842:, the Samaritans do consider Jews fellow Israelites and they also view themselves and Jews as the two authentic houses of Israel. Less archaeological work has been performed on investigating the direction and the regions of the post-Assyrian exile largely because those enthusiastic in pursuing this path of research usually lack skills while archaeologists lack funds; this is contrary to the situation in Israel, where the period of the Judges has been to some degree substantiated by physical finds, and because the interest in pursuing this subject is seen as a semi-mythical pursuit at the edge of serious research. Usually, the lack of archaeological evidence has been explained by the assimilation theory, which proposes that the exiled Israelites adopted so many of the traits of the surrounding cultures and that any unearthed artefacts cannot be linked to them with any certainty.
795:
Israelites that remained in the Land of Israel "married
Assyrian and female exiles relocated from other conquered lands, which was a typical Assyrian policy to obliterate national identities." The study goes on to say that "Such a scenario could explain why Samaritan Y chromosome lineages cluster tightly with Jewish Y lineages, while their mitochondrial lineages are closest to Iraqi Jewish and Israeli Arab mtDNA sequences." Non-Jewish Iraqis were not sampled in this study; however, mitochondrial lineages of Jewish communities tend to correlate with their non-Jewish host populations, unlike paternal lineages which almost always correspond to Israelite lineages.
507:
1205:
1073:
916:
446:
25:
432:
lost their
Israelite traditions and were forced to adopt to Sephardi customs. Some people credit Maimon with causing a revival of Jewish practice among Bukharan Jews which they claim was in danger of dying out. There is evidence that there were Torah scholars present upon his arrival to Bukhara, but because they followed the Persian rite their practices were forcefully rejected as incorrect by Maimon.
306:
1982:
Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; Hillel, Jossi; Feldman, Marcus W.; Oefner, Peter J. (September 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of
Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and
1894:
Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; Hillel, Jossi; Feldman, Marcus W.; Oefner, Peter J. (September 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of
Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and
794:
Archaeologists
Aharoni, et al., estimated that this "exile of peoples to and from Israel under the Assyrians" took place during ca. 734–712 BC. The authors speculated that when the Assyrians conquered the Northern Kingdom of Israel, resulting in the exile of many of the Israelites, a subgroup of the
431:
traditions. Many of the
Israelites wanted to keep their ancient Israelite traditions and were opposed to this and the community split into two factions. The followers of the foreign Maimon clan eventually won the struggle against the native Israelites for religious authority, and Bukharan Israelites
1404:
As recounted in Lemba oral tradition, the ancestor of the Buba clan "had a leadership role in bringing the Lemba out of Israel" and eventually into
Southern Africa. A genetic study found that 50% of the males in the Buba clan has the Cohen marker, a proportion higher than that which is found in the
2173:
Behar, Doron M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Rosset, Saharon; Parik, Jüri; Rootsi, Siiri; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Kutuev, Ildus; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Balanovsky, Oleg; Semino, Ornella; Pereira, Luisa; Comas, David; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva;
1449:
variations in two groups of Lemba, one South
African and the other Zimbabwean (the Remba). It concluded that "While it was not possible to trace unequivocally the origins of the non-African Y chromosomes in the Lemba and Remba, this study does not support the earlier claims of their Jewish genetic
1058:
Genetic studies upon them had found that the Beta Israel as a general community do not cluster with the rest of the world's Jewry; but in fact are indistinguishable from local non-Jewish
Ethiopians. The fact that analyses of Ethiopian Jewish DNA cluster separately from other Jewish groups does not
853:
script, and textual comparisons between the
Samaritan Pentateuch and the Masoretic text have all made it very difficult to refute the Israelite origin of the Samaritans, causing the majority of the Jewish world in modern times to view the Samaritans as an authentic Israelite group.
249:, while many were wiped out entirely. Although some form of contact had been maintained between most of the mainstream Jewish diaspora communities over the millennia, contact had been lost with some of them, and as a result, they came to be regarded as lost by mainstream Jewry.
731:
Several genetic studies on the Samaritan population have been conducted by using haplogroup comparisons as well as the results of wide-genome genetic studies. Of the 12 Samaritan males who were used in the analysis, 10 (83%) had Y chromosomes which belong to
1350:, and have sought recognition from other Jewish communities around the world. Because of the very recent reemergence of this community, and also because of the current overwhelming emphasis on the use of Hebrew as a living language, rather than merely as a
2374:
Mendez, Fernando L.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Krahn, Thomas; Ostrer, Harry; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F. (February 2011). "Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa".
744:(formerly "J2"), and can be further distinguished by M67, the derived allele of which has been found in the Danafi family. The only Samaritan family not found in haplogroup J was the Cohen family (Tradition: Tribe of Levi), which was identified with the
426:
to collect money and spread the Sephardic beliefs amongst the native Israelites of the regions. Prior to Maimon's arrival, the Jews of Bukhara followed the Persian religious tradition. Maimon aggressively advocated that the Israelites of Bukhara adopt
627:. They had, in effect, their own principality for many centuries until a chieftainship dispute broke out between two brothers in the 15th century. The dispute led neighboring princes to dispossess them. In 1524, the Muslims, backed by the ruler of
1559:
by the Jewish community, nor are they recognized as Christians. Many of them choose to identify themselves as Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews rather than identify themselves as Jews in order to indicate their claimed historic connections.
2091:
Waldman, Yedael Y.; Biddanda, Arjun; Davidson, Natalie R.; Billing-Ross, Paul; Dubrovsky, Maya; Campbell, Christopher L.; Oddoux, Carole; Friedman, Eitan; Atzmon, Gil; Halperin, Eran; Ostrer, Harry; Keinan, Alon (24 March 2016).
252:
As a result of the isolation of some Jewish communities, their practices and observances have diverged in some respects. The claims made by individuals and groups to Israelite heritage are rooted in different factors, including
748:(formerly "E3b1a M78"). This article predated the change of the classification of haplogroup E3b1-M78 to E3b1a-M78 and the further subdivision of E3b1a-M78 into 6 subclades based on the research of Cruciani, et al.
265:. Some claim this affiliation on the basis of affinity with the Jewish people, while other groups claim this affiliation independent of this affinity, such as those who base their claim on the legacy of the
2025:, 3rd Edition, Macmillan Publishing: New York, 1993, p. 115. A posthumous publication of the work of Israeli archaeologist Yohanan Aharoni and Michael Avi-Yonah, in collaboration with Anson F. Rainey and
236:
came into existence (sometimes voluntarily) as a result of Israelites and Jews emigrating before the onslaught of invading armies; because of forced deportations; or because of enslavement, including the
1405:
general Jewish population. While not defining the Lemba as Jews, the genetic results confirm the oral accounts of ancestral males originating from outside Africa, and specifically from southern Arabia.
787:—that "the principal components analysis suggested a common ancestry of Samaritan and Jewish patrilineages. Most of the former may be traced back to a common ancestor in what is today identified as the
902:
Genetic analysis shows that the Bene Israel of India "cluster with neighbouring autochthonous populations in... western India... despite a clear paternal link between the Bene Israel and the Levant."
849:, many Jews have rejected the Samaritan claim of descent from the Israelite tribes; however, some Jews have considered them a sect of Judaism. The advent of genetic studies, the discovery of the
1059:
rule out gene flow from a presently undetected founder population. It also does not negate the authenticity of their Judaism, since Jewish practice among Ethiopian Jews dates back centuries.
276:
originate from the ancient Hebrew/Israelite civilization; the Jews are affiliated with Judah, whereas the Samaritans are affiliated with Israel. The Israelite religion, known as
1641:
passages are prophecies which imply that the tribe of Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh) will play a prominent role in the spreading of the gospel to all scattered Israelites in
1226:
1094:
937:
467:
42:
1940:"Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers"
879:. According to Bene Israel tradition, the Bene Israel arrived in India after a shipwreck stranded fourteen Jewish survivors, seven men and seven women, at Navagaon near
1354:, the impact of Hebrew on the daily speech of this community has not led to the development, as yet, of a distinctly identifiable "Judæo-Telugu" language or dialect. (
387:" (Israelites of the Northern Kingdom of Israel). Their Muslim neighbors would call them Yahudi, which is misidentification, since it is specific to the southern
1614:
163:, prompted many individuals to claim Israelite ancestry with the expectation that it would make them eligible for Israeli citizenship through their perceived
1678:
2450:
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who claim that they are the descendants of the ancient Israelites. To varying degrees, Black Hebrews adhere to the religious beliefs and practices of both
89:
61:
810:
script that predates the Babylonian exile and further lends credence to the Israelite lineage of the Samaritans. Samaritans adhere to a version of the
68:
1450:
heritage." The researcher suggested "a stronger link with Middle Eastern populations, probably the result of trade activity in the Indian Ocean."
553:
tongue, native to the state of Kerala. Several rounds of immigration of the Jewish diaspora into Kerala led to a diversity among the Cochin Jews.
2292:
1368:, who have thus far not seen it fit to extend the same recognition to this community as that which was recently extended to the Bnei Menashe.
75:
1141:. In 2005 members of the Bnei Menashe who have studied Hebrew and who observe the Sabbath and other Jewish laws received the support of the
57:
2608:
708:, once a comparatively large, but now a very small ethnic and religious group, consist of about 850 people who are currently living in
2174:
Parfitt, Tudor; Hammer, Michael F.; Skorecki, Karl; Villems, Richard (July 2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people".
822:
in some respects. Sometimes, it differs from the Masoretic text in important ways, and to a lesser extent, it also differs from the
604:, but this settlement eventually disappeared. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Cochin received an influx of Jewish settlers from the
1590:, they have become "regathered" as Israelites, either as people who have been recovered from the scattered tribes of Israel, or as
175:. Some of these claims have been recognized, while other claims are still under review, and others have been outright rejected.
1533:
190:, compelling them to disperse throughout many of the world's regions. The most significant of these events are recorded in the
2519:
2048:
1805:
755:
concluded from a sample comparing Samaritans to several Jewish populations, all currently living in Israel—representing the
375:
travelers who visited Central Asia around the 16th century. Since most of the Jewish community at the time lived under the
245:. Some Jewish families or even some whole Jewish communities were forced to relocate on a near-consistent basis because of
1489:
1698:
1673:
1408:
More recently, Mendez et al. (2011) observed that a moderately high frequency of the studied Lemba samples carries Y-DNA
984:
194:, but have been attested by extra-biblical evidence as well. The most notorious exilic occurrences were: the fall of the
82:
2536:
1663:
1521:
646:
there. He granted them a site for their own town that later acquired the name "Jew Town" (by which it is still known).
1416:
origin. The Lemba T carriers belonged exclusively to T1b, which is rare and was not sampled in indigenous Jews of the
2327:
1774:
1252:
1120:
963:
493:
108:
1234:
1102:
1007:. From there they moved southwards up the Nile into Ethiopia, and the Beta Israel are descended from these Danites.
945:
475:
134:
2585:
2274:
1738:
1148:
in arranging formal conversions to Judaism. Some have converted and emigrated to Israel under the Law of Return.
687:
After India gained its independence in 1947 and Israel was established as a nation, most of the Cochin Jews made
2603:
1308:, and they recount a history which is similar to that of the Bnei Menashe in the northeastern Indian states of
1230:
1098:
941:
649:
Unfortunately for the Cochin Jews, the Portuguese occupied Cochin during this same period and they indulged in
471:
46:
2581:
1441:
1854:
2568:
1728:
1569:
721:
593:
254:
195:
2613:
1713:
396:
392:
360:
356:
225:
2485:
2420:"Lemba origins revisited: Tracing the ancestry of Y chromosomes in South African and Zimbabwean Lemba"
1051:. Some who claim to be Beta Israel still live in Ethiopia. Their claims were formally accepted by the
1703:
1579:
1179:. The name means "Children of Israel", and the community claims descent from the Jewish community of
1052:
1215:
1083:
926:
456:
2078:
Goldstein, David B. Jacob's legacy: a genetic view of Jewish history. Yale University Press, 2008.
1464:
1688:
1668:
1540:
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930:
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with a common ancestor projected to the time of the Assyrian conquest of the kingdom of Israel."
460:
35:
1606:
of God. Members receive a declaration of lineage (which tribe they belong to) as part of their
895:("Saturday oil-pressers") by the local population as they abstained from work on Saturdays, the
2489:
1733:
650:
1764:
1573:
1184:
1145:
725:
214:
2155:
2094:"The Genetics of Bene Israel from India Reveals Both Substantial Jewish and Indian Ancestry"
1645:, and the tribe of Judah will also play a prominent role in the last days as well as during
798:
The Samaritans also retain ancient Israelite traditions that predate Judaic customs and the
2183:
2105:
1607:
1525:
1409:
1151:
846:
815:
803:
736:, which includes three of the four Samaritan families. The Joshua-Marhiv family belongs to
733:
694:
242:
352:
of Israel in the 7th century BCE. Isakharov (in different spellings) is a common surname.
8:
2419:
1351:
1335:
788:
665:
262:
246:
199:
2339:
2187:
2109:
2541:
2454:
2400:
2286:
2251:
2226:
2207:
2128:
2093:
1938:
Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Torroni, A.; Underhill, P. A.; Scozzari, R. (April 2006).
1920:
1501:
983:. Their tradition states that the tribe of Dan attempted to avoid the civil war in the
857:
807:
376:
364:
349:
318:
295:
238:
619:
An old but not particularly reliable tradition says that Cochin Jews came en masse to
546:
2515:
2404:
2392:
2323:
2306:
2256:
2199:
2133:
2044:
2000:
1961:
1912:
1801:
1770:
1544:
1497:
1142:
1138:
1048:
741:
737:
341:
337:
229:
154:
122:
635:), attacked the Jews of Cranganore on the pretext that they were tampering with the
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2246:
2238:
2211:
2191:
2123:
2113:
1992:
1951:
1924:
1904:
1517:
1509:
1425:
1357:
835:
745:
717:
388:
210:
2118:
2066:
Feldman, Marc. "The Genetics of the Samaritans and Other Middle Eastern Peoples."
2026:
2018:
1743:
1683:
1529:
1481:
1475:
1347:
1305:
1278:
1270:
1044:
1029:
589:
537:, also called Malabar Jews, are the descendants of Israelites who settled in the
510:
345:
289:
266:
233:
172:
1937:
1693:
1646:
1556:
1493:
1465:
Israelite affiliation claimed independent of affiliation with the Jewish people
1429:
896:
888:
819:
760:
662:
187:
179:
168:
2242:
2597:
1723:
1638:
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population, adopting their language, dress and food. They were nicknamed the
776:
772:
681:
569:
557:
428:
333:
150:
2346:, Public Broadcasting System (PBS), November 2000, accessed 26 February 2008
1830:
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have been made by a variety of non-Jewish groups. These groups include the
506:
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2137:
2004:
1965:
1916:
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1618:
1548:
1446:
1421:
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1317:
1266:
1134:
980:
850:
784:
669:
636:
609:
542:
518:
403:
285:
191:
145:. The phenomenon has become especially prevalent since the founding of the
2310:
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in the first century BCE. The families grew and integrated with the local
2388:
1642:
1513:
1377:
1290:
1162:
976:
868:
768:
756:
654:
623:(an ancient port, near Cochin) after the destruction of the Temple in 70
605:
581:
573:
538:
534:
2195:
1152:
Claimed Israelite descent, with lineage unproven, not recognized as Jews
695:
Claimed Israelite descent, with lineage proven, not recognized as Jewish
568:
split into two. They are sometimes referred to as the "black Jews". The
167:. The abundance of these claims has led to the rise of the question of "
2086:
2084:
1996:
1908:
1587:
823:
764:
658:
624:
620:
384:
329:
328:
began traveling to Central Asia to work as traders during the reign of
325:
273:
126:
1956:
1939:
1817:
1798:
Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture
1625:; the movement's members do not strictly believe that they are ethnic
661:
were tolerant, and the Jews prospered. In 1795 Cochin passed into the
556:
Some sources say that the earliest Jews were those who settled in the
2451:"The Hebrew Israelites in That March for Life Viral Video, Explained"
1708:
1417:
1413:
1388:
1339:
705:
673:
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trade. Most Jews fled to Cochin and went under the protection of the
628:
597:
550:
514:
407:
310:
258:
2081:
1364:
The community has been visited over the years, by several groups of
1204:
1072:
915:
858:
Claimed Israelite descent, with lineage unproven, recognized as Jews
445:
296:
Claimed Israelite descent, with lineage proven, recognized as Jewish
24:
2090:
1599:
1595:
1485:
1025:
1021:
996:
988:
799:
751:
The 2004 article on the genetic ancestry of the Samaritans by Shen
142:
1563:
740:(formerly "J1"), while the Danafi and Tsedakah families belong to
2322:
The Lost Tribes of Israel: The History of a Myth by Tudor Parfit
2302:
1718:
1634:
1591:
1583:
1552:
1459:
1343:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
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1012:
1010:
They have a long history of practicing such Jewish traditions as
992:
839:
713:
561:
423:
415:
314:
281:
277:
130:
1977:
1975:
572:, also called "White Jews", settled later, coming to India from
2172:
1433:
1331:
1282:
1180:
1168:
884:
880:
827:
709:
688:
577:
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411:
372:
159:
146:
138:
1972:
1365:
1286:
1176:
1004:
1000:
876:
872:
831:
811:
780:
716:. They regard themselves as the descendants of the tribes of
677:
640:
613:
585:
530:
419:
395:
self-designation emphasizes their Israelite origins from the
305:
272:
Modern-day consensus accepts that the Jewish people and the
1274:
1028:) and for this reason their Jewishness was accepted by the
979:(Ethiopian Jews) have a tradition of descent from the lost
643:
183:
164:
2074:
2072:
1629:
as such, instead, they believe that they can use the term
1137:
is a group in India claiming to be the descendants of the
1330:
Since 1981, about 50 families around Kottareddipalem and
668:. In the 19th century, Cochin Jews lived in the towns of
601:
288:, both of which share an extremely close relationship as
2373:
789:
paternally inherited Israelite high priesthood (Cohanim)
383:
Jews. The name by which the community called itself is "
2069:
1831:"Isakharov Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution"
830:
as an accurate or a truthful history. They only regard
1621:, and almost half of all of their members live in the
838:, and while they do not consider themselves a part of
2017:
Yohanan Aharoni, Michael Avi-Yonah, Anson F. Rainey,
1679:
History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel
845:
Since 539 BC, when the Jews began to return from the
232:
in the 130s CE. A number of these communities of the
1981:
1893:
1602:into Israel, and as a result, they have become the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Non-Jewish/Samaritan claimants of Israelite descent
2509:
1766:Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics
1617:are derived from a movement which was launched by
1424:. T1b has been observed at low frequencies in the
332:of Jerusalem as far back as the 10th century BCE.
2510:Johannes P. Schade, ed. (2006). "Black Hebrews".
2595:
2486:"The Black Jewish or Hebrew Israelite Community"
171:" in order to determine the legitimacy of one's
1820:, Bukharacity.com. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
1564:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1055:, and they are accordingly recognized as Jews.
1039:during the 1980s and 1990s, as Jews, under the
355:The Bukharan Jews originally called themselves
2569:"Guide to LDS scriptural references on Israel"
2340:"The Lemba, The Black Jews of Southern Africa"
2227:"The population genetics of the Jewish people"
2225:Ostrer, Harry; Skorecki, Karl (May 28, 2013).
2224:
1811:
1032:of Israel and the Israeli government in 1975.
2273:
2062:
2060:
1586:and after they have received the Gift of the
1269:, also called Telugu Jews because they speak
58:"Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites"
2514:. Franklin Park, N.J.: Foreign Media Group.
1637:, including Jews. They believe that certain
292:with an overlapping theology and tradition.
1300:The Bene Ephraim trace their observance of
1233:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
944:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
474:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2534:
2367:
2291:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2057:
1769:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 75.
1633:in reference to members of many different
1327:around the beginning of the 19th century.
691:and emigrated to Israel in the mid-1950s.
2250:
2153:
2127:
2117:
1955:
1756:
1490:Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites
1253:Learn how and when to remove this message
1121:Learn how and when to remove this message
964:Learn how and when to remove this message
533:, as early as 700 BCE and settled there.
494:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1884:, Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)
505:
304:
2442:
2417:
1983:mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation".
1895:mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation".
1870:. Indiana University Press. p. 60.
1187:caste, and typically carry the surname
280:, diverged into what is today known as
2596:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2537:"They're Jewish, With a Gospel Accent"
1865:
1762:
1534:Japanese-Jewish common ancestry theory
600:) starting in the 15th century was at
121:Several groups of people have claimed
2149:
2147:
2483:
2038:
1412:, which is also considered to be of
1231:adding citations to reliable sources
1198:
1099:adding citations to reliable sources
1066:
942:adding citations to reliable sources
909:
472:adding citations to reliable sources
439:
359:, which relates specifically to the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2556:
2528:
2477:
2448:
2333:
1855:Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan
1699:Jewish views on religious pluralism
1674:History of ancient Israel and Judah
826:. The Samaritans do not regard the
13:
2535:Bahrampour, Tara (June 26, 2000).
2364:Parfitt (2002), "The Lemba", p. 50
2355:Parfitt (2002), "The Lemba", p. 49
2305:1652; reprinted in Israel, n.d.) (
2144:
1664:Genetic history of the Middle East
1582:believe that after they have been
1469:
657:displaced them in 1660. The Dutch
317:, sketch based on a photograph by
14:
2625:
2609:Groups claiming Israelite descent
2281:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Warsaw.
2154:Jacobs, Joseph; Ezekiel, Joseph.
1874:
1439:Recent research published in the
2043:. Psychology Press. p. 38.
1203:
1171:community found in the state of
1071:
914:
444:
300:
23:
2575:
2512:Encyclopedia of World Religions
2503:
2468:
2449:Lee, Morgan (24 January 2019).
2411:
2358:
2349:
2316:
2267:
2218:
2166:
2041:The Israelites: An Introduction
2032:
2011:
1739:Religious perspectives on Jesus
1393:
1194:
1062:
135:ancient Semitic-speaking people
34:needs additional citations for
1931:
1887:
1859:
1848:
1823:
1818:"The history of Bukharan Jews"
1790:
1371:
1156:
905:
862:
435:
418:and a missionary kabbalist in
178:There were numerous events in
1:
2424:South African Medical Journal
2277:(1882). Aharon Wolden (ed.).
1749:
1442:South African Medical Journal
699:
588:, and bringing with them the
348:, who were exiled during the
336:contain descendants from the
218:
203:
2119:10.1371/journal.pone.0152056
1729:Race and appearance of Jesus
1570:House of Joseph (LDS Church)
1382:
324:According to ancient texts,
7:
1652:
1480:Claims of descent from the
1273:, are a small community of
836:their own version of Hebrew
594:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
564:, and after the Kingdom of
545:. They traditionally spoke
379:, they came to be known as
10:
2632:
2279:The Responsa of the Radbaz
1567:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1397:
1386:
1375:
1338:of the nearby district of
1160:
592:. A notable settlement of
525:Israelite traders came to
397:northern Kingdom of Israel
2243:10.1007/s00439-012-1235-6
2023:The Macmillan Bible Atlas
1704:Jews as the chosen people
1580:Latter Day Saint movement
1053:Chief Rabbinate of Israel
1035:They emigrated to Israel
818:, which differs from the
1555:. However, they are not
226:Roman siege of Jerusalem
1866:Cooper, Alanna (2012).
1800:ABL-CIO, October 2008,
1714:Judaism's view of Jesus
1689:Jewish ethnic divisions
1669:Genetic studies on Jews
1615:religious denominations
1541:Black Hebrew Israelites
871:claim a lineage to the
651:persecution of the Jews
247:anti-Jewish persecution
149:in 1948. The country's
2490:Jewish Virtual Library
2474:Ben-Jochannan, p. 306.
2301:# 9 (first printed in
2160:JewishEncyclopedia.com
1763:Abazov, Rafis (2007).
1734:Religious antisemitism
522:
321:
309:Interior of the Great
2604:Christianity and race
2039:Kamm, Antony (1999).
1882:From Cochin to Israel
1574:Judaism and Mormonism
1320:after the arrival of
1183:. They belong to the
1167:The Banu Israil is a
1146:Chief Rabbi of Israel
779:, as well as Israeli
509:
308:
215:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2389:10.3378/027.083.0103
2275:Ibn Abi-Zimra, David
1608:patriarchal blessing
1536:), and many others.
1526:Jewish Indian theory
1432:as well as in a few
1281:, a village outside
1277:living primarily in
1227:improve this section
1095:improve this section
938:improve this section
847:Babylonian captivity
834:as a prophet, speak
816:Samaritan Pentateuch
808:Paleo-Hebrew derived
804:Samaritan Pentateuch
580:nations such as the
560:during the reign of
468:improve this section
410:Jew originally from
243:Babylonian captivity
186:into exile from the
43:improve this article
2484:Ben Levy, Sholomo.
2418:Soodyal, H (2013).
2196:10.1038/nature09103
2188:2010Natur.466..238B
2110:2016PLoSO..1152056W
1796:Ehrlich, M. Avrum.
1352:liturgical language
1003:, by resettling in
666:sphere of influence
513:inscription at the
200:Neo-Assyrian Empire
157:for the purpose of
2542:The New York Times
2455:Christianity Today
1997:10.1002/humu.20077
1909:10.1002/humu.20077
1557:recognized as Jews
1502:Christian Identity
1043:, during Israel's
806:is preserved in a
523:
377:Emirate of Bukhara
365:Assyrian captivity
350:Assyrian captivity
322:
319:Elkan Nathan Adler
239:Assyrian captivity
228:in 70 CE; and the
209:; the fall of the
2614:Religion and race
2521:978-1-60136-000-7
2297:, s.v. Part VII,
2182:(7303): 238–242.
2050:978-0-415-18096-2
1957:10.1002/humu.9445
1806:978-1-85109-873-6
1545:African Americans
1498:British Israelism
1263:
1262:
1255:
1139:Tribe of Manasseh
1131:
1130:
1123:
1049:Operation Solomon
985:Kingdom of Israel
974:
973:
966:
875:, descendants of
742:haplogroup J-M172
738:Haplogroup J-M267
504:
503:
496:
342:Tribe of Issachar
338:Tribe of Naphtali
230:Bar Kokhba revolt
196:Kingdom of Israel
119:
118:
111:
93:
2621:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2088:
2079:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2036:
2030:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1760:
1522:Native Americans
1518:Nordic Israelism
1510:French Israelism
1358:Jewish languages
1258:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1207:
1199:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1075:
1067:
969:
962:
958:
955:
949:
918:
910:
883:, just south of
746:haplogroup E-M78
549:, a form of the
499:
492:
488:
485:
479:
448:
440:
389:Kingdom of Judah
290:ethnic religions
274:Samaritan people
223:
220:
211:Kingdom of Judah
208:
205:
182:that forced the
165:Jewish ethnicity
153:, which defines
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2412:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2338:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2268:
2223:
2219:
2171:
2167:
2152:
2145:
2104:(3): e0152056.
2089:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2037:
2033:
2016:
2012:
1980:
1973:
1936:
1932:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1835:forebears.co.uk
1829:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1744:Supersessionism
1684:Jewish diaspora
1655:
1578:Members of the
1576:
1566:
1482:Ten Lost Tribes
1478:
1476:Ten Lost Tribes
1472:
1470:Ten Lost Tribes
1467:
1462:
1456:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1342:) have learned
1316:. They adopted
1279:Kottareddipalem
1259:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1224:
1208:
1197:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1127:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1092:
1076:
1065:
1045:Operation Moses
1030:Chief Rabbinate
970:
959:
953:
950:
935:
919:
908:
865:
860:
814:, known as the
702:
697:
590:Ladino language
547:Judæo-Malayalam
500:
489:
483:
480:
465:
449:
438:
402:In 1793, Rabbi
346:Ten Lost Tribes
303:
298:
267:Ten Lost Tribes
234:Jewish diaspora
221:
206:
173:Jewish identity
147:State of Israel
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2590:
2589:
2574:
2555:
2527:
2520:
2502:
2476:
2467:
2441:
2410:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2332:
2315:
2266:
2237:(2): 119–127.
2231:Human Genetics
2217:
2165:
2143:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2049:
2031:
2010:
1991:(3): 248–260.
1985:Human Mutation
1971:
1944:Human Mutation
1930:
1903:(3): 248–260.
1897:Human Mutation
1886:
1880:Weil, Shalva.
1873:
1868:Bukharian Jews
1858:
1847:
1822:
1810:
1789:
1775:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Jewish history
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1647:the Millennium
1594:who have been
1565:
1562:
1543:are groups of
1474:Main article:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1458:Main article:
1455:
1452:
1430:Ashkenazi Jews
1398:Main article:
1395:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1376:Main article:
1373:
1370:
1261:
1260:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1129:
1128:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1061:
972:
971:
922:
920:
913:
907:
904:
897:Jewish Sabbath
864:
861:
859:
856:
820:Masoretic text
761:Ashkenazi Jews
724:, the sons of
701:
698:
696:
693:
631:(today called
574:Middle Eastern
502:
501:
452:
450:
443:
437:
434:
422:, traveled to
371:was coined by
302:
299:
297:
294:
222: 586 BCE
207: 720 BCE
188:Land of Israel
180:Jewish history
137:who inhabited
123:lineal descent
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:Human Biology
2370:
2361:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2328:0-297-81934-8
2325:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2156:"BENI-ISRAEL"
2150:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1778:
1776:9780313336560
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Philosemitism
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:the last days
1640:
1639:Old Testament
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:United States
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:chosen people
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Scandinavians
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:populations.
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:ancient times
1303:
1298:
1296:
1295:River Krishna
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1254:
1246:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:This section
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Uttar Pradesh
1170:
1164:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:This section
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Law of Return
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
968:
965:
957:
947:
943:
939:
933:
932:
928:
923:This section
921:
917:
912:
911:
903:
900:
898:
894:
890:
889:Maharashtrian
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
855:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Yemenite Jews
774:
773:Moroccan Jews
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Paradesi Jews
567:
563:
559:
558:Malabar Coast
554:
552:
548:
544:
541:port city of
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
516:
512:
508:
498:
495:
487:
477:
473:
469:
463:
462:
458:
453:This section
451:
447:
442:
441:
433:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:Bukharan Jews
331:
327:
320:
316:
312:
307:
301:Bukharan Jews
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
216:
212:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Jewish people
181:
176:
174:
170:
169:who is a Jew?
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:Law of Return
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2582:Isaiah 2:2–4
2577:
2546:. Retrieved
2540:
2530:
2511:
2505:
2495:December 15,
2493:. Retrieved
2479:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2427:
2423:
2413:
2383:(1): 39–53.
2380:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2318:
2298:
2278:
2269:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2101:
2097:
2040:
2034:
2027:Ze'ev Safrai
2022:
2019:Ze'ev Safrai
2013:
1988:
1984:
1950:(8): 831–2.
1947:
1943:
1933:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1825:
1813:
1797:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1765:
1758:
1659:Anti-Judaism
1630:
1626:
1619:Joseph Smith
1612:
1577:
1549:Christianity
1538:
1479:
1447:Y chromosome
1440:
1438:
1422:North Africa
1414:Near Eastern
1410:haplogroup T
1407:
1403:
1400:Lemba people
1394:Lemba people
1363:
1355:
1329:
1325:missionaries
1318:Christianity
1299:
1267:Bene Ephraim
1264:
1249:
1240:
1225:Please help
1213:
1195:Bene Ephraim
1188:
1166:
1135:Bnei Menashe
1132:
1117:
1108:
1093:Please help
1081:
1063:Bnei Menashe
1057:
1036:
1034:
1011:
1009:
981:tribe of Dan
975:
960:
951:
936:Please help
924:
901:
893:śaniwar telī
892:
866:
851:Paleo-Hebrew
844:
797:
793:
785:Palestinians
752:
750:
734:haplogroup J
730:
703:
686:
648:
632:
618:
610:North Africa
555:
539:South Indian
524:
490:
481:
466:Please help
454:
404:Yosef Maimon
401:
385:Bnei Isro'il
380:
368:
354:
323:
286:Samaritanism
271:
251:
192:Hebrew Bible
177:
158:
120:
105:
99:January 2019
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2548:November 5,
1840:19 November
1539:Similarly,
1378:Falash Mura
1372:Falash Mura
1289:, near the
1163:Banu Israil
1157:Banu Israil
977:Beta Israel
906:Beta Israel
869:Bene Israel
863:Bene Israel
769:Libyan Jews
757:Beta Israel
659:Protestants
606:Middle East
582:Netherlands
535:Cochin Jews
436:Cochin Jews
393:Bnei Israel
367:. The term
357:Bnei Israel
141:during the
2598:Categories
1750:References
1631:Israelites
1588:Holy Ghost
1568:See also:
1387:See also:
1346:, learned
1161:See also:
824:Septuagint
765:Iraqi Jews
706:Samaritans
700:Samaritans
653:until the
621:Cranganore
391:, but the
361:Israelites
330:King David
326:Israelites
155:Jewishness
127:Israelites
69:newspapers
2405:207611348
2311:233235313
2299:responsum
2287:cite book
1709:Judaizers
1434:Levantine
1426:Bulgarian
1418:Near East
1389:Igbo Jews
1383:Igbo Jews
1340:Prakasham
1243:June 2015
1214:does not
1143:Sephardic
1111:June 2015
1082:does not
999:, son of
991:, son of
954:June 2015
925:does not
674:Ernakulam
633:Kozhikode
598:Sephardim
551:Malayalam
515:Synagogue
484:June 2015
455:does not
429:Sephardic
408:Sephardic
311:Synagogue
259:ethnicity
125:from the
2586:11:10–13
2397:21453003
2330:page 131
2261:23052947
2204:20531471
2138:27010569
2098:PLOS ONE
2005:15300852
1966:16835895
1917:15300852
1808:, p. 84.
1653:See also
1635:cultures
1592:Gentiles
1584:baptized
1530:Japanese
1486:Pashtuns
1445:studied
1304:back to
1037:en masse
1026:Haymanot
1022:Passover
997:Jeroboam
989:Rehoboam
987:between
800:Oral Law
722:Manasseh
578:European
381:Bukharan
373:European
369:Bukharan
340:and the
263:religion
241:and the
143:Iron Age
2303:Livorno
2252:3543766
2212:4307824
2184:Bibcode
2129:4806850
2106:Bibcode
1925:1571356
1782:30 June
1719:Khazars
1600:grafted
1596:adopted
1553:Judaism
1528:), the
1520:), the
1512:), the
1504:), the
1494:British
1492:), the
1460:Knanaya
1454:Knanaya
1344:Judaism
1336:capital
1322:Baptist
1314:Manipur
1310:Mizoram
1302:Judaism
1293:of the
1235:removed
1220:sources
1189:Israily
1103:removed
1088:sources
1018:Sabbath
1013:kashrut
993:Solomon
946:removed
931:sources
873:kohanim
840:Judaism
718:Ephraim
714:Samaria
663:British
629:Calicut
562:Solomon
476:removed
461:sources
424:Bukhara
416:Morocco
344:of the
315:Bukhara
282:Judaism
278:Yahwism
213:to the
198:to the
131:Hebrews
83:scholar
2518:
2460:22 May
2403:
2395:
2326:
2309:
2259:
2249:
2210:
2202:
2176:Nature
2136:
2126:
2047:
2003:
1964:
1923:
1915:
1804:
1773:
1613:These
1506:French
1366:rabbis
1348:Hebrew
1332:Ongole
1283:Guntur
1271:Telugu
1185:Shaikh
1181:Medina
1169:Muslim
885:Mumbai
881:Alibag
828:Tanakh
802:. The
775:, and
753:et al.
726:Joseph
710:Israel
689:Aliyah
670:Cochin
637:pepper
566:Israel
543:Cochin
527:Kerala
519:Cochin
511:Hebrew
412:Tetuan
261:, and
224:; the
160:aliyah
139:Canaan
133:), an
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2434:9 May
2401:S2CID
2208:S2CID
1921:S2CID
1532:(see
1524:(see
1516:(see
1508:(see
1496:(see
1488:(see
1291:delta
1287:India
1177:India
1024:(see
1005:Egypt
1001:Nebat
877:Aaron
832:Moses
812:Torah
781:Druze
682:Parur
678:Aluva
655:Dutch
641:Hindu
614:Spain
586:Spain
531:India
420:Safed
90:JSTOR
76:books
2550:2016
2516:ISBN
2497:2007
2462:2020
2436:2014
2430:(12)
2393:PMID
2344:NOVA
2324:ISBN
2307:OCLC
2293:link
2257:PMID
2200:PMID
2134:PMID
2045:ISBN
2001:PMID
1962:PMID
1913:PMID
1842:2017
1802:ISBN
1784:2014
1771:ISBN
1627:Jews
1598:and
1572:and
1551:and
1500:and
1428:and
1356:See
1312:and
1275:Jews
1265:The
1218:any
1216:cite
1133:The
1086:any
1084:cite
1047:and
1020:and
995:and
929:any
927:cite
867:The
783:and
720:and
712:and
704:The
680:and
644:Raja
612:and
584:and
576:and
459:any
457:cite
406:, a
284:and
255:race
129:(or
62:news
2428:103
2385:doi
2247:PMC
2239:doi
2235:132
2192:doi
2180:466
2124:PMC
2114:doi
1993:doi
1952:doi
1905:doi
1420:or
1361:.)
1229:by
1097:by
940:by
602:Goa
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