585:
and ventured into the city. According to author Ronald H. Bailey, Kremer "pulled off the most bizarre caper of the entire escape." Every few days he would make contact with one of the German workers sent outside the camp's perimeter and exchange places with him. The exchanged prisoner would spend the night in the cave with
Captain Wattenberg while Kremer slipped back into camp. Inside, Kremer would gather food and information. To deliver the food he would either join a work detail and escape again, or send it out with another worker. This continued until January 22, when a surprise inspection revealed Kremer's presence in camp. Kremer must have given his captors information, because the next night Kozur was captured by three soldiers at the abandoned car used to hide the provisions. Four days later, on January 27, 1945, Wattenberg cleaned up and hiked into Phoenix. He had 75¢, most of which he spent on a meal at a restaurant. He slept in a chair in a hotel lobby for a few hours, and then walked around the streets at night. While walking, he asked for directions from a member of a street cleaning crew. The cleaner found Wattenberg's accent to be suspicious, called the police, and Wattenberg was arrested by 9 AM the next morning.
494:
and keep watch. A fourth group would get rid of the dirt. At first, the
Germans flushed the dirt down the toilets, hid it in the attics, or dropped it down their pant legs into the gardens, but after the tunnel started getting long they began spreading it out on the volleyball field. The Americans never noticed the disturbed dirt. Because the volleyball field was under construction, the guards became used to seeing piles of dirt and thought nothing of them. When the Germans completed their tunnel on December 20, it measured 178 feet (54 m) long, from the bathhouse east to the Cross Cut Canal, with a 6-foot (1.8 m) vertical entrance shaft. They made related preparations. Wattenberg managed to secure new clothing and fake documents for his men, including contact information for people in Mexico who would help them get back to Germany. He also rationed food in order to save some for the escape, and made arrangements to have other prisoners who were staying behind to create a distraction with loud celebrations on the night of December 23.
1715:
515:
507:
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did not accept this and put the entire compound on a restricted diet for every day the officers refused to appear. The roll call strike lasted 16 days and ended with a compromise: all men, regardless of rank, would be present for roll call every morning except Sunday at 9:00 AM, and every afternoon at 4:15 PM. By tacit agreement, those above the rank of a lieutenant captain could stand in the doorways of their barracks to be counted. The
Germans got what they wanted, so the date of the escape was set for Saturday, December 23, 1944.
1195:
481:, Captain Cecil Parshall, was the only one to see a problem with this arrangement. Parshall pointed out that there was a spot in the officer's compound that could not be seen from the guard towers, making it ideal for an escape. He also said that the "German were a fine bunch of men, smart as hell, nd it made no sense to put the smartest of them in Compound 1 . I knew they would discover that blind spot."
485:
When the
Germans went to take a shower, they could easily enter the tunnel to dig instead. To hide the entrance of the tunnel, the Germans removed part of the wooden wall inside the bathhouse and placed a large box full of coal in front of it. Wattenberg asked the Americans to give his men tools, such as shovels, ostensibly for work in their gardens and the construction of a
497:
Wattenberg's plan was to get as far away from the camp as possible before the guards realized the men were gone. To buy time, four U-boat captains informed the
Americans that they and the other officers would no longer appear for roll call unless it was conducted by an officer. The American commander
493:
Work on the tunnel began sometime in
September 1944 and was carried out by three groups of three men, who worked for ninety-minute shifts during the night. One man would dig with a pick and coal shovel, the second would gather the dirt with a bucket, and the third would pull the dirt out of the shaft
484:
Wattenberg began planning an escape as soon as he arrived at the camp, and he chose the blind spot to be the site of the tunnel's entrance. The blind spot was next to a bathhouse, the structure closest to the camp's eastern perimeter. Wattenberg had his men start the tunnel from inside the building.
584:
The final holdout was
Captain Wattenberg, who was captured over a month after the escape on January 28, 1945. Instead of heading south, Wattenberg and two of his subordinates, Walter Kozur and Johann Kremer, made shelter in a cave in the mountains north of Phoenix. From there they explored the area
565:
called "the greatest manhunt in
Arizona history." Most escapees were recaptured because of hunger, the cold and rainy weather, and being unfamiliar with the terrain. Many surrendered within the first few days after escaping, but a few others held out for much longer. On January 1, 1945, two unnamed
489:
field, but really for use in the tunnel. Because
Arizona's soil is known for being rocky and compact, the Americans never expected that the Germans might use the tools for digging a tunnel. They assigned the prisoners two shovels and two rakes, which were to be turned in at the end of every day.
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because he caused trouble everywhere he was sent. Finally he was transferred to Papago Park prisoner of war camp, in the
Arizona desert." Wattenberg was not alone though: The American commander of the camp made the mistake of putting all of the most troublesome and escape-prone inmates in the
524:
The escape began at 9:00 PM on December 23. By 2:30 AM on December 24, Wattenberg and twenty-four other men had made it through the tunnel without alarming the guards. Inside the Cross Cut Canal, the Germans headed south toward the
27:
545:. But they found there was very little water in the Salt River and they abandoned the raft after a short time. The others split up into pairs and small groups and went separate ways, avoiding trains and buses.
430:, but it was unusual in that prisoners were not required to work or study. To combat boredom, many of the Germans volunteered to work, and were assigned as laborers in the nearby cotton fields and the like.
419:. The camp consisted of five separate compounds; one for officers and the rest for enlisted men. At its peak, the population of the camp was about 3,100, excluding the 371 American guards and officers.
597:. However, the Camp Papago Park escapees were only limited to bread and water rations for as many days as they were absent from camp. None of the American guards were seriously punished, but the
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and Jürgen Quaet-Faslem were captured within 16 km (10 miles) of the border. Günther, Clarus, and Utzolino, were caught on January 8 after the latter decided that a canal near the town of
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At least some of the escapees expected severe punishment for escaping; they were aware that 50 Allied prisoners of war had been executed after escape by their German captors in
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in September 1942. Because by that date the United States and Germany were at war, the British transferred Wattenberg and his crew into American custody.
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Wolfgang Clarus and Friedrich Utzolino built a collapsible raft out of wood and scraps of rubber, hoping to float their way down the Salt River, to the
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According to author Cecil Owen, "Wattenberg was shuffled from one camp to another, for nobody wanted to keep him. He was considered a
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Over the next few weeks, all of the escapees were eventually recaptured without bloodshed. Although most were apprehended within
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By 7:00 PM on December 24, Captain Parshall was certain that some prisoners were missing. Soon after, several hundred soldiers,
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The Great Desert Escape: How the Flight of 25 German Prisoners of War Sparked One of the Largest Manhunts in American History
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prisoners of war, but by January 1944 it had been designated for German prisoners only, most of whom were from the
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904:"Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Guggenberger - German U-boat Commanders of World War II - The Men of the Kriegsmarine"
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784:"Kapitän zur See Jürgen Wattenberg - German U-boat Commanders of World War II - The Men of the Kriegsmarine"
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prisoners were captured by Papago scouts less than 48 km (30 miles) from the Mexican border. Soon after,
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679:"Papago Park: City of Phoenix - Best Arizona Places to Picnic Guides from AlansKitchen.com"
612:, located on the base, features a display describing the camp and the story of the escape.
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Camp Papago Park was a typical prison camp in terms of appearance, surrounded by
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launched an investigation into lax security at Arizona's prisoner of war camps.
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877:"Getting Ready for the Great Escape from Camp Papago Park: The Swastika Tattoo"
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Arizona Goes to War: The Home Front and the Front Lines During World War II
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officers' compound together, instead of dispersing them. The camp's
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734:"Flight From Phoenix – Page 1 – News – Phoenix – Phoenix New Times"
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The entrance to the tunnel was concealed by a large box of coal.
1794:
1729:
578:
434:
396:
824:"The Not-So-Great Escape: German POWs in the U.S. during WWII"
705:"The Great Escape at Camp Papago Park: The Swastika Tattoo"
470:
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Today, the site of Camp Papago Park is used in part as an
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Military history of the United States during World War II
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Military history of the United States during World War II
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spotted the group at the canal and alerted the military.
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399:, which is about 210 km (130 miles) south of the camp.
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1978:20th-century military history of the United States
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577:would be a good place to wash his underwear. Some
407:Camp Papago Park was built in 1943 and located in
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510:Lieutenant Friedrich Guggenberger in October 1941
372:. On the night of December 23, 1944, twenty-five
1969:
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433:Many of the men in the officers' compound were
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101:
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1998:POW escapes and rescues during World War II
115:
16:WWII Axis prisoner-of-war escape in Arizona
1542:
1528:
972:
958:
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108:
94:
772:
388:, and fled into the surrounding desert.
513:
505:
395:, a few nearly made it to the border of
1970:
655:The Phoenix Area's Parks And Preserves
1523:
1361:Sahuarita Bombing & Gunnery Range
953:
753:
89:
901:
781:
40:December 23, 1944 – January 28, 1945
1459:Arizona World War II Army Airfields
653:Hartz, Donna; George Hartz (2007).
13:
908:German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
788:German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
437:sailors, including the commander,
14:
2009:
1551:Native Americans and World War II
928:Melton, Brad; Dean Smith (2003).
1713:
1387:Gila River War Relocation Center
1193:
519:Papago Escape Tunnel exit marker
25:
932:. University of Arizona Press.
1957:New Mexico during World War II
1489:New Mexico during World War II
754:Lloyd, Keith (April 1, 2019).
747:
529:. Captain Wilhelm Günther and
448:, as well as the commander of
1:
632:
501:
402:
309:Utah prisoner of war massacre
1866:Gilbert and Marshall Islands
1407:Poston War Relocation Center
758:. Guilford CT: Lyons Press.
588:
559:were mobilized for what the
7:
1917:Arizona during World War II
1402:Parker Dam Reception Center
1314:Ground training and storage
1225:Davis-Monthan Army Airfield
981:Arizona during World War II
622:Arizona during World War II
615:
10:
2014:
1891:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
1871:Marianas and Palau Islands
1484:Nevada during World War II
1904:
1838:
1722:
1711:
1557:
1446:
1415:
1374:
1313:
1202:
1191:
987:
446:Battle of the River Plate
342:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
315:Central and South America
127:
62:
44:
36:
24:
1575:Samuel Nathan Blatchford
364:escape to occur from an
170:Estevan Point Lighthouse
1346:Gila Bend Gunnery Range
1290:Thunderbird Field No. 2
1285:Thunderbird Field No. 1
1245:Gila Bend Army Airfield
610:Arizona Military Museum
119:American Theater (WWII)
1685:Willard Varnell Oliver
1392:Leupp Isolation Center
1341:Desert Training Center
1295:Williams Army Airfield
1280:Sahuarita Flight Strip
1250:Hereford Army Airfield
1220:Dateland Army Airfield
1215:Coolidge Army Airfield
657:. Arcadia Publishing.
606:Arizona National Guard
571:Friedrich Guggenberger
521:
511:
132:Battle of the Atlantic
75:Friedrich Guggenberger
1700:Frank Tsosie Thompson
1416:Prisoner of war camps
1397:Mayer Assembly Center
1356:Navajo Ordnance Depot
1255:Kingman Army Airfield
1230:Douglas Army Airfield
1150:Ronald Phillip Tanaka
1115:Sidney Preston Osborn
902:Helgason, Guðmundur.
782:Helgason, Guðmundur.
517:
509:
454:, which was sunk off
1927:Choctaw code talkers
1922:Castner's Cutthroats
1640:Joe Hosteen Kellwood
1270:Marana Army Airfield
1260:Laguna Army Airfield
1240:Falcon Army Airfield
1235:Ernest A. Love Field
282:Fire balloon attacks
1942:Great Papago Escape
1474:Great Papago Escape
1382:Catalina Honor Camp
1366:Yuma Proving Ground
1300:Yucca Army Airfield
1035:Robert Taylor Jones
883:on February 4, 2013
711:on October 29, 2013
568:Captain Lieutenants
355:Great Papago Escape
294:Great Papago Escape
21:
20:Great Papago Escape
1983:History of Arizona
1705:Frank Chee Willeto
1660:Jack C. Montgomery
1469:Castle Hot Springs
1305:Yuma Army Airfield
1275:Ryan Army Airfield
1265:Luke Army Airfield
1155:A. Wallace Tashima
1025:Gordon Hirabayashi
543:Gulf of California
522:
512:
245:Lordsburg killings
19:
1965:
1964:
1690:John N. Reese Jr.
1517:
1516:
1210:Ajo Army Airfield
1170:Jürgen Wattenberg
1010:Harry K. Fukuhara
857:on March 16, 2012
826:. 5 November 2007
442:Jürgen Wattenberg
350:
349:
250:Lookout Air Raids
188:Point Maisonnette
153:Angler POW escape
84:
83:
71:Hans-Werner Kraus
67:Jürgen Wattenberg
2005:
1947:Machita incident
1861:Aleutian Islands
1717:
1670:Alfred K. Newman
1625:Gilbert Horn Sr.
1590:Charles Chibitty
1544:
1537:
1530:
1521:
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1494:Phoenix Massacre
1479:Machita incident
1454:American Theater
1438:Camp Papago Park
1423:Camp Continental
1375:Internment camps
1197:
1185:Kenichi Zenimura
1135:Shinkichi Tajiri
1020:Satoshi Hirayama
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879:. Archived from
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707:. Archived from
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378:Camp Papago Park
376:tunneled out of
368:facility during
357:was the largest
223:California ships
208:Aleutian islands
203:Machita incident
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49:Camp Papago Park
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1988:1944 in Arizona
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1851:Solomon Islands
1846:1st Philippines
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1695:Merril Sandoval
1655:Peter MacDonald
1635:Allen Dale June
1630:Philip Johnston
1605:Ernest E. Evans
1595:Ernest Childers
1580:Pappy Boyington
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1180:Wakako Yamauchi
1175:Hisaye Yamamoto
1160:Hisako Terasaki
1095:Vincent Okamoto
1065:Peter MacDonald
1055:John F. Kennedy
1040:Allen Dale June
1030:Philip Johnston
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255:Duquesne Spies
252:
247:
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38:
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9:
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1958:
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1937:Eskimo Scouts
1935:
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1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
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1915:
1913:
1912:Apache Scouts
1910:
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1645:Joe Kieyoomia
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1428:Camp Florence
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1165:Paul Terasaki
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1090:Isamu Noguchi
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1005:Jack Fujimoto
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913:September 26,
909:
905:
898:
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856:
852:
851:"Papago Park"
846:
844:
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819:
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789:
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558:
557:Indian scouts
555:
551:
546:
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314:
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307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Santa Fe riot
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216:
214:
213:Torpedo Alley
211:
209:
206:
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196:United States
194:
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68:
65:
61:
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57:United States
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
1941:
1932:Code talkers
1680:Lloyd Oliver
1610:Edmond Harjo
1507:
1499:
1473:
1145:Nao Takasugi
1125:Hideo Sasaki
1070:Doris Matsui
929:
923:
911:. Retrieved
907:
897:
887:November 21,
885:. Retrieved
881:the original
871:
861:November 21,
859:. Retrieved
855:the original
830:November 21,
828:. Retrieved
793:November 21,
791:. Retrieved
787:
755:
749:
739:November 21,
737:. Retrieved
715:November 21,
713:. Retrieved
709:the original
684:November 21,
682:. Retrieved
673:
654:
603:
592:
583:
560:
552:agents, and
547:
523:
496:
492:
483:
464:
450:
432:
428:watch towers
421:
417:Kriegsmarine
406:
390:
370:World War II
354:
352:
333:
326:
304:Point Judith
293:
287:
272:Port Chicago
265:
260:Fort Stanton
240:Fort Stevens
233:
187:
180:
158:St. Lawrence
63:Participants
1839:Engagements
1675:Chester Nez
1600:Thomas Claw
1464:Bushmasters
1336:Camp Laguna
1120:Roy I. Sano
1110:Kazuo Otani
1050:Yosh Kawano
1045:Nobe Kawano
1000:Thomas Claw
531:Lieutenants
424:barbed wire
409:Papago Park
321:River Plate
277:Fort Lawton
228:Los Angeles
175:Bowmanville
163:Bell Island
79:August Maus
1972:Categories
1856:New Guinea
1820:Potawatomi
1745:Chitimacha
1331:Camp Hyder
1321:Camp Bouse
1140:Miiko Taka
1130:Reiko Sato
1075:Pat Morita
939:0816521905
633:References
608:base. The
535:Gila River
527:Salt River
502:The escape
487:volleyball
460:Royal Navy
403:Background
1886:The Bulge
1775:Menominee
1735:Blackfeet
1650:Jeff King
1620:Ira Hayes
1433:Camp Pima
1326:Camp Horn
1203:Airfields
1015:Ira Hayes
589:Aftermath
575:Gila Bend
537:, to the
234:Pastorius
139:Caribbean
1905:See also
1896:Nagasaki
1876:Normandy
1830:Shoshone
1825:Seminole
1785:Muscogee
1780:Meskwaki
1765:Iroquois
1755:Comanche
1740:Cherokee
1447:See also
1105:Miye Ota
616:See also
456:Trinidad
366:American
45:Location
1750:Choctaw
1508:Arizona
1100:Ken Ota
579:cowboys
458:by the
439:Captain
413:Italian
386:Arizona
382:Phoenix
380:, near
374:Germans
334:Pelikan
327:Bolívar
266:Pelikan
218:Ellwood
181:Kiebitz
53:Arizona
1815:Pawnee
1795:Ojibwe
1790:Navajo
1770:Lakota
1730:Apache
1723:Tribes
1558:People
988:People
936:
762:
661:
554:Papago
469:Super
435:U-boat
397:Mexico
288:Elster
146:Canada
1810:Osage
474:'
467:'
451:U-162
1760:Hopi
1506:USS
934:ISBN
915:2012
889:2012
863:2012
832:2012
795:2012
760:ISBN
741:2012
717:2012
686:2012
659:ISBN
471:Nazi
426:and
359:Axis
353:The
37:Date
599:FBI
550:FBI
1974::
906:.
840:^
803:^
786:.
774:^
725:^
694:^
641:^
384:,
55:,
51:,
1543:e
1536:t
1529:v
973:e
966:t
959:v
942:.
917:.
891:.
865:.
834:.
797:.
768:.
743:.
719:.
688:.
667:.
109:e
102:t
95:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
