31:
361:
371:
deep-bodied with a tough, leathery skin. The front dorsal fin has three spines, the first being very strong and much longer than the other two. The second dorsal fin has 26 to 29 soft rays and is much the same size and shape as the anal fin directly below it which has no spines and 23 to 26 soft rays. The pectoral fins are small and rounded. The outer rays of the caudal fin are elongated in larger individuals. The scales on the head and front half of the body are large while those on the hind half are smaller and smooth.
524:
384:
75:
1300:
2292:
2274:
50:
2304:
480:
When a female is ready to spawn, both male and female enter a nest and tightly circle round each other while she lays large numbers of minute eggs and he fertilises them. The female stays in the nest, guarding the eggs and blowing and fanning them. The male defends his territory, which may contain other nests with females guarding their eggs. In this way, the male exhibits
431:
Locomotion in the grey triggerfish is by means of undulations of the dorsal fins. If threatened, the fish can work its way into a protective crevice and wedge itself in place by erecting its front dorsal spine. It is difficult to dislodge from this position. The second spine is connected to the first
395:
The grey triggerfish is principally a fish of shallow waters in the western
Atlantic Ocean. Its native range extends from Nova Scotia to the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and Bermuda, and southwards to Argentina. It is typically found over hard bottoms on reefs and rocky areas, in lagoons and in
479:
during the breeding season, which commences in summer when the water temperature reaches about 21 °C (70 °F). The males prepare up to a dozen nests in hollows blown out of sandy seabed and then patrol the area, driving unwanted fish away. The females roam around inspecting the nest sites.
471:
and may reveal something edible. Further puffs expose more, and the prey item is gripped with the fish's sharp teeth and removed from the seabed. If it is a sand dollar, the fish drops it and picks it up again several times until the prey lands upside down. The fish then adopts its vertical stance
374:
This fish is predominantly pale grey, greenish-grey or yellowish-brown. The body has three indistinct broad dark bars and there is a pale streak on the chin. The upper part of the orbit of the eye is blue and there are some small blue spots and lines on the dorsal fins and upper parts of the body,
370:
The grey triggerfish is a medium-sized fish that can grow to 60 cm (24 in), but a more common length is 44 cm (17 in). The small beak-like mouth at the tip of the snout has fleshy lips. The eyes are set far back near the top of the head. The body is laterally compressed and
347:
except for its drab, uniformly grey colouration. It is a relatively small fish, usually less than 2.3 kg (5.1 lb) in weight. It is fished recreationally and despite its tough skin, is an excellent food-fish. The species is classified as ‘vulnerable’ by the
396:
bays, at depths down to about 55 m (180 ft). It is also found on the other side of the
Atlantic, around the British Isles, in the Mediterranean Sea and off the coast of Angola. It may have crossed the Atlantic as a result of the movement of water in the
467:. It has strong teeth specialised for making holes in hard-shelled prey. An interesting feeding behaviour has been observed, in which the fish positions itself vertically above a sandy seabed and puffs a stream of water out of its mouth. This disturbs the
531:
The grey triggerfish is fished recreationally around
Florida and elsewhere. It is known as a notorious bait stealer and is found over hard bottom in 20 to 40 m (66 to 131 ft) depths off the Atlantic Coast of Florida, often in association with
375:
and sometimes white dots and irregular lines on the lower parts of the body. Both the second dorsal and the anal fin present a somewhat marbled appearance. The body colour fades a little as the animal gets older: juveniles are more colourful.
488:
and red snappers sometimes feed on the eggs which, if they survive that long, hatch after about fifty hours. The fish larvae migrate up towards the surface of the water where they often become part of the community depending on floating
540:. Because of its bony mouth it needs a small sharp hook which is usually baited with squid or cut bait. The flesh is of high quality but the consumption of this fish has been linked to isolated cases of
30:
2370:
1070:
2004:
1201:
2330:
1746:
1005:
837:
Simmons, Carrie M.; Szedlmayer, Stephen T. (2012). "Territoriality, Reproductive
Behavior, and Parental Care in Gray Triggerfish,
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1031:
2355:
1109:
764:
472:
once more and attacks the middle with closed jaws, crushing the soft central area. It then scoops out and devours the flesh.
411:
in recent years, suggesting that its range is continuing to expand northwards, with one caught as far north as the island of
1036:
2340:
1573:
825:
705:
2380:
1603:
1083:
1148:
1075:
614:
2365:
1257:
1194:
735:
2350:
2345:
407:
coast, may indicate it is now breeding there; in addition, it has been found in other areas along the coast of
1166:
1057:
2308:
1342:
944:
868:
1242:
966:
971:
1994:
1721:
1691:
1578:
1187:
403:
Once considered to be an uncommon visitor to northern
European seas, an increase in records around the
1140:
2267:
2260:
2227:
1969:
1641:
1322:
1153:
602:
74:
360:
2277:
2036:
561:
Liu, J.; Zapfe, G.; Shao, K.-T.; Leis, J.L.; Matsuura, K.; Hardy, G.; Liu, M.; Tyler, J. (2016) .
2255:
2237:
1799:
1548:
1299:
185:
727:
511:
worms. In the autumn, when they reach about 15 cm (6 in), the juvenile fish leave the
2375:
2217:
2041:
2026:
1849:
1568:
1457:
906:
2247:
2232:
1741:
1558:
169:
1127:
1049:
2242:
1538:
958:
953:
1088:
635:
8:
2335:
2031:
1974:
1774:
1661:
1450:
468:
39:
2360:
1613:
537:
476:
194:
69:
54:
562:
1959:
1864:
1769:
1681:
1676:
1623:
1430:
1237:
1227:
1122:
979:
760:
126:
343:
In its appearance and habits, the grey triggerfish is a typical member of the genus
1701:
1646:
1608:
1563:
1521:
1445:
1232:
850:
329:
984:
1918:
1898:
1726:
1713:
1696:
1651:
1533:
1472:
1396:
1391:
1327:
1314:
1284:
1096:
523:
481:
1062:
757:
Marine and
Estuarine Fish. In Red Data Book for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly
383:
2194:
2167:
2059:
2051:
1984:
1954:
1893:
1875:
1829:
1819:
1423:
1376:
929:
780:
533:
416:
322:
116:
801:
2324:
2296:
2199:
2113:
1933:
1908:
1903:
1859:
1854:
1809:
1804:
1784:
1656:
1435:
1354:
1044:
894:
663:
571:
408:
349:
337:
59:
2189:
2013:
1928:
1888:
1789:
1731:
1671:
1598:
1593:
1583:
1499:
1489:
1418:
1401:
1308:
1269:
1262:
464:
1101:
854:
2172:
2160:
2086:
1844:
1839:
1814:
1794:
1736:
1631:
1526:
1504:
1494:
1467:
1337:
1289:
1018:
938:
456:
397:
333:
326:
136:
836:
432:
and when it is depressed, it triggers the unlocking of the first spine.
2222:
2021:
1989:
1923:
1913:
1834:
1824:
1509:
1477:
1462:
1408:
1381:
1364:
1010:
997:
508:
452:
332:. The species is native to shallow parts of the western Atlantic from
1979:
1964:
1949:
1779:
1440:
1386:
1371:
1349:
1332:
1279:
1023:
560:
541:
491:
388:
86:
900:
2182:
2123:
2069:
2064:
1883:
1751:
1413:
1359:
1274:
992:
923:
676:
504:
500:
460:
436:
420:
404:
146:
106:
2155:
2150:
2128:
2101:
2096:
2091:
1636:
1588:
1482:
1252:
1247:
1161:
448:
1114:
2074:
485:
440:
96:
759:(2nd ed.). Praze-an-Beeble: Croceago Press. p. 553.
2177:
2106:
1516:
1135:
496:
412:
2079:
1666:
1219:
1210:
444:
439:
species and feeds on bottom-dwelling invertebrates such as
2118:
1686:
475:
Males develop a charcoal grey colouration and are highly
1179:
879:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
2322:
340:Sea and off Angola on the west coast of Africa.
336:to Argentina and also the eastern Atlantic, the
600:
1195:
703:
725:
378:
1202:
1188:
658:
656:
48:
29:
1747:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
806:South Atlantic Fishery Management Council
633:
522:
382:
359:
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662:
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594:
518:
2323:
826:Florida Museum of Natural History site
754:
2371:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1183:
905:
904:
841:, from the Northern Gulf of Mexico".
1167:9283F7F6-DFD7-4E99-B1C8-BF6F76AF7D24
1141:0D9881AD-1705-BAD1-337C-E95E8007925B
684:
591:
2303:
1574:Electroreception and electrogenesis
781:"Triggerfish | British Sea Fishing"
708:. Florida Museum of Natural History
636:"Gray Triggerfish | NOAA Fisheries"
572:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
634:Fisheries, NOAA (3 October 2023).
400:and breeds in the Mediterranean.
387:School of grey triggerfish on the
14:
2392:
887:
877:Fishing: Recreational regulations
2331:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2302:
2291:
2290:
2273:
2272:
1298:
615:World Register of Marine Species
73:
1258:Environmental impact of fishing
861:
830:
819:
736:Marine Life Information Network
794:
773:
748:
719:
627:
554:
515:and sink down to the sea bed.
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1:
2356:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
547:
1343:intramembranous ossification
426:
7:
10:
2397:
2341:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
1722:Fin and flipper locomotion
1692:Sequential hermaphroditism
1579:Jamming avoidance response
1296:
843:Bulletin of Marine Science
527:Sketch of grey triggerfish
435:The grey triggerfish is a
2286:
2210:
2143:
2050:
2012:
2003:
1942:
1873:
1760:
1712:
1622:
1547:
1307:
1217:
913:
495:weed. There they feed on
292:Nematobalistes forcipatus
276:Balistes spilotopterygius
200:
193:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2381:Marine fish of Nicaragua
1209:
666:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
601:Bailly, Nicolas (2013).
379:Distribution and habitat
2238:Glossary of ichthyology
1800:Diel vertical migration
2366:Fish described in 1789
1604:Surface wave detection
1569:Hydrodynamic reception
1243:Diseases and parasites
528:
392:
367:
2351:Marine fish of Europe
2346:Fish of the Black Sea
1742:Undulatory locomotion
1559:Ampullae of Lorenzini
897:on Sealife Collection
855:10.5343/bms.2011.1012
526:
391:archipelago, Portugal
386:
363:
284:Balistes taeniopterus
236:Balistes carolinensis
1970:Genetically modified
755:Gainey, P A (2009).
726:Reeds, Kate (2008).
680:. June 2006 version.
579:: e.T193736A97662794
519:Recreational fishing
252:Balistes fuliginosus
1775:Aquatic respiration
1662:Life history theory
869:"Gray triggerfish:
802:"Triggerfish, Gray"
260:Balistes moribundus
244:Balistes forcipatus
40:Conservation status
1614:Weberian apparatus
959:Balistes_capriscus
945:Balistes capriscus
915:Balistes capriscus
871:Balistes capriscus
839:Balistes capriscus
730:Balistes capriscus
706:"Gray triggerfish"
704:Bester, Cathleen.
670:Balistes capriscus
605:Balistes capriscus
565:Balistes capriscus
529:
393:
368:
365:Balistes capriscus
321:, is a species of
314:Balistes capriscus
228:Balistes capriscus
223:Valenciennes, 1839
179:Balistes capriscus
2318:
2317:
2228:Fish common names
2139:
2138:
1770:Aquatic predation
1594:Capacity for pain
1323:Age determination
1177:
1176:
1123:Open Tree of Life
907:Taxon identifiers
766:978-1-901685-01-5
305:
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288:
280:
272:
268:Balistes powellii
264:
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232:
224:
220:Balistes caprinus
216:
161:B. capriscus
127:Tetraodontiformes
63:
24:Grey triggerfish
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2010:
2009:
1302:
1233:Ethnoichthyology
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1089:gray-triggerfish
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1063:NHMSYS0001745769
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895:Grey triggerfish
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309:grey triggerfish
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1652:Ichthyoplankton
1618:
1550:
1543:
1539:Digital Library
1534:Teleost leptins
1473:Shark cartilage
1397:pharyngeal slit
1392:pharyngeal arch
1328:Anguilliformity
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799:
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779:
778:
774:
767:
753:
749:
740:
738:
728:"Trigger fish:
724:
720:
711:
709:
702:
685:
661:
654:
644:
642:
632:
628:
619:
617:
599:
592:
582:
580:
559:
555:
550:
521:
429:
381:
358:
323:ray-finned fish
301:
212:Balistes buniva
206:
205:
189:
183:
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
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2343:
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2333:
2316:
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2287:
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2250:
2245:
2240:
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2214:
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2208:
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2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2164:
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2158:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2056:
2054:
2052:Wild fisheries
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Hallucinogenic
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1962:
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1921:
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1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Schooling fish
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:Filter feeders
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Bottom feeders
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1777:
1772:
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1764:
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1485:
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1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1453:
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1433:
1431:Leydig's organ
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:pharyngeal jaw
1421:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:branchial arch
1369:
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1028:
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888:External links
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849:(2): 197–209.
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664:Froese, Rainer
652:
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534:black sea bass
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417:Inner Hebrides
380:
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295:(Gmelin, 1789)
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2376:Fish of Aruba
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2278:more lists...
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607:Gmelin, 1789"
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170:Binomial name
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36:
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27:
22:
19:
2307:
2295:
2195:spiny-finned
2144:Major groups
1865:Intelligence
1845:Scale eaters
1790:Cleaner fish
1672:Mouthbrooder
1624:Reproduction
1599:Schreckstoff
1584:Lateral line
1500:Swim bladder
1490:Spiral valve
1419:hyomandibula
1402:pseudobranch
1285:Hypoxia in -
914:
876:
870:
863:
846:
842:
838:
832:
821:
809:. Retrieved
805:
796:
785:. Retrieved
783:. 2012-09-10
775:
756:
750:
739:. Retrieved
729:
721:
710:. Retrieved
675:
669:
643:. Retrieved
639:
629:
618:. Retrieved
610:
604:
581:. Retrieved
576:
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556:
530:
512:
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474:
457:sand dollars
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291:
283:
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259:
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247:Gmelin, 1789
243:
239:Gronow, 1854
235:
231:Gronow, 1854
227:
219:
211:
186:J. F. Gmelin
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2309:WikiProject
2268:Prehistoric
2252:Threatened
1943:Other types
1840:Sardine run
1815:Forage fish
1795:Corallivory
1647:Development
1632:Bubble nest
1505:physoclisti
1495:Suckermouth
1468:Root effect
1290:Ichthyology
1019:iNaturalist
939:Wikispecies
811:19 November
645:19 November
544:poisoning.
538:red snapper
484:behaviour.
477:territorial
453:sea urchins
398:Gulf Stream
356:Description
334:Nova Scotia
327:triggerfish
255:DeKay, 1842
2336:Balistidae
2325:Categories
1924:Groundfish
1919:Freshwater
1914:Euryhaline
1899:Coral reef
1835:Salmon run
1825:Paedophagy
1727:Amphibious
1714:Locomotion
1522:pharyngeal
1510:physostome
1463:Photophore
1409:Glossohyal
1382:gill raker
1365:dorsal fin
1315:physiology
893:Photos of
787:2024-04-14
741:2014-02-20
712:2014-02-20
620:2014-02-20
548:References
509:polychaete
287:Poey, 1860
271:Cope, 1870
263:Cope, 1871
137:Balistidae
55:Vulnerable
2361:Game fish
2173:chimaeras
2060:Predatory
2037:Salmonids
1995:Whitefish
1985:Poisonous
1960:Diversity
1894:Coldwater
1830:Predatory
1820:Migratory
1780:Bait ball
1763:behaviour
1682:Pregnancy
1677:Polyandry
1451:papillare
1446:Operculum
1441:Meristics
1387:gill slit
1350:Cleithrum
1280:Fish kill
1270:Fear of -
1263:- as food
1253:Fisheries
1238:Evolution
1228:Diversity
542:ciguatera
513:sargassum
501:barnacles
492:sargassum
469:substrate
427:Behaviour
389:Berlengas
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2297:Category
2248:Smallest
2161:lampreys
2124:flatfish
2114:Demersal
2070:mackerel
2065:billfish
2005:Commerce
1934:Tropical
1909:Demersal
1904:Deep-sea
1860:Venomous
1752:RoboTuna
1702:triggers
1697:Spawning
1657:Juvenile
1642:Egg case
1275:FishBase
993:FishBase
930:Q1277472
924:Wikidata
677:FishBase
505:hydroids
461:starfish
449:molluscs
437:demersal
421:Scotland
345:Balistes
195:Synonyms
148:Balistes
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2243:Largest
2156:hagfish
2151:Jawless
2129:pollock
2102:sardine
2097:herring
2092:anchovy
2042:Tilapia
2032:Octopus
2027:Catfish
2014:Farming
1929:Pelagic
1889:Coastal
1876:habitat
1732:Walking
1637:Clasper
1589:Otolith
1551:systems
1549:Sensory
1483:ganoine
1458:Papilla
1309:Anatomy
1248:Fishing
1162:ZooBank
1011:2407107
583:3 April
486:Wrasses
441:shrimps
415:in the
405:Cornish
325:in the
188:, 1789
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2261:sharks
2178:sharks
2107:sprats
2087:Forage
2075:salmon
1955:Coarse
1737:Flying
1609:Vision
1564:Barbel
1478:Scales
1338:dermal
1218:About
1154:154721
1128:135140
1115:154721
1102:187320
1076:303685
1050:193736
1037:173138
763:
330:family
317:), or
2223:Blind
2211:Lists
1990:Rough
1855:Sleep
1761:Other
1527:shark
1517:Teeth
1149:WoRMS
1136:Plazi
1024:49606
972:88383
611:WoRMS
497:algae
482:harem
445:crabs
413:Tiree
2256:rays
2190:Bony
2183:rays
2080:tuna
2022:Carp
1980:Oily
1965:Game
1950:Bait
1884:Cave
1667:Milt
1372:Gill
1360:Fins
1333:Bone
1220:fish
1211:Fish
1110:OBIS
1084:NOAA
1071:NCBI
1045:IUCN
1032:ITIS
1006:GBIF
998:7327
985:KH43
967:BOLD
813:2023
761:ISBN
647:2023
640:NOAA
585:2024
577:2015
536:and
507:and
463:and
307:The
204:List
2119:cod
1874:By
1687:Roe
1414:Jaw
1312:and
1058:NBN
980:CoL
954:ADW
851:doi
2327::
1164::
1151::
1138::
1125::
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1086::
1073::
1060::
1047::
1034::
1021::
1008::
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982::
969::
956::
941::
926::
875:.
847:88
845:.
804:.
734:.
686:^
674:.
655:^
638:.
613:.
609:.
593:^
575:.
569:.
503:,
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790:.
769:.
744:.
732:"
715:.
672:"
668:"
649:.
623:.
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587:.
567:"
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311:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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