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participated in; on the other hand, he widely elaborates on events with little documentary relevance, inserting dramatic dialogues that cannot possibly be authentic. These particularities of
Parlichev's Autobiography can be explained assuming that Parlichev used the medieval zhitiye (hagiography, vita) as a model for his own biography. Strikingly, nearly all the topoi of the zhitiye as described by Th. Pratsch in his exhaustive Der hagiographische Topos. Griechische Heiligenviten in mittelbyzantinischer Zeit (Berlin, New York, 2005) also feature in Parlichev's work, moreover in roughly the same order. The most elaborate episodes in Parlichev's Autobiography ― his victory at the Athenian poetry contest on 1860, which made him a Greek celebrity, and the weeks he spent in prison in Ohrid and Debar in 1868 ― transpire to be secularized versions (in the spirit of national revival) of the main topoi in most hagiographies: the temptation of the saint and his or her suffering for the sake of Christ. As a result, Parlichev succeeds in similarly representing himself in his Autobiography as a "martyr" for the Bulgarian national cause. Happily for the reader, this whole operation is accompanied by a refreshing dose of (unconscious?) self-irony that sometimes makes Parlichev's Autobiography remind of Sofroniy's Life and sufferings.
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secondary importance, valid in societies marked by nationalism, may also contribute to an author's canonization: the "national" character of his work in the sense that it deals with national themes, displays the national identity, or attests to the author's devotion to the national cause — a devotion preferably supported by his real-life heroism or martyrdom. Părličev's canonization has proven to be problematic in all respects. To which nation did he actually belong? In his youth he had no well-defined sense of national identity and probably considered himself a "Greek" in the sense of being an
Orthodox Christian. As an adult he explicitly identified himself initially with the Greek and later with the Bulgarian nation. In the last decades of his life, he seems to have tended to exhibit some vague Ohrid-based or Macedonian particularism, though apparently continuing to perceive himself as a Bulgarian. With such an evolution, it is understandable why disputes between Bulgarian and Macedonian (literary) historians flare up around the issue of Parlichev's national identity, which also refer to the debate about the existence of a Macedonian nation.
416:, a multi-ethnic proto-nation, comprising all Orthodox Christians of the Ottoman Empire. It had been under way until the 1830s, with the rise of nationalism in the Balkans. In his youth, he had no well-defined sense of national identity and developed a Greek (Rum Millet) identity (in the sense of being an Orthodox Christian), but as an adult, he adopted a Greek and later a Bulgarian national identity. In the last decade of his life, he adhered to a form of vague local Macedonian patriotism, though continued to identify himself as a Bulgarian. Thus, in the context of discussions about the existence of the Macedonian nation, his national identity became disputed between Bulgarian and Macedonian (literary) historians. As a Bulgarian national activist, he used German historian
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454:. Thus, according to Bulgarian historian Roumen Daskalov, Parlichev reacted against his Bulgarian literary critics by withdrawing into "an alternative Macedonian regional identity, a kind of Macedonian particularism." However, when he came to write his autobiography, Parlichev used the standard Bulgarian language with some influence of his native Ohrid dialect.
33:
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Summary/Abstract: The normal criteria for an author to be included in a national literary canon are that he should belong to the nation to which the canon is related, that he must write in the nation's (standard) language, and that his work is of reasonable size and aesthetic value. A criterion of
428:
As a child, Parlichev learned to write excellent Greek and later wrote in his autobiography that he mastered literary Greek better than a native speaker. However, as an adult, despite his
Bulgarian self-identification, Parlichev had poor knowledge of literary Bulgarian, which appeared to him as a
996:
Summary/Abstract: Among the many
Bulgarian autobiographies written in the national revival period, that by Grigor Parlichev one occupies a particular place due to its highly fictional nature. On the one hand, the author provides very little factual information on the historical developments he
252:. In 1858 Parlichev returned to Athens to study medicine in the second year but later transferred to the Faculty of Linguistics. Adopting the Hellenized form of his name - Grigorios Stavridis, in 1860, he took part in the annual poetry competition in Athens, winning first prize for his poem "
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More surprising is another omission: there is no entry on Grigor
Parlichev, a Hellenised Bulgarian author who, in the course of his literary career, rejected Hellenism and reverted openly to Bulgarian nationalism. This is rather odd, given that Parlichev was the subject of Detrez's doctoral
223:), as the fourth child of Maria Gyokova and Stavre Parlichev, a craftsman. He was six months old when his father died. His paternal grandfather, who was a farmer, took over the care of the family. He was taught to read Greek by his grandfather. Parlichev studied in a
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language. He returned to Ohrid in
November where he advocated the substitution of Greek with Bulgarian in the town's schools and churches. In the same year, Parlichev was arrested and spent several months in an Ottoman jail in Debar after a complaint was sent by the
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activist. In 1839 or 1840, his grandfather died. His family lived in poverty. Parlichev's mother worked as a house servant, while he also contributed to the living of his family by selling goods at the market and copying Greek handwritings. He went to
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in 1871. However, he was criticized by
Bulgarian literary critics because they considered his knowledge of Bulgarian as poor. Parlichev used a specific mixture of Church Slavonic, Bulgarian, Russian and his native
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from 1883 to 1889. During his stay there he wrote his autobiography between 1884 and 1885. After his retirement in 1890, he returned to Ohrid, where he lived with a pension until his death in 25 January 1893.
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dialects, while his native dialect belongs to the western dialects. He used a mix of Church
Slavonic, Russian and Bulgarian words and forms, as well as elements typical of his native dialect, calling it
1381:Материали за възраждането на българщината в Македония от 1854 до 1884 г. Неиздадени записки и писма (Materials about the Bulgarian Revival in Macedonia from 1854 to 1884. Unpublished Notes and Letters)
294:) in Greek, with which he participated in the poetry competition, but it was not awarded. After the death of his teacher Dimitar Miladinov in the same year, he returned to Ohrid.
420:'s discontinuity thesis against the Greeks. In 1889, under a translation, he signed himself as "Gr. S. Părličev, killed by the Bulgarians" (Гр. С. Пърличевъ, убитий българами).
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382:" into Bulgarian in an attempt to popularize his earlier works, which were written in Greek, among the Bulgarian audience. Parlichev was the first Bulgarian translator of
278:. However, Parlichev declined the offered scholarships. Part of the literary critics and the public in Athens also challenged the decision, with fellow contestant
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429:"foreign language". He started learning to read and write in Bulgarian only after his return from Athens in 1862. In his autobiography, Parlichev wrote: "
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to study medicine in 1849 but due to lacking money, he returned to Ohrid in the next year. In the 1850s he worked as a teacher of Greek in the towns of
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1193:(Finally, the Autobiography is written in acceptable standard Bulgarian, which nevertheless carries some influence from the native Ohrid dialect.)
1191:И накрая, Автобиографията е написана на приемлив стандартен български, който все пак носи в себе си известно влияние от родния охридски диалект.
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364:. In this period, he married Anastasiya Hristova Uzunova and had five children: Konstantinka, Luisa, Kiril, Despina and Georgi. In the 1870s,
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Becoming
Bulgarian: the articulation of Bulgarian identity in the nineteenth century in its international context: an intellectual history
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945:"Григор Пърличев и билингвизмът и диглосията на Балканите, Билингвизъм, транснационални явления и транснационални перспективи"
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Eleonora
Naxidou (2015). "Competing Representations of Shared Legacies: Greek and Bulgarian Narratives in the 19th Century".
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public figure. After World War II, Macedonian historians started regarding him as an ethnic Macedonian author. Both
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The first page of Parlichev's autobiography published by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education in the magazine
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1360:Гр. С. Пърличев. Книжовно биографически чертици (Gr. S. Parlichev: A Literary and Biographical Outline)
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412:, who received his PhD for his thesis on Parlichev, in his early life Parlichev was a member of the
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is named after him. A digital monument honoring him was set up in the center of Ohrid in 2022.
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Blood Ties: Religion, Violence and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908
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1146:"When in the Balkans, do as the Romans do – or why the present is the wrong key to the past"
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1348:Към характеристика на Григор С. Пърличев (Towards a Characteristic of Grigor S. Parlichev)
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1395:, Сборникъ за Народни Умотворения, Наука и Книжнина, book XIII, Sofia, pp 621–681 (1896)
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Raymond Detrez (2007). "Canonization through Competition: The Case of Grigor Părličev"".
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Raymond Detrez (2007). "Canonization through Competition: The Case of Grigor Părličev".
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Raymond Detrez (2007). "Canonization through Competition: The Case of Grigor Părličev".
172:. He is the third man with the white beard, sitting from left to right in the first row.
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His autobiography was published posthumously in Sofia in a Bulgarian periodical called
446:. He also wanted to enrich the emerging standard language with elements taken from the
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1253:"Digital Monument to Poet Grigor Parlichev in Ohrid Vandalised 48hrs after Placement"
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1073:(in Bulgarian) (1). Institute of Literature - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 61–101.
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1223:(in Bulgarian) (1). Institute of Literature - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 61–101.
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Raymond Detrez (2015). "Grigor Parlichev's Autobiography as a "self-hagiography"".
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1173:. Rijksuniversiteit te Gent, Department of Slavonic Philology. 2006. p. 48.
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accusing him of being a Bulgarian. In 1862, he also wrote another poem called "
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Corinne Ondine Pache; Casey Dué; Susan Lupack; Robert Lamberton, eds. (2020).
747:(in Macedonian). Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. pp. 1226–1227.
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437:" The then-emerging standard Bulgarian language was based on the easternmost
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1304:. Сборник за народни умотворения, наука и книжнина, book IX, Sofia (1894). (
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819:. Warsaw: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences: 239–241.
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In Greek I sang like a swan, now in Slavic I cannot even sing like a donkey.
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1188:(in Bulgarian). Institute of Literature - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
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372:(Reading room) in Istanbul made him the suggestion to translate Homer's
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into Bulgarian. In 1870 Parlichev translated his award-winning poem "
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The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World
450:. Because of this, he was criticized for his translation of Homer's
1393:По възражданьето в град Охрид (On the Revival in the City of Ohrid)
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947:[Grigor Părličev and Balkan bilingualism and diglossia].
395:. In 1883 Parlichev moved to Thessaloniki where he taught at the
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785:(in Bulgarian). ЛИК. pp. 20–23, 33, 140, 147, 205, 227.
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From 1869 Parlichev taught Bulgarian in several towns across
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became a prominent member of the revolutionary movement in
909:
Shoreless Bridges: South East European Writing in Diaspora
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717:(2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 248.
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I was, and I am still weak with the Bulgarian language,
270:", he was offered scholarships to the universities at
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National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
1271:"Поправен е дигиталниот споменик на Прличев во Охрид"
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struggle for independent Bulgarian church and schools
203:, he is regarded as a pioneer of national awakening.
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Language and national identity in Greece, 1766-1976
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488:regard him as a pioneer of national awakening. The
1351:, Macedonian Review 4, book 2, p. 99 (1928).
1038:"Bulgarian Cultural Identity as a Borderline One"
813:"Profile of Grigor Prličev (Grigorios Stawridis)"
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211:Grigor Parlichev was born on 18 January 1830 in
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1096:Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One
969:. Princeton University Press. pp. 50, 62.
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949:Академичен Кръг по Сравнително Литературознание
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1208:. Harvard University Press. 1953. p. 369.
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312:Upon his return, he became familiar with the
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681:. Cornell University Press. pp. 72–73.
994:(2). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 56–79.
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881:. Cambridge University Press. p. 484.
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170:Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki
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266:), written in Greek. Acclaimed as "second
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1093:Rumen Daskalov; Tchavdar Marinov (2013).
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631:. Oxford University Press. p. 189.
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391:. In 1872, he published the poem called
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95:poet, writer, teacher and public figure
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1363:, Balgarski Pregled, book 4-5 (1895).
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195:writer, teacher and translator. In
182:Folklore and Ethnography Collection
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1383:. Balgarski Pisatel, Sofia (1984)
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1159:. University of Helsinki: 115–117.
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227:school in Ohrid. He was taught by
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1239:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
1130:] (in Bulgarian). p. 59.
656:. Pegasus. pp. 61, 89, 124.
184:, a year after his death in 1893.
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1277:(in Macedonian). 12 August 2022.
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1466:19th-century Bulgarian people
853:10.1080/13537113.2015.1063920
745:Makedonska enciklopedija: M-Š
743:Blaže Ristovski, ed. (2009).
1446:19th-century Bulgarian poets
1099:. BRILL. pp. 171, 227.
879:The Cambridge Guide to Homer
16:Bulgarian writer (1830–1893)
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341:bishop of Ohrid Meletius.
233:Bulgarian National Revival
118:Bulgarian National Revival
1491:19th-century male writers
1312:Parlichev's Autobiography
1120:Grigor Parlichev (1894).
1036:Yordan Ljuckanov (2015).
1019:10.1080/14683850701189915
652:Janette Sampimon (2006).
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1144:Jouko Lindstedt (2012).
1013:. Routledge: 178. 2007.
965:Loring Danforth (1997).
811:Jolanta Sujecka (2015).
625:Peter Mackridge (2009).
567:Grigor Stavrev Parlichev
404:Identification and views
189:Grigor Stavrev Parlichev
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25:Grigor Stavrev Parlichev
1055:10.12697/IL.2015.20.2.9
781:Raymond Detrez (2001).
713:Dimitar Bechev (2019).
677:İpek Yosmaoğlu (2013).
556:Григор Ставрев Пърличев
320:. Parlichev joined the
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1456:Bulgarian male writers
1314:at Wikimedia Commons)
1206:Harvard Slavic Studies
847:. Routledge: 362–364.
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280:Theodoros Orphanidis
1441:Bulgarian educators
1320:Parlichev, Grigor.
1298:Parlichev, Grigor.
587:Grigorios Stavridis
576:Γρηγόριος Σταυρίδης
1401:2019-05-11 at the
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1259:. 12 August 2022.
1235:"Parlichev Ridge"
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1337:Biographies
540:Parlitcheff
380:O Armatolos
370:Chitalishte
264:Ο Αρματωλός
255:O Armatolos
143:1st prize,
128:O Armatolos
40:Native name
1415:Categories
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792:9546074543
688:0801469791
663:9061433118
592:Macedonian
494:Antarctica
284:Skenderbeg
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