401:
121:
1180:. Contemporary reports claimed that the Griquas then sold much of their land voluntarily, and that the overall annexation of the territory took place "at the wish of the inhabitants themselves." On the other hand, opinion among the Griqua people themselves seems to have been divided. A quote by Adam Kok III, upon learning of the Colonial Offices' plans, suggests that there was misunderstanding or even deception involved in the annexation of Griqualand East: "There you have it... we were not consulted. We can say nothing." The British assumed direct control of the territory in 1874.
73:
1290:
461:
61:
111:
1599:
770:
971:
4707:
1058:
1175:
In the differing sources and versions of history, the end of
Griqualand East's story is as contested as its beginning, and the reasons for the country's dissolution remain hazy. Local Cape sources record an official (but heavily qualified) request in 1869, from Adam Kok III, for the establishment of
1183:
What is known for a fact is that the Griqua leader, whose name still adorns the town he founded, died in
December 1875 after being severely injured in a wagon-accident. At his funeral, his cousin commented that with Kok's death, the Griquas' last hope for an independent state in Southern Africa had
1087:
had begun printing its own banknotes, Kok and his followers embarked on a similar experiment of their own and had about 10,000 one pound-notes printed for use in the area. The plans to actually introduce them never materialised, and, with the exception of a few remaining samples, almost all of them
1025:
and the Cape colonists. According to the sources, Adam Kok III and his followers only learned about the plans six years after the official document had been secretly signed. Realising that they could not muster a fighting force that could match the colonial army, and after having voiced their
1222:
Pondo people, who had long constituted the majority of the
Griqualand East population, came to own increasing amounts of land in the area, together with newly-arriving European settlers. These demographic factors led to a further dilution of Griqua identity and a century later, under
1007:
1211:). The act was only promulgated two years later on 17 September 1879, when four magistrates were set up, at Kokstad, Matatiele, Mount Frere and Umzimkulu. The territory was also given two elected seats in the Cape Parliament, which at the time was elected through the multi-racial "
1041:
visited the place and agreed to establish a church if the people were to move once more. Kok consulted with the populace, and they chose an area farther south of the mountain. The
Griquas moved there in 1872, and founded the town of Kokstad, named in honour of their leader.
1105:
The seal included in the information-box is a rough replica of a seal shown on the first set of banknotes of 1867 which is the only known and surviving depiction. On the banknote itself, it is flanked to the left and right by a band or ribbon which reads
1020:
and the Free State in 1854, long before the
Griquas had any knowledge of their fate. The Colonial Office agreed to undertake the expulsion of the entire population in exchange for a settlement of a border conflict between the
1002:
and "their predatory raids upon the farmers and natives of Natal" After their leader Adam Kok III had sent an advance party to survey the area, the entire group agreed to the arrangement and arrived there in 1862.
921:
from 1816 to 1828). As Faku eventually realised that his warriors could not defend the eastern part of his kingdom against Shaka, he decided to evacuate the area, leaving behind what became known as
1144:. A single source dates its first documented appearance to 1903, but the flag itself might have been in use earlier; whether or not independent Griqualand East actually deployed it is uncertain.
1207:
Although initially the Cape had refused to annex the territory, agreement was reached after substantial negotiation and in 1877 the Cape
Parliament passed the Griqualand East Annexation Act (
913:
dynasty from 1815 to 1867. During his reign, Faku initially welcomed many refugees who came over the territory's north-eastern border, fleeing from the incursions and raids by the army of
1627:
798:
428:‡ Maximum extend given, defined as unclaimed/un-annexed by other established governments. Total area was in flux throughout history. Source for given figure under References (below).
2088:
The life and times of Sir John
Charles Molteno, K. C. M. G., First Premier of Cape Colony, Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape
4516:
1097:
Confirmation that the
Strachan and Co circulated as money in the region from 1874 comes from the local Standard Bank at Kokstad . and the Managing Director of Strachan and Co
4793:
2664:
1065:
Though, in historical terms, constantly on the move, with permanent settlements existing only for short intervals, the people of
Griqualand East managed to establish a
3294:
1620:
791:
4823:
4803:
4083:
1243:
was formed in 1910, the Cape Colony changed its name to "Cape
Province", and during the 1980s, part of former Griqualand East was partitioned off into the
4798:
2326:
4818:
3541:
3245:
1613:
1026:
opposition to becoming either subjects to the Crown in the Cape Colony or servants in the Free State, they left their homeland under duress to go into
784:
4686:
4620:
4693:
1075:), a gathering of 12 members which made decisions on behalf of the Griqua population and formed delegations to deal with the surrounding polities.
4188:
3461:
3252:
2657:
120:
2959:
1218:
The Griqua people had only ever been a small, ruling minority of the population of Griqualand East. Once independent Griqua rule was ended, the
4502:
4481:
4342:
3259:
1187:
After coming under British rule, Griqualand East was administered by the British as a separate colony for several years. During this time, the
4104:
3454:
4020:
3936:
3391:
3370:
4474:
3340:
3301:
1199:, was reluctant to assume responsibility for Griqualand East due to its considerable expenses and its considerably resentful population.
1094:
and minted in Germany, several coins were used (see picture) and remained in circulation long after the disestablishment of the country.
987:
1176:
British rule, on condition that land title be respected and that Griqualand East should under no circumstances be incorporated into the
4813:
4711:
4153:
3509:
3130:
2650:
4724:
4537:
4398:
4321:
3611:
932:
Meanwhile, a group of Griquas who had left the Cape of Good Hope in the 18th century and had settled in the area around present-day
4679:
4467:
4202:
3534:
2203:
1033:
Ultimately, all sources agree that the last great Griqua leader's followers ended up in the area around Mount Currie and set up a
4460:
4307:
4265:
4013:
3894:
3477:
3012:
2950:
2319:
1071:
1960:
4808:
4558:
4523:
4041:
3238:
1933:. African Studies Series. J.M. Lonsdale, D.M.G. Newberry, and A.F. Robertson, 21. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
4828:
4773:
4432:
3999:
3093:
1037:, a simple settlement site made up of small huts, where they remained for over half a decade. In 1869, Reverend Dower of the
1811:
998:. Their settlement there was to avoid a potential conflict with the Free State and simultaneously serve as a buffer against
4648:
4439:
4349:
3971:
1090:
After the move to Kokstad, however, a new venture in introducing a local currency was more successful in 1874; designed by
1788:
Adam Kok I (f.1710-95) left the Cape Colony during the early 18th century with a few Cape coloured (i.e. mixed) followers.
4585:
4530:
4446:
4293:
3957:
3520:
3187:
3157:
426:. A single source dates its origin to 1903; whether or not independent Griqualand East actually deployed it is uncertain.
4544:
4509:
4453:
3978:
3943:
3632:
3081:
3070:
2312:
958:
mountain range), but first-hand witnesses give two differing narratives of the reasons and motivations for their last
4328:
4195:
4174:
4132:
3674:
3347:
1774:
1256:
1045:
The state that was established around Kokstad, while Griqua ruled, was populated overwhelmingly by the pre-existing
4258:
4097:
3266:
3180:
3123:
979:
4488:
4251:
4167:
4048:
4034:
4006:
3273:
3217:
3426:
4788:
4783:
4237:
4146:
3901:
3660:
1251:. In 1994, shortly before the first all-inclusive elections, it was incorporated into the southern part of the
944:
in 1854). In 1861 most of these inhabitants embarked on an exhausting journey, leaving to move southwards over
1016:
More recently recovered official documents, however, tell the story of a deal that was negotiated between the
72:
4391:
4377:
4300:
4181:
4139:
4118:
3992:
3555:
3201:
2923:
3433:
4655:
4599:
4425:
4314:
4286:
4223:
3915:
3773:
2196:
1739:
Das Volk der Xosa-Kaffern im östlichen Südafrika nach seiner Geschichte, Eigenart, Verfassung und Religion.
3440:
857:, was the final place of settlement for a people who had migrated several times on their journey from the
4592:
4495:
4370:
4279:
4125:
3484:
4062:
3583:
3491:
3447:
3224:
3102:
3001:
2631:
60:
4833:
4606:
4244:
4076:
4069:
4027:
3741:
3688:
3576:
3527:
3308:
2966:
2223:
1370:
541:
4763:
4418:
3681:
3333:
2596:
2293:
1212:
1680:
Statistics based on the 1907 estimate. Estimate for Xhosa population ranges from 25,000 to 40,000.
4055:
3950:
3817:
3667:
3548:
3280:
3063:
2973:
2189:
1900:
1270:
441:
838:
states in Southern Africa from the early 1860s until the late 1870s and was located between the
4768:
3625:
3590:
2792:
2602:
2283:
2273:
2268:
1456:
1364:
1196:
1141:
854:
627:
535:
423:
274:
142:
4160:
4090:
3985:
3880:
3734:
3384:
3164:
3077:
2872:
2692:
2608:
2376:
1554:
1304:
1240:
1215:" system, whereby qualifications for suffrage were applied to all males, regardless of race.
725:
475:
2138:
4778:
3908:
3794:
3562:
3498:
3231:
2994:
2987:
2939:
2722:
2396:
1348:
843:
519:
8:
4363:
4335:
4209:
3727:
3720:
3653:
3618:
3569:
3049:
2856:
2452:
2366:
2065:
1603:
1468:
1407:
774:
639:
578:
3056:
2174:
The Eastern Cape Frontier Zone, 1660–1980: A Cartographic Guide for Historical Research
1474:
1419:
1195:
to annex the costly and turbulent territory. However the Cape, newly under a system of
906:
645:
590:
872:
and became a colony in 1874, shortly before the death of its founder and only leader,
4641:
4627:
3964:
3780:
3604:
3194:
2784:
2714:
2476:
2434:
2253:
1770:
1462:
1395:
1329:
1310:
1123:
937:
858:
633:
566:
500:
481:
2642:
901:
Before the arrival of migrants from the west and north, the area formed part of the
4565:
3929:
3639:
3419:
3109:
2864:
2832:
2768:
2506:
2470:
2458:
2248:
2243:
1852:
A life time in South Africa, being the recollections of the first premier of Natal.
1646:
1523:
1437:
1137:
1049:
peoples, with the Griqua forming only a very small, politically-dominant minority.
888:
of the Griquas has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century."
694:
608:
2304:
1944:
Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People
936:
in 1826 faced the prospect of their area coming under the control of the emerging
876:. A short while later, the small territory was incorporated into the neighbouring
3887:
3801:
3695:
3363:
3287:
3208:
2932:
2816:
2808:
2776:
2494:
2488:
2446:
2228:
1838:
1815:
1808:
1764:
1517:
1492:
1486:
1273:
1188:
1177:
1017:
995:
839:
688:
663:
657:
444:
1931:
Adam Kok's Griquas: A Study in the Development of Stratification in South Africa
4634:
4356:
4230:
3873:
3787:
3470:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3116:
3042:
2888:
2848:
2554:
2518:
2356:
2233:
2212:
1566:
1529:
1255:
province. Kokstad retained its name and is today one of the main cities of the
1219:
1046:
941:
869:
827:
737:
700:
167:
152:
2055:
Longman's geographical reading books. Spottiswoode & Co. London:1885. p114
1905:
A historical geography of the British colonies. Vol IV: South and East Africa.
1289:
460:
4757:
4739:
4726:
4551:
4272:
3377:
3356:
3326:
3319:
3028:
2258:
1975:
1431:
1252:
1057:
982:, first Premier of Natal, the inhabitants of Philippolis were invited by Sir
835:
602:
334:
28:
24:
2016:
4216:
3825:
3646:
3597:
2760:
2674:
2614:
2422:
1692:
1584:
1413:
1281:
1010:
918:
910:
881:
873:
755:
584:
452:
347:
199:
20:
19:
This article is about the former 19th-century country. For other uses, see
110:
3809:
2752:
2440:
1548:
1401:
1376:
1192:
983:
954:
933:
877:
719:
572:
547:
394:
2017:"Ken Strachan Managing Director of Strachan and Co confirm date of 1874"
1865:
The Earth and Its Inhabitants. Africa. Volume VI: South and West Africa.
4384:
3922:
3035:
2980:
2840:
2824:
2578:
2512:
2500:
2278:
2263:
1992:
1511:
1091:
1022:
682:
368:
1763:
Lipschutz, Mark R. (1989). "Kok Family". In Rasmussen, R. Kent (ed.).
970:
3843:
3834:
3765:
3171:
3148:
3137:
2530:
2361:
2238:
1993:"Standard Bank 125th Anniversary brochure in PDF form - see 2nd page"
1641:
1248:
1224:
902:
880:. Though for a long time overshadowed in history by the story of the
815:
160:
1891:
Ministry of Education, South Africa. HSRC Pres. Cape Town:2004. p102
4613:
4111:
3756:
2880:
2737:
2572:
2548:
2409:
2346:
1671:. Townshend, Taylor & Snashall. Cape Town/Kaapstad: 1907. p219f
1560:
1358:
1244:
1228:
1127:
731:
529:
1227:, the territory was incorporated into the Xhosa "homeland" of the
3021:
2584:
2288:
2181:
1425:
1155:"There you have it... we were not consulted. We can say nothing."
999:
862:
847:
596:
1191:
put considerable pressure on the government of the neighbouring
3748:
2904:
2683:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2351:
1578:
1084:
1006:
749:
1889:
Every step of the way. The journey to freedom in South Africa.
2896:
2560:
2103:. Archives Year Book for South African History, 1969, Vol II.
1572:
1027:
914:
743:
92:
1818:, Greater Kokstad Municipality website. Accessed 2009-07-31.
2042:
Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Edinburgh:1886. p480
418:† The Griqua flag is a vertically flipped version of the
974:
Griqua and Boer states in Southern Africa, 19th century.
1705:"...een van die epiese gebeurtenisse van die 19de eeu."
1132:
The Griqua flag is a vertically flipped version of the
952:
that means mountains of Ukhahlamba (today known as the
2139:"Griqua community | South African History Online"
1723:
Faku. Rulership and Colonialism in the Mpondo Kingdom.
2672:
1202:
1061:
One Sterling Pound banknote of Nieuw Griqualand, 1868
1710:
Langs die Kampvuur. Waare Suider-Afrikaanse stories.
4794:
Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa
2334:
1978:(History of the Griqua Nation & Nomansland) on
2101:The Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, 1872–1910
1088:were destroyed without ever being in circulation.
125:Location of Griqualand East within the Cape Colony
4755:
2128:Trübner & Co. London:July/October 1886. p179
940:(Oranje Vrijstaat - officially established as a
3462:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1963:South African Mint Company. Accessed 2009-08-03
1769:. University of California Press. p. 111.
994:, south of what had by then become the British
2114:International Law: A South African Perspective
1920:. David Philip Publishers. South Africa. 3003.
1741:Evang. Missions-Gesellschaft. Berlin:1889. p75
4824:1870s disestablishments in the British Empire
4804:States and territories disestablished in 1879
2658:
2320:
2197:
1621:
1169:(comment on looming British annexation, 1874)
986:, administrator of the area on behalf of the
792:
2066:"Griqua | South African History Online"
1854:London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1900. p. 225
1147:
1839:History of the Griqua Nation and Nomansland
909:, who ruled as sovereign of the ethnically
4799:States and territories established in 1862
2665:
2651:
2327:
2313:
2204:
2190:
1766:Dictionary of African Historical Biography
1628:
1614:
1234:
799:
785:
119:
4819:1874 establishments in the British Empire
1971:
1969:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1762:
1130:. The actual implied colours are unknown.
965:
3535:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1663:
1661:
1247:, one of the four nominally independent
1056:
1005:
969:
3131:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2035:
2033:
1976:Griqua One Pound Bank Note and Currency
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1751:Nature. Illustrated Journal of Science.
1733:
1731:
1725:Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2001.
1698:
430:* +Zulu refugees from earlier Shaka war
4756:
3612:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2090:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1900.
2053:The British Colonies and Dependencies.
1966:
1949:
1793:
1708:Webster, Roger. Die Adam Kok-Trek. in:
1688:
1686:
861:and over the mountains of present-day
318:20,000 km (7,700 sq mi)
2646:
2308:
2185:
2119:
1907:London: Clarendon Press, 1900. p. 186
1821:
1658:
2030:
1870:
1728:
1695:on flagspot.net; Accessed 2009-07-31
3542:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3188:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2161:The Cape Coloured People, 1652–1937
1683:
13:
2211:
2163:. London: Longman Group Ltd. 1957.
1203:Incorporation into the Cape (1879)
990:, to settle in the aforementioned
868:The territory was occupied by the
14:
4845:
4814:1870s disestablishments in Africa
4694:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
4329:South African Party (Cape Colony)
1257:Harry Gwala District Municipality
4706:
4705:
1867:New York: Appleton, 1890. p. 177
1597:
1288:
768:
459:
399:
109:
71:
59:
4343:South African Party (1977–1980)
4336:South African Party (1911–1934)
4252:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4049:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
2335:Other South African governments
2172:Bergh, J.S., and J.C. Visagie.
2166:
2153:
2131:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2058:
2045:
2040:Scottish Geographical Magazine.
2009:
1985:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1894:
1887:Morris, Michael John Linnegar.
1857:
1844:
834:), was one of four short-lived
3661:2019 service delivery protests
3647:#FeesMustFall student protests
3392:1983 constitutional referendum
1756:
1744:
1715:
1674:
95:: For King, Law and the People
1:
4809:1862 establishments in Africa
4119:Johannesburg Reform Committee
3348:Israel–South Africa Agreement
2741:
2726:
2703:
2696:
2413:
2400:
2387:
2380:
2176:. Durban: Butterworths, 1985.
1652:
1352:
1052:
896:
523:
4829:19th century in South Africa
4774:History of the Northern Cape
3774:Black Consciousness Movement
3528:Government of National Unity
1918:The First People of the Cape
1100:
978:According to the account of
7:
3485:Saint James Church massacre
3371:Weapons of mass destruction
1753:Vol. LXXII. Sept 1905. p473
1262:
1083:In 1867, after the Bank of
1078:
853:Griqualand East's capital,
263:• Move from Mt.Currie
16:Former 19th-century country
10:
4850:
3225:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3103:South West Africa campaign
3002:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2967:French Huguenot settlement
929:in contemporary sources).
891:
134:British Colony (1874–1879)
18:
4703:
4680:African National Congress
4669:
4575:
4408:
4140:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
3863:
3854:
3712:
3508:
3478:1992 apartheid referendum
3147:
3092:
3011:
2949:
2922:
2915:
2681:
2629:
2340:
2219:
2116:. Cape Town. 2006. p.136.
1693:Griqualand (South Africa)
1371:Republic of Graaff-Reinet
1148:British Annexation (1878)
542:Republic of Graaff-Reinet
415:
374:
364:
360:
344:
331:
327:
322:
314:
309:
305:
295:
285:
271:
261:
248:
235:Annexation of Philippolis
231:
227:
219:
209:
205:
193:
189:
181:
173:
148:
138:
130:
118:
100:
85:
55:
50:
38:
4133:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4126:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3682:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3640:#RhodesMustFall protests
3239:1960 republic referendum
2615:Republic of South Africa
2597:Cape Qualified Franchise
1946:. New York: Knopf, 1992.
1901:Lucas, Charles Prestwood
1585:Republic of South Africa
1213:Cape Qualified Franchise
756:Republic of South Africa
297:• Adam Kok's death
237:Expulsion to Nomansland
4578:terrorist organisations
3668:2019 Johannesburg riots
3281:Constructive engagement
3246:International isolation
3064:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2126:The Westminster Review.
1604:South Africa portal
1235:Contemporary Griqualand
822:), officially known as
775:South Africa portal
3591:Attack on Kennedy Road
3202:Congress of the People
2793:South African Republic
2603:South African Republic
1982:. Accessed 2009-07-31.
1721:Stapleton, Timothy J.
1457:South African Republic
1365:Republic of Swellendam
1197:responsible government
1158:
1142:South African Republic
1062:
1039:London Mission Society
1013:
975:
966:Arrival and settlement
628:South African Republic
536:Republic of Swellendam
424:South African Republic
89:Pro Rege Lege et Grege
4789:1870s in South Africa
4784:1860s in South Africa
4161:Natal Indian Congress
3881:Afrikaner Broederbond
3735:Afrikaner nationalism
3521:1994 general election
3492:Bophuthatswana crisis
3385:Church Street bombing
3165:Apartheid legislation
3158:1948 general election
3078:South Africa Act 1909
2873:Union of South Africa
2693:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2673:Political history of
2609:Union of South Africa
2377:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1667:Burton, Alfred R. E.
1555:Union of South Africa
1305:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1241:Union of South Africa
1152:
1060:
1009:
973:
846:Rivers, south of the
726:Union of South Africa
476:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
149:Common languages
3795:Greater South Africa
3633:2014 platinum strike
3499:Shell House massacre
3427:Transkei coup d'état
3232:Sharpeville massacre
2995:Battle of Blaauwberg
2988:Battle of Muizenberg
2940:Battle of Salt River
2723:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2397:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1349:Mthethwa Paramountcy
520:Mthethwa Paramountcy
4740:30.5500°S 29.4167°E
4736: /
4687:Democratic Alliance
3864:Civic and political
3728:Afrikaner Calvinism
3721:African nationalism
3570:African Renaissance
3260:UNSC Resolution 591
3181:Internal resistance
3082:National Convention
3050:Transvaal Civil War
2974:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2857:Orange River Colony
2453:Orange River Colony
2051:Rudler, F.W. (ed).
1841:Accessed 2009-07-30
1814:18 May 2010 at the
1469:Republic of Utrecht
640:Republic of Utrecht
3434:Ciskei coup d'état
3253:UN Resolution 1761
3218:Women's March 1956
3071:South African Wars
3057:Mineral Revolution
2633:Current government
2239:Lydenburg Republic
2141:. Sahistory.org.za
2068:. Sahistory.org.za
1980:www.tokencoins.com
1809:History of Kokstad
1669:Cape Colony to-day
1475:Lydenburg Republic
1063:
1014:
976:
950:intaba zokhahlamba
646:Lydenburg Republic
287:• Annexation
4745:-30.5500; 29.4167
4719:
4718:
4672:political parties
4665:
4664:
4642:Orde van die Dood
4259:Progressive Party
3965:Congress Alliance
3781:Cape Independence
3713:Political culture
3708:
3707:
3675:COVID-19 pandemic
3605:Marikana massacre
3441:Venda coup d'état
3195:Defiance Campaign
2785:Orange Free State
2715:Dutch Cape Colony
2640:
2639:
2624:
2623:
2477:Orange Free State
2435:Dutch Cape Colony
2302:
2301:
2254:Orange Free State
2099:M.A. Grundlingh:
1638:
1637:
1493:Diggers' Republic
1463:Orange Free State
1396:Dutch Cape Colony
1330:Dutch Cape Colony
1311:Kingdom of Mutapa
1170:
1166:
1156:
1119:
1115:
1111:
938:Orange Free State
859:Cape of Good Hope
809:
808:
664:Diggers' Republic
634:Orange Free State
567:Dutch Cape Colony
501:Dutch Cape Colony
482:Kingdom of Mutapa
436:
435:
431:
411:
410:
407:
406:
352:
195:• 1862–1875
165:
157:
96:
4841:
4834:Former republics
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4709:
4708:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4576:Paramilitary and
4568:
4566:Umkosi Wezintaba
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4411:social movements
4409:Trade unions and
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3930:Boerestaat Party
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3861:
3860:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3701:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3420:Dakar Conference
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3350:
3343:
3341:Israeli alliance
3336:
3329:
3322:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3295:Sporting boycott
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3267:Academic boycott
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3124:Great Depression
3119:
3112:
3110:Maritz rebellion
3105:
3085:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2960:Dutch settlement
2942:
2935:
2933:Bantu migrations
2920:
2919:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2865:Transvaal Colony
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2833:Nieuwe Republiek
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2769:Natalia Republic
2764:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2738:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2733:
2731:
2728:
2718:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2507:Nieuwe Republiek
2471:Natalia Republic
2459:Transvaal Colony
2418:
2415:
2410:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2405:
2402:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2343:
2342:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2284:Utrecht Republic
2249:Nieuwe Republiek
2244:Natalia Republic
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1868:
1863:Reclus, Élisée.
1861:
1855:
1850:Robinson, John.
1848:
1842:
1836:
1819:
1806:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1647:Natalia Republic
1630:
1623:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1438:Natalia Republic
1408:Waterboer's Land
1354:
1292:
1279:
1267:
1266:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1092:Strachan and Co.
832:Nieuw Griqualand
801:
794:
787:
773:
772:
771:
609:Natalia Republic
579:Waterboer's Land
525:
463:
450:
438:
437:
417:
403:
402:
391:
390:
376:
375:
350:
163:
155:
123:
113:
105:
91:
75:
63:
43:Nieuw Griqualand
36:
35:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4764:Griqualand East
4754:
4753:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4077:HNP (Herstigte)
4075:
4070:HNP (Herenigde)
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3888:Afrikaner Party
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3856:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3816:
3807:
3802:Honorary whites
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3704:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3563:Soweto bombings
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3364:Soweto Uprising
3362:
3355:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3288:Tar Baby Option
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:Freedom Charter
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3088:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2809:Griqualand West
2807:
2801:Griqualand East
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2677:
2671:
2641:
2636:
2625:
2620:
2590:
2524:
2489:Griqualand West
2483:Griqualand East
2464:
2428:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2383:
2336:
2333:
2303:
2298:
2215:
2210:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2086:P. A. Molteno:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1822:
1816:Wayback Machine
1807:
1794:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:Kropf, Albert.
1736:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1712:Spearhead. p84f
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1634:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1524:Nieuw Republiek
1507:
1499:
1498:
1487:Griqualand West
1481:Griqualand East
1452:
1444:
1443:
1420:Adam Kok's Land
1391:
1383:
1382:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1300:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1237:
1205:
1189:Colonial Office
1178:Colony of Natal
1173:
1168:
1160:
1150:
1131:
1122:and includes a
1110:OUVERNEMENT VAN
1103:
1089:
1081:
1055:
1018:Colonial Office
996:colony of Natal
968:
927:"No-man's land"
925:(often spelled
917:(leader of the
899:
894:
820:Griekwaland-Oos
812:Griqualand East
805:
769:
767:
762:
761:
715:
707:
706:
695:Nieuw Republiek
678:
670:
669:
658:Griqualand West
652:Griqualand East
623:
615:
614:
591:Adam Kok's Land
562:
554:
553:
515:
507:
506:
496:
488:
487:
471:
451:
448:
447:
432:
429:
427:
400:
353:
337:
298:
288:
278:
264:
254:
243:
241:
238:
236:
234:
214:
213:Raad/Volksraad
196:
166:
158:
126:
114:
107:
103:
90:
81:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
64:
46:
45:Griekwaland-Oos
44:
41:
40:Griqualand East
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4717:
4716:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4635:Ossewabrandwag
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4378:Unionist Party
4374:
4367:
4360:
4357:Torch Commando
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4231:Orde Boerevolk
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4007:DP (1989–2000)
4003:
4000:DP (1973–1977)
3996:
3993:Dominion Party
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3874:Afrikaner Bond
3869:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3788:Day of the Vow
3784:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3556:Floor crossing
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3471:Bisho massacre
3467:
3466:
3465:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3413:Operation Vula
3409:
3406:Rubicon speech
3402:
3399:Langa massacre
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3117:Rand Rebellion
3113:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3043:Boer Republics
3039:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2889:Bophuthatswana
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2849:Klein Vrystaat
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2734:
2719:
2711:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:(1961–present)
2612:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2555:Bophuthatswana
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2519:Klein Vrystaat
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Boer Republics
2354:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Klein Vrystaat
2231:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:Boer republics
2209:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2130:
2118:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2057:
2044:
2029:
2008:
1984:
1965:
1948:
1935:
1929:J. Dunn (ed).
1922:
1909:
1893:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1820:
1792:
1775:
1755:
1743:
1727:
1714:
1697:
1682:
1673:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:(1961–present)
1582:
1576:
1570:
1567:Bophuthatswana
1564:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:Klein Vrystaat
1527:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1278:in present-day
1264:
1261:
1236:
1233:
1220:Xhosa speaking
1209:Act 38 of 1877
1204:
1201:
1184:died as well.
1151:
1149:
1146:
1102:
1099:
1080:
1077:
1054:
1051:
1047:Xhosa speaking
988:United Kingdom
967:
964:
903:Mpondo kingdom
898:
895:
893:
890:
870:British Empire
824:New Griqualand
807:
806:
804:
803:
796:
789:
781:
778:
777:
764:
763:
760:
759:
758:(1961–present)
753:
747:
741:
738:Bophuthatswana
735:
729:
723:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:Klein Vrystaat
698:
692:
686:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
479:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
456:
455:
449:in present-day
434:
433:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
397:
388:
385:
384:
379:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
345:
342:
341:
338:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
320:
319:
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
279:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
249:
246:
245:
239:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
116:
115:
108:
98:
97:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
65:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
42:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4846:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Griqua people
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4714:
4713:
4702:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:Die Spoorbund
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:Workers Party
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:Radio Freedom
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:Oranjewerkers
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:organisations
3862:
3859:
3857:organisations
3853:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:Tshwane riots
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:Project Coast
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:Mafeje affair
3354:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:Durban Moment
3324:
3321:
3320:Rivonia Trial
3317:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:Disinvestment
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:1820 Settlers
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2739:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2411:
2408:
2398:
2395:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Potchefstroom
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Graaff-Reinet
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2159:J.S. Marais:
2156:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2112:John Dugard:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2018:
2012:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1916:Mountain, A.
1913:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1778:
1776:9780520066113
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:Potchefstroom
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:(c.1780–1817)
1360:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:KwaZulu-Natal
1250:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:John Robinson
972:
963:
961:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
942:Boer republic
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
848:Sotho Kingdom
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
782:
780:
779:
776:
766:
765:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:
711:
710:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
674:
673:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
625:
619:
618:
610:
607:
604:
603:Potchefstroom
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
564:
558:
557:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
532:(c.1780–1817)
531:
528:
521:
518:
517:
511:
510:
502:
499:
498:
492:
491:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
467:
466:
462:
458:
457:
454:
446:
443:
440:
439:
425:
421:
414:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
387:
386:
383:
380:
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
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112:
106:
99:
94:
88:
84:
74:
62:
54:
49:
37:
34:
30:
29:Griqua people
26:
25:KwaZulu-Natal
22:
4721:
4710:
4670:Histories of
4371:United Party
4280:Reform Party
4217:Orangia Unie
3842:
3833:
3826:Swart gevaar
3824:
3808:
3764:
3755:
3696:
3598:Blikkiesdorp
2924:Pre-colonial
2800:
2777:Natal Colony
2761:Zulu Kingdom
2675:South Africa
2632:
2482:
2447:Natal Colony
2423:Zulu Kingdom
2294:Zoutpansberg
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2060:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2020:. Retrieved
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1987:
1979:
1943:
1942:N. Mostert.
1938:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1787:
1780:. Retrieved
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1676:
1668:
1543:1900–present
1480:
1414:Zulu Kingdom
1282:South Africa
1238:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1164:Adam Kok III
1163:
1159:
1153:
1133:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1082:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1015:
1011:Adam Kok III
991:
977:
959:
953:
949:
948:also called
945:
931:
926:
922:
919:Zulu Kingdom
900:
885:
882:Voortrekkers
874:Adam Kok III
867:
852:
831:
823:
819:
811:
810:
714:1900–present
651:
585:Zulu Kingdom
453:South Africa
422:used by the
419:
382:Succeeded by
381:
251:
244:1862 (1863?)
215:(12 members)
200:Adam Kok III
101:
87:Motto:
86:
33:
21:Eastern Cape
4779:Cape Colony
4743: /
3810:Rooi gevaar
3689:2021 unrest
3619:Nkandlagate
3448:Third Force
3309:Rugby union
2907:(1981–1994)
2899:(1979–1994)
2891:(1977–1994)
2883:(1976–1994)
2875:(1910–1961)
2867:(1902–1910)
2859:(1902–1910)
2851:(1886–1891)
2843:(1885–1887)
2835:(1884–1888)
2827:(1882–1885)
2819:(1882–1883)
2811:(1870–1873)
2803:(1861–1879)
2795:(1856–1902)
2787:(1854–1902)
2779:(1843–1910)
2771:(1839–1843)
2763:(1816–1897)
2755:(1795–1910)
2753:Cape Colony
2745: 1780
2730: 1780
2717:(1652–1806)
2707: 1220
2700: 1075
2605:(1856–1902)
2599:(1853–1910)
2479:(1854–1902)
2449:(1843–1910)
2443:(1795–1910)
2441:Cape Colony
2437:(1652–1806)
2417: 1780
2404: 1780
2391: 1220
2384: 1075
1581:(1981–1994)
1575:(1979–1994)
1569:(1977–1994)
1563:(1976–1994)
1557:(1910–1961)
1551:(1806–1910)
1549:Cape Colony
1532:(1886–1891)
1526:(1884–1888)
1520:(1882–1883)
1514:(1882–1885)
1495:(1870–1871)
1489:(1870–1880)
1483:(1861–1879)
1477:(1856–1860)
1471:(1854–1858)
1465:(1854–1902)
1459:(1852–1902)
1440:(1839–1843)
1434:(1837–1848)
1428:(1836–1844)
1422:(1825–1861)
1416:(1818–1897)
1410:(1813–1871)
1404:(1806–1910)
1402:Cape Colony
1398:(1802–1806)
1379:(1795–1802)
1377:Cape Colony
1373:(1795–1796)
1332:(1652–1795)
1313:(1430–1760)
1307:(1050–1270)
1299:before 1600
1193:Cape Colony
1134:"Vierkleur"
984:George Grey
955:Drakensberg
934:Philippolis
878:Cape Colony
752:(1981–1994)
746:(1979–1994)
740:(1977–1994)
734:(1976–1994)
728:(1910–1961)
722:(1806–1910)
720:Cape Colony
703:(1886–1891)
697:(1884–1888)
691:(1882–1883)
685:(1882–1885)
666:(1870–1871)
660:(1870–1880)
654:(1861–1879)
648:(1856–1860)
642:(1854–1858)
636:(1854–1902)
630:(1852–1902)
611:(1839–1843)
605:(1837–1848)
599:(1836–1844)
593:(1825–1861)
587:(1818–1897)
581:(1813–1871)
575:(1806–1910)
573:Cape Colony
569:(1802–1806)
550:(1795–1802)
548:Cape Colony
544:(1795–1796)
503:(1652–1795)
484:(1430–1760)
478:(1050–1270)
470:before 1600
420:"Vierkleur"
395:Cape Colony
291:1874 ~ 1879
210:Legislature
66:Griqua Flag
4758:Categories
4731:29°25′00″E
4728:30°33′00″S
4621:Greyshirts
4385:Volksparty
3923:Black Sash
3584:Xenophobia
3577:Travelgate
3334:Border War
3138:Bantustans
3036:Great Trek
2981:Xhosa Wars
2841:Upingtonia
2825:Stellaland
2579:KwaNdebele
2513:Upingtonia
2501:Stellaland
2362:Bantustans
2279:Upingtonia
2269:Swellendam
2264:Stellaland
2145:23 January
2072:23 January
1961:Rare Coins
1782:23 January
1653:References
1512:Stellaland
1355:1780–1817)
1271:Historical
1249:Bantustans
1053:Government
1023:Afrikaners
992:Nomansland
946:Ukhahlamba
923:Nomansland
897:Background
683:Stellaland
526:1780–1817)
442:Historical
323:Population
174:Government
3844:Volkstaat
3835:Uitlander
3766:Boerehaat
3742:Anarchism
3549:Arms Deal
3512:apartheid
3172:Pass laws
3149:Apartheid
3094:1910–1948
3013:1815–1910
2951:1652–1815
2611:(1910–61)
2587:(1981–94)
2581:(1981–94)
2575:(1981–94)
2569:(1981–94)
2563:(1979–94)
2557:(1977–94)
2551:(1976–94)
2545:(1974–94)
2539:(1972–94)
2533:(1971–94)
2531:Gazankulu
2521:(1886–91)
2515:(1885–87)
2509:(1884–88)
2503:(1882–85)
2497:(1882–83)
2491:(1870–73)
2485:(1861–79)
2473:(1839–43)
2461:(1902–10)
2455:(1902–10)
2425:(1816–97)
2274:Transvaal
1642:Coloureds
1506:1875–1900
1451:1850–1875
1390:1800–1850
1343:1700–1800
1324:1600–1700
1239:When the
1225:Apartheid
1138:Transvaal
1118:RIQUALAND
1101:Symbolism
1072:Volksraad
1030:in 1863.
907:King Faku
840:Umzimkulu
816:Afrikaans
677:1875–1900
622:1850–1875
561:1800–1850
514:1700–1800
495:1600–1700
182:President
161:Afrikaans
156:(written)
51:1862–1879
4712:Category
4614:Boeremag
4112:Jeugkrag
4063:Het Volk
3757:Baasskap
3699:incident
3302:Olympics
2881:Transkei
2684:polities
2682:Defunct
2573:KaNgwane
2549:Transkei
2367:National
2352:Colonies
2347:Kingdoms
1812:Archived
1561:Transkei
1359:Ndwandwe
1263:See also
1245:Transkei
1229:Transkei
1140:and the
1136:used by
1128:mantling
1079:Currency
732:Transkei
530:Ndwandwe
365:Currency
351:(Mpondo)
315:Estimate
277:founded
177:Republic
164:(spoken)
4517:SAAPAWU
3855:Defunct
3818:Slavery
3022:Mfecane
2585:KwaZulu
2289:Winburg
2022:17 June
2001:17 June
1903:et al.
1426:Winburg
1000:Bushmen
892:History
863:Lesotho
855:Kokstad
597:Winburg
346:•
333:•
275:Kokstad
273:•
250:•
233:•
220:History
143:Kokstad
139:Capital
4468:FOSATU
4322:SAYRCO
4294:SADECO
4210:Occupy
3749:Azania
3697:Lady R
3626:Racism
3455:CODESA
2916:Events
2905:Ciskei
2817:Goshen
2747:–1819)
2732:–1817)
2567:Ciskei
2543:QwaQwa
2537:Lebowa
2495:Goshen
2419:–1819)
2406:–1817)
2229:Goshen
1773:
1579:Ciskei
1518:Goshen
1367:(1795)
1274:states
1085:Durban
1035:Laager
905:under
884:, the
844:Kinira
836:Griqua
750:Ciskei
689:Goshen
538:(1795)
445:states
369:Tokens
356:30,000
335:Griqua
252:Laager
223:
185:
159:proto-
131:Status
78:Emblem
27:, and
4649:PAGAD
4545:SATUC
4538:SARHU
4524:SACTU
4503:NURHS
4461:FNETU
4447:CTSWU
4440:CNETU
4433:BLATU
4315:SAYCO
4203:NUSAS
4084:IDASA
3895:AITUP
3510:Post-
2897:Venda
2561:Venda
1996:(PDF)
1573:Venda
1126:with
1028:exile
915:Shaka
911:Xhosa
828:Dutch
744:Venda
348:Xhosa
340:1,100
168:Xhosa
153:Dutch
93:Latin
4656:SANF
4586:APLA
4531:SAIF
4510:PAWE
4496:NEUM
4489:MUSA
4454:FCWU
4399:WOSA
4350:TNIP
4308:SASO
4301:SAIC
4287:SABP
4238:PAVN
3972:COSG
3951:CTEG
3944:CNIP
2147:2013
2074:2013
2024:2014
2003:2014
1784:2014
1771:ISBN
1124:helm
1114:IEUW
1069:(or
1067:Raad
960:trek
886:trek
842:and
310:Area
301:1875
281:1872
267:1869
257:1862
242:1860
102:Seal
4607:BBB
4600:AWB
4593:ARM
4559:UDF
4482:IWW
4475:ICU
4426:BCM
4419:APF
4364:UFP
4266:PRP
4245:PFP
4196:NRP
4189:NPP
4175:NNP
4168:NLP
4154:NCP
4105:ISL
4056:GNP
4028:ECC
4021:DSM
4014:DPP
3986:DLF
3958:COD
3937:CDA
3916:BPC
3909:AVF
3902:APO
1112:| N
4760::
4628:MK
4182:NP
4147:NA
4098:IP
4091:ID
4042:FD
4035:FA
3979:CP
2742:c.
2727:c.
2704:c.
2697:c.
2414:c.
2401:c.
2388:c.
2381:c.
2032:^
1968:^
1951:^
1872:^
1823:^
1795:^
1786:.
1730:^
1685:^
1660:^
1353:c.
1259:.
1231:.
1162:-
1108:"G
962:.
865:.
850:.
830::
818::
524:c.
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3084:)
3080:(
2740:(
2725:(
2709:)
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2666:e
2659:t
2652:v
2412:(
2399:(
2393:)
2386:–
2379:(
2328:e
2321:t
2314:v
2205:e
2198:t
2191:v
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2076:.
2026:.
2005:.
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104::
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
