Green computing - Knowledge

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percent savings on energy costs if their proposed algorithm were to be deployed. However, this approach does not actually reduce the amount of energy being used; it reduces only the cost to the company using it. Nonetheless, a similar strategy could be used to direct traffic to rely on energy that is produced in a more environmentally friendly or efficient way. A similar approach has also been used to cut energy usage by routing traffic away from data centers experiencing warm weather; this allows computers to be shut down to avoid using air conditioning.

561:-compatible computers, and other computer systems, in the 1990s. With virtualization, a system administrator can combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one powerful system, thereby conserving resources by removing need for some of the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption. Virtualization can assist in distributing work so that servers are either busy or put in a low-power sleep state. Several commercial companies and open-source projects now offer software packages to enable a transition to virtual computing. 4454: 978:, and can replace equipment that otherwise would need to be manufactured, saving further energy and emissions. Computer systems that have outlived their original function can be re-purposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations. However, many charities have recently imposed minimum system requirements for donated equipment. Additionally, parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal or private recycling centers. Computing supplies, such as 1274: 5741: 643:

choosing a well-suited compression algorithm for the dataset can yield greater power efficiency and reduce network and storage requirements. There is a tradeoff between compression ratio and energy consumption. Deciding whether or not this is worthwhile depends on the dataset's compressibility. Compression improves energy efficiency for data with a compression ratio much less than roughly 0.3, and hurts for data with higher compression ratios.

191:(ARRA) was signed into legislation by President Obama. The bill allocated over $ 90 billion to be invested in green initiatives (renewable energy, smart grids, energy efficiency, etc.) In January 2010, the U.S. Energy Department granted $ 47 million of the ARRA money towards projects to improve the energy efficiency of data centers. The projects provided research to optimize data center hardware and software, improve power supply chain, and 105: 5751: 1260: 5761: 235:

environmentally sustainable. The green transition may accelerate innovation and adoption of digital solutions offering the ICT sector new opportunities for becoming more competitive. The synergy created as a result of the green transition and digitalisation brings social, economic and environmental benefits, which is a goal of environmentally friendly digital governments and the creation of green ICT solutions in general.

246:. As powerful enablers for the sustainability transition, digital solutions can advance the circular economy, support the decarbonisation of all sectors and reduce the environmental and social footprint of products placed on the EU market. For example, key sectors such as precision agriculture, transport and energy can benefit from digital solutions in pursuing the sustainability objectives of the European Green Deal. 933:. This positively impacts battery life and energy consumption. While an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD displaying an image that is primarily black, it can use more than three times as much power to display an image with a white background, such as a document or web site. This can lead to reduced battery life and increased energy use, unless a light-on-dark color scheme is used. A 2018 article in 1134:

relevant comparison between different devices (network elements). This analysis was focused on how to optimise device and network consumption for carrier telecommunication by itself. The target was to allow an immediate perception of the relationship between the network technology and the environmental effect. These studies are at the start and further research will be necessary.

782:. The reasons for this design decision by Microsoft are not known, and it has resulted in heavy criticism. Microsoft significantly improved this in Windows Vista by redesigning the power management system to allow basic configuration by Group Policy. The support offered is limited to a single per-computer policy. Windows 7 retains these limitations but includes refinements for 775:, a technology that allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features. However, power management was not one of those features. This is probably because the power management settings design relied upon a connected set of per-user and per-machine binary registry values, effectively leaving it up to each user to configure their own power management settings. 207:(ICT) to support environmentally sustainable policies and practices. It describes a strategy with which an organisation strives to align its information and communications technology with sustainability goals. This can include using digital tools and platforms to monitor and regulate environmental impact, as well as promoting the development and use of clean and 280:(EPEAT) to assist in the purchase of "greener" computing systems. The Council evaluates computing equipment on 51 criteria – 23 required and 28 optional - that measure a product's efficiency and sustainability attributes. Products are rated Gold, Silver, or Bronze, depending on how many optional criteria they meet. On January 24, 2007, President 1017:

from the hard drive. Before recycling a computer, users should remove the hard drive, or hard drives if there is more than one, and physically destroy it or store it somewhere safe. There are some authorized hardware recycling companies to whom the computer may be given for recycling, and they typically sign a non-disclosure agreement.

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computing can form part of a GreenOps approach. This includes techniques like demand shifting, which means moving computational workloads to locations or times of day with cleaner energy in the grid. Demand shaping is a similar technique, which focuses on adjusting workloads according to the amount of clean energy currently available.

156:(OECD) published a survey of over 90 government and industry initiatives on "Green ICTs" (Information and Communication Technologies), the environment and climate change. The report concluded that initiatives tended to concentrate on the greening ICTs themselves, rather than on their actual implementation to reduce 475:, uses thermal differences in temperature resulting in negative power usage effectiveness. Negative power usage effectiveness, makes use of differences between temperatures at times running the computing facilities, that they would run only from external sources other than the power use for computing. 1133:

In 2013 ICT energy consumption, in the US and worldwide, was estimated respectively at 9.4% and 5.3% of the total electricity produced. The energy consumption of ICTs is today significant even when compared with other industries. Some studies have tried to identify the key energy indices that allow a

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As hard drive prices have fallen, storage farms have tended to increase in capacity to make more data available online. This includes archival and backup data that would formerly have been saved on tape or other offline storage. The increase in online storage has increased power consumption. Reducing

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Data centers can potentially improve their energy and space efficiency through techniques such as storage consolidation and virtualization. Many organizations are aiming to eliminate underused servers, resulting in lower energy usage. The U.S. federal government set a minimum 10% reduction target for

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However, critics point to shortcomings in the carbon tracking and management tools provided by major cloud providers. GreenOps, also known as DevGreenOps, DevSusOps or DevSustainableOps, is emerging as a framework to include sustainability into cloud management. Carbon-aware computing and grid-aware

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In 2018, three new US Patents make use of facilities design to simultaneously cool and produce electrical power by use of internal and external waste heat. The three patents use silo design for stimulating use of internal waste heat, while recirculating the air cooling the silo's computing racks. US

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Many corporate IT departments have green computing initiatives to reduce the environmental effect of their IT operations. Yet it is also clear that the environmental footprint of the sector is significant, estimated at 5-9% of the world's total electricity use and more than 2% of all emissions. Data

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Singapore Infocomm Technology Federation (SiTF) Singapore Certified Green IT Professional is an industry endorsed professional level certification offered with SiTF authorized training partners. Certification requires completion of a four-day instructor-led core course, plus a one-day elective from

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The recycling of old computers raises a privacy issue. The old storage devices still hold private information, such as emails, passwords, and credit card numbers, which can be recovered simply by using software available freely on the Internet. Deletion of a file does not actually remove the file

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Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers where electricity is less expensive. Researchers from MIT, Carnegie Mellon University, and Akamai have tested an energy allocation algorithm that routes traffic to the location with the lowest energy costs. The researchers project up to 40

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list was first announced on November 15, 2007, at SC|07. As a complement to the TOP500, the listing of the Green500 began a new era where supercomputers can be compared by performance-per-watt. As of 2019, two Japanese supercomputers topped the Green500 energy efficiency ranking with performance

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related to travel, and increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting, etc. The average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is over 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and lighting accounting for 70% of all

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Larger server centers are sometimes located where energy and land are inexpensive and readily available. Local availability of renewable energy, climate that allows outside air to be used for cooling, or locating them where the heat they produce may be used for other purposes could be factors in

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systems rely on a complicated mix of people, networks, and hardware; as such, a green computing initiative ideally covers these areas. A solution may also need to address end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, and return on investment (ROI). There are also fiscal

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Green computing can involve complex trade-offs. It can be useful to distinguish between IT for environmental sustainability and the environmental sustainability of IT. Although green IT focuses on the environmental sustainability of IT, in practice these two aspects are often interconnected. For

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Data compression, which involves using fewer bits to encode information, may also be used in green computing depending on the structure of the data. Since it is highly data specific, data compression strategies may result in using more energy or resources than necessary in some cases. However,

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Approaches to actually reduce the energy consumption of network devices by proper network/device management techniques have been surveyed Bianzino, et al. The authors grouped the approaches into 4 main strategies, namely (i) Adaptive Link Rate (ALR), (ii) Interface Proxying, (iii) Energy Aware

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platform may increase the carbon footprint of a company's own IT operations, while at the same time helping customers to purchase products remotely, without requiring them to drive, in turn reducing greenhouse gas emission related to travel. The company might be able to take credit for these

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E-government services can provide solutions to the environmental problem. The possibility for a citizen to fully request and get a service online would render, in addition to cost savings for the public authorities and increased citizen satisfaction, reductions of carbon emissions and paper

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The European Union sees digitalisation and the adoption of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) solutions as an important tool for creating greener solutions, while also acknowledging that in order to achieve the desired positive environmental impact, the tools themselves must be

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Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the system operating as if it were on the terminal. These can be combined with

472: 468: 464: 265:(CSCI) is an effort to reduce the electric power consumption of PCs in active and inactive states. The CSCI provides a catalog of green products from its member organizations, and information for reducing PC power consumption. It was started on June 12, 2007. The name stems from the 1086:

are a solution to reducing energy consumption. These technologies allow redistributing computation near its use, thus reducing energy costs in the network. Furthermore, having smaller data centers, the energy used in operations such as refrigerating and maintenance is reduced.

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Data center facilities are heavy consumers of energy, accounting for between 1.1% and 1.5% of the world's total energy use in 2010. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that data center facilities consume up to 100 to 200 times more energy than standard office buildings.

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By 2008, 26 US states established statewide recycling programs for obsolete computers and consumer electronics equipment. The statutes either impose an "advance recovery fee" for each unit sold at retail or require the manufacturers to reclaim the equipment at disposal.

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Junaid Shuja, Abdullah Gani, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Raja Wasim Ahmad, Kashif Bilal, Sustainable Cloud Data Centers: A survey of enabling techniques and technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 62, September 2016, Pages 195-214, ISSN 1364-0321,

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Energy efficient data center design should address all of the energy use aspects included in a data center: from the IT equipment to the HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) equipment to the actual location, configuration and construction of the building.

608:, which use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption. There has been an increase in using terminal services with thin clients to create virtual labs. Examples of terminal server software include 1201:(ACS) The ACS offers a certificate for "Green Technology Strategies" as part of the Computer Professional Education Program (CPEP). Award of a certificate requires completion of a 12-week e-learning course designed by Tom Worthington, with written assignments. 819:

certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically these models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the same form factor. As of July 20, 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80% efficient.

786:, processor power management, and display panel brightness. The most significant change in Windows 7 is in the user experience. The prominence of the default High Performance power plan has been reduced with the aim of encouraging users to save power. 1059:

approaches can enable more efficient resource allocation. Organizations may be able to reduce their direct energy consumption and carbon emissions by up to 30% and 90% respectively by moving certain on-premises applications into the public cloud.

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In 2011, the collection rate of e-waste remained low, even in the most ecology-responsible countries like France. In the U.S., e-waste collection was at a 14% annual rate between electronic equipment sold and e-waste collected for 2006 to 2009.

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Degree and postgraduate programs provide training in a range of information technology concentrations along with sustainable strategies to educate students on how to build and maintain systems while reducing its harm to the environment. The

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can also be used to reduce energy consumption. These technologies make a more efficient use of resources, thus reducing energy consumption by design. Also, the consolidation of virtualized technologies is more efficient than the one done in

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The efficiency of algorithms affects the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. Algorithm changes, such as switching from a slow (e.g. linear)

409:(LCA) of a desktop that show that manufacturing and end of life accounts for the majority of this desktop's ecological footprint. Therefore, the biggest contribution to green computing usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime. 67:

ambitions; and aligning the manufacture and use of IT systems with environmental and social goals. Green computing is important for all classes of systems, ranging from handheld systems to large-scale data centers.

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Computer virtualization refers to the abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. The concept originated with the IBM

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and others have begun the transitions. These two transitions often contradict each other, as digital technologies have substantial environmental footprints that go against the targets of the green transition.

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was the first NT-based operating system to include power management. This required major changes to the underlying operating system architecture and a new hardware driver model. Windows 2000 also introduced

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suggests that "Dark mode is easier on the eyes and battery" and displaying white on full brightness uses roughly six times as much power as pure black on a Google Pixel, which has an OLED display. Apple's

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Green Computing Initiative – GCI offers the Certified Green Computing User Specialist (CGCUS), Certified Green Computing Architect (CGCA) and Certified Green Computing Professional (CGCP) certifications.

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mining, particularly for proof-of-work currencies like Bitcoin, also uses significant amounts of energy globally. Advocates have argued that cryptocurrency can help to drive investment in green energy.

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data center energy usage by 2011. With the aid of a self-styled ultra-efficient evaporative cooling technology. Google Inc. claims to have reduced its energy consumption to 50% of the industry average.

661:(ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power-saving aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as 2303:“Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design”, prepared by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program, March 2011. 1676: 323: 1531: 290:

is a global consortium dedicated to advancing energy efficiency in data centers and business computing ecosystems. It was founded in February 2007 by several key companies in the industry –

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in the technology sector. The goal of green digital governance is to reduce the carbon footprint of the digital economy and to support the transition to a more sustainable and resilient society.

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is the first industry standard benchmark that measures power consumption in relation to performance for server-class computers. Other benchmarks which measure energy efficiency include SPECweb,

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estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂). However, Google disputed this figure, arguing that a typical search produced only 0.2 grams of CO₂.

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has maintained a list of ratings of prominent technology companies in several countries based on how clean the energy used by that company is, ranging from A (the best) to F (the worst).

1115:, reduce the square footage per employee as workers reserve space only when needed. Many types of jobs, such as sales, consulting, and field service, integrate well with this technique. 797:

integration and per-user/per-machine settings with the more advanced offering multiple power plans, scheduled power plans, anti-insomnia features and enterprise power usage reporting.

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Digitalization has brought additional energy consumption; energy-increasing effects have been greater than the energy-reducing effects. Four energy consumption increasing effects are:

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motivations for companies to take control of their own power consumption; "of the power management tools available, one of the most powerful may still be simple, plain, common sense."

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Wendl, Moritz; Doan, My Hanh; Sassen, Remmer (2023). "The environmental impact of cryptocurrencies using proof of work and proof of stake consensus algorithms: A systematic review".

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Some programs allow the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU, which reduces both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed. This process is called

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iMasons Climate Accord Founded in 2022, the (ICA) is a historic cooperative of companies committed to reducing carbon in digital infrastructure materials, products, and power.

2201: 1725: 1191:(ISEB) Foundation Certificate in Green IT is appropriate for showing an overall understanding and awareness of green computing and where its implementation can be beneficial. 3489: 76:, reuse waste energy, use more renewable energy sources, and use less water for cooling to stay competitive. Some believe they can and should become climate neutral by 2030 762:. These initially provided for stand-by (suspend-to-RAM) and a monitor low power state. Further iterations of Windows added hibernate (suspend-to-disk) and support for the 3628: 412:

Another report from Gartner recommends to "Look for product longevity, including upgradability and modularity." For instance, manufacturing a new PC makes a far bigger

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to a fast (e.g. hashed or indexed) search algorithm can reduce resource usage for a given task from substantial to close to zero. In 2009, a study by a physicist at

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program was revised in October 2006 to include stricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, along with a tiered ranking system for approved products.

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Additional energy efficient design opportunities specified by the U.S. Department of Energy include on-site electrical generation and recycling of waste heat.

153: 2086: 164:. In general, only 20% of initiatives had measurable targets, with government programs tending to include targets more frequently than business associations. 728:

Data centers, which have been criticized for their extraordinarily high energy demand, are a primary focus for proponents of green computing. According to a

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Both the green and the digital transitions are on the agenda for most European countries, as well as the EU as a whole. Documents and goals such as the

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maintains that the PC manufacturing process accounts for 70% of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a PC. In 2011, Fujitsu released a

2471:“Comparative Experimental Analysis of the Quality-of-Service and Energy-Efficiency of VMs and Containers' Consolidation for Cloud Applications,” 2400: 1778: 3053: 2050: 547: 366:(TPC) Energy specification augments existing TPC benchmarks by allowing optional publications of energy metrics alongside performance results. 3200: 2473: 2257: 1431: 113: 3302: 2237: 3927: 3467: 3027: 4061: 2755: 4777: 4513: 4487: 3912: 3602: 2289: 763: 658: 363: 2024: 1998: 3654: 2480:

International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM 2017), Sep 2017, Split, Croatia. pp.1-6, 2017

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technologies is often implemented in green computing initiatives. The advantages include increased worker satisfaction, reduction of

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the power consumed by large storage arrays, while still providing the benefits of online storage, is a subject of ongoing research.

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Aruna Prem Bianzino; Claude Chaudet; Dario Rossi; Jean-Louis Rougier (October 19, 2010). "A Survey of Green Networking Research".

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reduces the telephony wiring infrastructure by sharing the existing Ethernet copper. VoIP and phone extension mobility also made

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systems started to provide laptop-optimized power-management in 2005, with power-management options being mainstream since 2009.

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The U.S. Department of Energy specifies five primary areas on which to focus energy efficient data center design best practices:

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Energy efficient data center design should help to better use a data center's space, and increase performance and efficiency.

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issued Executive Order 13423, which requires all United States Federal agencies to use EPEAT when purchasing computer systems.

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Muench, Stefan; Stoermer, Eckhard; Jensen, Kathrine; Asikainen, Tommi; Salvi, Maurizio; Scapolo, Fabiana (June 27, 2022).

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both feature a light-on dark mode, which would allow third-party developers to implement their own dark themes. Google's

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study, data centers represent 21% of the electricity consumed by the IT sector, which is about 382 billion kWh a year.

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is an organization that promotes the development of energy conservation technology and practices in the field of ICT.

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has estimated that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as

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offers a similar course "Green ICT Strategies", adapted from the ANU course notes by Tom Worthington. In the UK,

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Koomey, Jonathon. “Growth in data center electricity use 2005 to 2010,” Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. August 1.

5443: 5405: 5062: 4770: 3720: 3288: 3160:"Power Consumption - Tom's Hardware: Conventional Hard Drive Obsoletism? Samsung's 32 GB Flash Drive Previewed" 2795: 2650: 2304: 1162: 974:

Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of

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A drawback to many of these schemes is that computers gathered through recycling drives are often shipped to

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in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of

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Kazandjieva, Maria; Heller, Brandon; Gnawali, Omprakash; Hofer, Wanja; Levis, Philip; Kozyrakis, Christos.

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Cloud computing may help to address two major ICT challenges related to green computing – energy usage and

1165:(ANU) offers "ICT Sustainability" as part of its information technology and engineering masters programs. 815:

are in general 70–75% efficient, dissipating the remaining energy as heat. A certification program called

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Meikel Poess; Raghunath Nambiar; Kushagra Vaid; John M. Stephens Jr.; Karl Huppler; Evan Haines (2010).

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are high for ICT and increased productivity often leads to new behaviors that are more energy intensive.

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exceeding 16 GFLOPS/watt, and two IBM AC922 systems followed with performance exceeding 15 GFLOPS/watt.

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Alforov, Yevhen; Ludwig, Thomas; Novikova, Anastasiia; Kuhn, Michael; Kunkel, Julian (September 2018).

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http://www.greenit.fr/article/materiel/pc-de-bureau/quelle-est-l-empreinte-carbone-d-un-ordinateur-3478

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Some certifications demonstrate that an individual has specific green computing knowledge, including:

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software for adds features beyond those built-in to the Windows operating system. Most products offer

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and the system RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft standard called

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2018 30th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD)

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can provide similar thin-client functions when run on low power hardware that connects to a server.

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agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing. The

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Heikenfeld (2011). "A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper".

1491: 1368: 674: 670: 541: 3578: 3571: 269:'s Climate Savers program, which began in 1999. The WWF is a member of the Computing Initiative. 128:

among consumer electronics. Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development launched the

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Montazerolghaem, Ahmadreza; Yaghmaee, Mohammad Hossein; Leon-Garcia, Alberto (September 2020).

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often consume less power per gigabyte than physically larger drives. Unlike hard disk drives,

5691: 5661: 5651: 5547: 5461: 5337: 5277: 5244: 5234: 5117: 5082: 5072: 5009: 4878: 4853: 4848: 4813: 4606: 4573: 4442: 4065: 2751: 2083:"Executive Order: Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management" 1911: 1614:"Towards Green ICT strategies: Assessing Policies and Programmes on ICTs and the Environment" 1389: 1044: 812: 406: 2051:"President Bush Requires Federal Agencies to Buy EPEAT Registered Green Electronic Products" 5451: 5423: 5395: 5390: 5219: 5195: 5147: 5130: 5125: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5054: 5004: 4999: 4916: 4862: 4744: 4674: 4664: 4601: 4537: 4351: 4321: 4204: 3699: 2560:"To compress or not to compress - compute vs. IO tradeoffs for mapreduce energy efficiency" 2028: 2002: 1373: 1312: 1307: 1166: 994: 911: 902:

typically use more power than LCD monitors. They also contain significant amounts of lead.

882: 413: 356: 121: 73: 40: 3987: 3201:"Faster, Quieter, Lower: Power Consumption and Noise Level of Contemporary Graphics Cards" 8: 5716: 5641: 5557: 5542: 5307: 5087: 5044: 5039: 4936: 4926: 4898: 4729: 4724: 4679: 4638: 4568: 4117: 4013: 1464: 1404: 1394: 1348: 1036: 790: 755: 518: 266: 239: 215: 4208: 2711: 1901:"Analysis Of The Current Status Of And Possibilities Regarding Green Digital Government" 5681: 5580: 5456: 5413: 5322: 5264: 5249: 5239: 5024: 4823: 4547: 4529: 4518: 4482: 4437: 4407: 4228: 3837: 3810:"Green Cloud Multimedia Networking: NFV/SDN Based Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation" 3535: 3429: 3243: 2585: 2540: 2450: 2131: 1699: 1279: 1032: 965: 701: 554: 208: 80: 3080: 1173:

offers an MSc Sustainable Computing program in both full- and part-time access modes.

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to power the product and its network; improving the reusability, maintainability, and

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Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz

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where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe. The

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This approach, which is not compatible with Windows Group Policy, was repeated in

467:, uses the recirculating air for power generation, while sister patent, US Patent 96:

emissions reporting, which includes emissions from across the entire value chain.

5605: 5499: 5471: 5365: 5317: 5302: 5287: 5142: 5137: 5077: 4967: 4941: 4893: 4684: 4552: 4542: 3724: 3518: 3309: 3187: 2559: 2477: 2327: 2310: 2244: 1819: 1437: 1040: 1026: 983: 935: 872: 598: 586: 574: 303: 88: 3322: 2350: 1806:

Biedenkopf, Katja; Vanderschueren, Ellen; Petri, Franziska (November 22, 2022),

577:

into each of their CPU product lines, in order to facilitate virtual computing.

238:

The digital component is expected to also be used to reach the ambitions of the

5711: 5615: 5514: 5360: 5332: 4633: 4615: 4386: 4366: 4331: 3943: 3809: 2526: 2509: 1322: 1234: 1099: 1079: 1073: 1048: 979: 739: 287: 281: 157: 56: 3825: 3464:"Staples Launches Nationwide Computer and Office Technology Recycling Program" 2902: 5779: 5600: 4888: 4371: 4336: 4224: 4035: 3833: 3261: 2737: 2510:"Towards Green Scientific Data Compression Through High-Level I/O Interfaces" 1506:"Between 10 and 20% of electricity consumption from the ICT* sector in 2030?" 1442: 1409: 1273: 1265: 1083: 140:; this program was later expanded to include criteria on energy consumption, 129: 120:, a voluntary labeling program that is designed to promote and recognize the 48: 3133: 2948: 2571: 2117: 2056:(Press release). Green Electronics Council. January 24, 2007. Archived from 1808:"Riding the Green Wave? Green Electoral Success and the European Green Deal" 5696: 5355: 4734: 4653: 4261: 2974: 2693: 1755: 1754:(Press release). U.S. Department of Energy. January 6, 2010. Archived from 1459: 1414: 1103: 926: 907: 772: 767: 689: 173: 2734:"Windows power-saving options are, bizarrely, stored in HKEY_CURRENT_USER" 929:

that requires less energy to display on new display technologies, such as

878:

Use motherboard video output – typically low 3D performance and low power.

5686: 5312: 5224: 4669: 3239: 3000: 1637: 1611: 1327: 1292: 1122: 1095: 903: 899: 868: 605: 471:, forces the recirculation of the same air, and sister patent, US Patent 177: 117: 3738:“Developing an Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel's Journey,” 5706: 5636: 5229: 4962: 4818: 4193:"Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?" 4036:"ICT Sustainability: Assessment and Strategies for a Low Carbon Future" 1488:“Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel's Journey,” 1240:

Economic growth – Positive effect of digitalization on economic growth.

1211: 949: 860: 779: 759: 729: 666: 223: 141: 125: 3262:"Cree LED Backlight Solution Lowers Power Consumption of LCD Displays" 3134:"Super Talent's 2.5" IDE Flash hard drive - The Tech Report - Page 13" 2923:"Linux 2.6.12-rc5 log with the conservative frequency scaling patches" 910:

to provide light for the display. Most newer displays use an array of

353:), encouraging a focus on efficiency rather than absolute performance. 5211: 5172: 4739: 4462: 3655:"Microsoft-backed research suggests big energy reductions from cloud" 2832: 2800: 1969: 1363: 1332: 1226:

Direct effect – Strong increases of (technical) energy efficiency in

945: 717: 697: 693: 369: 346: 315: 52: 4191:

Lange, Steffen; Pohl, Johanna; Santarius, Tilman (October 1, 2020).

3717: 2558:

Chen, Yanpei; Ganapathi, Archana; Katz, Randy H. (August 30, 2010).

1311:, a book about labor rights and environmental justice in the global 1247:

services tends not to replace, but come on top of existing services.

5272: 4755: 2623:"CLICKING CLEAN: WHO IS WINNING THE RACE TO BUILD A GREEN INTERNET" 1453: 1143: 1128: 1112: 975: 705: 373: 342: 104: 3807: 3289:"Using iPhone X's dark mode uses less than half the battery power" 2455: 4563: 4256: 4087: 3378:"What Google's Android Q dark mode means for all your other apps" 2564:

Proceedings of the first ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Green networking

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Ismael Cuadrado-Cordero, Anne-Cécile Orgerie, Jean-Marc Menaud.,

2255:

Simon Mingay, Gartner: 10 Key Elements of a 'Green IT' Strategy;

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more practical. Wi-Fi consume 4 to 10 times less energy than 4G.

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centers and telecommunications networks will need to become more

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Environmentally sustainable computing and information technology

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program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from

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Infrastructure, and (iv) Maximum Energy Aware Applications.

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after set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system may

557:

operating systems of the 1960s, and was commercialized for

350: 299: 3403:"Reuse your electronics through donation » Earth 911" 2363:"Research reveals environmental impact of Google searches" 2025:"What exactly is the Climate Savers Computing Initiative?" 881:

Select a GPU based on low idle power, average wattage, or

83:

devices and network infrastructures is also a key factor.

4012:. Athabasca University. September 6, 2011. Archived from 3740:

MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61–74, 2012.

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This September, OLED no longer "three to five years away"

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The EU Political System After the 2019 European Elections

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IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking

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Energy benchmarks: a detailed analysis (e-Energy 2006)

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

144:, and the use of hazardous materials in construction. 51:

of the product to extend its lifecycle; improving the

3028:"Strong Showing: High-Performance Power Supply Units" 2860:"Power Management Software for Windows Workstations" 1988: 1776: 1673:"EPA Announces New Computer Efficiency Requirements" 1255: 1111:

energy consumed. Other related initiatives, such as

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Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

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Green Computing Initiative. 2975:"Power management (In Gentoo)" 1726:"State Legislation on E-Waste" 1718: 1691: 1664: 1604: 1578: 1498: 1177:Green computing certifications 1163:Australian National University 1090: 836:store data in flash memory or 1: 5796:Computers and the environment 5791:Bright green environmentalism 5308:Multimedia information system 5293:Geographic information system 5283:Enterprise information system 4872:Computer systems organization 3856:"The myth of the green cloud" 3430:"15 Ways to Reinvent Your PC" 2708:"Windows 95 Power Management" 2686:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116530 1471: 1428:(paradoxical negative effect) 908:cold-cathode fluorescent bulb 847: 614:Linux Terminal Server Project 384: 244:Sustainable Development Goals 220:Sustainable Development Goals 167: 28:(Information Technology), or 5667:Computational social science 5255:Theoretical computer science 5068:Software development process 4844:Electronic design automation 4829:Very Large Scale Integration 3706:. 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Archived from 3958: 3952: 3951: 3950:on May 30, 2016. 3946:. Archived from 3923: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3785:. Archived from 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3763:on March 6, 2009 3762: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3576: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3531: 3525: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3496:on July 25, 2008 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3339:. November 2018. 3333: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3264:. May 23, 2005. 3258: 3252: 3251: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3191: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2907:. Archived from 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2862:. Archived from 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2836:. Archived from 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2780:. Archived from 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2736:. Archived from 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2710:. Archived from 2704: 2698: 2697: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2618: 2612: 2605: 2594: 2593: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2520: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2481: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2359: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2326:. Archived from 2319: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2270:on July 30, 2012 2269: 2263:. Archived from 2262: 2253: 2247: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2212:on July 6, 2010. 2208:. Archived from 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2178:. VMware. 2013. 2176:"www.vmmark.com" 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2055: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1732:on March 6, 2009 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1651: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1625: 1618: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1512:. August 8, 2018 1510:www.enerdata.net 1502: 1496: 1484: 1301:Camara (charity) 1282: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1263: 1262: 962:Electronic waste 906:typically use a 896:electronic paper 830:hard disk drives 795:Active Directory 784:timer coalescing 704:" on AMD chips, 653:Power management 647:Power management 638:Data compression 632:Data Compression 593:Terminal servers 587:virtual machines 503:search algorithm 328:Sun Microsystems 320:Rackable Systems 108:Energy Star logo 74:energy efficient 65:circular economy 57:biodegradability 5811: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5760: 5731: 5712:Word processing 5620: 5606:Virtual reality 5567: 5529: 5500:Computer vision 5476: 5472:Multiprocessing 5438: 5400: 5366:Security hacker 5342: 5318:Digital library 5259: 5210:Mathematics of 5205: 5167: 5143:Automata theory 5138:Formal language 5112: 5078:Software design 5049: 4982: 4968:Virtual machine 4946: 4942:Network service 4903: 4894:Embedded system 4867: 4800: 4789: 4784: 4754: 4749: 4710:Green computing 4685:Energy recovery 4621: 4553:Energy recovery 4543:Electrification 4524: 4470:Air pollution ( 4457: 4448: 4295: 4290: 4245: 4243:Further reading 4240: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3924: 3920: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3881:"Archived copy" 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3725:Wayback Machine 3715: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3532: 3528: 3519:paper recycling 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3310:Wayback Machine 3300: 3296: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3188:Wayback Machine 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2582: 2556: 2552: 2537: 2518: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2478:Wayback Machine 2468: 2464: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311:Wayback Machine 2302: 2298: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2258:"Archived copy" 2256: 2254: 2250: 2245:Wayback Machine 2235: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2128: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1920: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1804: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1758:on May 27, 2010 1750: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1702:. PC Magazine. 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1588:. May 3, 2008. 1584: 1583: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1557: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1485: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1438:Right to repair 1278: 1271: 1264: 1257: 1254: 1235:Rebound effects 1220: 1208: 1179: 1158: 1153: 1140: 1131: 1093: 1076: 1070: 1033:embodied carbon 1029: 1027:Cloud computing 1023: 1021:Cloud computing 972: 960:Main articles: 958: 936:Popular Science 892: 873:desktop sharing 850: 826: 809: 758:features since 749: 726: 655: 649: 640: 634: 616:(LTSP) for the 601: 599:Terminal server 595: 575:instruction set 550: 544: 538: 521: 515: 498: 492: 486: 481: 449:Cooling systems 426: 400: 387: 256: 201: 170: 150: 102: 89:online shopping 22:Green computing 17: 12: 11: 5: 5809: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5747: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5616:Solid modeling 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5515:Control method 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5467:Multithreading 5464: 5459: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5361:Formal methods 5358: 5352: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5333:World Wide Web 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4616:hybrid vehicle 4613: 4607:Transportation 4604: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4389: 4387:Sustainability 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4367:Green building 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4332:Eco-innovation 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4183: 4168:. Greenpeace. 4157: 4131: 4105: 4079: 4053: 4027: 4001: 3979: 3953: 3938:(1/2013): 44. 3918: 3872: 3847: 3820:(3): 873–889. 3800: 3774: 3742: 3729: 3709: 3691: 3672: 3646: 3620: 3594: 3587: 3561: 3526: 3507: 3481: 3455: 3420: 3409:on May 3, 2008 3394: 3368: 3342: 3328: 3314: 3294: 3279: 3253: 3218: 3192: 3173: 3151: 3125: 3098: 3071: 3045: 3018: 2992: 2966: 2940: 2914: 2895: 2869: 2851: 2819: 2787: 2769: 2743: 2725: 2699: 2664: 2638: 2613: 2595: 2580: 2550: 2535: 2500: 2482: 2462: 2441: 2414: 2384: 2354: 2341: 2314: 2296: 2248: 2229: 2215: 2193: 2167: 2141: 2126: 2100: 2074: 2042: 2016: 1987: 1976:. May 19, 2022 1961: 1944: 1930: 1921:|journal= 1892: 1867: 1841: 1828: 1795: 1769: 1743: 1717: 1690: 1663: 1603: 1577: 1548: 1523: 1497: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1426:Rebound effect 1423: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1323:Data migration 1320: 1315: 1304: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1269: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1238: 1231: 1219: 1216: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1178: 1175: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1139: 1138:Supercomputers 1136: 1130: 1127: 1100:teleconference 1092: 1089: 1074:Edge computing 1072:Main article: 1069: 1068:Edge Computing 1066: 1049:virtualization 1025:Main article: 1022: 1019: 957: 954: 921:, also called 891: 888: 887: 886: 879: 876: 849: 846: 825: 822: 808: 805: 748: 745: 740:Cryptocurrency 725: 722: 651:Main article: 648: 645: 636:Main article: 633: 630: 597:Main article: 594: 591: 540:Main article: 537: 534: 517:Main article: 514: 511: 488:Main article: 485: 482: 480: 477: 454: 453: 450: 447: 446:Air management 444: 441: 425: 422: 399: 396: 386: 383: 382: 381: 367: 360: 354: 339: 288:The Green Grid 285: 282:George W. Bush 270: 260: 255: 252: 228:Digital Europe 200: 197: 169: 166: 158:global warming 149: 146: 101: 98: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5808: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5766: 5758: 5756: 5748: 5746: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5601:Mixed reality 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5434:Accessibility 5432: 5430: 5429:Visualization 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889:Dependability 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659:New Classical 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4433:refurbishment 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396:Sustainable ( 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4372:Green vehicle 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4337:Ecotechnology 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3989: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3908: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3865:September 17, 3861: 3857: 3851: 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