Germanic heroic legend

1297: 387:, about whom conflicting definitions exist. According to Edward Haymes and Susan Samples, the hero is an "extraordinary individual who stands above his contemporaries in physical and moral strength." The hero is typically a man, sometimes a woman, who is admired for his or her achievements in battle and heroic virtues, capable of performing feats impossible for a normal human, and who often dies tragically. Traditionally, scholars has understood these heroic virtues to include personal glory, honor, and loyalty within the lord's retinue. These traits are then understood to form a heroic ethos that Rolf Bremmer traces to descriptions of Germanic warrior culture in the 1st-century AD Roman historian 3109: 2943: 1245:

attestations, were created by and for an audience that already knew the heroic tradition rather than one who was being informed about its contents; they are thus often difficult for modern readers to understand, often contradictory with other attestations, and rarely tell an entire story. No surviving text of Germanic legend appears to have been "oral," but rather all appear to have been conceived as written texts. The oral tradition also continued outside and alongside of the written medium. More recent written compositions can thus contain very old material or legendary variants; conversely, older texts do not necessarily convey an older or more authentic version of the tradition.

1162: 3636: 736:, on the other hand, describes heroic poetry as integrating originally pagan poetry into its Christian worldview, as opposed to what he calls "Old Germanic poetry," which was pagan and has not survived. Many of the surviving pictorial representations of heroic legend are in an unambiguously Christian context, and many ecclesiastics belonged to the same aristocratic class among whom heroic poetry was popular. Complaints that ecclesiastical figures preferred hearing heroic tales to the Bible, the church fathers, or saints’ lives are frequent. The creation of several heroic epics also seems to have been prompted by ecclesiastics, such as 2201: 3466: 2710: 6375:, pp. 1819–1821. "Considering all that, the usual dating of the Atlaqviða, which is generally described as very old, and is often placed as early as the 9th century, becomes dubious. The sole manuscript dates from around 1270. It is more than unlikely that the poem should have been transmitted, unaltered, for over 400 years, and the style, which is more ballad-like than 'Old Germanic', suggests that the concept of the poem was completely rethought around 1200. Unfortunately, clues as to how old a poem was when it was written down can only be subjectively assessed" (p. 1820). 1049: 855: 2114: 1969: 575: 3302: 1788: 631: 3760: 5516:, p. 177. "Partly because the heroic poems often deal with common Germanic legends, Eddic poetry was once considered very old but there has been a steady trend toward later datings to the point that there is now considerable doubt whether any of the Eddic poetry that we have is older than the twelfth century. On the other hand, Bragi Boddason's shield poem from the ninth century shows knowledge of two stories represented in Codex Regius, one mythological ( 7787: 771: 431: 1419: 6387:, pp. 39–42. (Page 42): "In spite of spirited opposition on the part of Neo-Heuslerians, it is difficult to come to any other conclusion than that the Germanic peoples of Western Europe had a common tradition of oral-formulaic epic poetry during the period from the fifth to the eleventh century using the verse form, language, and motifs we find in the first written texts in Old English, Old High German, and Old Saxon." 1738:(c. 1270) is the most important. The Codex Regius groups mythological poems into a first section and a series of 19 heroic poems into a second; scholars believe that the two sections of poems likely come from two originally separate written collections. Although the legends in Poetic Edda are very old, the poems themselves come from different times, and some may have been written in the 13th century: normally the poems 990:(2), who told him that Regin had no intention of sharing the treasure with him, but instead planned to kill him. They advised Sigurd to kill Regin who lies beheaded among his smithy tools (3). Sigurd then loaded his horse with the treasure (4). This inscription and others show that the story was known in early 11th c. Sweden and they match details found in the Eddic poems and later sources on the Sigurd legend. 2406:, show important differences from typical oral formulaic style and the style of Old English, Old Saxon, and Old High German heroic poetry. Haymes, an adherent of the oral epic, suggests that this means that the Eddic poems were not improvised, but instead memorized verbatim according to Heusler's model, something also suggested by the use of similar techniques in oral traditions such as 20: 919: 2832: 291: 3420:, and it inspired undergraduate textbooks, statues, paintings, engravings, seafaring anthologies, travel literature, children's books, works of theater, operas and musicals. Only during the 19th c. it was translated 15 times into English, and into almost every major language in Europe, where it was of immense popularity. Some of its cultural influence can be found in 803:. He stands over a headless figure representing Niðhad's children whom he has killed in revenge. The first woman represents Niðhad's daughter bringing a piece of jewelry to be repaired: the figures of the second woman and the man catching birds are unexplained. The top of the Franks Casket also appears to show an archer who is generally identified with 1594: 2322: 7752: 2924:

is argued by Edward Haymes and Susan Samples to represent a similar loss of tradition, showing that audiences no longer understood the poems in their original forms. Victor Millet writes that the heroic tradition in Scandinavia barely survives its literary blossoming in the 13th century. However, the

2364:

poems, that had fixed wording and were memorized. These poems could then later be expanded into full-sized epics in writing. "Neo-Heuslerians" continue to follow this model with some adjustments, emphasizing in particular that the common Germanic form was short, as found in the Scandinavian examples.

602:

narrative schemes; conflicts are personalized, typically as conflicts among relatives; and persons living in different time periods are portrayed as contemporaries living in the same heroic age. Stages in the combination of the originally independent figures of heroic legend can be seen in texts from

3242:

The first attempt to create a modern edition and translation of the poems of the Poetic Edda was undertaken by the Danish Arnamagnæan Institute in 1787, however only a partial volume was ever produced. The first modern edition was undertaken by Friedrich von der Hagen in 1812; he followed it with a

698:

may indicate that she was originally a mythical being. The historical origins of the figure of Sigurd/Siegfried are uncertain, and his slaying of the dragon represents a victory over chaos and destruction and results in the hero taking on semi-divine abilities. Germanic heroic legend contains fewer

597:

The original historical material at the heart of the legends has been transformed through the long process of oral transmission: the causes of complex historical and political events are reduced to basic human motivations such as greed, hubris, jealousy, and personal revenge; events are assimilated

399:

argued that heroes and their ethos primarily display the traditions of ruling families, and Walter Haug argued that the brutality of the heroic ethos derived from the introduction of people to history and their confrontation with seemingly senseless violence. In some cases the hero may also display

3687:

was heavily employed in anti-democratic propaganda following the defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary: the epic supposedly showed that the German people were more well suited to a heroic, aristocratic form of life than democracy. The betrayal and murder of Siegfried was explicitly compared to the

2721:

Written heroic poems are typically anonymous. There is no information as to whether a class of professional singers were responsible for composing heroic poetry in Germanic times. Sources are also vague for most of the Early Middle Ages. By the late 9th century, a figure known in Old English as a

2540:

The poetic forms diverge among the different languages from the 9th century onward. Thus, the Old High German line shows a higher number of unstressed syllables than is typical for Old English or Old Saxon alliterative verse. Eddic poetry is written in stanzas, as opposed to the non-stanzaic form

417:

In the Germanic sphere, the hero is usually defined by an amazing deed or deeds that show his heroic qualities. The hero is always a warrior, concerned with reputation and fame, as well as his political responsibilities. Heroes belonged to an aristocratic class, and legends about them provided an

326:

The heroic legends are traditionally defined according to the geographic location that scholars believe first produced the legend: there is thus continental heroic legend from Germany and the European continent, North Germanic (Scandinavian) heroic legend, and English heroic legend originating in

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at an early date. Millet likewise remarks that defining these heroic legends as "Germanic" does not postulate a common Germanic legendary inheritance, but rather that the legends were easily transmitted between peoples speaking related languages. The close link between Germanic heroic legend and

1433:

Scandinavia is traditionally believed to have produced a number of poems on heroic subjects in this period, but they were not written down until the 13th century. Although more recent scholarship has challenged the age of most of the surviving written poems, it remains likely that precursors to

1244:

Detailed attestations of heroic traditions are only found in writing. These written attestations cannot be assumed to be identical to the oral tradition, but represent adaptations of it, undertaken by a particular author at a particular time and place. All of them, but particularly the earlier

2801:

was considered a separate genre from heroic poetry, so that the role of skalds in transmitting or composing heroic poetry is unclear. In any case, knowledge of the heroic tradition was necessary in order to compose and understand skaldic poetry, and skaldic poetry shows a number of stylistic

345:

The use of the term "Germanic" is disputed in current scholarship, due to its implication of a shared cultural identity for which little evidence exists. Shami Ghosh remarks that Germanic heroic legend is unique in that it is not preserved among the peoples who originated it (mainly

1479:; it has traditionally been dated to the 7th century but this early dating has been questioned. The lay presents a catalogue of the names of 180 rulers and tribes from heroic legend, occasionally providing some details of a narrative, such as that of the Scyldings and of Eormanric ( 2858:

In Germany, the heroic tradition largely disappears from writing around 1600; it is likely that the oral tradition had been dying out prior to this. The primary audience had already changed from the nobility to the urban bourgeoisie. Some texts continued to be read in the form of

3448:. However, the epic did not become popular with the public. In 19th century Germany, the Nordic tradition with its many mythological elements came to be seen as more original than the German heroic texts, and thus many adaptations relied primarily or partially on Nordic texts. 2396:

are inconsistencies from scene to scene, as details, such the presence of objects or individuals, are mentioned or omitted from performance to performance. Nevertheless, no "oral" heroic poetry has survived, as all the written attestations appear to be written compositions.

477:

In the traditional songs which form their only record of the past the Germans celebrate an earth-born god called Tuisto. His son Mannus is supposed to be the fountain-head of their race and himself to have begotten three sons who gave their names to three groups of tribes.

315:;" 2) the legends mythologize the heroic age, so that it no longer is concretely fixed in history, allowing persons who in reality never met to interact; 3) the characters of Germanic legend do not or seldom interact with characters from other legendary cycles, such as the 3589:

writes that Wagner's work has made a much broader circle of people aware of heroic legend and Norse mythology while at the same time suppressing knowledge of the original mythology. Outside of Germany, most reception of the Nibelungen material has taken place via Wagner.

6940:, where Pr1 is dated to 1010-1050 and Pr2 is dated to 1020-1050. See Gräslund, Anne-Sophie (2006), "Dating the Swedish Viking-Age Rune Stones on Stylistic Grounds", Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, pp. 117–140, 8967:

Sogubrot af nockorum fornkongum i Dana oc Svia velldi, Eller Sagobrott, handlande om nogra forna konungar i Swerige och Danmark. Samt om Brawalla slaget, emellan Kong Haralld Hillditan och Sigurd Ring. Vtaf gamla Nordiska spraket förswenskat af Johan Fredrich

2141:). These texts are typically divided into "historical" and "fantastical" epics, depending on whether they concern Dietrich's battles with Ermenrich (Ermanaric) and exile at the court of Etzel (Attila) or his battles with mostly supernatural opponents such as 1829:("heroic sagas") in modern scholarly usage. Much of the content of these sagas is derived from Eddic poems, and other elements likely derive from then current oral tradition. Some may be additions of the saga authors. Traditionally, six sagas are counted as 2063:. Although these epics all appear to be written compositions, the amount of differences between manuscripts indicates that their texts were not fixed and that redactors could insert additional material from the oral tradition and otherwise edit the epics. 622:, has argued that there is no oral tradition and that heroic legend was in fact developed by learned clerics in the Carolingian period who read about events in the migration period. This position is, however, "contrary to almost all literary scholarship". 1532:

A number of brief mentions in Latin ecclesiastical texts indicate the popularity of heroic traditions among the early medieval clergy while simultaneously condemning it as a distraction from salvation. This popularity led to the writing of the Latin epic

985:

and asked his foster-son Sigurd to kill Fafnir (5). Regin then asked Sigurd to cook the dragon's heart for him. Sigurd touched the heart to see if it was done but burnt his finger on it, and put it in his mouth (1). He tasted dragon blood and learnt the

1383:

It has traditionally been supposed that this represented a written collection of heroic poetry, and interest in heroic poetry at Charlemagne's court seems likely. However it is also possible that it was royal praise poetry of the type preserved in the

306:

Germanic heroic legend is a somewhat amorphous subject, and drawing clear distinctions between it and similar legendary material can be difficult. Victor Millet refers to three criteria to define Germanic heroic legend: 1) it either originates in the

1185:

until the 15th century, when a small number of illuminated manuscripts begin to appear. The manuscripts all vary widely in their iconography, showing that there was no tradition of depicting heroic events. The first illuminated manuscript of the

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Gothic and Burgundian origin is found throughout the entire Germanic-speaking world, making up the majority of the material found in Germany and much of that from England, while originally Scandinavian material is also found in England as well.

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elements, and these are common in Germanic heroic legend. Joseph C. Harris writes that "mythic motifs" or "folklore-related motifs" can become attached to the historical core of heroic legend. The liberation of society from monsters and

1206:), which contains a cycle of 14 illuminations on the events of the poem. A number of manuscripts include an illumination at the beginning of each epic, usually illustrating an important event from the poem such as Siegfried's murder or 2167:(454). The "fantastical" Dietrich epics are typically thought to be later material, possibly invented on the basis of earlier motifs in the 13th century, although Dietrich's battles with giants are already mentioned in the Old English 1960:). The saga appears to assemble all of the heroic material from the continent and is thus a valuable attestations of which heroic legends were being told on the continent in the 13th century, including several that are otherwise lost. 866:: a woman stands between two groups of warriors, one of which is arriving on a ship, and seems to seek to mediate between the two sides. This corresponds to a version of the legend known from 12th-century Germany, in which Hildr ( 3665:

as a way to distance itself from Wagner's more heavy reliance on Scandinavian sources. The opening frames of the film dedicate it as inherent to the German people, implying that the film was intended as a form of national epic.

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the 8th and 9th centuries. Additionally, the legends appear to have become increasingly detached from historical reality, though they still may have been understood as conveying historical knowledge. Conflicts with monsters and

2414:

resulted in the loss of oral formulaic improvised poetry in an Old Norse context; Haymes and Samples suggest that this same fixed quality may have driven the change from heroic poetry to prose sagas in Iceland and Scandinavia.

1879:(see below): it narrates the story of Sigurd and his ancestors, the destruction of the Burgundians, and the death of Jörmunrekr (Ermanaric), moving their location to Scandinavia and including many mythological elements. The 711:

Older scholarship was of the opinion that heroic poetry was "entirely heathen", however more recent scholarship has abandoned this position. A great many of the historical figures upon whom heroic legends were based, such as

3120:

The period from the late 18th century to the 1830s was characterized by an interest in folklore and folk practice (such as folk ballads), and works that had previously been ignored from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

2929:, as the heroic ballads. The medieval ballads stayed popular from their origin in the Middle Ages, until the 20th century, and from the rural illiterate to the middle and upper classes that collected and printed them. 6971:, p. 45. "If the songs were regularly performed and understood by their audiences, there would have been no need for the kind of explanatory prose we find even in the Codex Regius manuscript of the Poetic Edda." 2253:

Very few new heroic poems, and no new heroic epics, were written after 1300, although the existing ones remained popular. Beginning in the 14th century, heroic poems come to be collected together in so-called

3752:. It was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. In a 1941 letter to his son Michael, Tolkien had expressed his resentment at "that ruddy little ignoramus 3692:

that the German army had supposedly received. At the same time, Hagen and his willingness to sacrifice himself and fight to the death made him into a central figure in the reception of the poem. During the

354:) but among other peoples; he cautions that we cannot assume that it functioned to create any sort of "Germanic" identity among its audience, and notes that the Burgundians, for instance, became fairly 2033:

From the 13th to 16th centuries, many heroic traditions enter writing in Germany and enjoy great popularity. Werner Hoffmann defined five subjects of heroic epics in medieval Germany: the Nibelungen (

5524:). It therefore seems likely that, even if these poems themselves are not old, there were at least early precursors presumably in verse form. "Eddic" poetry as such is probably not a late invention." 2682:

and the Eddic lays have a fast-paced style that heavily mixes dialogue with action. West Germanic style tends more to have longer lines and sentences with an emphasis on the use of poetic synonyms (

4501:, p. 264. Quoting Werner Hoffmann: "Der Held ist immer ein Mensch, der das normale Maß hinter sich läßt und der dann auch maßlos in einem nicht mehr beispielhaft-vorbildlichen Sinn sein kann." 1124:

depicting courtly and heroic figures, around 1400. The decorations include depictions of triads of figures, among them the heroes Dietrich, Siegfried, and Dietleib von Steiermark, as well as three

3756:... Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light." 2701:("bow style"): sentences are spread across various lines and often begin at the caesura. Middle High German heroic poetry follows a similar style, including occasional enjambment across stanzas. 2386:

of oral poetry, According to Edward Haymes, common Germanic heroic poetry appears to have been "oral epic poetry", which made heavy use of repetitions and formula within the metrical scheme of

1106:

in which Dietrich or Hildebrand similarly rescues a man from being swallowed by a dragon. These images may also simply illustrate an allegory of the salvation of the soul from the maw of evil.

571:. Numerous other sources throughout the Early Middle Ages make brief references to figures known in later heroic legends, as well as to other figures about whom legends have likely been lost. 77:, traveled widely among the Germanic speaking peoples, and were known in many variants. These legends typically reworked historical events or personages in the manner of oral poetry, forming a 1823:) began to be written in the Old Norse vernacular, some of which derive from Scandinavian and Germanic heroic legends. Those sagas which contain older heroic legend are given the German name 3506:(1833-1913), he translated and published Old Norse sagas, some of which had not been published in English before. Some of his sonnets were based on this matter, and addressed to the hero of 4014: 2918:, but a Christian cross has been added and the images are combined in a way that completely distorts the internal logic of events. The insertion of explanatory prose into some poems of the 2098:, and Kriemhild's treacherous revenge on Hagen and her brothers after inviting them to the hall of Kriemhild's new husband, Etzel (Attila). A direct reaction to the heroic nihilism of the 245:

resurrected interest in the tradition in the late 18th and early 19th century, with numerous translations and adaptations of heroic texts. The most famous adaptation of Germanic legend is

1734:

is a collection of Old Norse mythological and heroic poems that was probably first compiled in the mid-13th century in Iceland and is known from two major manuscripts today, of which the

408:. The death of the former is heroic rather than tragic; it usually brings destruction, not restoration, as in classical tragedy; and the hero's goal is frequently revenge, which would be 885:, which has been dated to the 8th c., shows two decapitated bodies, a smithy, a woman, and a winged creature which is interpreted as Wayland flying away from his captivity. Another one, 874:) seeks - ultimately unsuccessfully - to mediate between her father, Hagene, and the man who seized her for marriage, Hetel. The later Norse versions, in which the battle is called the 418:

opportunity for the aristocratic public of the legends to reflect on their own behavior and values. In the High Middle Ages, this means that heroes often also portray the elements of

3917:(1994), which takes Wagner's ring as its basis but introduces many additional - mostly religious and mythical - elements from medieval sources. There have also been films, such as 2059:("minstrel poetry"). The anonymous authorship of the Middle High Germans heroic poems forms an important distinction from other poetic genres, such as romance, but is shared with 1529:

on visiting Danes led by his brother-in-law, the Danish king Hnæf. It is not clear if Finnesburg Fragment is an old poem or a recent composition, nor how long it originally was.

169:, heroic texts are written in great numbers in Scandinavia, particularly Iceland, and in southern Germany and Austria. Scandinavian legends are preserved both in the form of 2125:

From 1230 onward, several heroic epics, of which 14 are known to us, were written concerning the hero Dietrich von Bern, forming a literary cycle comparable to that around

3522: 1934:, Norway in the mid 13th century. By its own account, it was composed from oral German sources, although it is possible that some written materials were used as well. The 7618: 1976:

From the 11th to the 12th centuries, heroic legend on the continent is mentioned only in brief allusions. This includes a tradition of criticizing the legendary life of

4009: 3905:

from the perspectives of the female characters, and is one of the few English-language adaptations that is based directly on the medieval sources rather than Wagner's

224:, although this is replaced with poetry in rhyming stanzas in high medieval Germany. In early medieval England and Germany, poems were recited by a figure called the 3332:, and when he died in 1832, he had an impressive library on the then available Old Norse literature. Some of the elements that he found in Scandinavian legends were 2457:

gives the following examples from Old English, Old High German, and Old Norse (stressed syllable underlined, alliteration bolded, and || representing the caesura):

2788:("lay"), which is translated as "reciter", "sage" or "wise-man", or possibly "bard". It is generally assumed that the poem was recited with musical accompaniment. 1319:

The Early Middle Ages produced only a few written heroic texts, as the majority of writing was on religious subjects, including in the vernacular. The 7th-century

1883:

may be the second best-known legendary saga. It was popular in the Middle Ages, and it still is, but its modern popularity among scholars is due to it being a

3623:("Hildebrand's Home-Coming") in 1874, mostly based on material about Dietrich von Bern. The epic was very popular, experiencing a dozen printings before the 2606:

stanza can serve as an example, as its final half-line has an additional stress (|| represents the caesura, an acute accent represents a stressed syllable):

157:

Scandinavia and areas under Norse control in the British Isles. These often attest scenes known from later written versions of legends connected to the hero

8023: 3989: 8597: 2226:

dialect area in modern south-west Germany and Switzerland. Evidence for the continued existence of heroic legends in what is now Northern Germany and the

1445:

Anglo-Saxon England, which had a larger written culture than the continent, also produced several texts on heroic subjects, including the only vernacular

3984: 2244:) on the other. The latter tells a garbled version of the killing of Ermenrich (Ermanaric) also found in early medieval Latin sources and the Eddic poem 7985:

Driscoll, Matthew James (2003). "Fornaldarsögur norðurlanda: The stories that wouldn't die". In Jakobsson, Ármann; Lassen, Annette; Ney, Agneta (eds.).

230:, whereas in Scandinavia it is less clear who sang heroic songs. In high medieval Germany, heroic poems seem to have been sung by a class of minstrels. 9450: 8947: 8227: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3312:, often considered the originator of the historical novel, often commented that he was inspired by Old Norse sources, and he mainly acquired them from 3149:, who published his own partial adaptation of the second half of the epic. Although the poem had many detractors, it received support from the proto- 138:

preserves only a small number of legends in writing, mostly from England, including the only surviving early medieval heroic epic in the vernacular,

3549:. It was first performed in 1876, although an earlier version of Wagner's libretto was first published in 1853. The cycle consists of four operas: 2072:(c. 1200), which updated the heroic legends with elements of the popular literary genre of its time, courtly romance. The epics written after the 607:

beings also form an important part of heroic legend. As an example of the variability of the tradition, Edward Haymes and Susan Samples note that

255:, which has in many ways overshadowed the medieval legends themselves in the popular consciousness. Germanic legend was also heavily employed in 1543:, which reworked the legend of Walter of Aquitaine. A number of early medieval Latin chronicles also contain material from the heroic tradition. 3261:, a compilation of various attestations to the heroic tradition that included some reconstructed legends and Grimm's theories on their origins. 8565: 8385: 2914:(c. 1010- c. 1050) has been said to be a case in point of how the older heroic poetry dissolved in Sweden, as it uses the same imagery as the 8977: 2926: 2570:

of undetermined origin consisting of three stresses, a caesura, and then three stresses. The epics use various stanzaic forms, including the

238: 3673:, the figure of Siegfried had become an identifying figure for German nationalism. In the First World War, the alliance between Germany and 3293:

during the 19th century. It was used by early scholars to recover lost cultural memories, and as confirmation of their national identities.

2382:

Other scholarship has instead argued that the poems could be of variable length and were improvised with each performance, according to the

237:, but was maintained in Germany until the 1600s, and lived on in a different form in Scandinavia until the 20th century as a variety of the 3964: 3780:"the single work which influenced Tolkien most", but he was also inspired by other Germanic legends in many ways and he wished to imitate 1373:

He also wrote out the barbarous and ancient songs, in which the acts of the kings and their wars were sung, and committed them to memory. (

1276:

from the 12th to the 16th centuries. Heiko Uecker comments that the preserved attestations should not be considered "Germanic," but rather

404:, the way in which he "copes with the blows of fate" is central. Peter Fisher, expressly distinguishes between the "Germanic hero" and the 395:

rejected the notion of exemplarity and argued that the hero is defined by his egotism and excessive ("exorbitant"), often brutal behavior,

2630:

are constructed in a much less regular manner. The Middle High German rhyming stanzas were meant to be sung, and melodies survive for the

903:. Several small objects of winged people have also been found, but gods, and some giants, are known to be able to transform into birds in 467:(c. 56-120) makes two comments that have been taken as attesting early heroic poetry among the Germanic peoples. The first is a remark in 6719: 1463:, the ancestors of the Danish royal house, although it is debated whether Beowulf himself is a traditional or invented figure. The poem 8093: 3829: 9318:

Von der Heldensage zum Heroenmythos: Vergleichende Studien zur Mythisierung der nordischen Nibelungensage im 13. und 19./20. Jahrundert

3959: 3424:'s poetry, bridal quest romance, the Victorian view of Norway, national epics inspired by folklore, and in the history of ice skating. 993:

Parts of the legend of Sigurd are also depicted on several 10th-century stone crosses from the British Isles, including several on the

8122: 1780:, continue with a group of lays about Sigurd, followed by a group about the destruction of the Burgundians, and close with lays about 1084:

and alluded to elsewhere. The image of a man freeing another that has been half-devoured by a dragon is also found on a column in the

363:

who adopted a Romance language do not preserve Germanic legends, but rather developed their own heroic legends around figures such as

2871:, in which the original names and most connections to heroic legend were altered, continued to be printed into the 19th century. The 2159:(c. 1280) narrates the death of the sons of Etzel (Attila) and of Dietrich's brother Diether at the hands of his traitorous vassal, 1495:, presents itself as the narrative of Deor, who has lost his position at court to the Heorrenda, a famous singer from the legend of 651:

beings forms an important part of extant heroic legend. Examples of heroes taking on mythical qualities include the Old Norse hero

4090: 2270:

which provides a brief history of the entire heroic world. Possibly originating in the 14th century but only attested in 1530, the

729: 2210:: Dietrich von Bern and Hildebrand fight against dragons, with Dietrich breathing fire. UBH Cod.Pal.germ. 324 fol. 43r, (c. 1440). 1667:(Skjöldung) dynasty, and it would be the main source for future sagas on the Danish Scylding dynasty's relations with its Swedish 3739:(1966/67) was one of the first commercially successful postwar adaptations, and takes much inspiration from the Nordic versions. 1393:. In any case, none of the purported collection has survived, unless it included the earliest extant vernacular heroic text, the 7734: 611:

is variously said to be killed in the woods or in his bed, but always with the fixed detail that it was by a spear in the back.

9445: 7612: 3585:, as mediated by the theories, editions, and translations of the brothers Grimm, von der Hagen, Simrock, and other romantics. 3092:(1689), with long scenes from sagas where heroes are followed while they smiling meet death and earn well-deserved places with 2980: 1972:

The Huns set fire to Etzel's hall with the Burgundians inside. Illumination from the Hundeshagenscher Codex (mid-15th century).

1296: 9325: 9261: 9237: 8993: 8931: 8810: 8751: 8732: 8713: 8635: 8607: 8586: 8540: 8175: 8154: 8111: 7959: 7940: 7746: 1407:. Some potential references to written heroic poems are found in 9th-century monastic library catalogues, and the chronicler 1078:(c. 1140) appears to depict a legend according to which Dietrich rode to Hell on an infernal horse, a story contained in the 1024:

from outside Scandinavia: the hero is shown dying in a snake pit while playing a harp. He is also found on the picture stone

1776:, are judged to be old by some scholars and recent by others. The heroic poems open with 3 concerning Sigurd's half brother 8683: 8574: 8351: 4132: 3043: 2373:

is a genuine example of an early heroic lay, discounting the age of Norse examples that are generally dated early, such as

1070:

Elements of the legends of Theodoric the Great/Dietrich von Bern appear in some high medieval images. The church portal of

3683:(Nibelungen loyalty), referring to the loyalty to the death between Hagen and the Burgundians. In the interwar years, the 3502:, became heavily involved with Iceland and its old literature between 1868 and 1876. In collaboration with the Icelander 2189:(both c. 1230) have unclear connections to the Migration Period and may be inventions of the thirteenth century, although 1784:

and Jörmunrekkr (Ermanaric), all loosely connected via short prose passages and through the figures of Sigurd and Gudrun.

8329: 8297: 8285: 1229: 1174: 671:. Generally, mythical elements are more common in later rather than earlier Norse material: for instance, appearances of 500:

was celebrated in song after his death. This older poetry has not survived, probably because it was heavily connected to

8521: 8144: 3942: 3017: 2815:

For the Middle High German period, it seems likely that heroic poems were transmitted by the same class of minstrels as

1861: 9355: 9195: 9169: 8374: 7912: 8416:

Namenwelten: Orts- und Personennamen in historischer Sicht ; Gewidmet Thorsten Andersson zu seinem 75. Geburtstag

4096: 3786: 3333: 3251:

produced their own edition and translation in 1815. Translations of some heroic poems into English were undertaken by

9405: 9384: 9280: 9214: 9054: 9031: 8791: 8772: 8654: 8490: 8397: 8134: 8041: 7893: 7855: 7776: 7723: 6945: 4039:), in which one party invites another to visit them with the intention of betraying them; the "bridal quest scheme" ( 3860:, a matter that also had inspired William Morris. Tolkien was influenced by the connection between the Goths and the 3735: 2447:

dividing the line in half. At least two beats must alliterate across the caesura, forming what in German is called a

1129: 858:

Hildr stands between the two sides and attempts to mediate between father and husband on the picture stone Smiss (I).

327:

Anglo-Saxon England. The legends are not always attested in their place of origin: thus the Old Norse material about

3593:

The second most important German adaptation of the Germanic legend in late 19th century Germany was an epic poem in

3084:, but these Eddic poems did not cover the heroic matter. The most influential work from this time may have been the 981:

wanted his share, Fafnir turned into a dragon to protect the hoard. Regin was a skilled smith who crafted the sword

9440: 9425: 9228:. In Guy, Ben; Olley, Catherine; Allport, Ben; McCay, David; Thomas, Rebecca; Willams, Indeg; Wright, John (eds.). 9205:

Sørensen, Preben M. (2002). "Þorr's Fishing Expedition (Hymiskviða)". In Acker, Paul; Larrington, Carolyne (eds.).

7543: 6750: 4114: 3220: 3169: 2541:

found in Old Saxon, Old High German, and most Old English poetry. The main meter used in the Eddic heroic poems is

2453:("long line"). The final beat generally receives no alliteration. Any vowel could alliterate with any other vowel. 2076:

maintain this hybrid nature. For this reason Middle High German heroic poetry is also called "late heroic poetry" (

1248:

Written versions of heroic legend are not confined to a single genre, but appear in various formats, including the

7926: 3725:

and Nordic myth was eliminated from German school curricula and even became somewhat taboo after the fall of the

688:

The exact relationship between myth and legend is unclear, and it is also possible for mythological beings to be

4102: 3374: 3108: 2942: 535:(c. 551). The most important figures around whom heroic legends were composed from the Migration Period are the 9117: 9065: 8432: 7996: 85:

in these legends often display a heroic ethos emphasizing honor, glory, and loyalty above other concerns. Like

1403:

with his own son Hadubrand and alludes to many of the traditions that will later surround Theodoric the Great/

1025: 9460: 9395: 9230:

Quaestio Insularis. Selected Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic. Vol 17

7804: 4159: 4108: 3918: 3604: 3286: 2678:

all use a similar opening formula referring to the oral nature of the legends. The shorter poems such as the

47: 3180:

in 1827. This translation remains influential today. Simrock also translated other heroic poems such as the

3012: 2547:; it tends to short lines, with only four syllables in each half-line. Lines with more syllables are called 9475: 9455: 8599:

Die Geschichte von Halfdan, dem Schützling der Brana, Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra, Übersetzung und Commentar

7865:

Brate, Erik; Wessén, Elias (1924–1936). "Sveriges runinskrifter: III. Södermanlands runinskrifter, del 1".

4198: 2709: 1161: 4120: 2991:

by Swedish scholars, with translations in Latin and Swedish, done in support of Sweden's "noble past" and

449:

challenges the invading Huns to a pitched battle on behalf of the Goths, from the Scandinavian epic poem

73:(4th-6th centuries AD). Stories from this time period, to which others were added later, were transmitted 9465: 9343: 4204: 3289:

having published the first scholarly edition in 1815). It is intrinsically connected to the evolution of

2911: 2053:, and Dietrich von Bern. He found the heroic epics to be closely related to another genre, the so-called 942: 867: 2873: 2286: 8706:

Die 'historische Dietrichepik. Untersuchungen zu 'Dietrichs Flucht', 'Rabenschlacht' und 'Alpharts Tod'

8559: 8254: 6937: 3421: 3252: 2383: 2019: 862:

The picture stone Smiss I from Gotland, dated around 700, appears to depict a version of the legend of

7882:

Bremmer, Rolf (2005). "Old English Heroic Literature". In Johnson, David F.; Treharne, Elaine (eds.).

3023: 2867: 2272: 1867: 1807:, Sweden, painted around 1479. Dietrich is breathing fire and is found in the lower part of the image. 2218:-speaking areas of Bavaria and Austria, with several texts about Dietrich von Bern having origins in 2010:(after 1146). Allusions to heroic legends are also found in a number of vernacular literary works of 1300: 1264:. Its written attestations also come from various places and time periods, including the 9th century 945:

was probably illustrated with the Sigurd saga due to being carved in memory of a man named Sigfried (

8801:

Magennis, Hugh (2010). "Germanic Legend and Old English Heroic Poetry". In Saunders, Corinne (ed.).

7813:

Der Wissenschaftskrieg zwischen Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen und den Brüdern Grimm (12.01.2004)"

4061:), a variant of the unhappy victory told from the perspective of the loser; the challenging scheme ( 2851:, which replaced the Germanic-speaking aristocracy who had cultivated Germanic heroic legend with a 1232:, containing 20 miniatures of very high quality. Printed editions of the poems frequently contained 9160: 8410:(2004). ""Heroische Zeiten?" Wanderungen von Heldennamen und Heldensagen zwischen den germanischen 3926: 3539: 3165: 2877:

continued to be printed into the 18th century and is found in 19th and 20th century collections of

9066:"Der ungenannte Quellentext. Zur Wirkung von Fouqués Held des Nordens auf Wagners Ring-Tetralogie" 8622: 8288:(2016). "Tales of Generations: A comparison between some Icelandic and Geatish narrative motifs". 7848:

Der Mythos der Edda: Nordische Mythologie zwischen europäischer Aufklärung und nationaler Romantik

3635: 3325: 1513:, which also includes mentions of the fights of the heroes Ðeodric (Dietrich von Bern) and Widia ( 7932: 3436:

and various other poems, attempted to create a new German national epic in the same meter as the

3157: 2840: 2200: 1549: 1332: 359:

Germanic language and possibly poetic devices is shown by the fact that the Germanic speakers in

355: 251: 7788:"Die Runeninschrift auf der Gürtelschnalle von Pforzen als Zeugnis der germanischen Heldensage?" 3265: 400:

negative values, but he is nevertheless always extraordinary and excessive in his behavior. For

319:

or the history of the settlement of Iceland. Heroic legends originate and develop as part of an

9470: 7714:

Andersson, Theodore M. (2004). "Old Norse-Icelandic". In Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm (eds.).

3503: 3465: 3405: 3061: 3055: 2027: 2011: 1991: 1843: 1345: 1182: 220:. These were "the backbone of Germanic storytelling." The common Germanic poetic tradition was 7988:

Fornaldarsagornas struktur och ideologi: Handlingar från ett symposium i Uppsala 31.8-2.9 2001

6716: 4084: 3028: 1897:

through generations. It preserves what is considered to be one of the oldest heroic lays, the

1695:

with Scandinavian heroic legends relating to the Norse kings, such as the 6th c. Swedish king

1210:'s fight with a dragon. Other manuscripts include cycles of illustrations, such as one of the 9430: 8624:

Old Norse Made New: Essays on the Post-Medieval Reception of Old Norse Literature and Culture

8246: 8221: 4210: 3744: 3689: 3526:, which Matthias Teichert describes as the most important English-language work based in the 1611:

Some of the oldest written Scandinavian sources relate to the same heroic matter as found in

1598: 1570: 1006: 987: 775: 273: 7586: 7558: 4147: 3002: 2957: 1766: 9435: 4222: 3849: 3706: 3487: 3290: 3239:. Old Norse heroic matter would from then on be a part of the literary circles of Britain. 3194: 2951: 2023: 1917: 1893:

combines several different stories that are united by the handing down of the cursed sword

1553:

contains what is commonly taken to be a lost legend about the last independent king of the

1312: 1212: 1143: 889:, shows a man transformed into a bird who meets a woman, but this one may instead refer to 886: 699:

mythological elements than that of many other cultures, for instance, the heroic legend of

39: 7716:

Camden House History of German Literature, volume 1: Early Germanic Literature and Culture

4126: 4033:

Examples of narrative schemes in the heroic legends include the "treacherous invitation" (

3792: 3458:(1861), for instance, added mythical elements from the Norse tradition to the plot of the 3301: 3049: 2750:

is attested as a type of singer or minstrel resident at the court of a particular lord. A

2334: 1855: 638:

fights against dragons. From Heidelberg, Universitätsbiblothek, Cpg 365, folios 1v and 2r.

8: 9364: 9335: 8190:"On the origins of Germanic heroic poetry: a case study of the legend of the Burgundians" 8164:

Gentry, Francis G.; McConnell, Winder; Müller, Ulrich; Wunderlich, Werner, eds. (2011) .

4375: 3922: 3513: 3269: 3146: 2113: 2038: 1981: 1951: 1713: 1625: 1518: 1504: 1269: 899: 713: 548: 520: 312: 209: 101: 78: 9007: 8501: 8444:"The Germanic Heldenlied and the Poetic Edda : Speculations on Preliterary History" 8267: 3383:("Sigurd: The Hero of the North"), mostly on the basis of the Latin translations of the 2987:

During the late 17th c. and the early 18th, there was a series of first publications of

1968: 1062:(stupid king), being carried to Hell by an infernal horse. The devil stands in the open 1048: 455:, which preserves place names from the Gothic rule in South-Eastern Europe. Painting by 8941: 8902: 8414:

des frühen Mittelalters". In Nahl, Astrid von; Lennart, Elmevik; Brink, Stefan (eds.).

8407: 8317: 8209: 8080: 8072: 7922: 4186: 4165: 3594: 3400: 3349: 3150: 3081: 2424: 2387: 2055: 1943: 1816: 1777: 1740: 1544: 1285: 1265: 1109: 1037: 882: 819: 692:

as heroes. Thus some scholars argue that the immense strength Brunhild displays in the

590: 456: 396: 364: 221: 187:. German sources are made up of numerous heroic epics, of which the most famous is the 86: 9346:(1999). "Held, Heldendichtung und Heldensage". In Beck, Heinrich; et al. (eds.). 8845:. Camden House History of German Literature. Vol. 2. Rochester, NY: Camden House. 3844: 3404:, a retelling which rose quickly to international fame. It was admired by people like 1899: 1651: 854: 586: 574: 451: 9401: 9397:

The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in Nineteenth-Century Britain

9380: 9321: 9276: 9257: 9248: 9233: 9210: 9191: 9165: 9113: 9050: 9042: 9027: 8989: 8927: 8906: 8806: 8787: 8768: 8747: 8728: 8709: 8679: 8650: 8631: 8603: 8582: 8550:

Jorgensen, Peter (2017). "Ásmundar saga kappabana". In Clunies Ross, Margaret (ed.).

8536: 8486: 8428: 8393: 8370: 8347: 8236: 8213: 8171: 8150: 8130: 8107: 8084: 8037: 7992: 7955: 7936: 7908: 7889: 7870: 7851: 7772: 7742: 7719: 6941: 3947: 3445: 3409: 2852: 2836: 2215: 2130: 2106:(1230?), in which material also found in Old English and Old Norse about the heroine 2090:) by the hero Siegfried, his aid to king Gunther in the latter's wooing of Brünhild ( 2001: 1977: 1926: 1796: 1574: 1500: 1439: 1408: 1404: 1340: 1080: 1071: 977:

has murdered his own father to have the gold for himself, but when the third brother

875: 835:

Some of the earliest evidence for Germanic Heroic legends comes in pictorial form on

796: 779: 656: 552: 501: 316: 205: 135: 94: 4067:), in which a hero challenges another, more famous hero; and the liberation scheme ( 3698: 3417: 2410:

oral poetry. It is possible that the sort of literal memorization required of Norse

1725:

for young poets, and he provided it with narratives to provide background for them.

1499:, and contains several other allusions to heroic material, such as to the legend of 1036:. The scene of Gunnarr in the snake pit is also found on several church portals and 9339: 9080: 9019: 8919: 8894: 8866: 8820: 8465: 8455: 8309: 8201: 8064: 8029: 3821: 3742:

Perhaps the most influential post-WW2 work inspired by Germanic heroic legends was

3694: 3449: 3313: 3309: 3085: 2971: 2803: 2695:

across lines. West Germanic heroic poetry tends to use what Andreas Heusler called

2660:, compounds, and formulaic language is frequent. The openings of poems such as the 2554: 2366: 2329: 2223: 2142: 2138: 1672: 1642: 982: 813: 755: 733: 508: 488: 401: 308: 196:

The majority of the preserved legendary material seems to have originated with the

166: 162: 70: 66: 8300:; Cosser, Jeffrey (2012). "Gunnarr and the Snake Pit in Medieval Art and Legend". 3872: 3812: 3797: 3395: 3229: 3037: 1905: 1837: 1435: 1423: 677: 183: 8965: 8878: 8850: 8762: 8517: 8480: 8165: 7622: 6754: 6723: 4052: 3898: 3679: 3674: 3624: 3359:

In the romantic period, several plays were written in German on the basis of the

3153: 2915: 2848: 2729: 2662: 2432: 2407: 2351: 2206: 2164: 2110:

serves as the prologue to the - likely invented - story of her daughter, Kudrun.

1947: 1812: 1792: 1395: 1385: 1350: 1308: 1218: 1158:

was probably influenced by Maximilian's documented interest in the heroic poems.

1102: 1010: 931: 904: 469: 234: 178: 149: 145: 113: 74: 58: 8425:

Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles

7970: 3816:, there is a magical but cursed golden ring and a broken sword reforged, called 2823:

refers in one verse to constantly being asked to sing songs on heroic subjects.

2543: 1804: 1619: 1005:

built around 1200 contain carved depictions of the Sigurd legend, including the

7415: 3930: 3910: 3781: 3749: 3657: 3534: 3495: 3482: 3474: 3413: 3255:. Modern study of heroic legend began in 1829 when Wilhelm Grimm published his 3131: 2992: 2988: 2816: 2798: 2674: 2560:

In Middle High German, alliterative verse is replaced by stanzas featuring end-

2411: 2246: 2236: 2095: 2068: 1772: 1540: 1526: 1320: 1272:

in the 8th and 9th centuries, Scandinavia in the 13th century, and what is now

1188: 1040:

from Norway or areas formerly under Norwegian control, mostly from after 1200.

926:

A number of the runic inscriptions display the deeds accomplished by the young

894: 824: 791:

One of the earliest attestations of the heroic tradition is on the Anglo-Saxon

750: 700: 694: 615: 299: 268: 264: 246: 189: 23: 8898: 8313: 8033: 8006: 7843: 7827: 6770: 3586: 1795:

of eight heroes, including Dietrich von Bern fighting against Witege from the

1593: 1029: 511:(4th-6th centuries AD); some may have earlier origins, such as the legends of 9419: 9127: 9105: 7874: 4216: 4192: 3838: 3721:

As a reaction to the use of heroic legends by the Nazis, engagement with the

3670: 3370: 3248: 3235: 3208: 2997: 2966: 2714: 2454: 2423:

Originally, the Germanic-speaking peoples shared a metrical and poetic form,

2227: 2178: 2155: 2006: 1930:, a compilation of heroic material mostly from northern Germany, composed in 1849: 1637: 1328: 1085: 912: 840: 792: 725: 619: 439: 392: 338: 4571: 4569: 4567: 2947: 2321: 1787: 667:

in the Norse tradition, and the same thing may have happened to the heroine

9372: 9179: 7991:. Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk. pp. 257–267. 7741:. New York/London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 254–256. 3881: 3753: 3730: 3710: 3508: 3470: 3317: 3188: 3177: 3172:

worked on producing adaptations or editions of older heroic materials. The

3161: 3007: 2975: 2904: 2050: 1911: 1735: 1677: 1631: 1434:

extant poems existed in the Viking Age. A single stanza on the 9th-century

1017: 1002: 635: 630: 579: 443: 320: 311:

or it is (vaguely) set in the Migration Period, which plays the role of a "

8923: 8575:"The Franks Casket Speaks, the Bones of the Past, the Becoming of England" 8460: 8443: 8205: 7885:

Readings in Medieval Texts: Interpreting Old and Middle English Literature

6654: 4153: 3759: 3090:

Antiquitatum Danicarum de causis contempta a Danis adhuc gentilibus mortis

2402: 2375: 1746: 1699:, about whom it includes native legends related to some of those found in 1603: 9155: 9139: 9003: 8870: 8834:

Parodie und Pathos: Heldensagenrezeption in der historischen Dietrichepik

8784:

Den svenska litteraturen. 1, Från forntid till frihetstid : 800–1718

8185: 8149:. Translated by Holcomb, Thomas; Holcomb, Martha. Delphi Classics. 2018. 7608: 7535: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 4564: 4420: 4073:), in which the hero liberates a figure who has been captured by enemies. 3817: 3771: 3764: 3726: 3244: 3212: 3076: 2920: 2436: 2361: 2347: 2190: 2134: 2126: 2118: 2034: 1939: 1730: 1691: 1681:, a history of the Norwegian kings, having previously spent two years in 1562: 1558: 1554: 1476: 1446: 1389: 1362: 1277: 1253: 1151: 1147: 1117: 994: 844: 682: 564: 405: 372: 347: 337:

portrays a legend that originates in Scandinavia. Material of originally

256: 242: 201: 170: 105: 31: 9094:"Ein Heldenepos als stumme Film-Erzählung. Fritz Lang, 'Die Nibelungen'" 8321: 8010: 7831: 6744: 4290: 2564:. These stanzas existed in a variety of forms and tend to use a form of 2350:

in current scholarship. According to the influential model developed by

1954:. The core of the saga is the biography of the hero Dietrich von Bern ( 1889:

analogue, with which it shares at least eight legendary characters. The

652: 8470: 5163: 3886: 3876:, who he considered to be among the ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons. The 3806: 3652: 3640: 3341: 3329: 3067: 2861: 2820: 2692: 2343: 2305: 2255: 2181:(c. 1230). Closely connected to the Dietrich epics, the combined epics 1751: 1707: 1561:, and his death at the hands of his vassal Iring at the instigation of 1535: 1430: 1400: 1249: 908: 878:, instead portray Hildr as egging on the combatants, Hǫgni and Heðinn. 848: 738: 732:

and the creation and spread of the heroic legends "went hand in hand."

689: 648: 604: 154: 121: 43: 8076: 7633: 7631: 6666: 4045:), in which heroes set out to acquire a bride; the "unhappy victory" ( 1760: 1020:

cross on the Isle of Man probably contains the only image of the hero

770: 4629: 4492: 4015:

List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend

3345: 2900: 2440: 2428: 2301: 2173: 2015: 1800: 1781: 1578: 1480: 1412: 1281: 1155: 1063: 836: 544: 540: 430: 204:. The most widely and commonly attested legends are those concerning 9225: 9143: 9093: 9008:"A comment on Beowulf : gutarnas nationalepos by Tore Gannholm" 8855:"Beowulf before Beowulf: Anglo-Saxon Anthroponymy and Heroic Legend" 8392:. Garland Publishing, inc. New York & London. pp. 285–286. 8362: 7883: 2733: 2294:. Finally, a number of heroic texts were adopted as carnival plays ( 2276:

recorded a number of details about the hero Siegfried absent in the

2241: 1465: 800: 9300: 9132:

Germanische Heldensage: Stoffe, Probleme, Methoden; Eine Einführung

8882: 8854: 8825:

The Germanic Hero: Politics and Pragmatism in Early Medieval Poetry

8694: 8673: 8341: 8189: 8068: 7869:. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. 7628: 6207: 5151: 5139: 3857: 3825: 3651:

The interwar period saw heroic legend enter the world of cinema in

3321: 3097: 2443:. The common form consists of lines of four stressed beats, with a 2091: 2066:

Heroic poetry begins to be composed in writing in Germany with the

1664: 1475:

who describes his travels. The lay is attested in the 10th century

1460: 1418: 1354: 1324: 1203: 1166: 938: 668: 664: 599: 528: 497: 493: 419: 410: 9301:"The Elusive Nature of Germanic Heroic Poetry: A Rhizomatic Model" 9084: 7986: 3893:

Adaptations of heroic legend continue to be produced. The trilogy

3373:. The first German author to adapt Norse sources was the Romantic 3135:

was first rediscovered in 1755. It was quickly dubbed the "German

2171:

fragment. The earliest attested of the "fantastical" epics is the

1096:(c. 1130/40?). This may depict a scene told in one variant in the 958: 6933: 6727: 5079: 4180: 3866: 3776: 3499: 3353: 3337: 3281: 2758: 2668: 2657: 2444: 2392: 2354:(1905), Germanic heroic poetry mostly circulated in heroic lays ( 2117:

Kriemhild accuses Hagen of murdering Siegfried after Siegfried's

1938:

is not a purely legendary saga, but also contains material about

1894: 1885: 1718: 1701: 1696: 1668: 1646: 1613: 1509: 1451: 1366: 1273: 1233: 1224: 1170: 1138: 1021: 998: 970: 744: 717: 568: 464: 388: 360: 333: 295: 260: 259:

propaganda and rhetoric. Finally, it has inspired much of modern

217: 216:, and the Huns' destruction of the Burgundian kingdom under king 140: 35: 19: 9209:. Translated by Williams, Kirsten. Routledge. pp. 119–138. 7739:

J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, Scholarship and Critical Assessment

7234: 7232: 5916: 3432:

From 1843 to 1849, Karl Simrock, who had already translated the

3324:. He subscribed to the sagas that were printed from 1770 by the 2775: 2763: 2751: 1484: 153:(c. 800). There also survive numerous pictorial depictions from 9150:. London: Viking Society for Northern Research. pp. 17–32. 8696:

Prose Contexts of Eddic Poetry, Primarily in the Fornaldarsögur

8163: 7769:

The Well and the Tree: World and Time in Early Germanic Culture

7421: 6950: 6498: 6426: 6414: 6378: 6327: 5928: 5808: 3796:, the hero Beowulf corresponds to the shapeshifting (bear-man) 3533:

The most famous modern adaptation of Germanic heroic legend is

3182: 2883: 2878: 2325: 2281: 2264:

of Diebolt von Hanau (after 1475) contains a text known as the

2160: 2146: 2087: 2046: 2042: 1931: 1755: 1686: 1682: 1582: 1566: 1514: 1358: 1336: 1304: 1261: 1207: 1133: 1121: 1093: 1089: 1075: 1053: 1052:

Carving in the church portal of San Zeno Maggiore (c. 1140) in

1033: 974: 934: 927: 804: 759: 721: 608: 582: 560: 512: 368: 328: 213: 158: 90: 27: 9022:(2011). "Heroic Epics and Sagas". In Classen, Albrecht (ed.). 8672:". In Lassen, Annette; Ney, Agneta; Jakobsson, Ármann (eds.). 8340:". In Lassen, Annette; Ney, Agneta; Jakobsson, Ármann (eds.). 8238:

Early Lives of Charlemagne by Eginhard and the Monk of St Gall

8017:. Vol. 28. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 412–422. 6366: 4764: 4701: 3268:

published a compendium of the legendary sagas, and in 1829–30

966: 9294:. Translated by Mattingly, H.; Handford, S. A. Penguin Books. 7427: 7244: 7229: 5880: 4641: 4593: 4480: 3861: 3853: 3801: 3136: 2793: 2770: 2617:

si stúrben sit jǽmerlíche || von zwéier édelen fróuwen nít. (

2561: 2219: 2150: 2107: 1722: 1496: 1125: 1113: 978: 863: 808: 754:, which was probably written through the patronage of bishop 660: 536: 524: 516: 446: 351: 197: 7691: 7679: 7463: 7439: 7217: 7205: 6962: 6791: 6219: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5406: 4860: 4677: 4468: 3810:. In the Norse accounts of the Nibelung matter, such as the 3790:. To name some of the influence it can be mentioned that in 3784:. Thus he wrote his own retelling of the Nibelung matter in 3523:

The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs

3156:

movement and later from important Romantic thinkers such as

1875:, was probably written in Norway and shows knowledge of the 1689:(1218–20). In the saga, Snorri fleshes out the skaldic poem 997:, as well as several from England dating to the time of the 507:

Most of the extant heroic legends have their origins in the

383:

Of central importance to heroic legend is the figure of the

8363:"Older Germanic Poetry, with a Note on the Icelandic Sagas" 8194:

Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur

7343: 7271: 7261: 7259: 7169: 6344: 6342: 5563: 5473: 5471: 5469: 4937: 4935: 4605: 4317: 3093: 2831: 2724: 2290:(c. 1450) concerns the same material as the early medieval 1491: 1471: 1365:(748-814) may have collected heroic poetry. His biographer 1257: 1128:

and three giantesses labeled with names from heroic epics.

962: 954: 890: 672: 643: 556: 435: 384: 226: 174: 82: 16:

Heroic literary traditions of the Germanic-speaking peoples

9098:

Späte Stummfilme. Ästhetische Innovation im Kino 1924-1930

8883:"The Dating of Widsið and the Study of Germanic Antiquity" 7952:

Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period

7655: 7492: 7193: 7135: 7133: 7094: 6914: 6868: 6866: 6851: 6642: 6618: 6534: 6522: 6315: 6303: 6291: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6144: 6132: 6096: 6036: 6024: 6000: 5988: 5940: 5844: 5796: 5784: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5599: 5539: 5442: 5199: 5055: 4971: 4920: 4776: 4393: 4010:

List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend

2688:), whereas Old Norse poetry tends to be narrated tersely. 799:: Wayland is portrayed after having been crippled by king 8971:. Joh. Laur. Horrn, Kongl. antiquit. archivi boktryckare. 8621:

into English". In Clark, David; Phelpstead, Carl (eds.).

8249:(1989). "Geatish History: Poetic Art and Epic Quality in 8051:

Fisher, Peter F. (1958). "The Trials of the Epic Hero in

7539: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7403: 7181: 7034: 6986: 6890: 6697: 6570: 6486: 6354: 6197: 6195: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6108: 6072: 5707: 5659: 5635: 5623: 5575: 5507: 5483: 5418: 5358: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5247: 5127: 5091: 5031: 4995: 4983: 4872: 4444: 4432: 4239: 3512:. In the 1890s he produced translations of at least five 3035:

of legendary sagas, which consisted of sagas such as the

918: 290: 9273:

English Translations of the Scandinavian Medieval Ballad

8630:. Viking Society for Northern Research. pp. 21–42. 7643: 7516: 7504: 7451: 7379: 7283: 7256: 7046: 6827: 6803: 6594: 6582: 6510: 6462: 6402: 6390: 6339: 5964: 5904: 5892: 5772: 5466: 5454: 4959: 4932: 4754: 4752: 4737: 4725: 4665: 4528: 4456: 4381: 3071:

would be published in Latin by Johan Göransson in 1746.

1573:(early 11th century), includes legendary material about 774:

Franks Casket front. To the right is a depiction of the

9073:

Athenäum - Jahrbuch der Friedrich Schlegel-Gesellschaft

8127:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, Volume 1

7905:

Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im hohen Mittelalter

7574: 7391: 7130: 7106: 6863: 6438: 6048: 5976: 5952: 5856: 5748: 5647: 5551: 5348: 5346: 5319: 5043: 4552: 3627:, including an abbreviated edition for use in schools. 2094:), Siegfried's murder at the hands of Gunther's vassal 1950:- translations of courtly material - initiated by king 1146:'s decision to have Theodoric the Great, together with 1056:

that most likely depicts Dietrich/Theodoric, marked as

519:, while others are likely later, such as the legend of 9334: 7475: 7367: 7355: 7118: 7010: 6974: 6902: 6878: 6839: 6815: 6679: 6660: 6630: 6558: 6243: 6192: 6120: 6084: 6060: 6012: 5868: 5832: 5820: 5724: 5611: 5587: 5527: 5211: 5187: 4908: 4896: 4635: 4617: 4575: 4540: 4504: 4498: 4426: 4410: 4408: 4296: 4278: 4256: 4254: 1588: 1181:

German manuscripts of heroic epics were generally not

1154:, be one of the four bronze sculptures on his tomb in 277:

incorporates many elements of Germanic heroic legend.

8764:

Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions

7331: 6779: 6685: 6606: 6546: 6474: 6450: 6231: 5736: 5495: 5394: 5331: 5259: 5235: 5223: 5103: 5019: 4947: 4848: 4836: 4812: 4800: 4749: 4713: 4689: 4581: 4307: 4305: 3074:

In Denmark, in 1665, parts of the newly rediscovered

2557:, although it was probably not an independent meter. 2360:): relatively short pieces, of similar length to the 2342:

There is disagreement about the relationship between

1173:(Cod. Pal. germ. 67, fol. 19r). Produced c. 1470 for 851:

that illustrate scenes from Germanic Heroic legends.

778:, to the left is a scene from the legend of the hero 331:

originates on the continent and the Old English poem

9024:

Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms, Methods, Trends

8296: 7319: 7307: 7295: 7082: 7058: 6998: 5760: 5370: 5343: 5175: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5115: 5067: 5007: 4884: 4824: 4788: 4365: 4266: 4178:

Scandinavian influence is evident in novels such as

3377:, who in 1808-1810 wrote a popular three-part play, 2121:

in Hagen's presence. Painting by Emil Lauffer, 1879.

422:

and courtly behavior expected of their time period.

7667: 7157: 7145: 7070: 7022: 5430: 5382: 4653: 4405: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4251: 3613:("Legend of Sigfrid") in 1868, mostly based on the 3176:appeared in a popular modern German translation by 1924:Another important source for heroic legend was the 1770:are thought to be very recent. Some poems, such as 1601:, c. 1200. The scene is narrated in the Eddic poem 795:(c. 700), which depicts a scene from the legend of 233:The heroic tradition died out in England after the 144:. Probably the oldest surviving heroic poem is the 9247:Sturluson, Snorri (2007). Faulkes, Anthony (ed.). 9184:Mittelerde: Tolkien und die germanische Mythologie 8581:. Routledge, London and New York. pp. 37–46. 8577:. In Frojmovic, Eva; Karkov, Catherine E. (eds.). 4516: 4302: 4055:over his enemies; the heroic triumphant downfall ( 3630: 3276:, which became influential in defining the genre. 2847:The heroic tradition in England died out with the 2400:Eddic poems, including the supposedly oldest, the 1597:Gunnar plays a harp while dying in a snake pit at 391:. Other scholars have emphasized other qualities: 8482:Einführung in die mittelhochdeutsche Dietrichepik 7732: 7637: 3705:to celebrate the sacrifice of the German army at 2613:in díente vón ir lánden || vil stólziu ríterscáft 1980:as not according with the life of the historical 1327:warrior's grave in southern Germany, has a short 655:, who may be portrayed with multiple arms, while 9417: 9226:"Faith in Translation: Friðþjófs saga Revisited" 9188:Middle-earth: Tolkien and the Germanic Mythology 8781: 8725:Dietrich-Testimonien des 6. bis 16. Jahrhunderts 7921: 7864: 7592: 7564: 6956: 5085: 3990:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy 2791:In Scandinavia there was also the figure of the 2780:), and in Scandinavia this term corresponded to 2611:Ze Wórmez bí dem Ríne || si wónten mít ir kráft. 1963: 1303:forced to drink from the skull of her father by 9026:. Vol. 2. de Gruyter. pp. 1807–1831. 8692: 8678:. University of Iceland Press. pp. 33–58. 8346:. University of Iceland Press. pp. 59–81. 8057:Proceedings of the Modern Languages Association 7792:Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies 5934: 3985:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He 2974:was published for the first time, and in 1555, 2548: 2177:, of which a single stanza is contained in the 1955: 1411:(c.893–966) mentions a written narrative about 1222:. Notable is a manuscript of the Dietrich epic 706: 9207:The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology 9049:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–75. 8946:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 8617:Larrington, Caroline (2007). "Translating the 8552:Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 8388:. In Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.). 8328: 8284: 8226:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 7968: 7250: 7238: 7211: 5922: 5886: 4374:, p. 249. Ghosh notes that the figure of 4005:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y 4000:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S 3995:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O 3980:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G 3975:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E 3970:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C 2826: 2222:; a few others seem to have originated in the 1671:(Yngling) counterpart. Sometime c. 1220–1230, 108:, and medieval Germany. Many take the form of 9350:. Vol. 14. de Gruyter. pp. 260–280. 9148:Making History: Studies in the Fornaldarsögur 8423:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996). 8422: 8259:Hero and Exile: The Art of Old English Poetry 8129:. Oxford University Press. pp. 174–175. 7826: 6968: 6920: 6797: 6504: 6432: 6420: 6384: 6333: 4866: 4770: 4611: 4399: 4245: 3848:which provided a source for the horse-riding 3800:, the latter of whom inspired the character 3661:(1924/1925). The film adapts the plot of the 2907:were also preserved in some popular ballads. 2427:, which is attested in very similar forms in 2316: 2234:on the one hand, and the early modern ballad 1525:of a surprise attack led by the Frisian king 9232:. Victoire Press, Bar Hill. pp. 20–47. 9146:. In Arnold, Martin; Finlay, Alison (eds.). 8963: 8675:The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development 8343:The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development 7616:, January 2010, Tolkien Studies 7(1):291-324 7040: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4046: 4040: 4034: 3965:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A 3618: 3608: 3598: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3453: 3378: 3364: 3256: 3199: 3140: 2925:heroic poetry survived in a new form in the 2894: 2888: 2696: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2565: 2448: 2355: 2295: 2265: 2259: 2077: 1830: 1824: 1442:, Sweden, also mentions Dietrich/Theodoric. 1197: 765: 129: 69:, most of which originates or is set in the 9348:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 9270: 9164:(Third ed.). Grafton (HarperCollins). 9144:"Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Legend of Lejre" 8831: 8602:. Herbert Utz Ferlag, München. p. 13. 8332:(2012). "The Origin and Development of the 8015:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 7888:. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–90. 6992: 4474: 4450: 4196:, and it is also evident in poems, such as 2893:ballads (18th century) and a ballad called 2807: 2745: 2739: 2683: 2615:mit lóbelíchen éren || unz án ir éndes zít. 1995: 1985: 1399:. The poem tells of the battle of the hero 1374: 1057: 323:, and often involve historical personages. 9091: 8843:German Literature of the Early Middle Ages 8616: 8564:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8499: 8245: 8241:. Chatto and Windus/John Luce and Company. 7469: 7187: 5061: 4929:, pp. 171–172. "Hand in Hand gingen". 4905:, p. 148. "durch und durch heidnisch" 4534: 3960:Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend 3929:which is based on the heroic matter about 3884:probably inspired the riddling contest in 1946:. It is probably part of the tradition of 1711:(c. 1220–1241). It contains a part called 1088:(c. 1185) and on a church facade from the 823:; they are also usually identified on the 425: 65:) is the heroic literary tradition of the 9451:German literature of the Late Middle Ages 9246: 8916:Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter 8760: 8647:De isländska kungasagorna och deras värld 8549: 8469: 8459: 8406: 8167:The Nibelungen Tradition. An Encyclopedia 8013:. In Beck, Heinrich; et al. (eds.). 7766: 7713: 7614:Review of The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún 7052: 6703: 6360: 5790: 5778: 5513: 5412: 4731: 4683: 4671: 4323: 2280:but attested in Old Norse tradition. The 2214:Almost all of the texts originate in the 1539:(9th or 10th century) in the area around 839:and picture stones. In Sweden, there are 9315: 9256:. Viking Society for Northern Research. 9204: 9018: 8975: 8800: 8530: 8120: 7984: 7697: 7685: 7649: 7522: 7510: 7457: 7445: 7433: 7397: 7385: 7289: 7265: 7223: 6648: 6528: 6444: 6372: 5898: 5653: 5605: 5557: 5049: 4941: 4647: 4486: 4438: 4387: 3758: 3701:would explicitly use this aspect of the 3634: 3464: 3300: 3279:The first modern English translation of 3107: 2941: 2830: 2708: 2320: 2199: 2112: 1967: 1786: 1655:was written, c. 1200, and like parts of 1592: 1417: 1295: 1160: 1136:was decorated with images from the epic 1047: 917: 853: 769: 629: 573: 429: 289: 212:), the adventures and death of the hero 18: 9354: 9289: 9154: 9138: 9126: 9104: 9063: 9043:"Heroic epic poetry in the Middle Ages" 9002: 8877: 8849: 8841:Murdoch, Brian (2004). "Heroic Verse". 8840: 8819: 8741: 8722: 8703: 8644: 8516: 8478: 8028:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–26. 7881: 7580: 7361: 7349: 7277: 7139: 7112: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6636: 6576: 6564: 6492: 6456: 6225: 6201: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6126: 6114: 6078: 6018: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5862: 5766: 5754: 5718: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5545: 5533: 5489: 5337: 5241: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 4977: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4830: 4806: 4782: 4758: 4719: 4707: 4623: 4599: 4587: 4546: 4510: 4462: 3921:(2004) based on the Nibelungen matter, 3607:. The epic was published in two parts, 3573:. Wagner's opera mixed elements of the 3427: 2756:is depicted singing heroic material in 1517:), son of Wayland, against giants. The 1239: 807:, Wayland's brother, and Egil's spouse 9418: 9371: 9298: 9040: 8988:. John Wiley & sons. p. 124. 8954: 8913: 8663: 8572: 8554:. Vol. 8. Sidney. pp. 15–24. 8441: 8390:Medieval Scandinavia, and encyclopedia 8383: 8360: 8050: 8025:William Morris and the Icelandic Sagas 7969:D'Arcy, Julian; Wolf, Kirsten (1987). 7949: 7498: 7486: 7199: 7124: 7100: 7016: 6980: 6857: 6845: 6833: 6821: 6809: 6785: 6691: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6552: 6540: 6516: 6480: 6468: 6408: 6396: 6348: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6213: 6150: 6138: 6102: 6090: 6066: 6042: 6030: 6006: 5994: 5946: 5910: 5874: 5850: 5838: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5742: 5730: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5477: 5460: 5448: 5424: 5400: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5229: 5133: 5109: 5097: 5037: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4965: 4953: 4890: 4878: 4854: 4842: 4818: 4695: 4659: 4558: 4522: 4414: 4359: 4335: 4311: 4284: 4272: 3479:Siegfried and the Twilight of the Gods 3305:The title page of Fritiofs saga (1876) 2981:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus 2812:) who sings a heroic song in Denmark. 2704: 2596:. These stanzas often feature variant 9223: 9178: 8964:Peringskiöld, Johan Fredrich (1719). 8595: 8265: 8234: 8184: 8021: 8005: 7971:"Sir Walter Scott and Eyrbyggja Saga" 7925:; Tolkien, Christopher, eds. (1981). 7902: 7842: 7802: 7771:. University of Massachusetts Press. 7661: 7409: 7373: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7175: 7163: 7064: 6237: 6054: 5501: 5436: 5121: 5073: 4794: 4743: 4371: 4347: 4260: 3296: 2802:similarities to Norse heroic poetry. 1632:Short History of the Kings of Denmark 1353:: it recounts legends told among the 659:is able to breathe fire. The heroine 9393: 8959:(3 ed.). Berlin: Erich Schmidt. 8805:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 85–100. 7785: 7546:from the original on 1 November 2010 7536:"The Life and Works for JRR Tolkien" 7151: 7088: 7076: 7028: 7004: 6680:Tiefenbach, Reichert & Beck 1999 6661:Tiefenbach, Reichert & Beck 1999 5025: 4636:Tiefenbach, Reichert & Beck 1999 4576:Tiefenbach, Reichert & Beck 1999 4499:Tiefenbach, Reichert & Beck 1999 4427:Tiefenbach, Reichert & Beck 1999 4297:Tiefenbach, Reichert & Beck 1999 3909:cycle. Another recent adaptation is 3713:to Etzel's (Attila's) Asiatic Huns. 3103: 2995:. In 1672, Olaus Verelius published 2713:A minstrel sings of famous deeds by 2656:In heroic poetry, the use of poetic 2018:from the 12th century, including by 937:and acquisition of the hoard of the 527:heroic legends are already found in 9047:The Cambridge companion to the epic 8782:Lönnroth, L.; Delblanc, S. (1993). 8091: 7673: 4051:), in which a character achieves a 3716: 3677:came to be described as possessing 3363:, as well as many ballads, such as 2937: 2932: 2390:. Some signs of oral epic style in 1705:. Snorri is also the author of the 1663:it dealt with the legendary Danish 1589:High and late medieval Scandinavian 625: 614:A minority position, championed by 280: 124:, whereas longer pieces are called 13: 8693:Leslie-Jacobsen, Helen F. (2013). 8579:Post-Colonizing the Medieval Image 8022:Felce, I. (2018). "Introduction". 7733:Ballif Straubhaar, Sandra (2007). 7718:. Camden House. pp. 171–203. 3520:. One of his most famous poems is 2903:, while elements of the legend of 2086:narrates the wooing of Kriemhild ( 1754:, while the three lays concerning 1469:is the first person narrator of a 1343:. An early source in Latin is the 1260:, as well as theatrical plays and 14: 9487: 9357:The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise 9096:. In Preußer, Heinz-Peter (ed.). 8235:Grant, Arthur James, ed. (1905). 8170:. New York, Abingdon: Routledge. 7836:Germanische Altertumskunde Online 6747:A Concise Dictionary of Old Norse 3923:a 2007 film adaptation of Beowulf 3824:. They correspond broadly to the 3473:tease Siegfried. Illustration by 3001:for the first time, and in 1697, 2927:Pan-Scandinavian medieval ballads 2153:. The "historical" Dietrich epic 1339:, two figures from the legend of 1291: 8918:. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. 8485:. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. 8369:. de Gruyter. pp. 253–278. 7737:. In Drout, Michael D.C. (ed.). 7602: 7528: 6926: 6759: 6733: 6717:Scandinavian Runic-text Database 6709: 5170:Guðmundsdóttir & Cosser 2012 5158:Guðmundsdóttir & Cosser 2012 5146:Guðmundsdóttir & Cosser 2012 4172: 4139: 4076: 3943:Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern 3498:, one of the founders of modern 3170:Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen 3018:Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum 2608: 2311: 1862:Sǫgubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum 681:than in the heroic poems of the 642:Heroic legends can also take on 452:Battle of the Goths and the Huns 9190:] (in German). C. H. Beck. 8699:(Thesis). University of Bergen. 8418:. de Gruyter. pp. 513–534. 8272:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Dümmler 7928:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien 7807:compilierende oberflächlichkeit 7755:from the original on 2021-03-05 6773:An Icelandic-English Dictionary 6771:Claesby & Vigfusson (1874) 4027: 3787:The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún 3631:From World War 1 to World War 2 3236:The Dying Ode of Regner Lodbrog 3124: 2865:, while a prose version of the 2193:origins are also suggested for 1521:tells a story, also relayed in 1483:). Another poem by a fictional 1228:which was produced c. 1470 for 1001:(1016-1042). Several Norwegian 830: 728:goes so far as to suggest that 120:): shorter pieces are known as 100:Heroic legends are attested in 9271:Syndergaard, Larry E. (1995). 9250:Edda: Skáldskaparmál, volume 1 9064:Schmidt, Wolf Gerhard (2001). 8803:A Companion to Medieval Poetry 8502:"A winged figure from Uppåkra" 7978:Studies in Scottish Literature 7954:. Cambridge University Press. 7907:(4th ed.). München: dtv. 7830:; Preißler, Katharina (2015). 4091:Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum 4058:heroisch-triumphaler Untergang 2835:"Signhild" from the legend of 2774:, a keeper of past knowledge ( 2418: 1997:Historia de duabus civitatibus 1459:deals with the legends of the 1331:inscription that may refer to 1169:before encountering the giant 1043: 827:inscription, from c. 570–600. 786: 1: 9446:Middle High German literature 9292:The Agricola and The Germania 9045:. In Bates, Catherine (ed.). 8859:The Review of English Studies 8832:Mecklenburg, Michael (2002). 8744:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik 8573:Karkov, Catherine E. (2017). 8500:Helmbrecht, Michaela (2012). 8125:. In Kastan, David S. (ed.). 7838:. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. 7811:gernrezensirende Vornehmheit: 7706: 3919:Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King 3605:Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Jordan 2691:Eddic poetry rarely features 1984:, found in works such as the 1964:High and late medieval German 1307:, after a legend recorded by 486:The other is a remark in the 285: 48:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld 9092:Schumacher, Meinolf (2017). 8786:. Bonnier Alba. p. 49. 7593:Carpenter & Tolkien 1981 7565:Carpenter & Tolkien 1981 6957:Lönnroth & Delblanc 1993 6216:, pp. 382–383, 393–394. 5086:Brate & Wessén 1924–1936 4233: 4199:The Lay of the Last Minstrel 4103:Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar 3901:, narrates the story of the 3375:Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué 3243:German translation in 1814. 2806:refers to a "Saxon singer" ( 2439:, and in a modified form in 2163:and may have origins in the 1900:Battle of the Goths and Huns 1871:. The best-known today, the 1750:are believed to be from the 1645:(c. 1200). At this time in 930:, namely his killing of the 913:human-animal transformations 707:Relationship to Christianity 587:Battle of the Goths and Huns 7: 9316:Teichert, Matthias (2008). 8984:. In Lee, Stuart D. (ed.). 8742:Lienert, Elisabeth (2015). 8723:Lienert, Elisabeth (2008). 8704:Lienert, Elisabeth (2010). 8523:Die altgermanische Dichtung 8121:Frantzen, Allen J. (2006). 7767:Bauschatz, Paul C. (1982). 3953: 3225:Five Pieces of Runic Poetry 3160:. Romantic figures such as 2827:End of the heroic tradition 2037:and Siegfried), the lovers 1507:is told in the fragmentary 1323:, discovered in 1992 in an 1100:and in another in the epic 414:(a flaw) in a tragic hero. 378: 10: 9492: 9100:. Schüren. pp. 39–63. 8976:Rateliff, John D. (2020). 8827:. London: Hambledon Press. 8761:Looijenga, Tineke (2003). 8670:Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda 8668:and the learned origin of 8649:. Atlantis. pp. 65f. 8442:Haymes, Edward R. (2004). 8361:Harris, Joseph C. (2012). 8330:Guðmundsdóttir, Aðalheiður 8298:Guðmundsdóttir, Aðalheiður 8286:Guðmundsdóttir, Aðalheiður 8261:. London: Hambledon Press. 4133:Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns 4097:Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra 3832:(reforged as Andúril), in 3444:, based on material about 3044:Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna 3013:Johan Fredrik Peringskiöld 2738:, and in Latin texts as a 2317:Heroic lay and heroic epic 2020:Walther von der Vogelweide 1311:. Painted c. 1650-1660 by 118:germanische Heldendichtung 9275:. NIEF Turku. p. 1. 8955:Müller, Jan-Dirk (2009). 8899:10.1007/s11061-012-9308-2 8746:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. 8664:Lassen, Annette (2012). " 8645:Larsson, Mats G. (2005). 8531:Hoffmann, Werner (1981). 8479:Heinzle, Joachim (1999). 8365:. In Reichl, Karl (ed.). 8314:10.1017/S0038713412003144 8095:Following the Formula in 8034:10.1017/9781787442269.002 6969:Haymes & Samples 1996 6921:Böldl & Preißler 2015 6798:Haymes & Samples 1996 6505:Haymes & Samples 1996 6433:Haymes & Samples 1996 6421:Haymes & Samples 1996 6385:Haymes & Samples 1996 6334:Haymes & Samples 1996 4867:Haymes & Samples 1996 4771:Haymes & Samples 1996 4612:Haymes & Samples 1996 4400:Haymes & Samples 1996 4246:Haymes & Samples 1996 4121:Hrómundar saga Gripssonar 3936: 3925:, and TV-series, such as 3481:, English translation of 3369:("Siegfried's Sword") by 3274:Fornaldarsögur Norðrlanda 3264:In 1818, Danish scholar 3230:The Incantation of Hervor 3031:published the collection 2964:In 1514, the Danish work 2768:could also function as a 2536:konungs (Grípisspá v. 26) 2258:("books of heroes"); the 1903:, and poetry such as the 1811:In the mid-13th century, 1585:in the guise of history. 766:Pictorial representations 663:appears to have become a 67:Germanic-speaking peoples 9299:Taranu, Catalin (2013). 9161:The Road to Middle-Earth 8384:Harris, Richard (1993). 8367:Medieval Oral Literature 7933:George Allen & Unwin 6936:reports the style to be 5817:, pp. 288–289, 293. 4160:Sigurðarkviða inn skamma 4109:Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka 4020: 3927:Vikings (2013 TV series) 3856:, as well as the forest 3540:The Ring of the Nibelung 3380:Sigurd: Held des Nordens 3287:Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin 3166:Christian August Vulpius 2899:, recorded in 1867 from 2874:Jüngeres Hildebrandslied 2651: 2287:Jüngeres Hildebrandslied 1799:, found on the vault of 9441:Germanic heroic legends 9426:Dietrich von Bern cycle 8926:(inactive 2024-08-27). 8914:Millet, Victor (2008). 8596:Kruse, Mattias (2009). 8535:(2 ed.). Metzler. 8269:Die Deutsche Heldensage 8266:Grimm, Wilhelm (1867). 8208:(inactive 2024-08-27). 8143: 7903:Bumke, Joachim (2000). 7786:Beck, Wolfgang (2016). 7625:DOI: 10.1353/tks.0.0080 4710:, pp. 19, 171–173. 4036:verräterische Einladung 3763:The one ring, based on 3546:Der Ring des Nibelungen 3158:August Wilhelm Schlegel 3024:Ásmundar saga kappabana 2954:bid each other farewell 2881:. Versions of the epic 2868:Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 2841:Josef Wilhelm Wallander 2776: 2764: 2752: 2734: 2549: 2511:(Hildebrandslied v. 18) 2273:Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 1956: 1912:Riddles of Gestumblindi 1868:Ásmundar saga kappabana 1820: 1550:The Deeds of the Saxons 1485: 1361:. The Frankish Emperor 871: 841:nine runic inscriptions 675:are more common in the 426:Origins and development 252:Der Ring des Nibelungen 9377:Germanische Heldensage 9305:Networks and Neighbors 9224:Spray, Thomas (2017). 8727:. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 8336:as Illustrated by the 8247:Greenfield, Stanley B. 8106:. Palgrave Macmillan. 7867:Sveriges Runinskrifter 7803:Bluhm, Lothar (2004). 7638:Ballif Straubhaar 2007 7251:D'Arcy & Wolf 1987 7239:D'Arcy & Wolf 1987 4602:, pp. xxiii–xxiv. 4115:Helga þáttr Þórissonar 4069: 4064:Herausforderungsschema 4063: 4057: 4047: 4041: 4035: 3768: 3648: 3619: 3609: 3599: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3492: 3454: 3452:'s three-part tragedy 3406:Johann Wolfgang Goethe 3379: 3365: 3306: 3272:published 31 sagas in 3257: 3200: 3141: 3129:The manuscript of the 3117: 3062:Ragnars saga loðbrókar 2961: 2895: 2889: 2887:were preserved in the 2844: 2808: 2746: 2740: 2718: 2697: 2684: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2624: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2566: 2538: 2513: 2487: 2449: 2384:oral forumulaic theory 2356: 2339: 2296: 2266: 2260: 2211: 2122: 2078: 2028:Wolfram von Eschenbach 1996: 1992:Frutolf of Michelsberg 1986: 1973: 1831: 1825: 1808: 1608: 1427: 1381: 1375: 1346:Historia Langobardorum 1316: 1199:Hundeshagenscher codex 1198: 1178: 1067: 1058: 923: 883:Image stone Ardre VIII 859: 783: 639: 594: 484: 460: 303: 177:, particularly in the 131:germanische Heldenepik 130: 117: 110:Germanic heroic poetry 63:germanische Heldensage 62: 55:Germanic heroic legend 51: 9400:. Cambridge: Brewer. 9394:Wawn, Andrew (2000). 9110:Germanische Verskunst 9041:Reichl, Karl (2010). 8924:10.1515/9783110970760 8461:10.1353/ort.2004.0091 8427:. New York: Garland. 8206:10.1515/BGSL.2007.220 8092:Fox, Michael (2020). 7980:. 22: Iss. 1.: 30–43. 7950:Clarke, M.G. (2013). 7178:, pp. 11–12, 15. 4650:, pp. 1816–1817. 4489:, pp. 1808–1809. 4211:The Lord of the Isles 3852:, in the form of the 3834:The Lord of the Rings 3762: 3745:The Lord of the Rings 3638: 3516:, and the monumental 3468: 3326:Arnamagnæan Institute 3304: 3201:Das kleine Heldenbuch 3198:, connecting them as 3111: 2945: 2834: 2712: 2514: 2488: 2459: 2369:argues that only the 2324: 2203: 2119:wounds begin to bleed 2116: 2039:Walther and Hildegund 2004:, and the vernacular 1971: 1790: 1675:finished writing the 1599:Hylestad Stave Church 1596: 1571:Annals of Quedlinburg 1421: 1371: 1299: 1164: 1142:in the 16th century. 1051: 1011:Vegusdal Stave Church 1007:Hylestad Stave Church 988:language of the birds 921: 857: 776:Adoration of the magi 773: 633: 577: 475: 442:make us afraid!" The 433: 293: 274:The Lord of the Rings 263:through the works of 22: 9461:Old Norse literature 9365:Tolkien, Christopher 9336:Tiefenbach, Heinrich 8986:A Companion to J.R.R 7664:, pp. 165, 173. 7436:, pp. 275, 317. 6932:The entry Sö 327 in 6228:, pp. 150, 154. 5935:Leslie-Jacobsen 2013 4223:Harold the Dauntless 4205:The Lady of the Lake 3620:Hildebrands Heimkehr 3428:1840s to World War 1 3291:romantic nationalism 3266:Peter Erasmus Müller 3195:Rosengarten zu Worms 2819:. The Spruchdichter 2626:Many stanzas of the 2300:), including by the 2204:Scene from the poem 2079:späte Heldendichtung 2024:Heinrich von Veldeke 1449:of the time period, 1313:Pietro della Vecchia 1240:Written attestations 1213:Rosengarten zu Worms 1196:, also known as the 1144:Emperor Maximilian I 811:, who appear in the 463:The Roman historian 173:poetry and in prose 126:Germanic heroic epic 9476:Theoderic the Great 9456:Medieval literature 8408:Haubrichs, Wolfgang 8011:"Sigurddarstellung" 7923:Carpenter, Humphrey 7700:, pp. 395–396. 7688:, pp. 394–395. 7542:. 7 February 2002. 7501:, pp. 183–184. 7448:, pp. 351–352. 7412:, pp. 269–277. 7352:, pp. 198–199. 7280:, pp. 159–166. 7226:, pp. 174–175. 7212:Guðmundsdóttir 2016 7202:, pp. 263–264. 7103:, pp. 179–180. 6860:, pp. 483–484. 6663:, pp. 273–274. 6627:, pp. 259–260. 6543:, pp. 190–191. 6324:, pp. 477–493. 6312:, pp. 472–474. 6300:, pp. 466–471. 6288:, pp. 322–330. 6276:, pp. 415–417. 6264:, pp. 274–276. 6153:, pp. 328–329. 6141:, pp. 242–251. 6105:, pp. 178–179. 6045:, pp. 129–135. 6033:, pp. 270–271. 6009:, pp. 359–360. 5997:, pp. 272–274. 5949:, pp. 312–323. 5923:Guðmundsdóttir 2012 5887:Guðmundsdóttir 2012 5853:, pp. 301–310. 5805:, pp. 276–288. 5704:, pp. 121–129. 5692:, pp. 131–133. 5680:, pp. 105–106. 5572:, pp. 165–166. 5451:, pp. 102–103. 5427:, pp. 129–131. 5415:, pp. 253–255. 5367:, pp. 352–354. 5316:, pp. 452–459. 5304:, pp. 447–452. 5292:, pp. 445–447. 5280:, pp. 434–435. 5256:, pp. 443–444. 5208:, pp. 141–142. 5172:, pp. 355–358. 5136:, pp. 154–160. 5100:, pp. 163–165. 5040:, pp. 342–244. 5004:, pp. 141–154. 4992:, pp. 186–187. 4980:, pp. 152–164. 4881:, pp. 165–166. 4785:, pp. 172–173. 4746:, pp. 236–239. 4686:, pp. 519–523. 4578:, pp. 263–264. 4429:, pp. 262–263. 4378:forms an exception. 4376:Walter of Aquitaine 4326:, pp. 513–519. 4299:, pp. 267–268. 4085:Áns saga bogsveigis 4042:Brautwerbungsschema 3514:Sagas of Icelanders 3270:Carl Christian Rafn 3258:Deutsche Heldensage 3147:Johann Jakob Bodmer 3145:) by Swiss scholar 3033:Nordiska kämpadater 3029:Eric Julius Björner 3011:. In 1719, his son 2705:Singers and authors 2230:is provided by the 1982:Theodoric the Great 1952:Haakon IV of Norway 1717:that has a list of 1635:(c. 1188), and the 1519:Finnesburg Fragment 1505:Walter of Aquitaine 1270:Anglo-Saxon England 1120:was decorated with 953:). In the carving, 922:The Ramsund carving 724:, were Christians. 714:Theodoric the Great 549:Theodoric the Great 521:Walter of Aquitaine 210:Theodoric the Great 102:Anglo-Saxon England 9466:Nibelung tradition 9134:. Athenäum Verlag. 8982:: A Turning Point" 8957:Das Nibelungenlied 8871:10.1093/res/hgs108 8533:Altdeutsche Metrik 7850:. Francke Verlag. 7621:2021-03-05 at the 7422:Gentry et al. 2011 6753:2017-07-29 at the 6722:2021-02-14 at the 5668:, pp. 96–103. 5548:, pp. 553–55. 5520:) and one heroic ( 4968:, pp. 96–104. 4148:Helreið Brynhildar 3769: 3690:"stab in the back" 3649: 3595:alliterative verse 3537:'s operatic cycle 3493: 3366:Siegfrieds Schwert 3307: 3297:Derivational works 3285:appeared in 1833 ( 3118: 3113:Statue of Fridtjof 3080:were published by 3003:Johan Peringskiöld 2993:"Age of Greatness" 2962: 2958:Mårten Eskil Winge 2845: 2719: 2485:tum (Beowulf v. 4) 2425:alliterative verse 2388:alliterative verse 2340: 2212: 2123: 2061:Spielmannsdichtung 2056:Spielmannsdichtung 1974: 1944:Apollonius of Tyre 1906:Waking of Angantýr 1809: 1778:Helgi Hundingsbane 1767:Helreið Brynhildar 1609: 1545:Widukind of Corvey 1428: 1317: 1286:Middle High German 1266:Carolingian Empire 1202:(c. 1436–1442, in 1179: 1165:Dietrich fights a 1130:Wildenstein castle 1110:Runkelstein Castle 1068: 969:(6), and paid his 924: 868:Middle High German 860: 784: 640: 595: 591:Peter Nicolai Arbo 461: 457:Peter Nicolai Arbo 397:Wolfgang Haubrichs 365:William of Gellone 304: 249:'s operatic cycle 222:alliterative verse 87:Germanic mythology 52: 9340:Reichert, Hermann 9327:978-3-8253-5512-8 9263:978-0-903521-36-9 9239:978-1-909106-13-0 9020:Reichert, Hermann 8995:978-1-119-65602-9 8933:978-3-11-020102-4 8812:978-1-78268-614-9 8753:978-3-503-15573-6 8734:978-3-484-64504-2 8715:978-3-11-025131-9 8637:978-0-903521-76-5 8609:978-3-8316-0882-9 8588:978-1-4724-8166-5 8560:cite encyclopedia 8542:978-3-476-12064-9 8290:Scripta Islandica 8177:978-0-8153-1785-2 8156:978-1-78656-101-5 8113:978-3-030-48133-9 7961:978-1-107-69632-7 7942:978-0-04-826005-5 7748:978-0-415-96942-0 7640:, pp. 254ff. 7472:, pp. 42–43. 7041:Peringskiöld 1719 6899:, pp. 51–52. 6836:, pp. 90–91. 6812:, pp. 54–55. 6715:Entry DR 230, in 6651:, pp. 84–85. 6603:, pp. 56–57. 6591:, pp. 65–66. 6579:, pp. 66–67. 6531:, pp. 81–95. 6519:, pp. 59–60. 6507:, pp. 42–43. 6495:, pp. 56–59. 6471:, pp. 27–28. 6435:, pp. 39–40. 6423:, pp. 43–44. 6411:, pp. 52–54. 6399:, pp. 57–58. 6351:, pp. 50–51. 6336:, pp. 36–37. 6189:, pp. 33–34. 6177:, pp. 76–77. 6165:, pp. 32–33. 6081:, pp. 16–17. 6057:, pp. 36–43. 5925:, pp. 59–61. 5913:, pp. 52–53. 5721:, pp. 17–32. 5644:, pp. 82–83. 5632:, pp. 81–82. 5608:, pp. 92–93. 5584:, pp. 79–80. 5492:, pp. 11–13. 5480:, pp. 22–23. 5463:, pp. 55–56. 5328:, pp. 13–14. 5088:, pp. 71–73. 5028:, pp. 29–45. 4773:, pp. 12–13. 4561:, pp. 10–11. 4477:, pp. 16–18. 4465:, pp. 76–78. 4441:, pp. 88–89. 4287:, pp. 11–13. 4127:Sörla saga sterka 3793:Hrólfs saga kraka 3733:'s two part film 3655:'s two part film 3504:Eiríkur Magnússon 3446:Dietrich von Bern 3410:Kaiser Wilhelm II 3227:, which included 3104:Romantic movement 3056:Norna-Gests þáttr 3050:Hrólfs saga kraka 2837:Hagbard and Signy 2784:, from Old Norse 2240:(printed 1560 in 2131:Matter of Britain 2002:Otto von Freising 1978:Dietrich von Bern 1881:Hrólfs saga kraka 1856:Hrólfs saga kraka 1844:Norna-Gests þáttr 1575:Dietrich von Bern 1501:Wayland the Smith 1426:, from the 9th c. 1409:Flodoard of Reims 1405:Dietrich von Bern 1376:Vita Karoli Magni 1357:about their king 1349:(c. 783–796) of 1341:Wayland the smith 1252:, in the form of 1230:Margaret of Savoy 1175:Margaret of Savoy 1072:San Zeno Maggiore 1066:on the far right. 887:Stora Hammars III 797:Wayland the smith 780:Wayland the smith 657:Dietrich von Bern 553:Dietrich von Bern 502:Germanic paganism 317:Matter of Britain 206:Dietrich von Bern 136:early Middle Ages 95:Germanic folklore 9483: 9411: 9390: 9368: 9363:, translated by 9362: 9351: 9331: 9312: 9295: 9290:Tacitus (1948). 9286: 9267: 9255: 9243: 9220: 9201: 9175: 9151: 9135: 9123: 9101: 9088: 9070: 9060: 9037: 9015: 8999: 8972: 8960: 8951: 8945: 8937: 8910: 8879:Neidorf, Leonard 8874: 8865:(266): 553–573. 8851:Neidorf, Leonard 8846: 8837: 8828: 8816: 8797: 8778: 8757: 8738: 8719: 8700: 8689: 8685:978-9979-54-9680 8666:Origines Gentium 8660: 8641: 8629: 8613: 8592: 8569: 8563: 8555: 8546: 8527: 8518:Heusler, Andreas 8513: 8496: 8475: 8473: 8463: 8438: 8419: 8403: 8380: 8357: 8353:978-9979-54-9680 8325: 8308:(4): 1015–1049. 8293: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8262: 8242: 8231: 8225: 8217: 8181: 8160: 8140: 8117: 8101:Örvar-Odd's saga 8088: 8047: 8018: 8002: 7981: 7975: 7965: 7946: 7918: 7899: 7878: 7861: 7839: 7823: 7820:Goethezeitportal 7817: 7799: 7782: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7729: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7626: 7606: 7600: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7376:, pp. 1–26. 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6993:Syndergaard 1995 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6763: 6757: 6737: 6731: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6117:, p. 13-14. 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5793:, pp. xiii. 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4475:Mecklenburg 2002 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4451:Mecklenburg 2002 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4227: 4176: 4170: 4143: 4137: 4082:The others were 4080: 4074: 4072: 4070:Befreiungsschema 4066: 4060: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4031: 3897:(1993-1996), by 3895:Wodan's Children 3717:Post-World War 2 3709:and compare the 3695:Second World War 3639:Film poster for 3622: 3612: 3602: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3457: 3450:Friedrich Hebbel 3382: 3368: 3314:Thomas Bartholin 3310:Sir Walter Scott 3260: 3203: 3144: 3116:Max Unger (1913) 3086:Thomas Bartholin 2972:Saxo Grammaticus 2938:Early Modern Era 2933:Modern Influence 2898: 2892: 2853:Romance-speaking 2811: 2809:cantor saxonicus 2804:Saxo Grammaticus 2779: 2767: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2700: 2687: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2569: 2555:Snorri Sturluson 2552: 2452: 2367:Hermann Reichert 2359: 2299: 2297:Fastnachtsspiele 2269: 2267:Heldenbuch-Prosa 2263: 2139:Matter of France 2102:is found in the 2081: 1999: 1989: 1959: 1834: 1828: 1673:Snorri Sturluson 1643:Saxo Grammaticus 1629:(late 12th c.), 1503:. The legend of 1488: 1378: 1201: 1061: 973:. Ótr's brother 756:Wolfger von Erla 734:Hermann Reichert 730:Christianization 626:Relation to myth 609:Sigurd/Siegfried 585:dying after the 551:(later known as 509:Migration Period 402:Brian O. Murdoch 309:Migration Period 281:Heroic tradition 239:medieval ballads 214:Siegfried/Sigurd 167:Late Middle Ages 133: 71:Migration Period 9491: 9490: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9408: 9387: 9360: 9328: 9283: 9264: 9253: 9240: 9217: 9198: 9172: 9120: 9068: 9057: 9034: 8996: 8939: 8938: 8934: 8836:. Wilhelm Fink. 8813: 8794: 8775: 8754: 8735: 8716: 8686: 8657: 8638: 8627: 8610: 8589: 8557: 8556: 8543: 8493: 8435: 8400: 8386:"Hjálmþés saga" 8377: 8354: 8275: 8273: 8255:George H. Brown 8219: 8218: 8178: 8157: 8146:Fridthiofs saga 8137: 8114: 8044: 7999: 7973: 7962: 7943: 7915: 7896: 7858: 7815: 7779: 7758: 7756: 7749: 7726: 7709: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7636: 7629: 7623:Wayback Machine 7607: 7603: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7485: 7476: 7470:Schumacher 2017 7468: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7188:Larrington 2007 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7138: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7091:, pp. 18f. 7087: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7019:, pp. 285. 7015: 7011: 7007:, pp. 17f. 7003: 6999: 6991: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6824:, pp. 1–3. 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6764: 6760: 6755:Wayback Machine 6738: 6734: 6724:Wayback Machine 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6682:, pp. 273. 6678: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5973:, p. viii. 5969: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403:, pp. 1–2. 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5232:, pp. 459. 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5196:, pp. 8–9. 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5064:, p. 175f. 5062:Helmbrecht 2012 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4944:, p. 1821. 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4698:, pp. 7–8. 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4674:, pp. 519. 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4549:, pp. 3–4. 4545: 4541: 4535:Greenfield 1989 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390:, p. 1807. 4386: 4382: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4275:, pp. 4–7. 4271: 4267: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4177: 4173: 4144: 4140: 4081: 4077: 4053:Pyrrhic victory 4048:glückloser Sieg 4032: 4028: 4023: 3956: 3939: 3899:Diana L. Paxson 3842:, there is the 3719: 3680:Nibelungentreue 3675:Austria-Hungary 3669:Already in the 3633: 3625:First World War 3570:Götterdämmerung 3488:Götterdämmerung 3430: 3401:Frithiof's Saga 3299: 3253:William Herbert 3154:Sturm und Drang 3127: 3115: 3106: 2989:legendary sagas 2956: 2940: 2935: 2916:Ramsund carving 2849:Norman Conquest 2829: 2730:Old High German 2707: 2680:Hildebrandslied 2663:Hildebrandslied 2654: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2433:Old High German 2421: 2371:Hildebrandslied 2352:Andreas Heusler 2319: 2314: 2292:Hildebrandslied 2165:Battle of Nedao 2012:courtly romance 2000:(1134-1136) of 1994:(c. 1100), the 1966: 1957:Þiðrekr af Bern 1948:chivalric sagas 1813:legendary sagas 1793:Albertus Pictor 1652:Skjöldunga saga 1649:, the now lost 1626:Lejre Chronicle 1623:(12th c.), the 1591: 1396:Hildebrandslied 1386:Old High German 1351:Paul the Deacon 1309:Paul the Deacon 1294: 1242: 1216:and another of 1046: 1038:baptismal fonts 1026:Södermanland 40 943:Ramsund carving 905:Norse mythology 833: 789: 768: 709: 628: 428: 381: 294:A depiction of 288: 283: 235:Norman conquest 179:legendary sagas 150:Hildebrandslied 146:Old High German 17: 12: 11: 5: 9489: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9413: 9412: 9406: 9391: 9385: 9369: 9352: 9344:Beck, Heinrich 9332: 9326: 9313: 9296: 9287: 9281: 9268: 9262: 9244: 9238: 9221: 9215: 9202: 9197:978-3406528378 9196: 9176: 9171:978-0261102750 9170: 9152: 9136: 9128:von See, Klaus 9124: 9118: 9106:von See, Klaus 9102: 9089: 9061: 9055: 9038: 9032: 9016: 9000: 8994: 8973: 8961: 8952: 8932: 8911: 8893:(1): 165–183. 8875: 8847: 8838: 8829: 8821:Murdoch, Brian 8817: 8811: 8798: 8792: 8779: 8773: 8758: 8752: 8739: 8733: 8720: 8714: 8708:. de Gruyter. 8701: 8690: 8684: 8661: 8655: 8642: 8636: 8614: 8608: 8593: 8587: 8570: 8547: 8541: 8528: 8514: 8497: 8491: 8476: 8448:Oral Tradition 8439: 8433: 8420: 8404: 8398: 8381: 8376:978-3110189346 8375: 8358: 8352: 8334:Fornaldarsögur 8326: 8294: 8282: 8263: 8243: 8232: 8200:(2): 220–252. 8182: 8176: 8161: 8155: 8141: 8135: 8118: 8112: 8089: 8069:10.2307/460234 8063:(3): 171–183. 8048: 8042: 8019: 8003: 7997: 7982: 7966: 7960: 7947: 7941: 7919: 7914:978-3423307789 7913: 7900: 7894: 7879: 7862: 7856: 7840: 7824: 7800: 7783: 7777: 7764: 7747: 7730: 7724: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7690: 7678: 7676:, p. 255. 7666: 7654: 7652:, p. 124. 7642: 7627: 7601: 7585: 7583:, p. 389. 7573: 7557: 7527: 7525:, p. 386. 7515: 7513:, p. 379. 7503: 7491: 7489:, p. 183. 7474: 7462: 7460:, p. 352. 7450: 7438: 7426: 7424:, p. 222. 7414: 7402: 7390: 7388:, p. 223. 7378: 7366: 7354: 7342: 7340:, p. 25f. 7330: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7292:, p. 177. 7282: 7270: 7268:, p. 175. 7255: 7243: 7228: 7216: 7204: 7192: 7180: 7168: 7156: 7144: 7142:, p. 198. 7129: 7127:, p. 181. 7117: 7115:, p. 197. 7105: 7093: 7081: 7079:, pp. 26. 7069: 7057: 7055:, pp. 15. 7053:Jorgensen 2017 7045: 7033: 7031:, pp. 18. 7021: 7009: 6997: 6985: 6983:, p. 327. 6973: 6961: 6949: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6875:, p. 189. 6862: 6850: 6848:, p. 492. 6838: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6758: 6732: 6708: 6706:, p. 216. 6704:Bauschatz 1982 6696: 6684: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6629: 6617: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6377: 6365: 6363:, p. 178. 6361:Andersson 2004 6353: 6338: 6326: 6314: 6302: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6252:, p. 272. 6242: 6240:, p. 262. 6230: 6218: 6206: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6129:, pp. 81. 6119: 6107: 6095: 6093:, p. 334. 6083: 6071: 6069:, p. 328. 6059: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5985:, p. xii. 5975: 5963: 5961:, p. ixf. 5951: 5939: 5937:, p. 256. 5927: 5915: 5903: 5901:, p. 257. 5891: 5879: 5877:, p. 258. 5867: 5865:, p. 266. 5855: 5843: 5841:, p. 294. 5831: 5829:, p. 290. 5819: 5807: 5795: 5791:Sturluson 2007 5783: 5781:, pp. xi. 5779:Sturluson 2007 5771: 5759: 5757:, p. 65f. 5747: 5735: 5733:, p. 19f. 5723: 5706: 5694: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5596:, pp. 81. 5586: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514:Andersson 2004 5506: 5504:, p. 234. 5494: 5482: 5465: 5453: 5441: 5429: 5417: 5413:Looijenga 2003 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5357: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5268:, p. 445. 5258: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5220:, p. 130. 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5160:, p. 355. 5150: 5148:, p. 353. 5138: 5126: 5124:, p. 414. 5114: 5112:, p. 160. 5102: 5090: 5078: 5076:, p. 412. 5066: 5054: 5052:, p. 123. 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4956:, p. 140. 4946: 4931: 4919: 4917:, p. 151. 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4869:, p. 146. 4859: 4857:, p. 302. 4847: 4845:, p. 244. 4835: 4823: 4821:, p. 267. 4811: 4799: 4797:, p. 240. 4787: 4775: 4763: 4748: 4736: 4734:, p. 526. 4732:Haubrichs 2004 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4684:Haubrichs 2004 4676: 4672:Haubrichs 2004 4664: 4652: 4640: 4638:, p. 268. 4628: 4626:, p. 102. 4616: 4604: 4592: 4590:, pp. 56. 4580: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4513:, p. 123. 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4364: 4352: 4350:, p. 248. 4340: 4328: 4324:Haubrichs 2004 4316: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4263:, p. 268. 4250: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4171: 4145:He translated 4138: 4075: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3933:and his sons. 3931:Ragnar Lodbrok 3911:Stephan Grundy 3828:and the sword 3798:Bǫðvarr Bjarki 3782:William Morris 3750:J.R.R. Tolkien 3736:Die Nibelungen 3723:Nibelungenlied 3718: 3715: 3703:Nibelungenlied 3699:Hermann Göring 3685:Nibelungenlied 3663:Nibelungenlied 3658:Die Nibelungen 3645:Die Nibelungen 3632: 3629: 3583:Nibelungenlied 3535:Richard Wagner 3496:William Morris 3475:Arthur Rackham 3460:Nibelungenlied 3455:Die Nibelungen 3438:Nibelungenlied 3434:Nibelungenlied 3429: 3426: 3418:Selma Lagerlöf 3414:William Morris 3361:Nibelungenlied 3298: 3295: 3174:Nibelungenlied 3142:deutsche Ilias 3132:Nibelungenlied 3126: 3123: 3105: 3102: 3021:, and in 1722 3005:published the 2978:published his 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2828: 2825: 2817:Spruchdichtung 2799:skaldic poetry 2706: 2703: 2675:Nibelungenlied 2653: 2650: 2633:Hildebrandston 2628:Nibelungenlied 2619:Nibelungenlied 2609: 2581:Hildebrandston 2420: 2417: 2412:skaldic poetry 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2278:Nibelungenlied 2237:Ermenrichs Tod 2100:Nibelungenlied 2084:Nibelungenlied 2074:Nibelungenlied 2069:Nibelungenlied 1987:Historia mundi 1965: 1962: 1821:fornaldarsögur 1714:Skáldskaparmál 1590: 1587: 1565:, king of the 1541:Lake Constance 1321:Pforzen buckle 1293: 1292:Early medieval 1290: 1241: 1238: 1192:is manuscript 1189:Nibelungenlied 1045: 1042: 1003:stave churches 900:Skáldskaparmál 895:mead of poetry 843:, and several 832: 829: 825:Pforzen buckle 788: 785: 767: 764: 751:Nibelungenlied 708: 705: 701:Ancient Greece 695:Nibelungenlied 627: 624: 616:Walter Goffart 593:, before 1892. 427: 424: 380: 377: 321:oral tradition 300:Arthur Rackham 287: 284: 282: 279: 269:J.R.R. Tolkien 265:William Morris 247:Richard Wagner 190:Nibelungenlied 93:is a genre of 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9488: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9471:Amali dynasty 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9409: 9407:0-85991-575-1 9403: 9399: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9386:3-476-10106-1 9382: 9378: 9374: 9373:Uecker, Heiko 9370: 9366: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9284: 9282:952-9724-11-X 9278: 9274: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9252: 9251: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9222: 9218: 9216:0-8153-1660-7 9212: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9180:Simek, Rudolf 9177: 9173: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9090: 9086: 9085:10.18452/5764 9082: 9078: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9056:9780521707367 9052: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9035: 9033:9783110215588 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8981: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8887:Neophilologus 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8793:91-34-51408-2 8789: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8774:90-04-12396-2 8770: 8766: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8736: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8656:91-7353-065-4 8652: 8648: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8492:3-11-015094-8 8488: 8484: 8483: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8399:9780824047870 8395: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8338:Völsunga Saga 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8271: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8136:9780195169218 8132: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8043:9781787442269 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7895:9780199261635 7891: 7887: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7857:3-7720-2749-0 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7778:0-87023-352-1 7774: 7770: 7765: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7725:1-57113-199-X 7721: 7717: 7712: 7711: 7699: 7698:Teichert 2008 7694: 7687: 7686:Teichert 2008 7682: 7675: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7650:Rateliff 2020 7646: 7639: 7634: 7632: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7524: 7523:Teichert 2008 7519: 7512: 7511:Teichert 2008 7507: 7500: 7495: 7488: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7458:Teichert 2008 7454: 7447: 7446:Teichert 2008 7442: 7435: 7434:Teichert 2008 7430: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7400:, p. 29. 7399: 7398:Hoffmann 1981 7394: 7387: 7386:Teichert 2008 7382: 7375: 7370: 7364:, p. 32. 7363: 7358: 7351: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7328:, p. 33. 7327: 7322: 7316:, p. 24. 7315: 7310: 7304:, p. 20. 7303: 7298: 7291: 7290:Teichert 2008 7286: 7279: 7274: 7267: 7266:Teichert 2008 7262: 7260: 7253:, p. 30. 7252: 7247: 7241:, p. 31. 7240: 7235: 7233: 7225: 7224:Frantzen 2006 7220: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7190:, p. 24. 7189: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7160: 7154:, p. 24. 7153: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7102: 7097: 7090: 7085: 7078: 7073: 7067:, p. 13. 7066: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7042: 7037: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7001: 6994: 6989: 6982: 6977: 6970: 6965: 6959:, p. 49. 6958: 6953: 6947: 6946:87-635-0428-6 6943: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6911:, p. 95. 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6887:, p. 70. 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6800:, p. 44. 6799: 6794: 6788:, p. 20. 6787: 6782: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6745:Zoega (1910) 6742: 6736: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6694:, p. 97. 6693: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6649:Hoffmann 1981 6645: 6639:, p. 35. 6638: 6633: 6626: 6621: 6615:, p. 58. 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6567:, p. 17. 6566: 6561: 6555:, p. 60. 6554: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6530: 6529:Hoffmann 1981 6525: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6483:, p. 60. 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6458: 6453: 6447:, p. 23. 6446: 6445:Hoffmann 1981 6441: 6434: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6374: 6373:Reichert 2011 6369: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6330: 6323: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6299: 6294: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6210: 6204:, p. 29. 6203: 6198: 6196: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6021:, p. 38. 6020: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5900: 5899:Driscoll 2003 5895: 5889:, p. 60. 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5745:, p. 18. 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5656:, p. 96. 5655: 5654:Magennis 2010 5650: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5620:, p. 17. 5619: 5614: 5607: 5606:Magennis 2010 5602: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5560:, p. 94. 5559: 5558:Magennis 2010 5554: 5547: 5542: 5536:, p. 15. 5535: 5530: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5439:, p. 45. 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5379:, p. 22. 5378: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5355:, p. 50. 5354: 5349: 5347: 5340:, p. 25. 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5244:, p. 31. 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5050:Sørensen 2002 5046: 5039: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5016:, p. 45. 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4942:Reichert 2011 4938: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4893:, p. 10. 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4809:, p. 52. 4808: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4761:, p. 19. 4760: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4722:, p. 11. 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4648:Reichert 2011 4644: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4614:, p. 10. 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4537:, p. 23. 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4487:Reichert 2011 4483: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4453:, p. 16. 4452: 4447: 4440: 4439:Magennis 2010 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4388:Reichert 2011 4384: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4338:, p. 47. 4337: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4193:The Antiquary 4189: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4167: 4166:Vǫlundarkviða 4163:in 1839, and 4162: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3878:Hervarar saga 3875: 3874: 3873:Völsunga saga 3869: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3839:Hervarar saga 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3813:Völsunga saga 3809: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3671:German Empire 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3603:, written by 3601: 3596: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579:Völsunga saga 3576: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3552:Das Rheingold 3547: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3485:libretto for 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471:Rhine maidens 3467: 3463: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442:Amelungenlied 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3396:Esaias Tegnér 3392: 3390: 3386: 3385:Völsunga saga 3381: 3376: 3372: 3371:Ludwig Uhland 3367: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3249:Wilhelm Grimm 3246: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3219:and in 1770, 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209:Great Britain 3205: 3202: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3038:Völsunga saga 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2998:Hervarar saga 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2967:Gesta Danorum 2959: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2912:Gök runestone 2908: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2716: 2715:J. R. Skelton 2711: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2578:-stanza, the 2577: 2574:-stanza, the 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2455:Klaus von See 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2312:Heroic poetry 2309: 2308:(1494-1564). 2307: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2228:Low Countries 2225: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:Codex Buranus 2176: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2156:Rabenschlacht 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041:, the maiden 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2007:Kaiserchronik 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1918:Samsey poetry 1914: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1891:Hervarar saga 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:Völsunga saga 1870: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1850:Hervarar saga 1846: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1838:Völsunga saga 1833: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1741:Völundarkviða 1737: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:Gesta Danorum 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1638:Gesta Danorum 1634: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436:Rök runestone 1432: 1425: 1424:Rök runestone 1420: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1380: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:Basel Minster 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1064:mouth of Hell 1060: 1059:regem stultum 1055: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 933: 929: 920: 916: 914: 911:artwork with 910: 906: 902: 901: 896: 893:stealing the 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 828: 826: 822: 821: 820:Völundarkviða 816: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 793:Franks Casket 781: 777: 772: 763: 761: 757: 753: 752: 747: 746: 741: 740: 735: 731: 727: 726:Klaus von See 723: 719: 715: 704: 702: 697: 696: 691: 686: 684: 680: 679: 678:Völsunga saga 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 637: 632: 623: 621: 620:Roberta Frank 617: 612: 610: 606: 601: 592: 588: 584: 581: 576: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 523:. Some early 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490: 483: 481: 474: 472: 471: 466: 458: 454: 453: 448: 445: 441: 437: 434:"Neither the 432: 423: 421: 415: 413: 412: 407: 403: 398: 394: 393:Klaus von See 390: 386: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 353: 349: 343: 340: 339:East Germanic 336: 335: 330: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 301: 297: 292: 278: 276: 275: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 231: 229: 228: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 191: 186: 185: 184:Völsunga saga 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 151: 147: 143: 142: 137: 132: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 9431:Eddic poetry 9396: 9376: 9356: 9347: 9317: 9308: 9304: 9291: 9272: 9249: 9229: 9206: 9187: 9183: 9159: 9156:Shippey, Tom 9147: 9140:Shippey, Tom 9131: 9109: 9097: 9076: 9072: 9046: 9023: 9011: 9004:Rausing, Gad 8985: 8979: 8968:Peringskiöld 8966: 8956: 8915: 8890: 8886: 8862: 8858: 8842: 8833: 8824: 8802: 8783: 8763: 8743: 8724: 8705: 8695: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8646: 8623: 8618: 8598: 8578: 8551: 8532: 8526:. Athenaion. 8522: 8509: 8505: 8481: 8451: 8447: 8424: 8415: 8411: 8389: 8366: 8342: 8337: 8333: 8305: 8301: 8289: 8274:. Retrieved 8268: 8258: 8250: 8237: 8222:cite journal 8197: 8193: 8186:Ghosh, Shami 8166: 8145: 8126: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8024: 8014: 8007:Düwel, Klaus 7987: 7977: 7951: 7927: 7904: 7884: 7866: 7847: 7844:Böldl, Klaus 7835: 7828:Böldl, Klaus 7819: 7810: 7806: 7795: 7791: 7768: 7757:. Retrieved 7738: 7715: 7693: 7681: 7669: 7657: 7645: 7613: 7604: 7596: 7588: 7581:Shippey 2005 7576: 7568: 7560: 7548:. Retrieved 7530: 7518: 7506: 7494: 7465: 7453: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7362:Lienert 2015 7357: 7350:Heinzle 1999 7345: 7333: 7321: 7309: 7297: 7285: 7278:Schmidt 2001 7273: 7246: 7219: 7214:, p. 6. 7207: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7166:, p. 9. 7159: 7147: 7140:Heinzle 1999 7120: 7113:Heinzle 1999 7108: 7096: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7048: 7036: 7024: 7012: 7000: 6995:, p. 1. 6988: 6976: 6964: 6952: 6928: 6916: 6909:Lienert 2015 6904: 6897:Heinzle 1999 6892: 6885:Lienert 2015 6880: 6873:Lienert 2015 6853: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6793: 6781: 6772: 6766: 6761: 6746: 6740: 6735: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6656: 6644: 6637:Heusler 1923 6632: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6577:Heinzle 1999 6572: 6565:Lienert 2015 6560: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6493:von See 1967 6488: 6476: 6464: 6459:, p. 2. 6457:von See 1967 6452: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6329: 6317: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6226:Lienert 2015 6221: 6209: 6202:Heinzle 1999 6187:Heinzle 1999 6182: 6175:Heinzle 1999 6170: 6163:Heinzle 1999 6158: 6146: 6134: 6127:Lienert 2015 6122: 6115:Lienert 2015 6110: 6098: 6086: 6079:Lienert 2015 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6026: 6019:Heinzle 1999 6014: 6002: 5990: 5983:Tolkien 1960 5978: 5971:Tolkien 1960 5966: 5959:Tolkien 1960 5954: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5870: 5863:Lienert 2008 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5767:Rausing 1995 5762: 5755:Larsson 2005 5750: 5738: 5726: 5719:Shippey 2010 5697: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5642:Bremmer 2005 5637: 5630:Bremmer 2005 5625: 5618:Heinzle 1999 5613: 5601: 5594:Bremmer 2005 5589: 5582:Bremmer 2005 5577: 5570:Neidorf 2013 5565: 5553: 5546:Neidorf 2012 5541: 5534:Heinzle 1999 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5497: 5490:Heinzle 1999 5485: 5456: 5444: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5391:, p. 3. 5384: 5372: 5360: 5338:Lienert 2010 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5242:Heinzle 1999 5237: 5225: 5218:Lienert 2015 5213: 5206:Heinzle 1999 5201: 5194:Heinzle 1999 5189: 5184:, p. 8. 5182:Heinzle 1999 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4978:von See 1971 4973: 4961: 4949: 4927:von See 1971 4922: 4915:von See 1971 4910: 4903:von See 1971 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4833:, p. 9. 4831:Heinzle 1999 4826: 4814: 4807:von See 1971 4802: 4790: 4783:Neidorf 2013 4778: 4766: 4759:Lienert 2015 4739: 4727: 4720:Lienert 2015 4715: 4708:Lienert 2015 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4662:, p. 4. 4655: 4643: 4631: 4624:Tacitus 1948 4619: 4607: 4600:Tolkien 1960 4595: 4588:Tolkien 1960 4583: 4554: 4547:Murdoch 1996 4542: 4530: 4518: 4511:Murdoch 2004 4506: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4463:Bremmer 2005 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4417:, p. 4. 4402:, p. 7. 4395: 4383: 4367: 4362:, p. 9. 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4314:, p. 1. 4292: 4280: 4268: 4248:, p. 4. 4241: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4141: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4078: 4029: 3948:Hjaðningavíg 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3892: 3885: 3882:Gestumblindi 3877: 3871: 3865: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3811: 3805: 3791: 3785: 3775: 3770: 3754:Adolf Hitler 3743: 3741: 3734: 3731:Harald Reinl 3722: 3720: 3702: 3684: 3678: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3643:'s two-part 3617:legend, and 3614: 3592: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3538: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3518:Heimskringla 3517: 3509:Grettis saga 3507: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3459: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3399: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3360: 3358: 3338:magic swords 3318:Olaus Magnus 3308: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3263: 3241: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3221:Thomas Percy 3216: 3206: 3193: 3189:Alpharts Tod 3187: 3181: 3178:Karl Simrock 3173: 3162:Ludwig Tieck 3130: 3128: 3125:Translations 3119: 3112: 3089: 3075: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3016: 3008:Heimskringla 3006: 2996: 2986: 2979: 2976:Olaus Magnus 2965: 2963: 2946: 2919: 2909: 2905:Wolfdietrich 2896:Die Meererin 2882: 2872: 2866: 2862:Heldenbücher 2860: 2857: 2846: 2814: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2723: 2720: 2690: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2627: 2625: 2621:, stanza 6) 2618: 2610: 2603: 2575: 2571: 2559: 2553:, following 2544:Fornyrðislag 2542: 2539: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2501:|| floh her 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2422: 2401: 2399: 2391: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2357:Heldenlieder 2341: 2335:Guðrúnarhvöt 2333: 2291: 2285: 2277: 2271: 2256:Heldenbücher 2252: 2245: 2235: 2232:Þiðreks saga 2231: 2213: 2205: 2195:Wolfdietrich 2194: 2187:Wolfdietrich 2186: 2182: 2172: 2168: 2154: 2124: 2103: 2099: 2083: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2060: 2054: 2051:Wolfdietrich 2032: 2005: 1975: 1936:Þiðreks saga 1935: 1927:Þiðreks saga 1925: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1877:Þiðreks saga 1876: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1810: 1805:Södermanland 1801:Floda church 1797:Þiðreks saga 1771: 1765: 1759: 1745: 1739: 1736:Codex Regius 1729: 1727: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1690: 1678:Heimskringla 1676: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1620:Langfeðgatal 1618: 1612: 1610: 1602: 1548: 1534: 1531: 1522: 1508: 1490: 1470: 1464: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1440:Östergötland 1429: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1372: 1369:wrote that: 1344: 1318: 1247: 1243: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1193: 1187: 1180: 1137: 1108: 1101: 1098:Þiðreks saga 1097: 1081:Þiðreks saga 1079: 1069: 1018:Kirk Andreas 1015: 992: 965:have killed 950: 946: 925: 898: 881:The Gotland 880: 876:Hjaðningavíg 861: 845:image stones 834: 831:Scandinavian 818: 812: 790: 749: 743: 737: 710: 693: 687: 676: 649:otherworldly 641: 636:Wolfdietrich 613: 605:otherworldly 596: 580:shieldmaiden 532: 506: 487: 485: 482:, chapter 2) 479: 476: 468: 462: 450: 444:Geatish king 416: 409: 382: 344: 332: 325: 305: 272: 250: 232: 225: 195: 188: 182: 181:such as the 148: 139: 125: 109: 99: 54: 53: 9436:Epic poetry 9379:. 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Metzler. 9079:: 159–191. 8619:Poetic Edda 8471:10355/64984 8292:(67): 5–36. 8103:and Tolkien 7609:Tom Shippey 7499:Müller 2009 7487:Müller 2009 7200:Harris 2012 7125:Müller 2009 7101:Müller 2009 7017:Harris 1993 6981:Millet 2008 6858:Millet 2008 6846:Millet 2008 6834:Millet 2008 6822:Millet 2008 6810:Haymes 2004 6786:Uecker 1972 6692:Millet 2008 6625:Harris 2012 6613:Reichl 2010 6601:Reichl 2010 6589:Reichl 2010 6553:Müller 2009 6541:Millet 2008 6517:Müller 2009 6481:Reichl 2010 6469:Millet 2008 6409:Haymes 2004 6397:Reichl 2010 6349:Haymes 2004 6322:Millet 2008 6310:Millet 2008 6298:Millet 2008 6286:Millet 2008 6274:Millet 2008 6262:Millet 2008 6250:Millet 2008 6214:Millet 2008 6151:Millet 2008 6139:Millet 2008 6103:Millet 2008 6091:Millet 2008 6067:Millet 2008 6043:Millet 2008 6031:Millet 2008 6007:Millet 2008 5995:Millet 2008 5947:Millet 2008 5911:Lassen 2012 5875:Millet 2008 5851:Millet 2008 5839:Millet 2008 5827:Millet 2008 5815:Millet 2008 5803:Millet 2008 5743:Clarke 2013 5731:Clarke 2013 5702:Millet 2008 5690:Uecker 1972 5678:Millet 2008 5666:Millet 2008 5478:Millet 2008 5461:Reichl 2010 5449:Millet 2008 5425:Uecker 1972 5401:Uecker 1972 5389:Millet 2008 5377:Millet 2008 5365:Millet 2008 5353:Haymes 2004 5326:Millet 2008 5314:Millet 2008 5302:Millet 2008 5290:Millet 2008 5278:Millet 2008 5266:Millet 2008 5254:Millet 2008 5230:Millet 2008 5134:Millet 2008 5110:Millet 2008 5098:Millet 2008 5038:Millet 2008 5014:Karkov 2017 5002:Millet 2008 4990:Millet 2008 4966:Millet 2008 4954:Millet 2008 4891:Uecker 1972 4879:Millet 2008 4855:Millet 2008 4843:Millet 2008 4819:Harris 2012 4696:Millet 2008 4660:Millet 2008 4559:Millet 2008 4523:Fisher 1958 4415:Uecker 1972 4360:Millet 2008 4336:Taranu 2013 4312:Uecker 1972 4285:Millet 2008 4273:Millet 2008 3818:Andvaranaut 3772:Tom Shippey 3765:Andvaranaut 3727:Third Reich 3610:Sigfridsage 3587:Klaus Böldl 3575:Poetic Edda 3558:Die Walküre 3213:Thomas Gray 3082:Peder Resen 3077:Poetic Edda 3027:. In 1737, 2921:Poetic Edda 2797:. However, 2639:Heunenweise 2587:Heunenweise 2437:Old English 2419:Poetic form 2348:heroic epic 2191:Merovingian 2135:Charlemagne 2127:King Arthur 2035:Burgundians 1940:King Arthur 1832:Heldensagas 1826:Heldensagas 1731:Poetic Edda 1692:Ynglingatal 1563:Theuderic I 1559:Hermanafrid 1555:Thuringians 1477:Exeter book 1447:heroic epic 1390:Ludwigslied 1379:, chap. 29) 1363:Charlemagne 1278:Old English 1256:, as prose 1183:illuminated 1152:King Arthur 1148:Charlemagne 1118:South Tirol 1044:Continental 1030:Västerljung 995:Isle of Man 951:Sigi-freðuz 915:is common. 814:Þiðrekssaga 787:Anglo-Saxon 742:, possibly 718:Gundaharius 690:euhemerized 683:Poetic Edda 545:Ostrogothic 406:tragic hero 373:Charlemagne 348:Burgundians 257:nationalist 243:Romanticism 202:Burgundians 193:(c. 1200). 122:heroic lays 106:Scandinavia 104:, medieval 9420:Categories 9320:. Winter. 9119:347699094X 9012:Fornvännen 8980:The Hobbit 8506:Fornvännen 8434:0815300336 7998:9150617265 7931:. London: 7759:2021-03-05 7707:References 7662:Simek 2005 7550:4 December 7410:Böldl 2000 7374:Felce 2018 7338:Spray 2017 7326:Spray 2017 7314:Spray 2017 7302:Spray 2017 7176:Bluhm 2004 7164:Bluhm 2004 7065:Kruse 2009 6238:Bumke 2000 6055:Grimm 1867 5518:Hymiskviða 5502:Ghosh 2007 5437:Grant 1905 5122:Düwel 2005 5074:Düwel 2005 4795:Ghosh 2007 4744:Ghosh 2007 4372:Ghosh 2007 4348:Ghosh 2007 4261:Böldl 2000 4187:The Pirate 3903:Nibelungen 3887:The Hobbit 3845:Hlöðskviða 3807:The Hobbit 3707:Stalingrad 3653:Fritz Lang 3647:(1924/25). 3641:Fritz Lang 3615:Nibelungen 3581:, and the 3528:Nibelungen 3422:Longfellow 3398:published 3389:Prose Edda 3350:spae wives 3342:werewolves 3330:Copenhagen 3223:published 3217:Norse Odes 3215:published 3192:, and the 3068:Prose Edda 3015:published 2839:(1861) by 2821:Der Marner 2693:enjambment 2672:, and the 2604:Nibelungen 2599:Langzeilen 2572:Nibelungen 2344:heroic lay 2306:Hans Sachs 2261:Heldenbuch 1791:Fresco by 1752:Viking Age 1708:Prose Edda 1536:Waltharius 1431:Viking Age 1401:Hildebrand 1250:heroic lay 909:Viking Age 849:Viking Age 837:runestones 748:, and the 739:Waltharius 565:Burgundian 563:, and the 494:Cheruscian 438:nor their 313:heroic age 286:Definition 155:Viking Age 79:heroic age 32:Burgundian 30:while the 9158:(2005) . 8942:cite book 8907:163940868 8767:. 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The 935:Fafnir 932:dragon 928:Sigurd 907:, and 817:, the 801:Niðhad 760:Passau 722:Alboin 720:, and 583:Hervor 561:Attila 557:Hunnic 543:, the 537:Gothic 533:Getica 525:Gothic 513:Sigurd 489:Annals 371:, and 369:Roland 329:Sigurd 159:Sigurd 114:German 91:legend 83:Heroes 75:orally 59:German 44:Gernot 42:, and 34:kings 26:kills 9361:(PDF) 9254:(PDF) 9186:[ 9069:(PDF) 8903:S2CID 8628:(PDF) 8318:JSTOR 8210:S2CID 8081:S2CID 8073:JSTOR 7974:(PDF) 7816:(PDF) 4021:Notes 3862:Geats 3854:Goths 3804:, in 3802:Beorn 3748:, by 3477:from 3245:Jacob 3137:Iliad 2855:one. 2794:skald 2741:vates 2732:as a 2728:, in 2685:copia 2652:Style 2562:rhyme 2481:þena 2362:Eddic 2304:poet 2220:Tirol 2137:(the 2133:) or 2129:(the 2108:Hildr 2096:Hagen 1697:Aðils 1497:Hildr 1438:from 1337:Ölrun 1329:runic 1284:, or 1258:sagas 1114:Bozen 979:Regin 959:Hœnir 897:, in 872:Hilde 864:Hildr 809:Ölrún 661:Hildr 589:, by 567:king 559:king 547:king 539:king 517:Hildr 447:Gizur 352:Goths 198:Goths 175:sagas 171:Eddic 24:Hagen 9402:ISBN 9381:ISBN 9322:ISBN 9277:ISBN 9258:ISBN 9234:ISBN 9211:ISBN 9192:ISBN 9166:ISBN 9114:ISBN 9051:ISBN 9028:ISBN 8990:ISBN 8948:link 8928:ISBN 8807:ISBN 8788:ISBN 8769:ISBN 8748:ISBN 8729:ISBN 8710:ISBN 8680:ISBN 8651:ISBN 8632:ISBN 8604:ISBN 8583:ISBN 8566:link 8537:ISBN 8487:ISBN 8429:ISBN 8394:ISBN 8371:ISBN 8348:ISBN 8278:2018 8228:link 8172:ISBN 8151:ISBN 8131:ISBN 8108:ISBN 8038:ISBN 7993:ISBN 7956:ISBN 7937:ISBN 7909:ISBN 7890:ISBN 7871:ISSN 7852:ISBN 7773:ISBN 7743:ISBN 7720:ISBN 7599:#1.. 7571:#45. 7552:2010 6942:ISBN 6767:þulr 6741:Þulr 4220:and 4190:and 4157:and 4130:and 3907:Ring 3880:and 3822:Gram 3820:and 3469:The 3416:and 3320:and 3247:and 3233:and 3094:Odin 2950:and 2910:The 2786:þula 2782:þulr 2777:þula 2771:þyle 2765:scop 2753:scop 2735:skof 2725:scop 2534:þióð 2499:weit 2483:þrēa 2461:Oft 2435:and 2346:and 2284:the 2185:and 2049:and 2014:and 1942:and 1744:and 1728:The 1721:and 1685:and 1659:and 1527:Finn 1492:Deor 1486:scop 1472:scop 1422:The 1335:and 1333:Egil 1254:epic 1150:and 1016:The 983:Gram 963:Loki 961:and 955:Odin 891:Odin 805:Egil 673:Odin 618:and 578:The 515:and 436:Huns 385:hero 350:and 267:and 227:scop 200:and 165:and 163:High 9081:doi 8920:doi 8895:doi 8867:doi 8510:107 8466:hdl 8456:doi 8310:doi 8202:doi 8198:129 8065:doi 8055:". 8030:doi 7540:BBC 6769:in 6743:in 3913:'s 3864:of 3328:in 3207:In 3139:" ( 3096:in 3088:'s 2970:by 2744:or 2531:ícs 2517:Vil 2509:nīd 2466:yld 2332:in 1990:of 1803:in 1641:by 1547:'s 1132:in 1116:in 1074:in 967:Ótr 758:of 598:to 298:by 9422:: 9342:; 9338:; 9307:. 9303:. 9077:11 9075:. 9071:. 9010:. 8944:}} 8940:{{ 8901:. 8891:97 8889:. 8885:. 8863:64 8861:. 8857:. 8562:}} 8558:{{ 8508:. 8504:. 8464:. 8452:19 8450:. 8446:. 8316:. 8306:87 8304:. 8224:}} 8220:{{ 8196:. 8192:. 8099:, 8079:. 8071:. 8061:73 8059:. 8036:. 7976:. 7935:. 7834:. 7818:. 7794:. 7790:. 7751:. 7630:^ 7611:: 7595:, 7567:, 7538:. 7477:^ 7258:^ 7231:^ 7132:^ 6865:^ 6726:- 6668:^ 6341:^ 6194:^ 5709:^ 5468:^ 5345:^ 4934:^ 4751:^ 4566:^ 4407:^ 4304:^ 4253:^ 4214:, 4208:, 4202:, 4184:, 4124:, 4118:, 4112:, 4106:, 4100:, 4094:, 4088:, 3890:. 3729:. 3697:, 3561:, 3555:, 3462:. 3412:, 3408:, 3391:. 3356:. 3348:, 3344:, 3340:, 3336:, 3316:, 3204:. 3186:, 3164:, 3100:. 3053:, 3047:, 3041:, 2984:. 2666:, 2648:. 2636:, 2584:, 2524:ei 2479:ēa 2477:sc 2470:Sc 2464:Sc 2431:, 2379:. 2250:. 2197:. 2145:, 2030:. 2022:, 1921:. 1859:, 1853:, 1847:, 1841:, 1835:: 1819:: 1577:, 1557:, 1489:, 1455:. 1415:. 1288:. 1280:, 1268:, 1236:. 1032:, 1013:. 957:, 870:: 762:. 716:, 703:. 685:. 531:' 504:. 473:: 375:. 367:, 241:. 116:: 97:. 81:. 61:: 38:, 9410:. 9389:. 9330:. 9309:1 9285:. 9266:. 9242:. 9219:. 9200:. 9174:. 9122:. 9087:. 9083:: 9059:. 9036:. 9014:. 8998:. 8978:" 8950:) 8936:. 8922:: 8909:. 8897:: 8873:. 8869:: 8815:. 8796:. 8777:. 8756:. 8737:. 8718:. 8688:. 8659:. 8640:. 8612:. 8591:. 8568:) 8545:. 8512:. 8495:. 8474:. 8468:: 8458:: 8437:. 8402:. 8379:. 8356:. 8324:. 8312:: 8280:. 8230:) 8216:. 8204:: 8180:. 8159:. 8139:. 8116:. 8087:. 8067:: 8046:. 8032:: 8001:. 7964:. 7945:. 7917:. 7898:. 7877:. 7860:. 7822:. 7805:" 7796:7 7781:. 7762:. 7728:. 7554:. 7043:. 6923:. 6776:. 6730:. 5769:. 4525:. 4226:. 4136:. 3767:. 3543:( 2843:. 2529:r 2522:r 2504:Ō 2495:s 2493:o 2472:ē 2338:. 1815:( 1607:. 1315:. 1194:b 1177:. 782:. 478:( 302:. 208:( 128:( 112:( 57:(

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Germanic heroic legend

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