483:, Argentina. They killed or captured hundreds of people, ransoming some captives and keeping others as slaves, and much livestock. Mbaya raids in Paraguay during the same decade resulted in the death of 500 Paraguayans and the theft of 6,000 head of livestock. However, Guaycuruan power had reached its zenith. A smallpox epidemic from 1732 to 1736 killed many, especially Mocobis; Spanish settlements were encroaching on the Chaco, and some of the Guaycuruans were adopting Spanish culture and religion. Moreover, the human pressure on the Chaco led to its environmental deterioration and it became less suitable as a habitat for the traditional hunting-gathering culture plus horse and cattle herds of the Chaco peoples.
497:, north of Santa Fe, Argentina in 1743. Several other missions were established among the various ethnic groups of the Guaycuru and the mission population reached a peak of 5,000 to 6,000 in the early 1780s. The population of the missions was unstable as many Guaycuruans returned to their nomadic ways after a residence at a mission. Many Guaycuruans were also, by this time, integrated into the Spanish economy, raising livestock, growing crops, and working for wages--although many also continued smuggling and stealing livestock and remained hostile to the Spanish.
30:
506:
376:
408:"These Indians are great warriors and valiant men, who live on venison, butter, honey, fish, and wild boar...They go daily to the chase for it is their only occupation. They are nimble and quick, so long-winded that they tire out the deer and catch them with their hands...They are kind to their wives...They are much feared by all the other tribes. They never remain more than two days in one place, but quickly remove their houses, made of matting..."
77:
63:
518:
parts of the Gran Chaco. In the independence movement of the 1810s and 1820s some
Guaycuruans served with the colonial independence armies, others resumed their raiding ways and expelled settlers from part of the Argentine Chaco. However, old animosities among the various ethnic groups making up the Guaycuruans led to internecine warfare among Tobas, Macobis, and Albipones. The Mbayas were increasingly absorbed into Brazilian society.
91:
49:
142:
529:
The still-nomadic Tobas and
Mocovis in the Argentine Chaco continued to resist the advancing frontier until 1884, when they were decisively defeated by the army; while a number of them agreed to thereafter live in reductions, thousands of Tobas retreated to isolated regions of Argentina, Paraguay and
462:
In 1542, Cabeza de Vaca responded to the request of the Guaraní to punish the hostile
Guaycuru. He dispatched a large expedition of Spaniard and Guaraní soldiers from Asunción and attacked an encampment of Mbayas, also called Eyiguayegis. The Spanish and Guaraní killed many and took 400 prisoners.
277:
The 16th century
Guaycuru appear to have been a southern band of the Mbaya rather than a separate people. The terms Mbaya and Guaycuru were synonymous to the early Spanish colonists. Guaycuru came to be the collective name applied to all the bands speaking similar languages, called Guaycuruan.
521:
Only a "small, depressed colony" of the once powerful Payaguá still survived near Asunción in 1852. The last known Payaguá, Maria
Dominga Miranda, died in the early 1940s. The Abipón became extinct in the last half of the 19th century. The Mbayas were given land by Brazil for their assistance in the
517:
By the early 19th century, when the South
American countries sought independence from Spain, the Guaycuruan peoples were divided among those who lived in missions and were at least partially integrated into Hispanic and Christian society and those who continued to live as nomads in the more isolated
424:
missions east of the
Paraguay and Parana rivers. Between raids they traded skins, wax, honey, salt, and Guaraní slaves to the Spanish en exchange for knives, hatchets, and other products. The mobility afforded by the horse facilitated Guaycuruan control over other peoples in the Chaco and made
428:
The Payaguá, inhabiting the shores of the
Paraguay River north of the city of Asunción, were an exception to the horse culture of other Guaycuruans. The Payagua plied the river in canoes, fished and gathered edible plants, and raided their agricultural neighbors, the Guaraní, to the east. The
453:
The
Guaycuruan population of the Chaco in pre-Hispanic times has been estimated to be as high as 500,000 people. Although documentation is mostly lacking, the Guaycuruans were impacted by epidemics of European diseases, but possibly less than their settled, agricultural neighbors such as the
399:
When first encountered in the 16th century, the
Guaycuru lived in the Gran Chaco, an inhospitable region for agriculture and settlement in the eyes of the Spanish colonists. They were hunter-gatherers and nomadic, moving from place to place as dictated by seasonal resources. The governor of
335:
and appear to form a linguistic and ethnic continuum. They have been placed together with the Abipón in the "Southern" division, while the Kadiweu are placed by themselves in a "Northern" division. The placement of the Payaguá in this classification is still controversial.
463:
In the aftermath of the battle, however, the Guaycuruans retained their control of the Chaco and gradually acquired horses, a taste for Spanish beef, and iron weapons and tools. In the 17th century, Guaycuruan raids forced the abandonment of
395:
The Guaycuru people consisted of many bands making up distinct ethnic groups with different but similar languages. The Guaycuruans were never politically united and were often hostile to each other as well as to other peoples.
258:, meaning "savage" or "barbarian", which later was extended to the whole group. It has also been used in the past to include other peoples of the Chaco region, but is now restricted to those speaking a Guaicuruan language.
475:
and other nearby Argentine provinces. Their raids forced the Spanish to abandon some frontier areas. Frequent Spanish military expeditions against the Guaycuruans were only temporarily successful if at all.
471:. In retaliation, in 1677, the Spanish massacred 300 Mbayan traders who were camped near Asunsción. By the early 1700s, bands of up to 400 Guaycuruan warriors were attacking Spanish settlements in
450:) pods which were used to produce a fermented alcoholic beverage. The reunions were used to designate leaders, reinforce relations among the bands, and facilitate courtships and marriages.
549:
In the 1968 census 16,548 Tobas and 1,202 of the closely related Pilagás were counted in Argentina. 2,600 Tobas were living in Bolivia. 3,000 to 6,000 Mocovis lived in Argentina in 1968.
615:, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 3-5. Anthropologists have resisted calling the Guaycuruan ethnic groups "tribes" as no tribal government or distinct tribal territories existed.
542:, Argentina, but was quickly squelched when 500 of them were repulsed after an attack on the town. In 1924, Argentine police and military killed 400 Toba in what was called the
356:
367:
language family, but it is not clear yet whether the similarities between the vocabularies of the two families are due to a common origin or to borrowing.
429:
Payaguá also became great traders, both with the Spanish and other Guaycuruans. The Payaguá menaced Spanish travel on the Paraguay river for 200 years.
412:
The Abipón Guaycuruans acquired horses from the Spanish in the late 16th century and within 50 years developed a horse culture similar to that of the
344:
340:
790:
628:
New York: Verso, pp 49-50. It is unclear what Cabeza de Vaca meant by "butter" as the Guaycuru had no livestock in the 16th century.
805:
800:
261:
First encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, the Guaycuru peoples strongly resisted Spanish control and the efforts of
810:
795:
531:
164:
401:
646:
Saegar, pp. 18-19. The Payaguá may also have given their name to the Paraguay River and the country of Paraguay.
493:
among the Guaycuruans in the early 1600s. Their first successful mission was established among the Mocobis at
364:
416:
of North America. They and other Guaycuruans acquired horses and cattle by raiding Spanish haciendas and
726:
Ganson, Barbara (2017), "The Evueví of Paraguay: Adaptive Strategies and Responses to Colonialism",
464:
686:
Seager, pp. 21-25. There are notable similarities between the defeats of the Guaycuruans and the
440:. The bands only united on ceremonial occasions, especially during the harvest period for wild
583:
539:
494:
433:
176:
109:
8:
468:
388:
241:
543:
472:
655:
Citro, Silvia (2009), "Los indigenas chaqueños en la mirada de los jesuitas germanos,"
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29:
479:
The Guaycuruans largest raid came in 1735 when 1,000 Mocobis and Tobas descended upon
753:
188:
454:
Guaraní, The Guaycuruan population in the mid 17th century is estimated at 40,000.
417:
322:
133:
510:
352:
348:
266:
219:
183:
explorers and colonists, the Guaycuru people lived in the present-day countries of
311:
296:
285:
150:
316:
251:
687:
602:, Smithsonian Institution, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 215
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480:
413:
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262:
255:
180:
582:. Suplemento Antropológico, volume 41 issue 2, pp. 7–132. Asunción, Paraguay.
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Bolivia and retained some level of autonomy into the 20th century. In 1904, a
784:
505:
172:
380:
740:
535:
291:
626:
Land without Evil: Utopian Journeys across the South American Watershed,
526:(1864-1870), but survive only as the Kadiweu, numbering 1,400 in 2014..
307:
Other Guaycuru groups have become extinguished over the last 500 years:
490:
425:
raiding the Spaniards and their Indian allies a profitable enterprise.
375:
168:
200:
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them. They were not fully pacified until the early 20th century.
184:
82:
446:
192:
68:
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missionaries made unsuccessful attempts to establish missions or
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121:
96:
16:
Family of ethnic groups of the Gran Chaco, central South America
486:
421:
196:
54:
441:
432:
The bands and family groups making up the Guaycuruans were
34:
Debret's depiction of the Guaycuru cavalry during an attack
141:
730:, Vol 74, Issue 52, p. 463. Downloaded from Project Muse.
538:
in the North American West, erupted among the Mocovis of
250:). It was originally an offensive epithet given to the
179:. In the 16th century, the time of first contact with
613:
The Chaco Mission Frontier: The Guaycuruan Experience
754:https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/kadiweu/260
782:
281:The major extant branches of the Guaycuru are:
379:The Guaycuru peoples lived mostly west of the
391:in Argentina northward to Brazil and Bolivia.
329:The Mocoví, Toba, and Pilagá call themselves
163:is a generic term for several ethnic groups
73:
404:, said in the 1540s of the Guaycuru :
59:
87:
580:Los pueblos del Gran Chaco y sus lenguas
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374:
140:
45:
741:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abipon
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
783:
756:, accessed 21 Nov 2017; Saegar, p. 178
752:"Kadiweu", Povos Indigenas no Brasil,
791:Indigenous peoples of the Gran Chaco
559:
40:Regions with significant populations
359:, have joined the Guaycuru and the
13:
596:Handbook of South American Indians
467:, Argentina and the relocation of
14:
822:
611:Saegar, James Schofield (2000),
594:Steward, Julian H., ed. (1946),
325:, also known as Evueví or Evebe.
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806:Indigenous peoples in Argentina
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801:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
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1:
811:Indigenous peoples in Bolivia
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796:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
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7:
10:
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585:, accessed on 15 Nov 2017.
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402:Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
370:
319:(ancestral to the Kadiweu)
254:people of Paraguay by the
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534:, similar to that of the
145:Guaycuru nomads by Debret
132:
127:
120:
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108:
103:
44:
39:
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149:Not to be confused with
743:, accessed 21 Nov 2017
624:Gott, Richard (1993),
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465:Concepción del Bermejo
410:
392:
339:Some authors, such as
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508:
406:
378:
144:
128:Related ethnic groups
574:Alain Fabre (2006),
540:San Javier, Santa Fe
532:millenarian movement
206:The name is written
177:Guaicuruan languages
110:Guaicuruan languages
774:Saegar, pp. 178-179
765:Saegar, pp. 176-177
708:Saegar, pp. 166-169
600:The Marginal Tribes
469:Santa Fe, Argentina
175:, speaking related
24:
515:
513:, Argentina, 1892.
393:
361:Mataguay languages
147:
22:
690:of North America.
659:, Vol 104, p. 399
189:Santa Fe Province
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766:
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544:Napalpí massacre
511:Formosa Province
420:settlements and
265:missionaries to
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717:Gott, pp. 58-59
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444:and algarroba (
385:Paraguay Rivers
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365:Mataco–Guaycuru
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195:, Bolivia, and
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151:Guaycura people
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688:Plains Indians
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524:Paraguayan War
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481:Salta Province
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414:Plains Indians
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363:into a larger
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576:Los guaykurú
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267:Christianize
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19:Ethnic group
536:Ghost Dance
785:Categories
739:"Abipón",
598:, Vol. 1,
553:References
495:San Javier
491:reductions
434:matrilocal
400:Paraguay,
242:Portuguese
231:guaicurúes
225:guaycurúes
199:(south of
187:(north of
171:region of
169:Gran Chaco
165:indigenous
657:Anthropos
509:Tobas in
438:exogamous
353:Greenberg
273:Divisions
247:guaicurus
185:Argentina
104:Languages
83:Argentina
447:Prosopis
389:Santa Fe
288:(Mocobi)
263:Catholic
244:(plural
237:guaicuru
222:(plural
215:guaicurú
209:guaycurú
193:Paraguay
161:Guaykuru
157:Guaycuru
116:Religion
69:Paraguay
23:Guaycuru
501:Decline
473:Tucuman
458:History
418:Guaraní
371:Culture
341:Quevedo
323:Payaguá
302:Kadiweu
256:Guarani
234:), and
220:Spanish
201:Corumbá
181:Spanish
167:to the
134:Guarani
122:Animism
97:Uruguay
487:Jesuit
422:Jesuit
381:Parana
312:Abipón
297:Pilagá
286:Mocoví
197:Brazil
94:
80:
66:
55:Brazil
52:
442:honey
387:from
349:Mason
317:Mbayá
252:Mbayá
546:.
436:and
383:and
355:and
345:Hunt
292:Toba
332:qom
240:in
228:or
218:in
212:or
203:).
191:),
159:or
787::
561:^
351:,
347:,
343:,
153:.
86:,
72:,
58:,
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