, Herkja corresponds to the German Helche (in the

3864: 1448:: the narrator there refers to Ermanaric's killers as descendants of Gjúki, Gudrun's father. This poem is attributed to the poet 589:

Kriemhild, holding Gunther's head, prepares to kill Hagen with Siegfried's sword while Hildebrand watches. Hundeshagenscher Kodex

1393:. This is also the first secure attestation of a combined legend of the death of Sigurd and the destruction of the Burgundians. 645:

are seated in the hall with Burgundians. Upon hearing of the attack, Hagen decapitates the Hunnish prince. Fighting erupts, but

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McKinnell, John (2014). "Female Reactions to the Death of Sigurðr". In McKinnell, John; Kick, Donata; Shafer, John D. (eds.).

842:, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gybich and sister of Gunther, Gyrnot (Gernot), and Hagen. The name Gybich agrees with the 3436: 3318: 3291: 3272: 3234: 3145: 3111: 3539: 1356:

adultery. Gudrun then rallies her sons to avenge their half-sister, giving them armor that cannot be cut through by iron.

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The destruction of the Burgundian kingdom derives from the destruction of a historical Burgundian kingdom, ruled by king

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as his bride, Kriemhild and Siegfried are also married. The couple then leaves from Siegfried's own kingdom at Xanten.

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Quinn, Judy (2015). "Scenes of vindication. Three Icelandic heroic poems in relation to the continental traditions of

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Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700-1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names

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The name of Kriemhild's father, Gibeche, corresponds to Gjúki in the Scandinavian tradition, and is also found in the

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cognate name for Kriemhild, and that character's manifest wickedness may also derive from the continental tradition.

642: 413:, meaning battle or conflict. There is no consensus about the first element though, and it is also variously spelled 175: 117: 5247: 542:, who was rumored to have murdered him. The written form Ildico is generally taken to represent the Germanic name 857:

It has been suggested that Siegfried's liberation of Kriemhild may be a repurposing of a lost German story about

1171:, Atli's concubine Herkja accuses Gudrun of sleeping with Thiodrek. Gudrun denies the charges and engages in an 846:

and corresponds to the Old Norse Gjúki, and the fact that Hagen is one of Kriemhild's brothers accords with the

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Kriemhild tells her mother Ute of a dream that predicts her tragic love for Siegfried. Hundeshagenscher Kodex

5141: 1228:, possibly dating from the ninth century. Gudrun feeding Atli his sons may derive from the antique story of 5262: 4307: 3857: 444:, meaning terrible. Yet another theory derives the first element from a verb similar to Middle High German 5257: 5252: 5169: 184: 75: 796: 706:(c. 1250) is written in Old Norse, the majority of the material is translated from German (particularly 3491: 1061: 396:, meaning secret. On the continent, this name is only attested for an apparently unrelated figure (see 230:

and marries the hero Siegfried/Sigurd. Both traditions also feature a major rivalry between Gudrun and

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Dietleib and Walther both receive a garland of roses from Kriemhild. Image from a text of the Berlin

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In a song of the mid-thirteenth-century wandering lyric poet Der Marner, "whom Kriemhild betrayed" (

222:

In both the Continental (German) and Scandinavian traditions, Gudrun/Kriemhild is the sister of the

63: 4773: 4166: 1195:, Erka), the first wife of Etzel (Atli) in the continental tradition. She only appears here in the 4829: 3532: 1131: 462:

Scholarly opinion diverges as to which name is more original: either both names are old, the name

4885: 4014: 3850: 674:, the poem nevertheless goes to great lengths to absolve her of blame for the catastrophe of the 617:, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Dancrat and queen Ute of Burgundy, a kingdom centered around 251: 20: 3385: 1078: 440:

with a short vowel represents an alteration of the original root to be more similar to the word

5127: 4787: 3583: 3498: 516: 212: 196: 5176: 4983: 4745: 4077: 3996: 3816: 768:(fiend) and she derives great joy from watching the knights fight in at times brutal combat. 5067: 4941: 4822: 4815: 4801: 4042: 3989: 3924: 753: 4906: 3313:. Translated by Larrington, Carolyne (Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University. 2014. 760:

The poem takes a highly critical judgment of Kriemhild. As in the A and B versions of the

8: 5074: 5046: 4706: 4468: 3595: 3503: 3134:

Gentry, Francis G.; McConnell, Winder; Müller, Ulrich; Wunderlich, Werner, eds. (2011) .

208: 50: 3525: 1414:

story of Sigurd's murder. These changes occurred sometime before the composition of the

919:(late thirteenth-century) records that Attila the Hun was killed by his wife Kriemhild. 5081: 4997: 4913: 4899: 3658: 3343: 581:

Kriemhild finds Siegfried's corpse in front of her bedroom door. Hundeshagenscher Kodex

381: 126: 31: 4433: 4286: 2884:

Kveldulf Hagen Gundarsson, "The Folklore of the Wild Hunt and the Furious Host", from

1480: 5109: 5053: 4920: 4780: 4398: 4035: 3914: 3803: 3576: 3451: 3432: 3333: 3314: 3287: 3268: 3249: 3230: 3211: 3192: 3160: 3141: 3107: 3079: 1136: 965: 895: 829:

The dragon lays its head in Kriemhild's lap. Woodcut for an early modern printing of

646: 1236:, however. The poem is particularly notable in that Sigurd is not mentioned at all. 654:, outraged that a woman has killed a great warrior, then hacks Kriemhild to pieces. 5060: 4962: 4759: 4738: 4587: 4335: 4321: 4139: 3797: 3780: 3347: 985: 935: 881: 702: 140: 88: 4608: 3975: 3602: 3549: 2076: 1324: 1305:: she encourages her sons to avenge Svanhild, which they reluctantly agree to do. 1114: 916: 58: 42: 5208: 5190: 4878: 4545: 4503: 4189: 3961: 3570: 3135: 3076:

Germania : comparative studies in the old Germanic languages and literatures

1466: 1172: 1135:, Gudrun is at Atli's court. She laments of her fate to Thiodrek (Þjódrekr, i.e. 666: 46:

Kriemhild discovers Siegfried's corpse. Painting by Johann Heinrich Füssli, 1817.

5011: 4685: 4678: 4377: 4314: 3208:

Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles

2683: 2681: 2327: 2325: 1444: 1281:

Svanhild is married to Jormunrek, who later kills her on suspicion of jealousy.

5215: 5155: 5148: 5134: 5018: 4871: 4857: 4594: 4552: 4349: 4223: 4069: 4051: 3899: 3874: 3823: 3653: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1497: 1471: 1449: 1406: 1301: 1286: 1043: 739: 710:) oral tales, as well as possibly some from German written sources such as the 618: 595: 372:) is straightforward: it consists of two elements. The first is Proto-Germanic 246: 204: 35: 4028: 2794: 2175: 1374:, Gudhrun Gjúkadottir is referred to as Guro Rysserova ("Gudrun Horse-tail"). 54:

Kriemhild accuses Hagen of murdering Siegfried. Painting by Emil Lauffer, 1879

5231: 5032: 4990: 4489: 4475: 4021: 3589: 2678: 2322: 1698: 1066:

probably shows Gudrun to reveal Sigurd and Gunnar's deception in the wooing.

944: 891: 886: 601: 5162: 5039: 1594: 1269: 5102: 5088: 4976: 4720: 4629: 4342: 1440: 1402: 534:

In the case of the destruction of the Burgundians, Gudrun can be traced to

4265: 3739: 3698: 1214: 304: 4969: 4713: 4643: 4615: 4559: 4496: 4405: 4356: 3968: 3770: 3355: 1493: 1312:, but more recent scholarship suggests it may actually be fairly recent. 1023: 973: 877:

records that Attila's wife killed him to avenge the death of her father.

528: 426: 223: 4636: 3466: 3398: 3372: 3359: 3175: 3122: 3062: 432:) meaning mask. Another theory connects it an otherwise unattested root 4892: 4850: 4808: 4657: 4622: 4573: 4566: 4538: 4447: 4412: 4300: 4293: 4258: 4131: 3919: 3775: 1462: 981: 898:

by singing of "the famous treachery of Grimhild against her brothers" (

874: 800: 707: 651: 524: 493: 4454: 4384: 3708: 1377: 26: 4934: 4692: 4482: 4237: 3703: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1371: 1365: 992:. His presentation of the story is very similar to that found in the 939: 890:

that a Saxon minstrel tried unsuccessfully to warn the Danish prince

520: 478:

was created to share the same first element as the other Burgundians

239: 235: 216: 70: 3729: 3517: 686:(fiend), the male counterpart to the accusation that Kriemhild is a 4948: 4864: 4766: 4699: 4524: 4426: 4363: 4279: 4272: 4251: 4230: 4216: 3939: 3934: 3909: 3633: 1340:

is dated to sometime in the second half of the thirteenth century.

1289:

to see her. They will then burn together on the same funeral pyre.

1177: 858: 622: 557: 452: 231: 4664: 4419: 4158: 3663: 1773:, p. 91, "Ditz Puech heysset Chrimhilt." Ambraser Heldenbuch. 1637: 1635: 1633: 508:

and another about the destruction of the Burgundians by the Huns.

4836: 4601: 4580: 4531: 4517: 4461: 4370: 4244: 3904: 3842: 3724: 3683: 3673: 3648: 3638: 3564: 1418:(c. 1200), the first text to securely attest either development. 480: 302:

And this is how Gudrun is described at the end of the Eddic poem

227: 3502: 3414:. Translated by Byock, Jesse L. New York, London: Penguin Books. 1968: 1147:. Its account of Sigurd's death generally follow the account in 664:

Although Kriemhild does not appear as a living character in the

5183: 5095: 5025: 4955: 4752: 4650: 4510: 4440: 4391: 3944: 3889: 3693: 3628: 3486: 3133: 2800: 2687: 2331: 2181: 2082: 1920: 1704: 1630: 1607: 1518: 1233: 1229: 1004: 637: 539: 535: 512: 505: 398: 200: 192: 3749: 3473:. Vol. 28. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 424–426. 3405:. Vol. 16. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 149–153. 3366:. Vol. 24. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 112–117. 3182:. Vol. 13. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 473–476. 3129:. Vol. 26. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 549–554. 2666: 1389:

The first attestation of Kriemhild or Gudrun, however, is the

825: 152: 4794: 4671: 4328: 3754: 3734: 3688: 3668: 3469:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3401:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3379:. Vol. 4. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 231–235. 3375:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3362:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3178:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3125:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3069:. Vol. 1. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 465–467. 3065:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3014: 2978: 2939: 2654: 1511: 942:)'s death that includes Gudrun (as Guthruna) in Latin in his 106: 3831:

The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs

2642: 2601: 2542: 2421: 2385: 2373: 2337: 2187: 2004: 1944: 1776: 1676: 1674: 1224:

is commonly supposedly to be one of the oldest poems in the

38:' work, Sigurd the Volsung. (London: Kelmscott Press, 1898). 3744: 3678: 2532: 2530: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2361: 2298: 1686: 922: 451:

In the Scandinavian tradition, Gudrun's mother is known as

2854: 2830: 2693: 2591: 2589: 2576: 2574: 2349: 2100: 1932: 1742: 1740: 292:

She was called Kriemhilt—she grew to be a beautiful woman.

97: 3002: 2968: 2966: 2753: 2460: 2448: 2151: 2028: 1992: 1980: 1908: 1872: 1836: 1812: 1671: 1405:(Gunther) and located on the Rhine, by the Roman general 1396: 161: 94: 2990: 2927: 2915: 2891: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2717: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2527: 2503: 2484: 2438: 2436: 2228: 2226: 2141: 2139: 1884: 1659: 1647: 3026: 2741: 2586: 2571: 2409: 2286: 2112: 1752: 1737: 1727: 1725: 199:

and literature. She is believed to have her origins in

3246:

Die dänischen Nibelungenballaden: Texte und Kommentare

3038: 2963: 2951: 2903: 2866: 2842: 2818: 2806: 2274: 2052: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1582: 1570: 1560: 1558: 2777: 2765: 2630: 2613: 2554: 2515: 2472: 2433: 2397: 2310: 2250: 2223: 2199: 2163: 2136: 2124: 2088: 2064: 2040: 1956: 1896: 1860: 1848: 1824: 1800: 1788: 1764: 1710: 176: 146: 118: 109: 3332:. Toronto: University of Toronto. pp. 249–267. 2729: 2238: 2211: 2016: 1722: 1531: 868: 294:

For her sake many knights were to lose their lives.

288:

There grew up in Burgundy a most noble maiden.

167: 164: 149: 103: 100: 4113:

Das Nibelungenlied: Ein Heldenepos in 39 Abenteuern

3078:. Wolfeboro, N.H.: D. S. Brewer. pp. 143–160. 2705: 2262: 1613: 1555: 1543: 1378:

Theories about the development of the Gudrun figure

1308:This lay is often supposed to be the oldest in the 1143:The poem is probably one of the most recent in the 550:and would thus correspond to the second element in 158: 155: 143: 91: 3429:Medieval Nordic Literature in its European Context 1426:Attachment to the legend of Ermanaric and Svanhild 775:and Heldenbuch-Prosa (see below); this shows the 5229: 3392:. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 121–127. 1285:death and hopes that Sigurd will ride back from 1003:Following this, Gudrun is married to king Atli ( 873:The ninth-century anonymous Saxon poet known as 836:In the late medieval/early modern heroic ballad 558:Continental Germanic traditions and attestations 779:connection to an oral tradition outside of the 546:, which would be a diminutive form of the name 818: 281:dar umbe muosen degene vil verliesen den lîp. 4174: 3858: 3533: 3206:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996). 3205: 3020: 2648: 2427: 2343: 1974: 1950: 1782: 1692: 1430:The attachment of Gudrun's legend to that of 409:is less clear. The second element is clearly 277:daz in allen landen niht schoeners mohte sîn, 3513:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 926. 3120: 3104:The Nibelungenlied. The Lay of the Nibelungs 2304: 938:records a version of the story of Jorumrek ( 523:, the latter of whom had Brunhild's husband 279:Kriemhilt geheizen. si wart ein schoene wîp. 3471:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3403:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3377:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3364:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3180:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3127:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3095:The Poetic Edda, Volume I: The Heroic Poems 3067:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 1299:Gudrun appears briefly at the beginning of 1089: 900:notissimam Grimildae erga fratres perfidiam 275:Ez wuohs in Burgonden ein vil edel magedîn, 4181: 4167: 3865: 3851: 3540: 3526: 3309: 3073: 2672: 2660: 2466: 2454: 1239: 996:(see below), but is considerably shorter. 3431:. Oslo: Dreyers Forlag. pp. 78–125. 3409: 3370: 3327: 3284:Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter 3243: 3154: 3137:The Nibelungen Tradition. An Encyclopedia 2607: 2548: 2536: 2509: 2497: 2415: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2193: 2118: 1926: 1746: 1716: 1665: 1641: 1576: 1496:played Kriemhild in an adaptation of the 384:loss of a nasal before a dental spirant ( 3497: 3396: 3383: 3093:Dronke, Ursula (ed. and trans.) (1969). 2595: 2580: 2292: 1268: 1053: 964: 923:Scandinavian traditions and attestations 824: 738: 584: 576: 568: 290:No one in all the lands could be fairer. 69: 57: 49: 41: 25: 3262: 3224: 3173: 3101: 3032: 2984: 2957: 2945: 2280: 2169: 2145: 2106: 2058: 1902: 1890: 1866: 1830: 1806: 1794: 1770: 1758: 1549: 1537: 861:, though this is far from certain. The 787:obvious knowledge of the earlier poem. 732: 593:Kriemhild is the main character of the 436:. According to both theories, the form 380:, meaning battle; it shows the typical 5230: 3445: 3354: 3300: 3281: 3229:. Berlin: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag. 3186: 3092: 3044: 3008: 2996: 2972: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2788: 2771: 2759: 2735: 2723: 2699: 2636: 2624: 2565: 2521: 2478: 2442: 2403: 2316: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2217: 2205: 2157: 2130: 2094: 2070: 2046: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1962: 1938: 1914: 1878: 1854: 1842: 1818: 1731: 1680: 1653: 1624: 1588: 1564: 1397:Role in the destruction of Burgundians 807:, with many details agreeing with the 4162: 3846: 3547: 3521: 3464: 3418: 1455: 3305:(3 ed.). Berlin: Erich Schmidt. 3060: 2747: 2711: 1158: 1031:that reliable dating is impossible. 421:. One theory derives it from a root 310: 269: 4188: 3187:Haymes, Edward R. (trans.) (1988). 3106:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1479:). Kriemhild was played by actress 1477:Die Nibelungen: Kriemhild's Revenge 1122: 1050:The poem is probably not very old. 790: 392:). The second element is Old Norse 13: 3872: 1069: 714:. Therefore, it is included here. 657: 474:is the original name and the name 466:is the original name and the name 14: 5274: 3479: 3390:Die altnordische heroische Elegie 3140:. New York, Abingdon: Routledge. 869:Other traditions and attestations 562: 16:Legendary figure in Germanic lore 4900:Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter) 3612: 3485: 3286:. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. 3102:Edwards, Cyril (trans.) (2010). 2878: 1472:Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache 1315: 1105: 927: 747:play, SB Berlin mgf 800, Bl. 2v. 139: 87: 3810:The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún 3412:The Prose Edda: Norse Mythology 1422:more favorable view of Attila. 1262: 470:a later invention, or the name 341:will any wife go thus in armour 255:, Siegfried's wife is known as 3225:Heinzle, Joachim, ed. (2013). 1328:follows the plot given in the 1014: 894:of the betrayal of his cousin 693: 351:bright lady, before she died. 1: 4094:Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King 3373:"Burgunden 3: Burgundensagen" 3265:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik 3244:Holzapfel, Otto, ed. (1974). 3159:. Oxford: Oxford University. 3155:Gillespie, George T. (1973). 3121:Friis-Jensen, Kasten (2004). 3053: 958: 4308:Companions of Saint Nicholas 1359: 1292: 1205: 1034: 359: 7: 5170:Hirschsprung (Black Forest) 3371:Rosenfeld, Hellmut (1981). 3263:Lienert, Elisabeth (2015). 3189:The Saga of Thidrek of Bern 1504: 839:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 831:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 820:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 636:Thirteen years later, king 76:Karl Schmoll von Eisenwerth 10: 5279: 5142:Volksmärchen der Deutschen 4977:Peter Nikoll (Black Peter) 3427:". In Mundal, Else (ed.). 3410:Sturluson, Snorri (2005). 3097:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1363: 1273:Gudrun agitating her sons. 799:, first found in the 1480 499: 18: 5200: 5119: 4730: 4208: 4201:German-speaking countries 4196: 4123: 4104: 4061: 4006: 3953: 3882: 3789: 3763: 3717: 3621: 3610: 3556: 3465:Würth, Stephanie (2005). 3397:Sprenger, Ulrike (1999). 3384:Sprenger, Ulrike (1992). 3301:Müller, Jan-Dirk (2009). 3267:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. 3021:Haymes & Samples 1996 2649:Haymes & Samples 1996 2428:Haymes & Samples 1996 2344:Haymes & Samples 1996 1975:Haymes & Samples 1996 1951:Haymes & Samples 1996 1783:Haymes & Samples 1996 1693:Haymes & Samples 1996 915:The Hungarian chronicler 4774:Christman Genipperteinga 4140:The Ring of the Nibelung 4132:The Ring of the Nibelung 1525: 1251:tells the same story as 1098:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma 1091:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma 527:murdered by his brother 207:, and two queens of the 5248:Fictional German people 5120:Legends and fairy tales 4928:Kunigunde von Orlamünde 4886:Heinrich von Winkelried 4015:Der Ring des Nibelungen 3983:Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 3510:Encyclopædia Britannica 3499:Phillips, Walter Alison 3282:Millet, Victor (2008). 3248:. Göppingen: Kümmerle. 3061:Beck, Heinrich (1973). 1644:, pp. 21–22 n. 12. 1248:Atlamál hin groenlenzku 1241:Atlamál hin groenlenzku 773:Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 343:to avenge her brothers. 337:The whole tale is told: 252:Der Ring des Nibelungen 188: 130: 62:Kriemhild and Gunther, 21:Gudrun (disambiguation) 5005:Rüdiger von Bechelaren 4788:Eppelein von Gailingen 3450:. Stuttgart: Metzler. 3448:Germanische Heldensage 3446:Uecker, Heiko (1972). 3330:Essays on Eddic Poetry 3174:Glauser, Jürg (1999). 2013:, pp. xxvii–xxix. 1274: 977: 833: 748: 590: 582: 574: 517:Brunhilda of Austrasia 335: 314: 286: 273: 213:Brunhilda of Austrasia 197:Germanic heroic legend 195:and a major figure in 79: 67: 64:Johann Heinrich Füssli 55: 47: 39: 5243:German heroic legends 5177:Venusberg (mythology) 4984:Pied Piper of Hamelin 4830:Götz von Berlichingen 4746:Arnold von Winkelried 3997:Biterolf und Dietleib 3817:The Lord of the Rings 3210:. New York: Garland. 3191:. New York: Garland. 2987:, pp. 1009–1010. 2948:, pp. 1008–1009. 1929:, p. 20, 52, 59. 1489:Ring of the Nibelungs 1370:In the legend of the 1272: 1149:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu 1062:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu 1055:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu 968: 934:The Danish historian 910:wen Kriemhilt verriet 880:The Danish historian 828: 742: 588: 580: 572: 316:Fullrœtt er um þetta: 73: 61: 53: 45: 29: 5068:Walram of Thierstein 4942:Matthias Klostermayr 4823:Giselher of Burgundy 4816:Genevieve of Brabant 4802:Frederick Barbarossa 3990:Rosengarten zu Worms 3494:at Wikimedia Commons 3421:Þiðreks saga af Bern 1486:In the 2005 TV epic 1336:, and therefore the 844:Rosengarten zu Worms 754:Rosengarten zu Worms 734:Rosengarten zu Worms 670:, the sequel to the 345:She caused the death 19:For other uses, see 5263:Mythological queens 5128:Grimms' Fairy Tales 5075:Walter of Aquitaine 5047:The Smith of Kochel 3348:10.3138/j.ctt6wrf94 2863:, pp. 316–317. 2839:, pp. 315–316. 2762:, pp. 299–300. 2702:, p. 299, 307. 2675:, p. 308 n. 5. 2663:, pp. 149–152. 2610:, pp. 257–258. 2551:, pp. 258–259. 2394:, pp. 101–102. 2382:, pp. 100–101. 2160:, pp. 467–469. 2085:, pp. 186–187. 2037:, pp. 361–363. 2001:, pp. 271–272. 1989:, pp. 273–274. 1977:, pp. 118–119. 1941:, p. 264, 266. 1917:, pp. 270–273. 1881:, pp. 184–185. 1845:, pp. 182–183. 1821:, pp. 181–182. 1683:, pp. 195–196. 1656:, pp. 305–306. 1492:, American actress 1173:ordeal of hot water 970:Brynhild och Gudrun 678:. According to the 448:, meaning to rage. 318:ferr engi svá síðan 209:Merovingian dynasty 74:Kriemhild's Death, 5258:Legendary Norsemen 5253:Nibelung tradition 5082:Werner Stauffacher 4998:Punker of Rohrbach 4914:Knight of the Swan 4078:The Dragon's Blood 3659:Helgi Hundingsbane 3425:the Nibelungenlied 3303:Das Nibelungenlied 3123:"Saxo Grammaticus" 3011:, pp. 307–38. 2801:Gentry et al. 2011 2750:, p. 466-467. 2688:Gentry et al. 2011 2370:, pp. 99–100. 2332:Gentry et al. 2011 2196:, p. 16 n. 8. 2182:Gentry et al. 2011 2109:, p. 167–168. 2083:Gentry et al. 2011 1705:Gentry et al. 2011 1608:Gentry et al. 2011 1456:In popular culture 1275: 978: 834: 764:, she is called a 749: 591: 583: 575: 382:North Sea Germanic 330:biǫrt, áðr sylti. 185:Middle High German 80: 68: 56: 48: 40: 32:Edward Burne-Jones 5225: 5224: 5110:Xaver Hohenleiter 5054:Till Eulenspiegel 4921:Konrad Baumgarten 4907:Klaus Störtebeker 4781:Dietrich von Bern 4399:Feuermann (ghost) 4156: 4155: 3915:Dietrich von Bern 3840: 3839: 3804:Hagbard and Signy 3584:Norna-Gests þáttr 3504:"Kriemhild" 3490:Media related to 3438:978-82-8265-072-4 3320:978-0-19-967534-0 3293:978-3-11-020102-4 3274:978-3-503-15573-6 3236:978-3-618-66120-7 3147:978-0-8153-1785-2 3113:978-0-19-923854-5 2999:, pp. 32–33. 2936:, pp. 52–53. 2924:, pp. 19–20. 2900:, pp. 51–52. 2726:, p. 48, 51. 2358:, pp. 98–99. 2305:Friis-Jensen 2004 1893:, pp. 62–63. 1591:, pp. 44–45. 1189:Guðrúnarkviða III 1168:Guðrúnarkviða III 1160:Guðrúnarkviða III 1137:Dietrich von Bern 896:Magnus the Strong 647:Dietrich von Bern 405:The etymology of 364:The etymology of 357: 356: 324:Hon hefir þriggia 300: 299: 191:) is the wife of 5270: 5218: 5211: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5061:Volker von Alzey 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4963:Otto the Younger 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4760:Baron Munchausen 4755: 4748: 4741: 4739:Albrecht Gessler 4723: 4716: 4709: 4707:Will-o'-the-wisp 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4588:Nixie (folklore) 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4469:Jack o' the bowl 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4336:Dwarf (folklore) 4331: 4324: 4322:Drak (mythology) 4317: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4159: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3616: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3489: 3474: 3461: 3442: 3415: 3406: 3393: 3380: 3367: 3351: 3324: 3306: 3297: 3278: 3259: 3240: 3221: 3202: 3183: 3170: 3151: 3130: 3117: 3098: 3089: 3070: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2886:Mountain Thunder 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2578: 2569: 2563: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1735: 1729: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1628: 1622: 1611: 1605: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1434:(Jǫrmunrek) and 1185:Guðrúnarkviða II 1178:drowned in a bog 1132:Guðrúnarkviða II 1124:Guðrúnarkviða II 986:Snorri Sturluson 936:Saxo Grammaticus 882:Saxo Grammaticus 797:Heldenbuch-Prosa 791:Heldenbuch-Prosa 311: 270: 193:Sigurd/Siegfried 179: 174: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 121: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 93: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209:German folklore 5207: 5196: 5191:Walpurgis Night 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4879:Hans von Trotha 4877: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4546:Mare (folklore) 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4504:Knecht Ruprecht 4502: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4434:Heinzelmännchen 4432: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4287:Buschgroßmutter 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4204: 4192: 4190:German folklore 4187: 4157: 4152: 4119: 4100: 4057: 4043:Götterdämmerung 4002: 3962:Nibelungenklage 3949: 3878: 3871: 3841: 3836: 3785: 3759: 3713: 3617: 3608: 3571:Heysham hogback 3552: 3546: 3482: 3477: 3458: 3439: 3356:McTurk, Rory W. 3340: 3321: 3311:The Poetic Edda 3294: 3275: 3256: 3237: 3218: 3199: 3167: 3148: 3114: 3086: 3056: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2673:Larrington 2014 2671: 2667: 2661:Curschmann 1988 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2467:Larrington 2014 2465: 2461: 2455:Larrington 2014 2453: 2449: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1761:, p. 1038. 1757: 1753: 1745: 1738: 1730: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1631: 1623: 1614: 1606: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1507: 1481:Margarete Schön 1467:Thea von Harbou 1458: 1428: 1399: 1380: 1368: 1362: 1320: 1297: 1267: 1244: 1210: 1163: 1127: 1110: 1094: 1079:Guðrúnarkviða I 1074: 1071:Guðrúnarkviða I 1058: 1039: 1019: 990:Skáldskaparsmál 963: 932: 925: 884:records in his 871: 823: 793: 737: 698: 680:Nibelungenklage 667:Nibelungenklage 662: 659:Nibelungenklage 567: 560: 502: 362: 353: 350: 348: 346: 344: 342: 340: 339:never after her 338: 332: 329: 327: 325: 323: 322:brœðr at hefna. 321: 319: 317: 296: 293: 291: 289: 283: 280: 278: 276: 203:, last wife of 177: 142: 138: 119: 90: 86: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5276: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5216:Swiss folklore 5212: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5156:Nibelungenlied 5152: 5149:Gespensterbuch 5145: 5138: 5135:Deutsche Sagen 5131: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5019:Schinderhannes 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4872:Hans von Sagan 4868: 4861: 4858:Hagen (legend) 4854: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4595:Ork (folklore) 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4553:Mephistopheles 4549: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4350:Ekke Nekkepenn 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4224:Alp (folklore) 4220: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4136: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4086:Die Nibelungen 4082: 4074: 4070:Die Nibelungen 4065: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3945:Etzel (Attila) 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3875:Nibelungenlied 3870: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3824:Nibelungenlied 3820: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3596:Skáldskaparmál 3592: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3481: 3480:External links 3478: 3476: 3475: 3467:"Sigurdlieder" 3462: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3416: 3407: 3399:"Gudrunlieder" 3394: 3386:"Guðrúnarhvǫt" 3381: 3368: 3360:"Ragnarsdrápa" 3352: 3338: 3325: 3319: 3307: 3298: 3292: 3279: 3273: 3260: 3254: 3241: 3235: 3222: 3216: 3203: 3197: 3184: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3131: 3118: 3112: 3099: 3090: 3084: 3071: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3047:, p. 115. 3037: 3035:, p. 475. 3025: 3023:, p. 126. 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2975:, p. 198. 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2912:, p. 195. 2902: 2890: 2877: 2875:, p. 317. 2865: 2853: 2851:, p. 316. 2841: 2829: 2827:, p. 313. 2817: 2815:, p. 319. 2805: 2793: 2791:, p. 300. 2776: 2774:, p. 307. 2764: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2714:, p. 165. 2704: 2692: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2651:, p. 124. 2641: 2639:, p. 306. 2629: 2627:, p. 305. 2612: 2608:McKinnell 2014 2600: 2598:, p. 152. 2585: 2583:, p. 151. 2570: 2568:, p. 298. 2553: 2549:McKinnell 2014 2541: 2539:, p. 259. 2537:McKinnell 2014 2526: 2524:, p. 297. 2514: 2512:, p. 252. 2510:McKinnell 2014 2502: 2500:, p. 257. 2498:McKinnell 2014 2483: 2481:, p. 301. 2471: 2469:, p. 146. 2459: 2457:, p. 145. 2447: 2445:, p. 294. 2432: 2430:, p. 119. 2420: 2416:Gillespie 1973 2408: 2406:, p. 288. 2396: 2392:Sturluson 2005 2384: 2380:Sturluson 2005 2372: 2368:Sturluson 2005 2360: 2356:Sturluson 2005 2348: 2346:, p. 127. 2336: 2321: 2319:, p. 291. 2309: 2307:, p. 555. 2297: 2295:, p. 125. 2285: 2283:, p. 474. 2273: 2261: 2259:, p. 231. 2249: 2237: 2235:, p. 138. 2222: 2210: 2208:, p. 467. 2198: 2194:Gillespie 1973 2186: 2184:, p. 169. 2174: 2162: 2150: 2135: 2133:, p. 469. 2123: 2119:Gillespie 1973 2111: 2099: 2097:, p. 428. 2087: 2075: 2073:, p. 364. 2063: 2061:, p. 136. 2051: 2049:, p. 366. 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1965:, p. 267. 1955: 1953:, p. 114. 1943: 1931: 1927:Gillespie 1973 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1857:, p. 183. 1847: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1785:, p. 152. 1775: 1763: 1751: 1747:Gillespie 1973 1736: 1721: 1717:Rosenfeld 1981 1709: 1697: 1685: 1670: 1668:, p. 232. 1666:Rosenfeld 1981 1658: 1646: 1642:Gillespie 1973 1629: 1612: 1593: 1581: 1577:Gillespie 1973 1569: 1554: 1542: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1498:Nibelungenlied 1484: 1457: 1454: 1450:Bragi Boddason 1427: 1424: 1416:Nibelungenlied 1407:Flavius Aetius 1398: 1395: 1391:Nibelungenlied 1379: 1376: 1364:Main article: 1361: 1358: 1319: 1314: 1296: 1291: 1266: 1261: 1243: 1238: 1209: 1204: 1162: 1157: 1126: 1121: 1109: 1104: 1093: 1088: 1073: 1068: 1057: 1052: 1038: 1033: 1018: 1013: 980:The so-called 962: 957: 953:Nibelungenlied 931: 926: 924: 921: 870: 867: 863:Nibelungenlied 822: 817: 805:Nibelungenlied 792: 789: 783:, despite the 781:Nibelungenlied 762:Nibelungenlied 736: 731: 712:Nibelungenlied 697: 692: 676:Nibelungenlied 672:Nibelungenlied 661: 656: 615:Nibelungenlied 596:Nibelungenlied 566: 564:Nibelungenlied 561: 559: 556: 501: 498: 361: 358: 355: 354: 347:of three kings 333: 320:brúðr í brynio 298: 297: 284: 265:Nibelungenlied 247:Richard Wagner 228:Gunther/Gunnar 205:Attila the Hun 36:William Morris 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5275: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Völsung cycle 5236: 5235: 5233: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5033:Stauffacherin 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4991:Princess Ilse 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4609:Petermännchen 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4490:King Goldemar 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4476:Klabautermann 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4022:Das Rheingold 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3976:Völsunga saga 3973: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954:Related works 3952: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718:Other figures 3716: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3605: 3604: 3603:Volsunga saga 3600: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3590:Sigurd stones 3588: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3577:Niflung Cycle 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3550:Völsung Cycle 3543: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3339:9781442615885 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3255:3-87452-237-7 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3198:0-8240-8489-6 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3166:9780198157182 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2960:, p. 35. 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2803:, p. 16. 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2738:, p. 55. 2737: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2690:, p. 76. 2689: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2596:Sprenger 1999 2592: 2590: 2582: 2581:Sprenger 1999 2577: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2429: 2424: 2418:, p. 50. 2417: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2334:, p. 12. 2333: 2328: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2293:Sprenger 1992 2289: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2247:, p. 48. 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2220:, p. 44. 2219: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2172:, p. 68. 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2148:, p. 67. 2147: 2142: 2140: 2132: 2127: 2121:, p. 19. 2120: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2025:, p. 42. 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1905:, p. 62. 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1869:, p. 42. 1868: 1863: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1833:, p. 40. 1832: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1809:, p. 56. 1808: 1803: 1797:, p. 53. 1796: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1749:, p. 21. 1748: 1743: 1741: 1734:, p. 20. 1733: 1728: 1726: 1718: 1713: 1707:, p. 70. 1706: 1701: 1695:, p. 22. 1694: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1627:, p. 45. 1626: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1610:, p. 75. 1609: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1579:, p. 22. 1578: 1573: 1567:, p. 12. 1566: 1561: 1559: 1551: 1546: 1540:, p. 10. 1539: 1534: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1338:Völsunga Saga 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1325:Völsunga saga 1318: 1317:Völsunga saga 1313: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115:Dráp Niflunga 1108: 1107:Dráp Niflunga 1103: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1001: 997: 995: 994:Völsunga saga 991: 987: 983: 975: 971: 967: 961: 956: 954: 949: 947: 946: 945:Gesta Danorum 941: 937: 930: 929:Gesta Danorum 920: 918: 917:Simon of Kéza 913: 911: 906: 903: 901: 897: 893: 892:Canute Lavard 889: 888: 887:Gesta Danorum 883: 878: 876: 866: 864: 860: 855: 851: 849: 845: 841: 840: 832: 827: 821: 816: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 788: 786: 785:Rosengarten's 782: 778: 777:Rosengarten's 774: 769: 767: 763: 758: 756: 755: 746: 741: 735: 730: 726: 722: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 704: 700:Although the 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668: 660: 655: 653: 648: 644: 639: 634: 630: 626: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 604: 603: 602:Bildungsroman 598: 597: 587: 579: 571: 565: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 482: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 400: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 352: 334: 331: 328:banorð borit, 313: 312: 309: 307: 306: 295: 285: 282: 272: 271: 268: 266: 260: 258: 254: 253: 248: 243: 241: 238:and enemy of 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181: 172: 136: 132: 128: 124: 123: 114: 84: 77: 72: 65: 60: 52: 44: 37: 33: 28: 22: 5103:Wolfdietrich 5089:William Tell 5012:Schildbürger 4843: 4721:Wolpertinger 4686:Wiedergänger 4679:Weiße Frauen 4630:Rhinemaidens 4378:Ewiger Jäger 4343:Easter Bunny 4315:Doppelgänger 4199:Folklore of 4198: 4146: 4138: 4130: 4111: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4050: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3894: 3873: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3796: 3643: 3601: 3594: 3582: 3575: 3563: 3557:Attestations 3508: 3470: 3447: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3389: 3376: 3363: 3329: 3310: 3302: 3283: 3264: 3245: 3226: 3207: 3188: 3179: 3156: 3136: 3126: 3103: 3094: 3075: 3066: 3063:"Atlilieder" 3040: 3033:Glauser 1999 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2985:Heinzle 2013 2980: 2958:Lienert 2015 2953: 2946:Heinzle 2013 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2603: 2544: 2517: 2505: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2281:Glauser 1999 2276: 2271:, p. 2. 2264: 2252: 2240: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2170:Lienert 2015 2165: 2153: 2146:Lienert 2015 2126: 2114: 2107:Lienert 2015 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2059:Lienert 2015 2054: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1922: 1910: 1903:Lienert 2015 1898: 1891:Lienert 2015 1886: 1874: 1867:Lienert 2015 1862: 1850: 1838: 1831:Lienert 2015 1826: 1814: 1807:Lienert 2015 1802: 1795:Lienert 2015 1790: 1778: 1771:Lienert 2015 1766: 1759:Heinzle 2013 1754: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1661: 1649: 1584: 1572: 1552:, p. 5. 1550:Edwards 2010 1545: 1538:Heinzle 2013 1533: 1517: 1510: 1487: 1476: 1470: 1445:Ragnarsdrápa 1443: 1441:Skaldic poem 1429: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1403:Gundicharius 1400: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1369: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334:Thidrekssaga 1333: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1283: 1278:Guðrúnarhvöt 1277: 1276: 1264:Guðrúnarhvöt 1263: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1193:Thidrekssaga 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1002: 998: 993: 989: 979: 969: 959: 952: 950: 943: 933: 928: 914: 909: 907: 904: 899: 885: 879: 872: 862: 856: 852: 848:Thidrekssaga 847: 843: 837: 835: 830: 819: 813: 809:Thidrekssaga 808: 804: 794: 784: 780: 776: 772: 770: 765: 761: 759: 752: 750: 744: 733: 727: 723: 719:Thidrekssaga 718: 716: 711: 701: 699: 694: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 665: 663: 658: 635: 631: 627: 614: 612: 607: 600: 594: 592: 563: 551: 547: 543: 533: 510: 503: 489: 485: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 461: 456: 450: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 404: 397: 393: 389: 385: 377: 376:, Old Norse 373: 369: 365: 363: 349:of a nation, 336: 315: 303: 301: 287: 274: 264: 261: 256: 250: 244: 221: 134: 82: 81: 4970:Peter Klaus 4714:Witte Wiwer 4644:Santa Claus 4616:Poltergeist 4560:Moss people 4497:King Laurin 4406:Feldgeister 4357:Elwetritsch 4143:(2000-2001) 4135:(1989-1990) 4124:Comic Books 4089:(1966/1967) 4029:Die Walküre 3969:Poetic Edda 3798:Þiðrekssaga 3771:Andvaranaut 3176:"Hamðismál" 3045:McTurk 2003 3009:Millet 2008 2997:Müller 2009 2973:Millet 2008 2934:Millet 2008 2922:Müller 2009 2910:Millet 2008 2898:Millet 2008 2873:Millet 2008 2861:Millet 2008 2849:Millet 2008 2837:Millet 2008 2825:Millet 2008 2813:Millet 2008 2789:Millet 2008 2772:Millet 2008 2760:Millet 2008 2736:Millet 2008 2724:Millet 2008 2700:Millet 2008 2637:Millet 2008 2625:Millet 2008 2566:Millet 2008 2522:Millet 2008 2479:Millet 2008 2443:Millet 2008 2404:Millet 2008 2317:Millet 2008 2269:Millet 2008 2257:Millet 2008 2245:Uecker 1972 2233:Millet 2008 2218:Uecker 1972 2206:Millet 2008 2158:Millet 2008 2131:Millet 2008 2095:Millet 2008 2071:Millet 2008 2047:Millet 2008 2035:Millet 2008 2023:Uecker 1972 2011:Haymes 1988 1999:Millet 2008 1987:Millet 2008 1963:Millet 2008 1939:Millet 2008 1915:Millet 2008 1879:Millet 2008 1855:Millet 2008 1843:Millet 2008 1819:Millet 2008 1732:Müller 2009 1681:Millet 2008 1654:Millet 2008 1625:Uecker 1972 1589:Uecker 1972 1565:Dronke 1969 1494:Alicia Witt 1330:Poetic Edda 1310:Poetic Edda 1226:Poetic Edda 1197:Poetic Edda 1145:Poetic Edda 1024:Poetic Edda 1016:Poetic Edda 974:Anders Zorn 745:Rosengarten 703:Þiðrekssaga 695:Þiðrekssaga 529:Chilperic I 427:Old English 326:þióðkonunga 30:Woodcut by 5232:Categories 5163:Freischütz 5040:Tannhäuser 4893:Hildebrand 4851:Gundomar I 4809:Friar Rush 4658:Tatzelwurm 4623:Rasselbock 4574:Nachzehrer 4567:Nachtkrapp 4539:Lutzelfrau 4448:Hinzelmann 4413:Frau Holle 4301:Christkind 4294:Changeling 4259:Belsnickel 3920:Hildebrand 3883:Characters 3776:Barnstokkr 3457:3476101061 3217:0815300336 3085:0859912442 3054:References 1463:Fritz Lang 982:Prose Edda 960:Prose Edda 875:Poeta Saxo 801:Heldenbuch 766:vâlandinne 708:Low German 688:vâlandinne 652:Hildebrand 608:vâlendinne 525:Sigebert I 494:Gundomar I 240:Jormunrekr 224:Burgundian 4935:Lohengrin 4693:Wild Hunt 4483:Klagmuhme 4266:Bergmönch 4238:Aufhocker 4147:Siegfried 4036:Siegfried 3895:Kriemhild 3890:Siegfried 3740:Hreiðmarr 3704:Svanhildr 3699:Sinfjötli 3492:Kriemhild 2748:Beck 1973 2712:Beck 1973 1469:produced 1461:In 1924, 1432:Ermanaric 1384:Atlakviða 1382:Based on 1372:Wild Hunt 1366:Wild Hunt 1360:Wild Hunt 1302:Hamðismál 1294:Hamðismál 1253:Atlakviða 1222:Atlakviða 1215:Atlakviða 1207:Atlakviða 1044:Grípisspá 1036:Grípisspá 940:Ermanaric 690:(fiend). 552:Kriemhild 521:Fredegund 472:Kriemhild 468:Kriemhild 457:Grimhildr 407:Kriemhild 360:Etymology 305:Atlakviða 217:Fredegund 189:Kriemhilt 135:Kriemhild 127:Old Norse 5201:See also 4949:Nibelung 4865:Hannikel 4767:Brunhild 4700:Wild man 4637:Rübezahl 4525:Lindworm 4427:Heimchen 4364:Erdhenne 4280:Bogeyman 4273:Bieresel 4252:Beerwolf 4231:Askafroa 4217:Alberich 3940:Nibelung 3935:Alberich 3925:Giselher 3910:Brunhild 3634:Brynhild 3501:(1911). 3358:(2003). 1505:See also 1436:Svanhild 859:Brunhild 623:Brunhild 544:*Hildiko 538:'s wife 515:queens, 513:Frankish 453:Grimhild 386:*Gunþrūn 236:Svanhild 232:Brunhild 4837:Gunther 4602:Perchta 4581:Nis Puk 4532:Lorelei 4518:Krampus 4462:Irrwurz 4455:Hödekin 4385:Fänggen 4371:Erlking 4245:Bahkauv 4116:(novel) 3930:Rüdiger 3905:Gunther 3790:Related 3764:Objects 3725:Andvari 3709:Völsung 3684:Sigmund 3674:Siggeir 3639:Granmar 3565:Beowulf 976:, 1893. 751:In the 717:In the 643:Ortlieb 613:In the 500:Origins 490:Guthorm 481:Gunther 446:grimmen 257:Gutrune 5184:Vineta 5096:Witege 5026:Sigurd 4956:Ortnit 4844:Gudrun 4753:Attila 4731:People 4651:Schrat 4511:Kobold 4441:Hemann 4392:Fasolt 4209:Beings 4149:(2007) 4097:(2004) 4081:(1957) 4073:(1924) 4052:Sigurd 4007:Operas 3730:Fáfnir 3694:Sigurd 3649:Gunnar 3644:Gudrun 3629:Attila 3622:People 3454: 3435: 3346: 3336: 3317: 3290: 3271: 3252: 3233: 3214: 3195: 3163: 3144: 3110: 3082: 1519:Procne 1234:Procne 1230:Tereus 1005:Attila 684:vâlant 540:Ildico 536:Attila 506:Sigurd 488:) and 486:Gunnar 476:Gudrun 464:Gudrun 423:*Grīm- 399:Kudrun 390:Guðrún 374:*gunþ- 370:Guðrún 366:Gudrun 201:Ildico 131:Guðrún 83:Gudrun 78:, 1911 66:, 1807 34:, for 4795:Faust 4672:Uhaml 4665:Türst 4420:Gütel 4329:Drude 4105:Books 4062:Films 3900:Hagen 3755:Regin 3735:Grani 3689:Signy 3669:Rerir 3664:Högne 3654:Hogni 3344:JSTOR 1526:Notes 1512:Medea 1183:Like 638:Etzel 619:Worms 492:(see 438:Grim- 434:Krēm- 430:grīma 425:(cf. 419:Crem- 415:Grim- 411:-hild 378:gunnr 226:king 180:-hilt 178:KREEM 133:) or 122:-roon 3781:Gram 3745:Odin 3679:Sigi 3548:The 3452:ISBN 3433:ISBN 3423:and 3334:ISBN 3315:ISBN 3288:ISBN 3269:ISBN 3250:ISBN 3231:ISBN 3212:ISBN 3193:ISBN 3161:ISBN 3142:ISBN 3108:ISBN 3080:ISBN 1465:and 1322:The 1232:and 1112:The 1021:The 795:The 548:Hild 519:and 442:grim 417:and 215:and 120:GUUD 3750:Ótr 1287:Hel 1212:In 1165:In 1129:In 1076:In 1041:In 984:of 972:by 902:). 496:). 402:). 394:rún 388:to 249:'s 245:In 5234:: 3507:. 3388:. 3342:. 2965:^ 2779:^ 2680:^ 2615:^ 2588:^ 2573:^ 2556:^ 2529:^ 2486:^ 2435:^ 2324:^ 2225:^ 2138:^ 1739:^ 1724:^ 1673:^ 1632:^ 1615:^ 1596:^ 1557:^ 1187:, 1180:. 811:. 554:. 308:: 267:: 219:. 211:, 187:: 183:; 153:iː 129:: 125:; 107:uː 4182:e 4175:t 4168:v 3866:e 3859:t 3852:v 3541:e 3534:t 3527:v 3460:. 3441:. 3350:. 3323:. 3296:. 3277:. 3258:. 3239:. 3220:. 3201:. 3169:. 3150:. 3116:. 3088:. 1719:. 1483:. 1475:( 484:( 455:( 368:( 171:/ 168:t 165:l 162:ɪ 159:h 156:m 150:r 147:k 144:ˈ 141:/ 137:( 113:/ 110:n 104:r 101:d 98:ʊ 95:ɡ 92:ˈ 89:/ 85:( 23:.

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