162:
tendency at this low speed, the upwind wingtip will contact the ground and initiate a ground loop; the glider pilot must release the tow rope to abandon the takeoff. Gliders with a large main wheel and a tail wheel or tail skid are particularly susceptible to this form of ground looping during cross-wind takeoffs because of the large angle of attack on the wing. Gliders with a nose wheel or nose skid cause the wing to present a lower angle of attack at the commencement of the take off roll and are much less susceptible to this form of ground looping. Tow plane pilots are taught to delay applying full power until the glider is moving fast enough that its tail is off the ground, reducing the angle of attack on the wing.
27:
150:
161:
commencing a takeoff behind a tow plane are vulnerable to ground looping during cross-wind conditions because the slipstream from the propeller of the tow plane generates more lift on the downwind wing of the glider than on the upwind wing. If the flight controls are unable to overcome the rolling
145:
Ground loops may occur when landing on muddy ground, wet pavement, or frozen surfaces, especially if there are puddles or patches. They may also occur when an aircraft departs a paved surface: for example, after an engine failure in multi-engine airplanes produces asymmetric thrust. Another common
110:
rotates the aircraft's heading even further from its direction of motion. This increases the force and the process reinforces itself. To avoid a ground loop, the pilot must respond to any turning tendency quickly, while sufficient control authority is available to counteract it. Once the aircraft
70:
to rise, which may then cause the other wingtip to touch the ground. In severe cases (particularly if the ground surface is soft), the inside wing can dig in, causing the aircraft to swing violently or even cartwheel. In their early gliding experiments, the
142:, Captain Michael Graham, one of the surviving passengers, said that the landing would have been successful had an engine on the port wing not dug into the ground, dragging the plane in that direction in a ground loop and breaking it in two.
153:
The
Schleicher ASK 23 is a single-seat glider suitable for new pilots. It has a nose-wheel, and its main wheel is behind the centre of gravity. This avoids the risk of ground-looping at commencement of takeoff in a crosswind behind a tow
106:
If the aircraft heading is different from the aircraft's direction of motion, a sideways force is exerted on the wheels. If this force is in front of the centre of gravity, the resulting
146:
cause is failure of a tire or wheel brake, causing a loss of directional control. A controlled ground loop may also be used as a rudimentary form of emergency braking while landing.
170:
Pilots may decide to execute a ground loop deliberately, usually as a last resort before hitting an immovable object, as in the case of
174:. In such cases, energy may be dissipated by damaging the wings of the aircraft to protect the occupants seated in the fuselage.
19:
This article is about the uncontrolled rotation of an aircraft during ground movement. For the electrical mis-configuration, see
34:
replica in a ground loop caused by a failure of the right-hand wheel brake. The right main undercarriage is collapsing.
293:
233:
206:
92:
320:
87:
In powered aeroplanes, the ground loop phenomenon is predominantly associated with aircraft that have
171:
88:
20:
135:
and wingtips of an aircraft. Several extreme incidents of ground loop have resulted in fatalities.
26:
315:
198:
192:
111:
rotates beyond this point, there is nothing the pilot can do to stop it from rotating further.
223:
275:
96:
285:
279:
8:
51:
158:
289:
229:
202:
139:
31:
55:
100:
72:
59:
149:
309:
249:
132:
63:
119:
Ground loops occur when the aircraft is moving on the ground—either
99:
if excessive load is applied to the nosewheel, a condition known as
47:
39:
128:
124:
120:
95:
being positioned behind the main wheels. It may also occur with
107:
67:
281:
307:
274:
148:
25:
114:
308:
221:
165:
197:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp.
82:
190:
250:"Pilot in Clipper Crash is Praised"
13:
16:Type of critical issue in aircraft
14:
332:
284:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p.
138:In the case of the 1947 crash of
228:. Barabara Press. p. 262.
66:forces may cause the advancing
268:
242:
215:
194:Better Takeoffs & Landings
191:Love, Michael Charles (1995).
184:
131:. Ground loops can damage the
1:
177:
7:
75:referred to this action as
10:
337:
256:. June 22, 1947. p. 2
18:
172:China Airlines Flight 605
89:conventional landing gear
21:Ground loop (electricity)
222:Rogers, Earl E. (2002).
62:) while on the ground.
276:Langewiesche, Wolfgang
155:
35:
152:
97:tricycle landing gear
32:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-8
29:
115:Contributing factors
254:Albuquerque Journal
166:Intentional looping
52:fixed-wing aircraft
321:Gliding technology
156:
83:Looping phenomenon
36:
140:Pan Am Flight 121
93:centre of gravity
328:
300:
299:
272:
266:
265:
263:
261:
246:
240:
239:
219:
213:
212:
188:
56:horizontal plane
336:
335:
331:
330:
329:
327:
326:
325:
306:
305:
304:
303:
296:
273:
269:
259:
257:
248:
247:
243:
236:
220:
216:
209:
189:
185:
180:
168:
117:
101:wheel-barrowing
85:
73:Wright Brothers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
334:
324:
323:
318:
316:Aviation risks
302:
301:
294:
267:
241:
234:
214:
207:
182:
181:
179:
176:
167:
164:
116:
113:
84:
81:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
333:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
311:
297:
295:0-07-036240-8
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
271:
255:
251:
245:
237:
235:0-9719097-0-9
231:
227:
226:
218:
210:
208:0-07-038805-9
204:
200:
196:
195:
187:
183:
175:
173:
163:
160:
151:
147:
143:
141:
136:
134:
133:undercarriage
130:
126:
122:
112:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
91:, due to the
90:
80:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
28:
22:
280:
270:
258:. Retrieved
253:
244:
224:
217:
193:
186:
169:
157:
144:
137:
127:, or during
118:
105:
86:
77:well-digging
76:
43:
37:
64:Aerodynamic
46:is a rapid
44:ground loop
310:Categories
178:References
278:(1972) .
260:June 26,
48:rotation
40:aviation
225:Captain
159:Gliders
129:takeoff
125:landing
121:taxiing
54:in the
292:
232:
205:
154:plane.
108:moment
60:yawing
199:75–76
50:of a
290:ISBN
262:2016
230:ISBN
203:ISBN
68:wing
42:, a
286:312
38:In
312::
288:.
252:.
201:.
123:,
103:.
79:.
30:A
298:.
264:.
238:.
211:.
58:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
