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Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, and Wisconsin) are estimated at approximately 650. This death toll places the flood of 1913 second to the Johnstown flood of 1889, when more than 2,200 people died, as one of the country's deadliest floods. Official reports of flood deaths are inconsistent. The bodies of some of the victims were never found and not all fatalities were reported to agencies collecting flood statistics. Some disaster-related deaths from injuries or illness were not listed in official counts if they occurred after publication of official reports. An estimate of 467 flood deaths has been quoted for Ohio, with the official death toll range between 422 and 470. Dayton's official death toll was not certain, but Ohio's Bureau of Statistics listed eighty-two people, while one flood historian puts the number at ninety-eight. Others reported Dayton's death toll at nearly 300, but this figure may have included other neighborhoods and cities. Estimated deaths for flood victims in Indiana is 100 to 200. Flooding in the Great Miami River basin caused at least 260 deaths, more than in any other river basin. Approximately seventeen people died in flooding in the Whitewater River basin.
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196:, damages exceeded $ 200 million. Devastation from the flood of 1913 and later floods along the Mississippi River eventually changed the country's management of its waterways and increased federal support for comprehensive flood prevention and funding for flood control projects. The Ohio Conservancy Act, which was signed by the governor of Ohio in 1914, became a model for other states to follow. The act allowed for the establishment of conservancy districts with the authority to implement flood control projects.
1170:(MCD), which includes Dayton and surrounding communities, was the second, formed in June 1915. The MCD began construction of their flood control system in 1918. The project was completed in 1922 at a cost in excess of $ 32 million and has kept Dayton from flooding as severely as it did in 1913. The Ohio Conservancy Act became the model for other states, such as Indiana, New Mexico, and Colorado.
1035:, provided the press with daily briefings and appeals for donations. Governor Ralston appealed to Indiana cities and other states for relief assistance and donations of money and supplies. Ralson appointed a trustee to receive relief funds and arrange for distribution of supplies. Approximately one-half of Indiana's counties cared for their own flood victims. Railroads, most notably "the
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relief efforts. The Rotary Club of
Indianapolis, chartered just a few weeks before the flood, and the Rotary Club of Dayton, chartered six months earlier, assisted relief efforts within their communities by helping to provide medical support, transportation, and shelter. Other Rotary clubs in the United States and Canada donated funds, supplies, and medicine. In Colorado stage actress
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ground may have become quickly saturated, resulting in runoff and flash flooding. Others have suggested that frozen ground in tributary watersheds contributed to the flooding along the rivers. Up to 8 inches (200 mm) of snow followed the heavy rain in northern
Indiana. In some areas thawed ground and a lack of snowpack may have minimized the destruction from runoff and flooding.
595:, the water level reached 54.7 feet (16.7 m) and broke record highs to that time. High waters continued to flow south to the Gulf of Mexico, causing some levees to fail in Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. Water from flood-crested rivers flowing into the Mississippi River in April set new height records downriver and caused cities such as
1110:, and Caseyville, Kentucky, was in excess of $ 5 million. Along the Mississippi River damages exceeded $ 200 million. There were a number of other small communities that were completely devastated and did not report anything, either because they could not or would not. Most of these communities partially recovered, but a few never recovered at all, among these,
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primarily along Ohio's major rivers. The Red Cross had less of a presence in
Indiana, where it established a temporary headquarters in Indianapolis and served the six hardest-hit Indiana counties. Red Cross disaster relief in other regions of the United States, with the exception of Omaha, Nebraska, and Lower Peach Tree, Alabama, was limited or nonexistent.
461:'s south side and flooded 14 square miles (36 km) of the city. Dayton's downtown streets experienced water 10 feet (3.0 m) deep. On March 26, as floodwaters reached their crest, Dayton's business district suffered more damage after an early morning fire and gas explosion. An estimated 123 people were killed in Dayton. Downstream in nearby
176:, and eleven other states are estimated at approximately 650. The official death toll range for Ohio falls between 422 and 470. Flood-related death estimates in Indiana range from 100 to 200. More than a quarter million people were left homeless. The death toll from the flood of 1913 places it second to the
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replied to the president with a request for tents, rations, supplies, and physicians and sent a telegram to the Red Cross requesting its assistance in Dayton and surrounding communities. Red Cross agents and nurses focused their efforts in 112 of Ohio's hardest-hit communities, which included Dayton,
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In the immediate aftermath of the floods businesses and factories shut down, schools closed, government services were disrupted, and train travel was delayed or stopped throughout the
Midwest. Newspapers in many communities were not published during the storm. Theaters around the country were showing
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moved into the
Midwestern United States through the Mississippi River valley as a second Canadian high-pressure system arrived from the west, creating a low-pressure trough that stretched from southern Illinois, across central Indiana, and into northern Ohio. At least two low-pressure systems moving
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Following the flood of 1913, citizens and government officials took a greater interest in comprehensive flood prevention, managing flood-prone areas, and funding for flood control projects that would limit damage and save lives. Congress previously contended that floods were local events and flood
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In the
Midwest alone, damage estimates, which one flood historian suggests were understated, were more than "a third of a billion dollars." The Dayton Citizens' Relief Committee's report documented damage in Dayton in excess of $ 73 million. Damage in Indiana was estimated at $ 25 million in 1913
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and his Morgan
Engineering Company from Tennessee to design a plan that used levees and dams. On March 17, 1914, the governor of Ohio signed the Ohio Conservancy Act, which allowed for the establishment of conservancy districts with the authority to implement flood control projects. Ohio's Upper
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Secondary to the flood itself, there were outbreaks of diphtheria and typhus in several flooded areas, such as the area in north-central Dayton, Ohio. It is likely that roughly 2000 additional hospitalizations were the result of these outbreaks, following the more directly physical damage of the
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across the United States contributed more than $ 25,000 ($ 771,000 in 2023 dollars) to a Rotary Relief Fund, which was established for flood relief in
Indiana and Ohio. It was the organization's "first cooperative disaster relief effort". In some areas independent local organizations helped with
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Other factors contributing to the extensive flooding were the storm's size, its duration, and existing ground conditions. Rivers and streams affected by the flood were at near normal or below flood stage levels two days prior to the major flooding in
Indiana and Ohio. Some experts argue that the
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valley, a second Canadian high-pressure system arrived from the west and squeezed the low into a trough that stretched from southern Illinois, across central Indiana, and into northern Ohio. At least two low-pressure systems moving in quick succession along the trough dumped one rainstorm after
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The total number of deaths as a result of tornadoes between March 21 through March 23 are estimated at 249. The tornadoes at Omaha, Nebraska, on March 23 left 103 dead. Eight other tornadoes associated with the storm killed eighty-nine more in Nebraska, Iowa, Louisiana, and Missouri. See Bell,
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Damage from the flood was widespread and extensive. The storm destroyed hundreds of bridges and railroad trestles and 12,000 telegraph and telephone poles. Flooding stopped communications between Chicago and New York for a day and a half, disrupted road and rail transportation, and slowed mail
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named it "the official disaster-relief agency for the federal government". Flood reports in the country's newspapers carried an appeal from the president to help victims with contributions to the Red Cross. Wilson also sent telegrams to the governors of Ohio and Indiana asking how the federal
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The exact death toll from the flood and its aftermath may never be known. One estimate of storm-related deaths from March 21 to March 28 is more than 900. Flood deaths in Ohio, Indiana, and eleven other states (Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New York,
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In 1913, years before the federal government provided significant disaster relief, state and local communities handled their own disaster response and relief. Cleanup efforts were made even more difficult with increased fire and health risks, flood-damaged communications systems, disrupted
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of 1988. Federal funding for national flood control projects began slowly in 1917, with Congress authorizing funding for flood control studies in the Mississippi River as part of House Document 308. By 1925 it had been expanded to include other major rivers in the United States.
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The storms that created the floods in 1913 continued over several days and produced record-breaking rain. It remains Ohio's "largest weather disaster" and triggered Indiana's worst flood on record. Storm-related flooding affected more than a dozen states:
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The storm gains strength. High winds and sleet in the Midwest topple buildings, telephone and telegraph poles, and overhead wires, disrupting electric services and severely limiting communications within the Midwest and with areas west of the Mississippi
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appealed to Indiana cities and other states for relief assistance. Many communities cared for their own flood victims with Red Cross assistance, charitable donations, and contributions from local businesses, industries, and service organizations.
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Deaths from windstorms that swept the eastern U.S. on March 21 numbered at least sixty-six across eleven states: Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia. See
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rivers. The Scioto River basin in central Ohio recorded a flood level of 21 feet (6.4 m), which remains a record nearly 4 feet (1.2 m) higher than its other recorded floods. The Great Miami River and its tributaries, including the
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over the period of March 23 through March 26, inundating nearly a 6-square-mile (16 km) area and causing five known deaths. On March 26, floodwaters estimated at 19.5 feet (5.9 m) above flood stage destroyed Indianapolis's
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dollars. Cairo, Illinois, where its citizens had advance knowledge of the oncoming high water that arrived the week after the Dayton flood, reported no fatalities, but damage estimates there and in smaller communities such as
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The weather pattern that triggered heavy rains over the Midwest began after strong Canadian winds stalled a high-pressure system off Bermuda and delayed the normal easterly flow of a low-pressure system. As moist air from the
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The storm system that produced the flood in late March 1913 began with a typical winter storm pattern, but developed characteristics that promoted heavy precipitation. Strong Canadian winds stalled a high-pressure system off
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mile (0.80 km) wide around Kentucky Avenue and Morris Street. The city's transportation and water supply were disrupted for nearly four days in flooded areas and as many as 7,000 Indianapolis families lost their homes.
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The Dayton Relief Committee began shortly after the flood of 1913 to raise $ 2 million to develop a comprehensive flood protection system that would prevent another flood disaster of the same magnitude. The committee hired
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Rivers rose several feet above previous high-water marks in Ohio and Indiana after heavy rains at the headwaters of the region's rivers moved downstream. The area's rivers experienced heavy runoff, especially along the
483:, the Near West Side and parts of downtown experienced severe floods. Approximately 93 people died in the flooding. The event was described by historian Ed Lentz as "the worst catastrophe in the history of Columbus".
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Bodies were recovered down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers weeks after the flood, but without the means to link missing persons from the flood to the unidentified bodies, the total body count remains incomplete. See
225:. On Monday and Tuesday, March 24 and 25, 3 to 8 inches (76 to 203 mm) of rain fell in Ohio, Indiana, and southern Illinois. Major rivers in Indiana and Ohio experienced heavy runoff. Downstream, where the
803:, Indiana, and southern Illinois, surpassing the normal monthly rainfall totals in less than forty-eight hours. Rain continues, averaging 3 to 6 inches (76 to 152 mm) in southern Indiana and western Ohio.
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enters the Mississippi River, the water level broke record highs to that time as the water flowed south to the Gulf of Mexico. By Tuesday, March 25, the Ohio River and its tributaries flooded cities such as
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delivery. More than 38,000 homes and other buildings, plus thousands of schools, businesses, utilities, and city streets were damaged or destroyed. More than a quarter million people were left homeless.
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Governor Cox called on the Ohio legislature to appropriate $ 250,000 ($ 7.71 million in 2023 dollars) for emergency aid and declared a 10-day bank holiday. Cox, who was also the publisher of the
285:, a small organization at that time, focused its efforts in more than one hundred of Ohio's hardest-hit communities, including Dayton, and served six of Indiana's hardest-hit counties. Ohio governor
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along the trough caused heavy rain over the four-day period between March 23 and March 26. As the storm gained strength on Sunday, March 23, high winds, hail, sleet, and tornadoes arrived in the
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was still a small organization in March 1913, with a few full-time employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and about sixty volunteer chapters in the United States, when President
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in Indiana, rose at least 10 feet (3.0 m) higher than previous flood levels in many locations. Downstream from Indiana and Ohio, where the Ohio River enters the Mississippi River at
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Overnight the first storm system moves eastward over Kentucky, while the second system enters southern Indiana and Illinois and merges with a stationary front over the Ohio River valley.
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and New York and slowly ends the heavy rain over the Ohio River valley. In some areas snow replaces the rain. Up to 8 inches (200 mm) of snow fell in central and northern Indiana.
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The storm system that produced the flood in late March began with a typical winter storm pattern, but soon developed special characteristics that promoted heavy precipitation.
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and several days of heavy rain. Related deaths and damage in the United States were widespread and extensive. While the exact number is not certain, flood-related deaths in
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The Chicago Association of Commerce wired $ 100,000 to the Red Cross on March 26, becoming one of many organizations that contributed funds for flood relief.
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The area covered approximately 50,000 square miles (130,000 km) and included a population of approximately five million based on the 1910 census. See
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gave a benefit performance that contributed $ 5,000 to a $ 41,000 relief fund already raised by Colorado residents for Indiana and Ohio flood victims.
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valley. The heaviest rainfall, 6 to 9 inches (150 to 230 mm) or more, covered an area from southern Illinois into northwestern Pennsylvania.
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flood. Although information for Indiana is not presently available, estimates are that an additional 1000 people were affected in that state.
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Winds of 40 to 50 miles per hour (64 to 80 km/h), gusting up to 60 mph (97 km/h), are reported in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois.
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744:. The number of tornadoes range from six to twelve, but at least six strike the Midwest, killing approximately 221 people and injuring 761.
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pictures of the flood devastation in Dayton and other Ohio cities and tornado damage in Omaha, Nebraska, within weeks after the disaster.
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Rising water overflows and then bursts levees at Dayton, flooding its downtown business district, while water levels continue to rise.
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called on the state legislature to appropriate $ 250,000 ($ 7.71 million in 2023 dollars) for emergency aid. Indiana governor
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another. The weather pattern changed little over the four-day period of March 23 through March 26 and caused heavy rain over the
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Washed Away: How the Great Flood of 1913, America's Most Widespread Natural Disaster, Terrorized a Nation and Changed It Forever
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Washed Away: How the Great Flood of 1913, America's Most Widespread Natural Disaster, Terrorized a Nation and Changed It Forever
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A series of nine tornadoes associated with the same weather system that produced the flood sweeps through the Gulf States of
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did not receive President Wilson's telegram offering federal support due to flood-damaged communications. Ohio governor
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Floodwaters crest at Dayton; its downtown business district suffers further destruction from fires and a gas explosion.
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from collecting timely information about the weather system and communicating weather warnings in advance of the storm.
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of 1889 as one of the deadliest floods in the United States. The flood remains Ohio's largest weather disaster. In the
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465:, about 100 people died after water 10 to 18 feet (3.0 to 5.5 m) deep flowed into its residential neighborhoods.
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Batic, Eloise; Angela Giacomelli (Spring 2013). "Wulf's Hall: Great Hope in the Midst of the Great Flood".
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Eloise Batic; Angela Giacomelli (Spring 2013). "Wulf's Hall: Great Hope in the Midst of the Great Flood".
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Rainfall totals from Sunday through Monday, March 23 and 24, measure 3 to 8 inches (76 to 203 mm) in
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1516:"Review | 'The Flood': Opera's simultaneous action and multiple time periods dampens dramatic flow"
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A second low-pressure system that developed in Colorado merges with a third low that forms over western
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and delayed the normal easterly flow of a low-pressure system. In the meantime, moist air from the
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Flooding moves into central Indiana. Waterways are at or near crest along the Wabash River from
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State and local communities handled much of their own disaster response and relief in 1913. The
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into northwestern Pennsylvania. As the storm continued eastward, flooding began in New York,
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was the first of several pieces of legislation that eventually led to the creation of the
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A high-pressure system moves northeast over New England and a low-pressure system is over
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Devastation from the flood of 1913 and later floods along the Mississippi River in 1917,
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Bell, Trudy E. (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913".
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Unconfirmed deaths numbered as many as twenty-five. See Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 582.
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Trudy E. Bell (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913".
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The system stalls over the Ohio River basin and triggers more rain and thunderstorms.
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The first low-pressure system from the storm weakens and moves northeast from the
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transportation networks, debris-littered streets, and flooded utility systems.
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Flooding in south central and southwest Indiana damages or destroys areas near
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is hit with hail and heavy rain, and a series of funnel clouds move across
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Scioto Conservancy District was the first to form in February 1915. The
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Approximately 450 died from drowning along the Mississippi River. See
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in the Indianapolis area, and the East Fork of the White River near
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control was the responsibility of state and local government. The
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Natural disaster affecting the southern and eastern United States
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Between March 23 and 25, heavy rains and rising waters from the
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Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act
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1668:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 6, 7, & 11.
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2278:"The Great Ohio Valley Flood of 1913—100 Years Later"
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Bodenhamer, David J., and Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994).
751:. The event ranks as Nebraska's deadliest. A tornado hits
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Rainfall measures 2 to 5 inches (51 to 127 mm) over
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reaches a high stage for the year and continues to rise.
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2509:"The Great Ohio Valley Flood of 1913 – 100 Years Later"
1381:"The Great Ohio Valley Flood of 1913 – 100 Years Later"
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Approximately 6 inches (150 mm) of rain fell on
2677:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2575:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 4–15.
2562:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 4–11.
2485:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2459:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2387:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2326:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2256:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2228:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2130:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2104:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
1970:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
1780:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
1324:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2620:"The Superstorm That Flooded America 100 Years Ago"
2535:"Indiana Flooding Breaks Records Set in 1913 Flood"
1431:"The Superstorm That Flooded America 100 Years Ago"
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1640:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 15.
639:A blizzard hits twenty states and kills 21 people.
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2601:. Rotary International. Archived from
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2430:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
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1929:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
1890:
1858:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
1793:
1653:
1620:
1604:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
1250:. Indianapolis, Indiana. 22 March 2013
1220:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
1129:
956:A cold system produces frost into the
680:Ice begins to melt and winds die down.
2617:
2446:
2409:
2361:
1874:
1761:
1739:
1508:
1473:
1449:
1447:
1337:
1191:
935:The storm trough moves eastward into
666:; and 90 mph (140 km/h) in
511:bridge, the main connection over the
495:Washington Street bridge collapse in
475:Great Flood of 1913 in Columbus, Ohio
2618:Klein, Christopher (25 March 2013).
2596:
2566:
2152:
2033:
1455:"March 23–27, 1913: Statewide Flood"
1405:
1244:"RetroIndy: The Great Flood of 1913"
1180:March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence
946:appoints a Dayton Relief Commission.
716:Gusty winds produce a dust storm in
2682:Recording Disasters: Floods of 1913
1275:. New York: Pegasus Books. p.
1145:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1084:
826:. Eastern Indiana floods after the
544:moved into the Midwest through the
13:
2579:
2320:Trudy E. Bell (18 February 2013).
2250:Trudy E. Bell (18 February 2013).
2222:Trudy E. Bell (18 February 2013).
2098:Trudy E. Bell (18 February 2013).
2030:Williams, p. 123–24 and 213.
1961:Trudy E. Bell (23 December 2012).
1852:"Overview of the March 1913 Flood"
1771:Trudy E. Bell (25 November 2012).
1444:
1315:Trudy E. Bell (16 November 2012).
14:
2802:
2658:
2479:Trudy E. Bell (20 January 2013).
2126:"The Villain Who Store The Flood"
2124:Trudy E. Bell (9 December 2012).
1923:"The Storms of March 23–27, 1913"
995:
662:; 86 mph (138 km/h) in
658:; 84 mph (135 km/h) in
654:; 66 mph (106 km/h) in
468:
297:
1547:The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis
1429:Christopher Klein (2013-03-25).
1141:National Flood Insurance Program
400:
2539:Jeffersonville News and Tribune
2472:
2400:
2381:Trudy E. Bell (16 March 2013).
2374:
2339:
2311:
2302:
2269:
2241:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2143:
2071:
2062:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1983:
1844:
1831:
1822:
1752:
1681:
1672:
1644:
420:
2694:1913: The flood of the century
2597:Hanf, Susan (6 January 2010).
2453:Trudy E. Bell (3 April 2013).
1804:"Other Weather Events in 1913"
1496:. University of Missouri-Rolla
758:The storm moves into Michigan.
1:
2501:
875:also suffers from high water.
564:
2766:Natural disasters in Indiana
2039:Batic and Giacomelli, p. 11.
1317:"'An Epidemic of Disasters'"
1076:Disease related to the flood
987:. Other communities such as
221:; Lone Peach, Arkansas; and
7:
2756:Floods in the United States
2643:. New York: Pegasus Books.
2584:. Indiana Geological Survey
2012:Batic and Giacomelli, p. 6.
1355:. Indiana Geological Survey
1173:
610:
10:
2807:
2455:"Forget At Your Own Peril"
2406:Williams, p. vii and viii.
2367:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
2354:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
2055:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
1989:Williams, pp. 23–24.
1883:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
1837:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
1745:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
1721:"Rainfall & Hydrology"
1690:"Rainfall & Hydrology"
1168:Miami Conservancy District
534:
472:
424:
2781:Natural disasters in Ohio
2162:Susan Hanf (2010-01-06).
2077:Williams, p. 204 and 208.
2068:Williams, p. 203–4.
1137:Flood Control Act of 1917
1117:
1066:
142:
134:
48:
40:
24:
2635:Williams, Geoff (2013).
2322:"'Death Rode Ruthless…'"
2252:"'Death Rode Ruthless…'"
2224:"'Death Rode Ruthless…'"
2100:"'Death Rode Ruthless…'"
1185:
1156:State and local programs
1147:(FEMA) in 1979, and the
274:overflowed its banks in
182:Midwestern United States
2786:History of Dayton, Ohio
2771:History of Indianapolis
1269:Geoff Williams (2013).
979:overflows its banks in
2791:Floods in Pennsylvania
1810:. Silver Jackets. 2013
1727:. Silver Jackets. 2013
1696:. Silver Jackets. 2013
1112:Lyles Station, Indiana
1098:
605:New Orleans, Louisiana
499:
450:
439:
215:Southern United States
1108:Shawneetown, Illinois
1092:
861:Indianapolis, Indiana
652:Indianapolis, Indiana
494:
487:Indianapolis, Indiana
445:
434:
232:Indianapolis, Indiana
162:eastern United States
2216:"Forgotten Waters",
1163:Arthur Ernest Morgan
989:Cumberland, Maryland
837:Heavy rain falls at
755:, that same evening.
753:Terre Haute, Indiana
747:Major tornadoes hit
694:The storm keeps the
656:Louisville, Kentucky
601:Natchez, Mississippi
555:Louisville, Kentucky
530:Contributing factors
223:Terre Haute, Indiana
2521:on 13 November 2013
2290:on 13 November 2013
1608:on 13 November 2013
1393:on 13 November 2013
1130:Federal legislation
883:Wednesday, March 26
873:Fort Wayne, Indiana
696:U.S. Weather Bureau
446:The Great Flood in
154:Great Flood of 1913
21:
20:Great Flood of 1913
2761:History of Indiana
2704:2022-03-31 at the
2687:2016-04-22 at the
2670:2017-11-07 at the
2481:"Morgan's Cowboys"
2003:Williams, p. viii.
1575:has generic name (
1099:
1041:Pennsylvania Lines
1010:American Red Cross
900:Thursday, March 27
675:Saturday, March 22
597:Memphis, Tennessee
500:
451:
440:
427:Great Dayton Flood
283:American Red Cross
186:Great Dayton Flood
35:, during the flood
19:
2751:March 1913 events
2650:978-1-60598-404-9
2434:on 23 August 2013
2383:"Like A War Zone"
2345:Williams, p. 303.
2197:Williams, p. 306.
2188:Williams, p. 313.
2149:Williams, p. 236.
2021:Williams, p. 282.
1963:"Be Very Afraid…"
1862:on 23 August 2013
1773:"The First Punch"
1758:Williams, p. 283.
1678:Williams, p. 172.
1489:J. David Rogers.
1286:978-1-60598-404-9
1248:Indianapolis Star
1059:and fellow actor
1032:Dayton Daily News
1019:Samuel M. Ralston
850:Tuesday, March 25
843:Great Miami River
668:Buffalo, New York
664:Detroit, Michigan
546:Mississippi River
509:Washington Street
455:Great Miami River
435:Ludlow Street in
415:on March 29, 1913
291:Samuel M. Ralston
194:Mississippi River
150:
149:
44:March 23–26, 1913
2798:
2711:1913 Flood books
2654:
2642:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2580:Gustin, Andrew.
2576:
2563:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2514:. Archived from
2513:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2424:"1913 vs. Today"
2420:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2315:
2309:
2308:Williams, p. ix.
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2283:. Archived from
2282:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2213:
2207:
2206:Williams, p. xi.
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1919:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1518:. Archived from
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1386:. Archived from
1385:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1291:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1224:on 3 August 2013
1210:
1095:Miamisburg, Ohio
1085:Damage estimates
951:Friday, March 28
824:Seymour, Indiana
766:Monday, March 24
685:Sunday, March 23
619:Friday, March 21
589:Whitewater River
524:
523:
519:
457:burst levees on
404:
29:
22:
18:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2776:History of Ohio
2736:1913 in Indiana
2716:
2715:
2706:Wayback Machine
2689:Wayback Machine
2672:Wayback Machine
2661:
2651:
2625:
2623:
2608:
2606:
2605:on 7 March 2011
2587:
2585:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2358:, p. 6–7.
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2170:on 7 March 2011
2160:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1933:on 2 April 2014
1921:
1920:
1891:
1882:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1828:Williams, p. 5.
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1630:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1461:on 31 July 2013
1453:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1351:Andrew Gustin.
1349:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1294:
1287:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1192:
1188:
1176:
1158:
1132:
1120:
1097:after the flood
1087:
1078:
1069:
1057:Sarah Bernhardt
998:
913:, Terre Haute,
749:Omaha, Nebraska
648:Ontario, Canada
613:
593:Cairo, Illinois
567:
537:
532:
521:
517:
516:
489:
477:
471:
429:
423:
418:
417:
416:
410:
405:
300:
219:Omaha, Nebraska
178:Johnstown Flood
143:Property damage
36:
31:Main Street in
17:
12:
11:
5:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2696:
2691:
2679:
2674:
2660:
2659:External links
2657:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2632:
2615:
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2577:
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2503:
2500:
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2014:
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1982:
1944:
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1116:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1061:John Drew, Jr.
1014:Woodrow Wilson
997:
996:Relief efforts
994:
993:
992:
973:
948:
947:
942:Ohio governor
940:
933:
922:
897:
896:
893:
880:
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876:
869:Columbus, Ohio
847:
846:
835:
804:
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787:
784:
777:eastern Canada
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542:Gulf of Mexico
536:
533:
531:
528:
488:
485:
473:Main article:
470:
469:Columbus, Ohio
467:
463:Hamilton, Ohio
448:Hamilton, Ohio
425:Main article:
422:
419:
413:Delaware, Ohio
407:
406:
399:
398:
397:
361:North Carolina
299:
298:Affected areas
296:
244:Columbus, Ohio
206:Gulf of Mexico
148:
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109:North Carolina
50:
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2323:
2314:
2305:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2220:, p. 13, and
2219:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2146:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2074:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
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1996:
1986:
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1964:
1957:
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1840:
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1774:
1767:
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1748:
1742:
1726:
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1716:
1714:
1712:
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1663:
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1593:
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1578:
1573:|author=
1566:
1558:
1556:0-253-31222-1
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1522:on 2019-10-16
1521:
1517:
1511:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
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1389:
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1341:
1325:
1318:
1311:
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1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
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1278:
1274:
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1265:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:of 1968, the
1142:
1138:
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1125:
1115:
1113:
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1034:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Potomac River
974:
971:
967:
963:
962:Massachusetts
959:
955:
954:
953:
952:
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
923:
920:
916:
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2741:1913 in Ohio
2731:1910s floods
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1222:the original
1217:
1214:"The Rivers"
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1052:Rotary clubs
1049:
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1023:James M. Cox
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937:Pennsylvania
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736:, Missouri,
707:Great Plains
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618:
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478:
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437:Dayton, Ohio
421:Dayton, Ohio
411:Flooding in
385:Great Plains
369:Pennsylvania
301:
287:James M. Cox
280:
248:Pennsylvania
211:Great Plains
198:
190:Dayton, Ohio
153:
151:
117:Pennsylvania
33:Dayton, Ohio
1841:, pp. 7, 9.
1277:viii and xi
958:Gulf States
816:White River
781:New England
773:Great Lakes
634:Mississippi
580:Great Miami
513:White River
341:Mississippi
313:Connecticut
89:Mississippi
61:Connecticut
2720:Categories
2502:References
1526:2020-10-19
1437:2013-07-03
1359:2013-07-03
1093:Damage in
1043:, and the
985:Hagerstown
919:Washington
865:Cincinnati
857:Ohio River
832:Whitewater
808:Logansport
711:Ohio River
565:Watersheds
551:Ohio River
391:, and the
353:New Jersey
240:Youngstown
236:Cincinnati
227:Ohio River
101:New Jersey
2622:. History
1565:cite book
1433:. History
930:Tennessee
915:Vincennes
572:Muskingum
373:Tennessee
329:Louisiana
121:Tennessee
77:Louisiana
2702:Archived
2685:Archived
2668:Archived
2059:, p. 13.
1174:See also
1045:Vandalia
1037:Big Four
981:Maryland
970:Virginia
926:Kentucky
890:New York
820:Columbus
738:Michigan
734:Illinois
726:Nebraska
722:Missouri
720:, while
709:and the
703:Colorado
611:Timeline
481:Columbus
381:Virginia
357:New York
345:Missouri
333:Maryland
325:Kentucky
317:Illinois
309:Arkansas
276:Maryland
268:Virginia
256:Illinois
252:New York
138:est. 650
129:Virginia
105:New York
93:Missouri
81:Maryland
73:Kentucky
65:Illinois
57:Arkansas
49:Location
2371:, p. 7.
1887:, p. 9.
1749:, p. 6.
1612:29 July
966:Vermont
907:Bedford
742:Indiana
713:valley.
644:Midwest
630:Georgia
626:Alabama
535:Weather
520:⁄
393:Midwest
377:Vermont
321:Indiana
305:Alabama
264:Vermont
202:Bermuda
174:Indiana
158:central
125:Vermont
69:Indiana
53:Alabama
2647:
2626:3 July
2609:3 July
2588:3 July
2545:3 July
2525:3 July
2294:3 July
2174:3 July
1966:(blog)
1776:(blog)
1553:
1397:3 July
1320:(blog)
1283:
1118:Impact
1067:Deaths
1039:, the
968:, and
917:, and
911:Shoals
871:, and
863:, and
839:Dayton
828:Maumee
814:, the
812:Attica
740:, and
718:Kansas
691:River.
632:, and
584:Wabash
582:, and
576:Scioto
459:Dayton
387:, the
379:, and
270:. The
266:, and
242:, and
234:, and
213:, the
166:runoff
135:Deaths
127:, and
2519:(PDF)
2512:(PDF)
2288:(PDF)
2281:(PDF)
1494:(PDF)
1391:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1186:Notes
791:Texas
775:into
389:South
2645:ISBN
2628:2013
2611:2013
2590:2013
2547:2013
2527:2013
2492:2013
2466:2013
2440:2013
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2333:2013
2296:2013
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1977:2013
1939:2013
1868:2013
1816:2013
1787:2013
1733:2013
1702:2013
1614:2013
1584:link
1577:help
1551:ISBN
1502:2013
1467:2013
1399:2013
1331:2013
1281:ISBN
1256:2013
1230:2013
1124:1927
1008:The
975:The
928:and
867:and
855:The
822:and
801:Ohio
779:and
730:Iowa
365:Ohio
250:and
170:Ohio
160:and
152:The
113:Ohio
41:Date
810:to
479:In
188:at
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