31:
586:. These booming grounds are the area in which they perform their displays in hopes of attracting females. Their displays consist of inflating air sacs located on the side of their neck and snapping their tails. These booming grounds usually have very short or no vegetation. The male prairie-chickens stay on this ground displaying for almost two months. The breeding season usually begins in the United States starting in late March and throughout April. During this time the males establish booming sites where they display for the females. The one or two most dominant males can obtain 90% of mating opportunities. Due to their now small populations and
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the prairies to the river, but unable to fly across either stream there they were by the millions running up and down each river until they had made paths and roads. We killed a great many with sticks and clubs and took them to the boat. We met Dick Bird, the man this point took its name from, and he said we could look for a cold winter, as the quails and prairie chickens were leaving the prairies and trying to get south to escape the cold."
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un-feathered neck patch which can be inflated while displaying; this, like their comb feathers, is also orange. As with many other bird species, the adult females have shorter head feathers and also lack the male's yellow comb and orange neck patch. Adults are about 43 cm (17 in) long, and weigh between 700–1,200 g (25–42 oz). The greater prairie-chicken has a wingspan range of 69.5–72.5 cm (27.4–28.5 in).
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in one to four weeks, are completely independent by the tenth to twelfth week, and reach sexual maturity by age one (Ammann, 1957). A study of female greater prairie-chickens in Kansas found that their survival rates were 1.6 to 2.0 times higher during the non-breeding season compared to the breeding
430:
in 1840, writing "Then we gazed in wonderment, but very soon our eyes were drawn to something more attractive which caused us to forget the great river. The whole banks or sandbars on either river were a mass of quail or partridges. I have never in my life seen such a grand sight. They had come from
478:
Central
Wisconsin is home to approximately 600 individuals, down from 55,000 when hunting was prohibited in 1954. Though this area was predominately spruce and tamarack marsh before European settlement, early pioneers drained the marshes and attempted to farm the poor soil. As the prairies to the
443:
in 2019. It now only lives on small parcels of managed prairie land. Throughout North
America, it is thought that their current population has declined severely, to approximately 500,000 individuals. In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the greater prairie-chicken as extirpated in
331:
Adults of both sexes are medium to large chicken-like birds, stocky with round wings. They have short tails which are typically rounded. Adult males have orange comb-like feathers over their eyes and dark, elongated head feathers that can be raised or lain along neck. They also possess a circular,
460:). It was again confirmed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada in November 2009. Nonetheless, sightings and encounters continue to occur in the south-central regions of Alberta and Saskatchewan, along with southern Ontario, where sightings are extremely rare.
503:
that "most prairie-chicken hens avoided nesting or rearing their broods within a quarter-mile of power lines and within a third-mile of improved roads." (Kansas
Department of Wildlife and Parks) It was also found that the prairie-chickens avoided communication towers and rural farms.
1264:
614:. Pheasants lay their eggs in prairie-chicken nests. The pheasant eggs hatch first; this causes the prairie-chickens to leave the nest thinking that the young have hatched. In reality, prairie-chicken eggs do not hatch and the young usually die due to lack of
438:
alone, in the 1800s, the prairie-chicken numbered in the millions. It was a popular game bird, and like many prairie birds, which have also suffered massive habitat loss, it is now on the verge of extinction, with the wild bird population at around 200 in
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as greater prairie-chicken habitat. Birdwatchers travel from around the world to visit
Wisconsin in April for the Central Wisconsin Prairie Chicken Festival, started in 2006 by Golden Sands Resource Conservation & Development Council, Inc.
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south and west were lost to agriculture and development, and the southern half of
Wisconsin was logged, the prairies spread northward into the abandoned farmland. Today, over 30,000 acres are managed by the
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in the United States has been converted to cropland. The conversion of native prairie to cropland is very detrimental to these birds. It was found in a radio telemetry study conducted by
1038:
Bellinger, M. Renee; Johnson, Jeff A.; Toepfer, John; Dunn, Peter (2003). "Loss of
Genetic Variation in Greater Prairie Chickens Following a Population Bottleneck in Wisconsin, U.S.A".
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and ultimately survival of offspring. In
Illinois, wildlife management included the "genetic rescue" of small and potentially inbred populations by introducing birds from other areas.
463:
In states such as Iowa and
Missouri that once had thriving prairie-chicken populations (estimated to be hundreds of thousands), total numbers have dropped to about 500. However, the
523:
such as bears, wolves, and mountain lions results in increased populations of these mesopredators, and therefore reduces populations of prairie-chickens, an example of a top-down
402:. It can tolerate agricultural land mixed with prairie, but sparser population density is found in areas that are more agricultural. Its diet consists primarily of seeds and
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per clutch and the eggs take between 23 and 24 days to hatch. There are between five and 10 young per brood. The young are raised by the female and
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which was historically found along the
Atlantic coast, is extinct. It was possibly a distinct species; in this case the two other forms would be
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920:
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1992:
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897:"Stunning Illinois prairie chicken dance could soon be a thing of the past. Only 200 remain, but one family is fighting to save the species"
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measures are underway to ensure the sustainability of existing small populations. One of the most famous aspects of these creatures is the
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season; this was due to heavy predation during nesting and brood-rearing. One problem facing prairie-chickens is competition with the
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1940:
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significantly increase egg mortality; experimental removal of these predators increased nesting success from 33% to 82%. Loss of
594:: with fewer offspring and a decreased survival rate within these limited offspring further aiding their population decrease.
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Mussmann, S. M.; Douglas, M. R.; Anthonysamy, W. J. B.; Davis, M. A.; Simpson, S. A.; Louis, W.; Douglas, M. E. (2017).
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After mating has taken place, the females move about one mile from the booming grounds and begin to build their
990:"State conservationists scour the Kansas boondocks, aiming to repopulate Missouri with horny prairie chickens"
538:
The small size of some isolated prairie-chicken populations in the
Eastern portion of the range resulted in a
1979:
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State conservationists scour the Kansas boondocks, aiming to repopulate Missouri with horny prairie chickens
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30:
1083:"Genetic rescue, the greater prairie chicken and the problem of conservation reliance in the Anthropocene"
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1927:
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The greater prairie-chicken was almost extinct in the 1930s due to hunting pressure and habitat loss. In
221:
83:
847:
729:
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1017:"Effect of Predator Control on Reproductive Success and Hen Survival of Attwater's Prairie-chicken"
1971:
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in the hopes that they will be able to repopulate the state and increase that number to 3,000.
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was once abundant, but has become extremely rare and extirpated over much of its range due to
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such as grasshoppers, crickets, and beetles. This species was once widespread all across the
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is the greatest historical threat to prairie-chicken populations. More than 95% of all
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2018:
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1196:
Ammann, G. A. 1957 The prairie grouse of Michigan. Michigan Dept. Consew. Tech. Bull.
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1016:
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799:"Greater Prairie-Chicken Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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823:"Greater Prairie-Chicken Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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615:
301:
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Comparative Analysis between the Greater Prairie Chicken and the Extinct Heath Hen
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Demography of female Greater Prairie-Chickens in unfragmented grasslands in Kansas
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2005:
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63:
1984:
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2010:
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the greater prairie-chickens often undergo inbreeding causing observable
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A steamboat captain recalled seeing great flocks of prairie chickens at
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USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter - Greater Prairie Chicken
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95:
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The Nature Conservancy's Grassland Birds: Greater Prairie Chicken
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848:"Steam-boating on the Ohio and Mississippi Before the Civil War"
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Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies
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Daniels, Capt. Wilson (June 1915). Barba, Preston A. (ed.).
1535:
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385:, is now restricted to a small section of its former range.
294:
125:
1520:
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704:
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has started a program to import prairie-chickens from
406:, but during the summer it also eats green plants and
1230:
Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Greater Prairie Chicken
582:. They are territorial birds and often defend their
2129:
Endemic birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
730:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22679514A177901079.en
1176:images and movies of the greater prairie chicken
531:also reduce prairie-chicken reproduction through
246:Distribution map of the greater prairie-chicken.
2105:
761:. Retrieved August 27, 2014.（Chinese 中文：帕艺明彩大凤凰）
394:The greater prairie-chicken prefers undisturbed
1183:USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter -
1295:
1143:Illinois Natural Resource Information Network
1014:
987:
1015:Lawrence, Jeffrey S.; Silvy, Nova J (1995).
1310:Game animals and shooting in North America
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237:
57:
29:
1199:Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks:
1163:. Avian Conservation and Ecology 6(1):2 (
1114:
871:
728:
507:Studies have found mesopredators such as
481:Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
389:
773:"Greater Prairie-Chicken Identification"
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858:(2). Indiana University Press: 99–127.
845:
2106:
2114:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1718:
1717:
1283:
1265:Greater Prairie Chicken photo gallery
1250:eNature.com - Greater Prairie Chicken
954:"Prairie-chicken wiped out in Canada"
744:
977:. The Canadian Biodiversity Website.
248:Pale and dark green: pre-settlement
1201:Greater and Lesser Prairie Chickens
1159:Augustine JK, Sandercock BK (2011)
921:"Species - Greater Prairie Chicken"
753:Friederici, Peter (July 20, 1989).
716:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
698:
465:Missouri Department of Conservation
13:
1391:
1245:gbwf.org - Greater Prairie Chicken
622:Displays at a lek in Illinois, USA
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14:
2150:
1271:The Return of the Prairie Chicken
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1060:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01581.x
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642:
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578:Greater prairie-chickens do not
82:
1193:" Minnesota Public Radio (2006)
1191:Prairie chickens booming again.
1153:
1131:
1074:
1031:
1008:
981:
967:
931:. November 2009. Archived from
925:Species at Risk Public Registry
705:BirdLife International (2020).
421:
250:Dark green: current year-round
946:
913:
895:Dampier, Cindy (May 8, 2019).
888:
839:
815:
791:
764:
326:
1:
691:
381:The greater prairie-chicken,
335:
988:Levitt, Aimee (2011-04-21).
956:. CBC News. December 3, 2009
771:Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
601:. Hens lay between 5 and 17
398:and was originally found in
340:There are three subspecies;
7:
2139:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
852:Indiana Magazine of History
755:"The Last Prairie Chickens"
674:
10:
2155:
1139:"Greater Prairie Chickens"
1087:Royal Society Open Science
487:
374:and restricted to coastal
364:Attwater's prairie-chicken
350:Tympanuchus cupido cupido,
2060:
1726:
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1579:
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1389:
1315:
975:"Greater Prairie Chicken"
723:: e.T22679514A177901079.
261:
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79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1273:Documentary produced by
24:Greater prairie-chicken
2134:Birds described in 1758
1894:greater-prairie-chicken
1185:Greater Prairie Chicken
501:Kansas State University
414:and tall grass prairie
277:greater prairie-chicken
1516:Cougar (mountain lion)
1397:
1275:Iowa Public Television
681:Lesser prairie chicken
575:
565:for second edition of
390:Population and habitat
289:), sometimes called a
2032:Paleobiology Database
1395:
827:www.allaboutbirds.org
803:www.allaboutbirds.org
612:ring-necked pheasants
592:inbreeding depression
588:habitat fragmentation
557:
540:population bottleneck
1368:Snipe (common snipe)
1348:Ring-necked pheasant
1178:(Tympanuchus cupido)
1040:Conservation Biology
779:. Cornell University
542:, which reduced the
444:its Canadian range (
354:T. pinnatus pinnatus
1363:Sharp-tailed grouse
1333:Hungarian partridge
1107:10.1098/rsos.160736
1099:2017RSOS....460736M
1052:2003ConBi..17..717B
267:Linnaeus, 1758
49:Conservation status
38:Male displaying in
2050:Tympanuchus-cupido
1796:tympanuchus-cupido
1783:Tympanuchus_cupido
1758:Tympanuchus cupido
1728:Tympanuchus cupido
1587:American alligator
1398:
1206:2008-06-23 at the
929:Environment Canada
709:Tympanuchus cupido
576:
571:The Descent of Man
400:tallgrass prairies
286:Tympanuchus cupido
188:Tympanuchus cupido
2101:
2100:
2019:Open Tree of Life
1720:Taxon identifiers
1711:
1710:
1683:Waterfowl hunting
1531:White-tailed deer
1396:Waterfowl hunters
1189:Gunderson, Dan. "
667:
651:
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544:genetic diversity
497:tallgrass prairie
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1448:Northern pintail
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1145:. Archived from
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529:common pheasants
323:called booming.
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2006:Observation.org
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1208:Wayback Machine
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584:booming grounds
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550:Sexual behavior
533:nest parasitism
525:trophic cascade
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368:T. c. attwateri
358:T. p. attwateri
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281:pinnated grouse
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216:T. c. attwateri
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64:Near Threatened
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1149:on 2007-06-30.
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521:apex predators
509:striped skunks
489:
486:
423:
420:
391:
388:
387:
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383:T. c. pinnatus
379:
361:
337:
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328:
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306:North American
271:
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222:T. c. pinnatus
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1617:Gray squirrel
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1358:Ruffed grouse
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559:Tetrao cupido
556:
547:
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541:
536:
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527:. Non-native
526:
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296:
293:, is a large
292:
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264:Tetrao cupido
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179:Binomial name
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36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2061:
1727:
1698:Wolf hunting
1673:Deer hunting
1658:Bear hunting
1607:Fox squirrel
1580:Other quarry
1458:Ross's goose
1438:Lesser scaup
1418:Canada goose
1177:
1160:
1155:
1147:the original
1142:
1133:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1010:
999:. Retrieved
993:
983:
969:
958:. Retrieved
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:the original
924:
915:
904:. Retrieved
900:
890:
855:
851:
841:
830:. Retrieved
826:
817:
806:. Retrieved
802:
793:
783:19 September
781:. Retrieved
776:
766:
758:
734:. Retrieved
720:
714:
708:
700:
596:
577:
569:
558:
537:
506:
493:Habitat loss
491:
477:
462:
450:Saskatchewan
433:
428:Bird's Point
425:
422:Conservation
393:
382:
367:
357:
353:
349:
339:
330:
317:Conservation
313:habitat loss
290:
285:
284:
280:
276:
274:
263:
262:
228:T. c. cupido
226:
220:
214:
213:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
18:
2119:Tympanuchus
1967:NatureServe
1902:iNaturalist
1752:Wikispecies
1678:Fox hunting
736:19 November
412:oak savanna
327:Description
208:Subspecies
157:Tympanuchus
146:Phasianidae
136:Galliformes
2108:Categories
2077:Q109563530
2045:Xeno-canto
1566:Polar bear
1561:Dall sheep
1501:Brown bear
1491:Black bear
1463:Snow goose
1423:Canvasback
1413:Black duck
1316:Game birds
1027:: 275–282.
1001:2023-09-03
960:2009-12-03
939:2009-12-03
906:2019-05-11
832:2020-09-26
808:2020-09-26
692:References
616:incubation
563:T. W. Wood
372:endangered
336:Subspecies
1551:Pronghorn
1546:Mule deer
1496:Razorback
1468:Wood duck
1405:Waterfowl
1353:Ptarmigan
1174:ARKive -
864:0019-6673
561:drawn by
416:ecosystem
346:heath hen
164:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
2071:Wikidata
1972:2.102531
1959:22679514
1920:10189350
1822:22679514
1817:BirdLife
1737:Wikidata
1651:See also
1612:Gray fox
1478:Big game
1383:Woodcock
1204:Archived
1125:28386428
882:61313105
873:27785676
675:See also
567:Darwin's
517:opossums
513:raccoons
473:Nebraska
454:Manitoba
441:Illinois
436:Illinois
256:Synonyms
196:Linnaeus
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
40:Illinois
2091:9461810
1884:2473510
1804:Avibase
1693:Fishing
1688:Whaling
1637:Red fox
1632:Raccoon
1622:Opossum
1511:Caribou
1453:Redhead
1443:Mallard
1428:Gadwall
1116:5367285
1095:Bibcode
1068:4988537
1048:Bibcode
686:Lekking
580:migrate
488:Threats
458:Ontario
446:Alberta
408:insects
396:prairie
309:species
304:. This
297:in the
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
2124:Grouse
2037:133781
2024:728073
1946:175834
1891:GNAB:
1866:EURING
1858:grpchi
1832:grpchi
1791:ARKive
1771:grprch
1743:Q19630
1627:Rabbit
1602:Coyote
1597:Bobcat
1592:Badger
1571:Whales
1556:Muskox
1378:Turkey
1328:Chukar
1259:Canada
1255:Stamps
1123:
1113:
1066:
880:
870:
862:
607:fledge
574:, 1874
515:, and
469:Kansas
302:family
299:grouse
291:boomer
42:, USA
2011:70409
1933:59879
1915:IRMNG
1853:eBird
1845:7DB5L
1829:BOW:
1526:Moose
1267:VIREO
1257:(for
1064:S2CID
868:JSTOR
599:nests
404:fruit
376:Texas
2086:GBIF
1998:9004
1993:NCBI
1954:IUCN
1941:ITIS
1907:1066
1879:GBIF
1871:3360
1536:Wolf
1121:PMID
878:OCLC
860:ISSN
785:2018
738:2021
721:2020
603:eggs
471:and
356:and
344:The
295:bird
275:The
200:1758
126:Aves
1980:NBN
1928:ISC
1840:CoL
1778:ADW
1767:ABA
1521:Elk
1111:PMC
1103:doi
1056:doi
725:doi
370:is
279:or
2110::
2088::
2073::
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2034::
2021::
2008::
1995::
1982::
1969::
1956::
1943::
1930::
1917::
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1881::
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1793::
1780::
1769::
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1141:.
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1109:.
1101:.
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1085:.
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866:.
856:XI
854:.
850:.
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909:.
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740:.
727::
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283:(
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194:(
71:)
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