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their head during a casual walk whereas all south Indian and Sri Lankan gray langurs have an inverted "U" shape or a "S" tail carriage pattern. There are also significant variations in the size depending on the sex, with the male always larger than the female. The head-and-body length is from 51 to 79 cm (20 to 31 in). Their tails, at 69 to 102 cm (27 to 40 in) are always longer than their bodies. Langurs from the southern part of their range are smaller than those from the north. At 26.5 kg (58 lb), the heaviest langur ever recorded was a male
988:
846:
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regardless of their rank. However, higher-ranking females give out and receive grooming the most. In addition, females groom males more often than the other way around. Male and female relationships are usually positive. Relationships between males can range from peaceful to violent. While females remain in their natal groups, males will leave when they reach adulthood. Relationships between groups tend to be hostile. High-ranking males from different groups will display, vocalize, and fight among themselves.
356:
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62:
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1619:. However, males are still somehow able to deduce the reproduction state of females. Females signal that they are ready to mate by shuddering the head, lowering the tail, and presenting their anogenital regions. Such solicitations do not always lead to copulation. When langurs mate, they are sometimes disrupted by other group members. Females have even been recorded mounting other females.
1632:
drives the evolution of this trait. In multiple-male groups, the costs for infanticidal males are likely to be high as the other males may protect the infants and they can't ensure that they'll sire young with other males around. Nevertheless, infanticide does occur in these groups, and is suggested that such practices serve to return a female to estrous and gain the opportunity to mate.
4210:
1545:. Leaves of trees and shrubs rank at the top of preferred food, followed by herbs and grasses. Non-plant material consumed include spider webs, termite mounds and insect larvae. They forage on agricultural crops and other human foods, and even accept handouts. Although they occasionally drink, langurs get most of their water from the moisture in their food.
727:
797:
1011:
1083:
868:
1636:
terms of locomotion for the first two weeks of their life. As they approach their sixth week of life, infants vocalize more. They use squeaks and shrieks to communicate stress. In the following months, the infants are capable of quadrupedal locomotion and can walk, run and jump by the second and third months.
1713:
important. Langurs will raid crops and steal food from houses, and this causes people to persecute them. While people may feed them in temples, they do not extend such care to monkeys at their homes. Langurs stealing and biting people to get food in urban areas may also contribute to more persecutions.
323:
These langurs are largely gray (some more yellowish), with a black face and ears. Externally, the various species mainly differ in the darkness of the hands and feet, the overall color and the presence or absence of a crest. Typically all north Indian gray langurs have their tail tips looping towards
1704:
In India, gray langurs number at around 300,000. India has laws prohibiting the capturing or killing of langurs, but they are still hunted in some parts of the country. Enforcement of these laws has proven to be difficult and it seems most people are unaware of their protection. Populations are also
1582:
Social hierarchies exist for all group types. In all-male groups, dominance is attained through aggression and mating success. With sexually mature females, rank is based on physical condition and age. The younger the female, the higher the rank. Dominance rituals are most common among high-ranking
1708:
Langurs can be found near roads and can become victims of automobile accidents. This happens even in protected areas, with deaths by automobile collisions making nearly a quarter of mortality in
Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, India. Langurs are considered sacred in the Hindu religion
1635:
Females usually give birth to a single infant, although twins do occur. Most births occur during the night. Infants are born with thin, dark brown or black hair and pale skin. Infants spend their first week attached to their mothers' chests and mostly just suckle or sleep. They do not move much in
1712:
Because of their sacred status and their less aggressive behavior compared to other primates, langurs are generally not considered pests in many parts of India. Despite this, research in some areas show high levels of support for the removal of langurs from villages, their sacred status no longer
1631:
is common among gray langurs. Most infanticidal langurs are males that have recently immigrated to a group and driven out the prior male. These males only kill infants that are not their own. Infanticide is more commonly reported in one-male groups, perhaps because one male monopolizing matings
1611:
In one-male groups, the resident male is usually the sole breeder of the females and sires all the young. In multiple-male groups, the highest-ranking male fathers most of the offspring, followed by the next-ranking males and even outside males will father young. Higher-ranking females are more
1586:
Females within a group are matrilineally related. Female memberships are also stable, but less so in larger groups. Relationships between the females tend to be friendly. They will do various activities with each together, such as foraging, traveling and resting. They will also groom each other
1415:
habitats like deserts, tropical habitats like tropical rainforests and temperate habitats like coniferous forests, deciduous habitats and mountains habitats. They are found at sea level to altitudes up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). They can adapt well to human settlements, and are found in
331:
Langurs mostly walk quadrupedally and spend half of their time on the ground and the other half in trees. They will also make bipedal hops, climbing and descending supports with the body upright, and leaps. Langurs can leap 3.6–4.7 m (12–15 ft) horizontally and 10.7–12.2 m
1446:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1451:
1626:
period of gray langur lasts around 200 days, at least at
Jodhpur, India. In some areas, reproduction is year-around. Year-round reproduction appears to occur in populations that capitalize on human-made foods. Other populations have seasonal reproduction.
1448:
1575:
All-male groups tend to be the smallest of the groups and can consist of adults, subadults, and juveniles. Some populations have only multiple-male groups as mixed sex groups, while others have only one-male groups as mixed sexed groups.
1583:
langurs. Most changes in social rank in males take place during changes in group members. An adult male may remain in a one-male group for 45 months. The rate of male replacement can occur quickly or slowly depending on the group.
1709:
and are sometimes kept for religious purposes by Hindu priests and for roadside performances. However, some religious groups use langurs as food and medicine, and parts of gray langurs are sometimes kept as amulets for good luck.
1407:
in the east to
Pakistan in the west. They possibly occur in Afghanistan. The bulk of the gray langur distribution is within India, and all seven currently recognized species have at least a part of their range in this country.
3441:
Rajpurohit, L.S.; Chhangani, A.K.; Rajpurohit, R.S.; Mohnot, S.M. (2003). "Observation of a sudden resident-male replacement in a unimale bisexual troop of
Hanuman langurs, Semnopithecus entellus, around Jodhpur (India)".
1640:
occurs among langurs, starting when the infants reach two years of age. The infant will be given to the other females of the group. However, if the mother dies, the infant usually follows. Langurs are weaned by 13 months.
328:. The larger gray langurs are rivals for the largest species of monkey found in Asia. The average weight of gray langurs is 18 kg (40 lb) in the males and 11 kg (24 lb) in the females.
1440:. They sleep during the night in trees but also on man-made structures like towers and electric poles when in human settlements. When resting in trees, they generally prefer the highest branches.
3290:
Rajpurohit, L.S.; Chhangani, A.K.; Rajpurohit, R.S.; Bhaker, N.R.; Rajpurohit, D.S.; Sharma, G. (2008). "Recent observation on resident male change followed by infanticide in
Hanuman langurs (
2909:
Waite, T.A.; Chhangani, A.K.; Campbell, L.G.; Rajpurohit, L.S.; Mohonot, S.M. (2007). "Sanctuary in the city: urban monkeys buffered against catastrophic die-off during ENSO-related drought".
1447:
2400:
3604:
Ostner, J.; Chalise, M.K.; Koenig, A.; Launhardt, K.; Nikolei, J.; Podzuweit, D.; Borries, C. (2006). "What hanuman langur males know about female reproductive status".
2944:
Sharma SK (2002). "High-tension electric poles used as a night roost by troops of
Hanuman langur Presbytes entellus at Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jaipur".
3696:
Sommer, V., Schauer, P., Kyriazis, D. (2006) "A wild mixture of motivations: same-sex mounting in Indian langur monkeys". In: Sommer, V., Vasey, P.L. (eds.)
888:: Leaves and fruit, as well as seeds, roots, flowers, bark, twigs, coniferous cones, moss, lichens, ferns, shoots, rhizomes, grass, and invertebrate animals
303:, inhabiting forest, open lightly wooded habitats, and urban areas on the Indian subcontinent. Most species are found at low to moderate altitudes, but the
7401:
7343:
7281:
292:
was recognized, but since about 2001 additional species have been recognized. The taxonomy has been in flux, but currently eight species are recognized.
3557:
Launhardt, K.; Borries, C.; Hardt, C.; Epplen, J.T.; Winkler, P. (2001). "Paternity analysis of alternative male reproductive routes among the langurs (
8888:
8121:
7815:
7308:
7274:
7210:
6699:
6437:
6314:
6262:
1579:
Some evidence suggests multiple-male groups are temporary and exist only after a takeover, and subsequently split into one-male and all-male groups.
7832:
7440:
6382:
6026:
5916:
5784:
5650:
5514:
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7336:
7322:
7153:
6328:
6292:
6172:
5907:
5777:
5728:
5608:
399:
is worthy of treatment as a species rather than a subspecies, but at present this is based on limited evidence. During a study based on external
7697:
7425:
6655:
6484:
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6036:
5812:
5664:
5657:
5636:
5537:
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6409:
5923:
5763:
5742:
5622:
5615:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5544:
5530:
3886:
Bhaker, N.R.; Rajpurohit, D.S.; Rajpurohit, LS. (2004). "Vocalization in
Hanuman langur, Semnopithecus entellus around Jodhpur, Rajasthan".
7329:
6709:
6601:
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6321:
5791:
5770:
5756:
5699:
5692:
5601:
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5671:
5629:
5558:
5523:
5889:
5854:
5798:
5706:
5685:
5643:
5503:
3245:
Srivastava, A.; Mohnot, S.M. (1992). "Existence of multimale troops and their transformation into unimale troops in
Hanuman langurs".
6248:
6162:
5930:
5896:
5861:
5833:
5805:
4302:
4280:
3218:
Mathur, R.; Manohar, B.R. (1990). "Density of Macaca mulatta and
Presbytis entellus in the old city of Jaipur: a three year survey".
8736:
6307:
5875:
5826:
3358:
Borries, C.; Sommer, V.; Srivastava, A. (1991). "Dominance, age, and reproductive success in free-ranging female
Hanuman langurs (
8775:
3267:
Rajpurohit, D.S.; Rajpurohit, L.S. (2005). "Displacement interactions-the determinants of dominance hierarchy in Hanuman langur,
2399:
Roos, C.; Boonratana, R.; Supriatna, J.; Fellowes, J. R.; Groves, C. P.; Nash, S. D.; Rylands, A. B.; Mittermeier, R. A. (2014).
8793:
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8780:
3485:
Borries, C.; Sommer, V.; Srivastava, A. (1994). "Weaving a tight social net: allogrooming in a free-ranging female langurs (
5394:
2428:
578:-encoded genes of several colobine species revealed that Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs cluster with gray langur, while
3107:. International Symposium held in New Delhi, India, November 1975. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. pp. 24–45.
2257:"Delineating ecological boundaries of hanuman langur species complex in Peninsular India using MaxEnt modeling approach"
2370:
1243:
5267:
4125:
3730:
3705:
2896:
2874:
2018:
1900:
1762:
2315:
2210:
1740:
411:
six main types were found, but continued to label all as subspecies. Coat color is highly variable, possible due to
2812:"Molecules support morphology: species status of South Indian populations of the widely distributed Hanuman langur"
8806:
8893:
8878:
3008:"Some food plants of Hanuman langur Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne) in the western Ghats of Maharashtra, India"
4182:
3986:
Choudhury A. (2001). "Primates in northeast India: an overview of their distribution and conservation status".
2360:
1521:. However, unlike some other colobines they do not depend on leaves and leaf buds of herbs, but will also eat
8845:
5003:
4468:
4295:
3155:
Rajpurohit, L.S. (1992). "Origin and composition of the unisexual unit — an all-male band in Hanuman langur,
3650:
Sommer, V.; Srivastava, A.; Borries, C. (1992). "Cycles, sexuality, and conception in free-ranging langurs (
2885:
Bennett, E.L., Davies, A.G. (1994) "The ecology of Asian colobines". In: Davies, A.G., Oates, J.F. (eds.)
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237:
17:
8702:
1962:
644:
180:
5362:
4048:
2746:
2535:
404:
4310:
2316:"Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia (Primates: Colobinae)"
1230:
385:, and alternative treatments exist where only two species (a northern and a southern) are recognized.
8873:
5294:
5039:
4585:
3100:
2963:
Ramakrishnan U, Coss RG (2001). "A comparison of the sleeping behavior of three sympatric primates".
7894:
1701:. The latter is the rarest species of gray langur, with less than 250 mature individuals remaining.
676:
5387:
5285:
5258:
4971:
4818:
4706:
4603:
4558:
4495:
4288:
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Sugiyama Y. (1965). "Behavioral development and social structure in two troops of Hanuman langurs (
3183:
Newton P. (1994). "Social stability and change among forest Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)".
2790:
2702:
2619:
2577:
1926:
1871:
1819:
1690:
671:
545:
243:
43:
1416:
villages, towns and areas with housing or agriculture. They live in densely populated cities like
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8616:
7652:
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6877:
4854:
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4549:
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4374:
4253:
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345:
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1752:
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8637:
6931:
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4899:
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4540:
3117:
Starin, E.D. (1978). "A preliminary investigation of home range use in the Gir Forest langur".
2649:
2635:
2123:
1985:
929:
857:
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457:
389:
evidence supports at least three species: a north Indian, a south Indian and a Sri Lankan one.
197:
8767:
4917:
4116:
Manohar BR. (1999) "Jaipur monkeys-perspective of ecology and management". Sharma BD, editor.
3743:
Borries, C. (1997). "Infanticide in Seasonally Breeding Multimale Groups of Hanuman Langurs" (
8827:
7717:
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3718:
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1963:"Intraspecific variation in size, proportion of body parts and weight in the hanuman langur,
1628:
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891:
784:
750:
412:
8819:
2030:
Ripley S. (1967). "The leaping of langurs: a problem in the study of locomotor adaptation".
8723:
8684:
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5165:
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4522:
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3289:
2644:
2268:
1131:
400:
6098:
1927:"A taxonomic revision of the langurs and leaf monkeys (Primates: Colobinae) of South Asia"
1689:
Gray langurs have stable populations in some areas and declining ones in others. Both the
8:
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7054:
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5380:
4944:
4791:
4724:
4679:
4567:
4513:
4459:
3905:
Hohmann, G. (1989). "Comparative study of vocal communication in two Asian leaf monkeys,
2723:
2512:
1694:
1662:
grunt barks made mostly by adult males during group movements and agonistic interactions;
1225:
770:
594:
521:
433:
375:. In 2001, it was proposed that seven species should be recognized. This was followed in
308:
281:
261:
225:
2908:
2865:, the Hanuman langur". In: Rainier III (Grimaldi) Prince of Monaco, Bourne, G.H. (eds.)
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2256:
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2151:
2096:
2061:
1989:
1698:
1318:
1126:
962:
820:
561:
394:
300:
255:
56:
8689:
3719:"Infanticide in hanuman langurs: social organization, male migration, and weaning age"
2124:"Molecular systematics and conservation of the langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia"
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2359:
Wilson, Don E.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). "Introduction".
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2014:
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3341:
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2241:
2155:
8524:
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8061:
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7527:
7463:
7433:
7370:
6457:
6373:
6218:
5318:
5309:
5208:
5111:
4312:
4155:
4089:
3922:
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3821:
3756:
3663:
3613:
3570:
3537:
3526:"Eco-ethology of the common langur Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne) in Bangladesh"
3510:
3498:
3451:
3415:
3371:
3329:
3316:
Koenig, A. (2000). "Competitive regimes in forest-dwelling Hanuman langur females (
3227:
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3027:
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2823:
2785:
2741:
2697:
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2330:
2313:
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2135:
2091:
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1981:
1941:
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1491:
1356:
485:
408:
277:
143:
8715:
4005:
Rao RJ, Bhatnagar A (2001). "Primates of the Amarkantak forests, Madhya Pradesh".
2992:
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1946:
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species form a distinct clade. Since then, two other species have been moved from
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7247:
7197:
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7130:
6924:
6719:
6389:
6342:
6276:
5591:
5147:
4800:
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2281:
4078:"A population survey of Hanuman langurs in the district of Purulia, west Bengal"
2334:
726:
355:
8573:
8534:
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7238:
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6400:
5156:
5066:
5030:
4953:
4782:
4748:
4733:
4418:
4400:
4229:
4215:
3967:
Mukherjee RP (2001). "Status and conservation of non-human primates in India".
1847:
Kumar, A.; Singh, M.; Anandam, M.; Ahuja, V.; Kumara, H. N.; Molur, S. (2020).
1471:
1000:
911:
615:
has been determined to be invalid. Most of the range that had been considered
602:
437:
420:
249:
203:
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2922:
2827:
2233:
2139:
1553:
1303:: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail
1190:: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail
1091:: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail
1019:: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail
987:
947:: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail
876:: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail
805:: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail
735:: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail
8862:
8660:
8552:
8387:
8378:
8107:
8077:
8027:
7997:
7839:
7805:
7737:
7659:
7568:
7547:
7146:
7106:
6827:
6790:
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6739:
6689:
6665:
6285:
6208:
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4935:
4926:
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4391:
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2688:
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2563:
2521:
2185:
1857:
1805:
1757:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 174–175.
1748:
1637:
453:
3542:
2809:
2211:"Taxonomic implications of a field study of morphotypes of hanuman langurs (
2043:
1772:
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8513:
8424:
8401:
8349:
8332:
8302:
8144:
8092:
7946:
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7680:
7585:
7520:
7510:
7500:
7410:
7292:
7254:
7139:
6986:
6979:
6887:
6625:
6611:
6544:
6423:
6193:
6151:
5949:
5488:
5093:
4409:
4223:
4138:
Pirta RS, Gadgil M, Kharshikar AV (1997). "Management of the rhesus monkey
3885:
3675:
3667:
3625:
3582:
3574:
3463:
3061:
Srivastava, A. (1991). "Insectivory and its significance to langur diets".
2984:
2342:
2300:
2147:
2105:
2086:
1736:
1479:
1294:
1143:
796:
688:
571:
473:
429:
386:
189:
4028:) in road accidents in Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India".
3934:
3872:
3760:
3333:
1656:
harsh barks made by adult and subadult males when surprised by a predator;
1565:
one-male groups, comprising one adult male, several females and offspring;
1506:
1181:
1010:
8749:
8669:
8490:
7673:
7554:
7537:
7301:
6907:
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6504:
6225:
5678:
4863:
4442:
1603:
1483:
1082:
867:
575:
3948:
Srinivasulu C, Nagulu V (2001). "Status of primates in Andhra Pradesh".
1375:
where their ranges overlap, and a small amount of hybridization between
8741:
7966:
7758:
7085:
7072:
7022:
6958:
6897:
6800:
6783:
6675:
6618:
6591:
6554:
6524:
6514:
6239:
5965:
5847:
5551:
5496:
5448:
5403:
4356:
3825:
3502:
3419:
3375:
3196:
3130:
3074:
1495:
1437:
1404:
382:
372:
163:
123:
3926:
3864:
3617:
3455:
2976:
2401:"An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates"
2070:
among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups"
1595:
1470:
will eat food dropped by foraging langurs. Langurs are preyed upon by
1399:
The entire distribution of all gray langur species stretches from the
1031:: Leaves, fruit, and flowers, as well as insects, bark, gum, and soil
938:
340:
8754:
8435:
8365:
8339:
8208:
8158:
7795:
7785:
7708:
7561:
7451:
7350:
7116:
6870:
6773:
5987:
5749:
5465:
4986:
4319:
3782:
Agoramoorthy, G. (1992). "Reproductive biology of the Hanuman langur
1680:
hiccups made by most members of a group when they find another group.
1623:
1518:
1511:
1400:
791:
284:, with all species with the exception of two being commonly known as
153:
73:
8631:
2254:
1671:
grunts made in many different situations, usually in agonistic ones;
1059:
8654:
8501:
8477:
8270:
8229:
8175:
8114:
7687:
6837:
6730:
6430:
6355:
6255:
5840:
5480:
5421:
4338:
4237:
3649:
3484:
3357:
1459:
1367:. It also indicated that there has been some hybridization between
312:
93:
3402:
Newton, P.N. (1987). "The social organization of Hanuman langurs (
2314:
Karanth, K. P.; Singh, L.; Collura, R. V.; Stewart, C. B. (2008).
1795:
Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Long, Y.; Chetry, D.; Kumar, A. (2020).
8840:
8562:
8455:
8182:
7822:
7751:
7003:
6996:
6858:
6753:
6535:
6416:
6362:
6182:
6043:
6000:
5433:
4350:
2766:
Rudran, R.; Dittus, W.; Gamage, S. N.; Nekaris, K. A. I. (2020).
2722:
Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Dittus, W.; Kumar, A.; Nag, C. (2020).
1754:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1616:
1522:
1417:
113:
3266:
1659:
cough barks made by adults and subadults during group movements;
371:
was recognized as a species, the remainder all being treated as
8132:
7956:
7765:
7666:
7387:
6584:
6300:
6130:
6117:
6069:
5427:
5415:
4344:
4332:
2590:
2588:
1705:
threatened by mining, forest fires and deforestation for wood.
1568:
multiple-male groups, comprising males and females of all ages;
1542:
1530:
1487:
1463:
349:
133:
103:
83:
8728:
1653:
loud calls or whoops made only by adult males during displays;
1428:
1411:
Gray langurs can adapt to a variety of habitats. They inhabit
5459:
5372:
4273:
2506:
2504:
2502:
1649:
Gray langurs are recorded to make a number of vocalizations:
1475:
626:
Thus the current generally accepted species within the genus
465:
415:
and therefore of questionable value in species delimitation.
4075:
3698:
Homosexual behaviour in animals: an evolutionary perspective
2585:
1668:
pant barks made with loud calls when groups are interacting;
1615:
Female gray langurs do not make it obvious that they are in
8542:
7575:
5191:
2850:
Primates of South Asia: ecology, sociobiology, and behavior
2627:
2174:
2011:
Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife
1538:
1534:
1467:
1412:
3244:
2499:
7925:
7912:
7862:
4209:
2810:
Ashalakshmi, N.C.; Nag, K. S. C.; Karanth, K. P. (2014).
2765:
2761:
2759:
2757:
1967:(Primates), in South Asia, with remarks on subspeciation"
2888:
Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution
2362:
Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 3: Primates
3523:
3217:
3050:(PhD dissertation). University of California, Berkeley.
2717:
2715:
2713:
2678:
Singh, M.; Kumar, A.; Kumara, H. N.; Ahuja, V. (2020).
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
3846:
2754:
2721:
2673:
2671:
1846:
1674:
honks made by adult males when groups are interacting;
4137:
4049:"Illegal trade, and utilization of primates in India"
2677:
2511:
Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Kumar, A.; Nag, C. (2020).
1794:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1677:
rumbles made during approaches, embraces, and mounts;
8580:
8569:
8558:
8548:
8530:
8520:
8509:
8461:
8443:
8375:
8345:
8328:
8318:
8308:
8298:
8288:
8278:
8255:
8245:
8235:
8225:
8188:
8164:
8140:
8058:
8043:
8033:
8023:
8013:
8003:
7993:
7982:
7972:
7962:
7952:
7942:
7828:
7811:
7801:
7791:
7781:
7771:
7733:
7723:
7693:
7598:
7581:
7543:
7533:
7516:
7506:
7496:
7486:
7476:
7459:
7398:
7383:
7223:
7194:
7164:
7127:
7112:
7102:
6992:
6913:
6903:
6893:
6883:
6866:
6843:
6833:
6823:
6813:
6796:
6779:
6769:
6759:
6715:
6705:
6695:
6671:
6661:
6651:
6641:
6631:
6607:
6597:
6573:
6550:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6490:
6480:
6470:
6339:
6273:
6236:
6205:
6189:
6178:
6168:
6158:
6147:
6049:
6032:
6022:
5982:
5971:
5961:
5461:
4205:
4076:
Chaudhuri S, Murmu A, Talukder B, Alfred JR (2004).
4024:
Chhangani, A.K. (2004). "Killing of Hanuman langur (
2710:
2548:
2546:
1827:
1525:
needles and cones, fruits and fruit buds, evergreen
1420:, which has a population numbering up to a million.
2668:
2510:
2059:
1612:reproductively successful than lower-ranking ones.
3530:University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University
3262:
3260:
3150:
3148:
2747:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T167546892A17942964.en
2536:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T167543916A17942313.en
1779:
4118:Indian wildlife resources ecology and development
3947:
3847:Dolhinow, P.; Murphy, G. (1982). "Langur monkey (
3775:
2543:
2255:Nag, C.; Praveen, K. K.; Vasudeva, G. K. (2014).
1403:in the north to Sri Lanka in the south, and from
311:occur up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in the
8860:
3803:
3801:
3781:
3154:
3105:Use of non-human primates in biomedical research
2962:
2855:
2594:
2552:
2489:
1895:. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
4023:
3353:
3351:
3283:
3257:
3238:
3145:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1284:(Southern lowland wetzone purple-faced langur)
480:. A possible explanation for this is that the
4056:ENVIS Bulletin of Wildlife and Protected Areas
4007:ENVIS Bulletin of Wildlife and Protected Areas
3988:ENVIS Bulletin of Wildlife and Protected Areas
3979:
3969:ENVIS Bulletin of Wildlife and Protected Areas
3950:ENVIS Bulletin of Wildlife and Protected Areas
3645:
3643:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3311:
3309:
3178:
3176:
3174:
2791:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22042A17959452.en
2703:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39837A17942651.en
2620:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39832A17942050.en
2578:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44694A17958623.en
2208:
2055:
2053:
1872:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39833A17943210.en
1820:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39840A17942792.en
1665:rumble screams made in agonistic interactions;
5388:
4296:
3798:
3788:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
3005:
2946:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1960:
1924:
1590:
1561:Gray langurs exist in three types of groups:
484:species group is the result of fairly recent
381:in 2005, though several of the seven species
4004:
3985:
3966:
3898:
3851:) development: the first 3 months of life".
3736:
3721:. In: van Schaik, C.P., Janson, C.H. (eds.)
3401:
3348:
3116:
2879:
2595:Kumara, H. N.; Kumar, A.; Singh, M. (2020).
2553:Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Kumar, A. (2020).
2466:
2117:
2115:
2062:"Phylogenetic position of the langur genera
2060:Osterholz, M.; Walter, L.; Roos, C. (2008).
1909:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1329:
1216:
1117:
1045:
902:
831:
761:
3904:
3879:
3807:
3742:
3640:
3390:
3306:
3171:
3095:Vogel, C. (1977) "Ecology and sociology of
2354:
2352:
2050:
1394:
6128:
5395:
5381:
4303:
4289:
4040:
3700:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 238–372
3315:
3089:
3060:
2891:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–171
2852:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA)
2023:
1684:
1391:diverged from each other fairly recently.
1339:A 2013 genetic study indicated that while
42:
7923:
7861:
7083:
7021:
4251:
4093:
3725:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–122
3723:Infanticide by males and its implications
3541:
3182:
3044:Social behavior of the Himalayan langur (
3026:
2943:
2789:
2745:
2701:
2618:
2576:
2534:
2290:
2280:
2112:
2095:
2085:
2032:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2029:
1974:Records of the Zoological Survey of India
1945:
1879:
1870:
1818:
973:
4046:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2349:
2175:Molur, S.; Singh, M.; Kumar, A. (2008).
2005:
2003:
1602:
1594:
1552:
1505:
1442:
1427:
424:should be considered only a subgenus of
354:
339:
3041:
2447:
2445:
2121:
1423:
14:
8889:Taxa named by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest
8861:
4271:
4176:
4071:
4069:
2493:
2423:
2421:
2204:
2202:
2200:
1890:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
8636:
8635:
7910:
7070:
6115:
5446:
5376:
4284:
2798:
2633:
2385:
2323:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2000:
666:IUCN status and estimated population
570:Results of analysis of mitochondrial
448:. At present it is unclear where the
428:. If maintaining the two as separate
8846:C6C17280-A213-4D23-9FEE-A6EAFFABE45C
4274:"Save Earth Series – Hanuman Langur"
3491:International Journal of Primatology
3408:International Journal of Primatology
2442:
2222:International Journal of Primatology
1315:: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds
882:: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas
51:Gray langur in Mangaon, Maharashtra
5268:Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (
4131:
4120:. Daya Pub House: Delhi. pp. 153–7
4095:10.26515/rzsi/v103/i3-4/2004/159337
4066:
4017:
3998:
3960:
3941:
3840:
3749:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3597:
3550:
3517:
2848:Roonwal, M.L., Mohnot, S.M. (1977)
2777:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2733:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2689:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2606:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2564:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2522:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2418:
2197:
2186:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1858:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1806:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1722:
1548:
1355:are all valid taxa, there has been
24:
4110:
3711:
3690:
3524:Ahsan, M.F.; Khan, M.A.R. (2006).
3478:
3434:
3211:
3110:
2999:
2956:
2937:
2902:
2656:from the original on July 24, 2023
1986:10.26515/rzsi/v79/i1-2/1981/161760
1529:, shoots and roots, seeds, grass,
318:
25:
8905:
4201:
452:species group (consisting of the
288:. Traditionally only the species
8615:
7893:
7053:
6097:
4236:
4222:
4208:
3888:Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology
3220:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1644:
1328:
1293:
1229:
1215:
1180:
1130:
1116:
1081:
1058:
1044:
1025:: Forest, savanna, and shrubland
1009:
986:
972:
937:
915:
901:
866:
844:
830:
795:
760:
725:
675:
60:
6116:
5004:Black-crested Sumatran langur (
3656:American Journal of Primatology
3606:American Journal of Primatology
3054:
3035:
2842:
2365:(1st ed.). Lynx Edicions.
2307:
2248:
2168:
2009:Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.),
657:Scientific name and subspecies
505:recognized the following seven
392:It has been suggested that the
332:(35–40 ft) in descending.
7911:
7071:
5447:
5402:
4183:Johns Hopkins University Press
4179:Walker's Primates of the World
3717:Borries, C., Koenig A. (2000)
3028:10.11609/jott.zpj.17.6.797-801
1954:
1510:Gray Langur near a village in
1278:(Dryzone purple-faced langur)
1262:(Montane purple-faced langur)
444:instead of their former genus
13:
1:
5058:East Sumatran banded langur (
4698:Northern plains gray langur (
4252:Kurt Gron (28 October 2008).
4146:in Himachal Pradesh, India".
2209:Nag, C.; Karanth, P. (2011).
1947:10.11609/jott.zpj.971.1552-94
1716:
1599:Tufted gray langur with young
1455:Langurs Grooming in Community
1103:: Leaves, fruit, and flowers
959:: Leaves, fruit, and flowers
747:: Leaves, fruit, and flowers
4469:Miss Waldron's red colobus (
4160:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00131-X
3786:in Jodhpur, western India".
3232:10.1016/0168-1591(90)90130-6
2282:10.1371/journal.pone.0087804
1178:Southern India and Sri Lanka
7:
5295:Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (
4254:"Gray langur Semnopithecus"
3103:, Anand Kumar, T.C. (eds.)
2869:. New York: Academic Press
2431:. Mammal Diversity Database
2335:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.026
1517:Gray langurs are primarily
1270:Western purple-faced langur
983:Northern plains gray langur
554:Southern plains gray langur
538:Northern plains gray langur
502:Mammal Species of the World
499:As of 2005, the authors of
418:It has been suggested that
378:Mammal Species of the World
361:Nandankanan Zoological Park
335:
10:
8910:
5286:Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (
5259:Golden snub-nosed monkey (
5049:Robinson's banded langur (
4972:Indochinese black langur (
4819:Selangor silvered langur (
4707:Black-footed gray langur (
4604:Ulindi River red colobus (
4169:
3159:, around Jodhpur, India".
2861:Oppenheimer, J.R. (1977) "
1925:Brandon-Jones, D. (2004).
1591:Reproduction and parenting
1498:may also prey on langurs.
1383:. It also suggested that
817:: Leaves, bark, and seeds
405:ecological niche modelling
27:Genus of Old World monkeys
8644:
8612:
8500:
8485:
8476:
8434:
8374:
8363:
8269:
8221:
8217:
8206:
8131:
8057:
7938:
7934:
7919:
7906:
7891:
7857:
7707:
7642:
7633:
7450:
7397:
7379:
7368:
7291:
7264:
7237:
7205:
7193:
7163:
7126:
7098:
7094:
7079:
7066:
7051:
7017:
6941:
6857:
6729:
6564:
6534:
6466:
6455:
6399:
6372:
6350:
6338:
6272:
6235:
6204:
6143:
6139:
6124:
6111:
6094:
6068:
5999:
5957:
5948:
5944:
5906:
5716:
5589:
5513:
5475:
5455:
5442:
5410:
5359:
5331:
5307:
5239:
5189:
5182:
4984:
4846:Indochinese grey langur (
4746:
4651:
4644:
4616:
4550:Niger Delta red colobus (
4440:
4372:
4365:
4327:
4311:Extant species of family
4177:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
3271:around Jodhpur (India)".
2923:10.1007/s10393-007-0112-6
2828:10.1007/s10592-014-0638-4
2740:: e.T167546892A17942964.
2529:: e.T167543916A17942313.
2234:10.1007/s10764-011-9504-0
2140:10.1007/s12041-010-0057-3
1799:Semnopithecus schistaceus
1224:
1125:
1053:
981:
910:
839:
769:
670:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
517:Semnopithecus schistaceus
216:
211:
195:
188:
57:Scientific classification
55:
50:
41:
34:
5277:Gray snub-nosed monkey (
5040:Raffles' banded langur (
5013:Black-and-white langur (
4586:Oustalet's red colobus (
4541:Tana River red colobus (
4382:(Black and white colobi)
2515:Semnopithecus hypoleucos
2074:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1751:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1691:black-footed gray langur
1607:Gray langur with newborn
1395:Distribution and habitat
672:Black-footed gray langur
613:Semnopithecus dussumieri
557:Semnopithecus dussumieri
549:Semnopithecus hypoleucos
546:Black-footed gray langur
464:) belongs, as available
5130:Sabah grizzled langur (
5022:Black Sumatran langur (
4559:Bouvier's red colobus (
4496:Thollon's red colobus (
3543:10.3329/ujzru.v25i0.317
3322:Behav Ecol Sociobiology
3042:Boggess, J. E. (1976).
2634:Semke, Rebecca (2011).
2044:10.1002/ajpa.1330260206
1685:Status and conservation
1501:
346:Nagarhole National Park
8894:Taxa described in 1822
8879:Primates of South Asia
5166:Natuna Island surili (
5085:White-fronted surili (
5076:White-thighed surili (
4855:Phayre's leaf monkey (
4532:Zanzibar red colobus (
4523:Udzungwa red colobus (
4487:Preuss's red colobus (
4026:Semnopithecus entellus
3668:10.1002/ajp.1350280102
3575:10.1006/anbe.2000.1590
3559:Semnopithecus entellus
3318:Semnopithecus entellus
3292:Semnopithecus entellus
3269:Semnopithecus entellus
3006:Punekar, S.A. (2002).
2650:University of Michigan
2638:Semnopithecus entellus
2599:Semnopithecus entellus
2408:Asian Primates Journal
2215:) in Peninsular India"
2213:Semnopithecus entellus
2087:10.1186/1471-2148-8-58
1961:Roonwal, M.L. (1981).
1608:
1600:
1558:
1514:
1456:
1433:
1196:: Forest and shrubland
741:: Forest and shrubland
541:Semnopithecus entellus
369:Semnopithecus entellus
364:
352:
290:Semnopithecus entellus
8828:Paleobiology Database
4945:White-headed langur (
4900:Gee's golden langur (
4891:Shortridge's langur (
4725:Purple-faced langur (
4680:Kashmir gray langur (
4568:Semliki red colobus (
4514:Ugandan red colobus (
4460:Western red colobus (
3761:10.1007/s002650050373
3334:10.1007/s002650000198
2816:Conservation Genetics
2784:: e.T22042A17959452.
2770:Semnopithecus vetulus
2696:: e.T39837A17942651.
2613:: e.T39832A17942050.
2571:: e.T44694A17958623.
1865:: e.T39833A17943210.
1813:: e.T39840A17942792.
1606:
1598:
1556:
1509:
1454:
1431:
598:Semnopithecus vetulus
413:phenotypic plasticity
358:
344:Young gray langur at
343:
295:Members of the genus
5249:(Snub-nosed monkeys)
5218:Black-shanked douc (
5139:Maroon leaf monkey (
4716:Tufted gray langur (
4595:Lomami red colobus (
4577:Lang's red colobus (
2867:Primate conservation
2682:Semnopithecus hector
2645:Animal Diversity Web
2557:Semnopithecus johnii
2193:: e.T135440A4128558.
2122:Karanth, P. (2010).
1557:Juvenile gray langur
1424:Ecology and behavior
606:Semnopithecus johnii
533:Semnopithecus hector
367:Traditionally, only
7776:Paradolichopithecus
5343:Pig-tailed langur (
5227:Gray-shanked douc (
4963:Delacour's langur (
4837:Dusky leaf monkey (
4810:Tenasserim lutung (
4774:West Javan langur (
4765:East Javan langur (
4689:Tarai gray langur (
4671:Nepal gray langur (
4505:Foa's red colobus (
4478:Pennant's colobus (
4315:(Old World monkeys)
4142:and Hanuman langur
4082:Rec Zool Surv India
3915:Folia Primatologica
3853:Folia Primatologica
3294:) around Jodhpur".
3273:Journal Adv Zoology
3015:Zoos' Print Journal
2726:Semnopithecus priam
2273:2014PLoSO...987804C
2179:Semnopithecus priam
2128:Journal of Genetics
2013:. DK Adult (2005),
1934:Zoos' Print Journal
1891:Groves, C. (2001).
1695:Kashmir gray langur
1226:Purple-faced langur
1202:: Leaves and fruit
771:Kashmir gray langur
650:
595:Purple-faced langur
565:Semnopithecus priam
522:Kashmir gray langur
462:Gee's golden langur
458:Shortridge's langur
434:purple-faced langur
395:Semnopithecus priam
309:Kashmir gray langur
282:Indian subcontinent
7402:Victoriapithecidae
7344:Plesiopliopithecus
7282:Platodontopithecus
5319:Proboscis monkey (
5209:Red-shanked douc (
4918:François' langur (
4792:Germain's langur (
4144:Presbytis entellus
3911:Presbytis entellus
3849:Presbytis entellus
3826:10.1007/BF01730967
3810:Presbytis entellus
3784:Presbytis entellus
3745:Presbytis entellus
3652:Presbytis entellus
3503:10.1007/BF02696102
3487:Presbytis entellus
3420:10.1007/BF02735173
3404:Presbytis entellus
3376:10.1007/BF02547586
3360:Presbytis entellus
3197:10.1007/BF02381957
3157:Presbytis entellus
3131:10.1007/BF02373316
3097:Presbytis entellus
3075:10.1007/BF02381181
3048:) in eastern Nepal
3046:Presbytis entellus
2863:Presbytis entellus
1965:Presbytis entellus
1851:Semnopithecus ajax
1609:
1601:
1559:
1515:
1457:
1434:
1127:Tufted gray langur
633:
619:is now considered
562:Tufted gray langur
525:Semnopithecus ajax
365:
359:Hanuman langur in
353:
8856:
8855:
8815:Open Tree of Life
8638:Taxon identifiers
8629:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8610:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8359:
8358:
8202:
8201:
7902:
7901:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7266:Dionysopithecidae
7168:Propliopithecidae
7062:
7061:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7013:
7012:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6107:
6106:
6092:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6064:
6063:
5940:
5939:
5370:
5369:
5355:
5354:
5252:
5202:
5178:
5177:
5148:Mentawai langur (
5121:Miller's langur (
5103:Thomas's langur (
4997:
4801:Annamese langur (
4664:
4640:
4639:
4453:
4428:Mantled guereza (
4385:
4316:
4192:978-0-8018-6251-9
4047:Ahmed A. (2001).
3927:10.1159/000156380
3865:10.1159/000156082
3618:10.1002/ajp.20260
3456:10.1159/000070002
2977:10.1159/000049922
2965:Folia Primatology
1492:Asian black bears
1452:
1436:Gray langurs are
1337:
1336:
1247:
1147:
1076:
1055:Tarai gray langur
1004:
933:
861:
841:Nepal gray langur
788:
692:
663:Size and ecology
648:
530:Tarai gray langur
514:Nepal gray langur
476:data place it in
468:data place it in
326:Nepal gray langur
305:Nepal gray langur
278:Old World monkeys
269:
268:
184:
16:(Redirected from
8901:
8874:Monkeys in India
8849:
8848:
8836:
8835:
8823:
8822:
8810:
8809:
8797:
8796:
8784:
8783:
8771:
8770:
8758:
8757:
8745:
8744:
8732:
8731:
8719:
8718:
8706:
8705:
8693:
8692:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8633:
8632:
8620:
8619:
8582:
8571:
8560:
8550:
8532:
8525:Australopithecus
8522:
8511:
8483:
8482:
8463:
8445:
8377:
8372:
8371:
8347:
8330:
8320:
8310:
8300:
8290:
8280:
8257:
8247:
8237:
8227:
8219:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8190:
8166:
8142:
8062:Dendropithecidae
8060:
8045:
8035:
8025:
8015:
8005:
7995:
7984:
7974:
7964:
7954:
7944:
7936:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7921:
7920:
7908:
7907:
7897:
7859:
7858:
7830:
7813:
7803:
7793:
7783:
7773:
7735:
7725:
7695:
7640:
7639:
7600:
7583:
7545:
7535:
7518:
7508:
7498:
7488:
7478:
7464:Cercopithecoides
7461:
7434:Victoriapithecus
7400:
7385:
7377:
7376:
7371:Cercopithecoidea
7225:
7203:
7202:
7196:
7166:
7129:
7114:
7104:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7081:
7080:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7019:
7018:
6994:
6915:
6905:
6895:
6885:
6868:
6845:
6835:
6825:
6815:
6798:
6781:
6771:
6761:
6717:
6707:
6697:
6673:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6609:
6599:
6575:
6552:
6522:
6512:
6502:
6492:
6482:
6472:
6464:
6463:
6374:Proteopithecidae
6348:
6347:
6341:
6275:
6238:
6207:
6191:
6180:
6170:
6160:
6149:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6126:
6125:
6113:
6112:
6102:
6101:
6051:
6034:
6024:
5984:
5973:
5963:
5955:
5954:
5946:
5945:
5473:
5472:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5444:
5443:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5157:Siberut langur (
5067:Sarawak surili (
5031:Mitered langur (
4996:
4995:
4991:
4954:Laotian langur (
4947:T. leucocephalus
4938:T. poliocephalus
4821:T. selangorensis
4783:Silvery lutung (
4734:Nilgiri langur (
4663:
4662:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4419:Ursine colobus (
4401:Angola colobus (
4384:
4383:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4314:
4313:Cercopithecidae
4305:
4298:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4258:Primate Info Net
4246:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4196:
4164:
4163:
4135:
4129:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3907:Presbytis johnii
3902:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3859:(3–4): 305–331.
3844:
3838:
3837:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3747:) in Ramnagar".
3740:
3734:
3715:
3709:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3563:Animal Behaviour
3561:) of Ramnagar".
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3399:
3388:
3387:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3180:
3169:
3168:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3114:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2906:
2900:
2883:
2877:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2763:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2719:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2219:
2206:
2195:
2194:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1980:(1–2): 125–158.
1971:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1940:(8): 1552–1594.
1931:
1922:
1907:
1906:
1893:Primate taxonomy
1888:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1844:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1733:
1571:all-male groups.
1549:Social structure
1453:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1297:
1276:T. v. philbricki
1241:
1233:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1184:
1154:Three subspecies
1142:
1134:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1085:
1070:
1062:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1013:
998:
990:
976:
975:
966:
941:
927:
919:
905:
904:
895:
870:
856:
848:
834:
833:
824:
799:
782:
764:
763:
754:
729:
710:S. h. hypoleucos
699:Three subspecies
687:
679:
651:
649:– eight species
643:
632:
409:Peninsular India
179:
65:
64:
46:
32:
31:
21:
8909:
8908:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8852:
8844:
8839:
8831:
8826:
8818:
8813:
8805:
8800:
8792:
8787:
8779:
8774:
8766:
8761:
8753:
8748:
8740:
8735:
8727:
8722:
8714:
8709:
8701:
8696:
8688:
8683:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8640:
8630:
8621:
8614:
8590:
8496:
8472:
8448:Chororapithecus
8430:
8417:Pierolapithecus
8409:Hispanopithecus
8368:
8355:
8293:Gigantopithecus
8265:
8211:
8198:
8193:Yuanmoupithecus
8127:
8122:Turkanapithecus
8053:
8048:Samburupithecus
8018:Nacholapithecus
7928:
7915:
7898:
7877:
7845:
7816:Procynocephalus
7703:
7635:Cercopithecinae
7629:
7481:Dolichopithecus
7446:
7418:Nsungwepithecus
7393:
7373:
7356:
7309:Barberapithecus
7287:
7275:Dionysopithecus
7260:
7248:Epipliopithecus
7233:
7211:Krishnapithecus
7198:Pliopithecoidea
7189:
7184:Propliopithecus
7177:Aegyptopithecus
7159:
7131:Oligopithecidae
7122:
7088:
7075:
7058:
7037:
7009:
6937:
6853:
6725:
6700:Proteropithecia
6560:
6530:
6460:
6443:
6438:Ucayalipithecus
6395:
6368:
6343:Parapithecoidea
6334:
6315:Myanmarpithecus
6277:Amphipithecidae
6268:
6263:Phenacopithecus
6231:
6200:
6133:
6120:
6103:
6096:
6084:
6060:
5995:
5936:
5902:
5712:
5592:Anaptomorphinae
5585:
5509:
5469:
5451:
5438:
5406:
5401:
5371:
5366:
5351:
5327:
5303:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5235:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5183:Odd-nosed group
5174:
5112:Hose's langur (
4993:
4992:
4990:
4980:
4936:Cat Ba langur (
4927:Hatinh langur (
4882:Capped langur (
4742:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4636:
4628:Olive colobus (
4612:
4570:P. semlikiensis
4543:P. rufomitratus
4516:P. tephrosceles
4449:
4448:
4446:
4436:
4392:Black colobus (
4381:
4380:
4378:
4361:
4323:
4309:
4262:
4260:
4244:Primates portal
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4172:
4167:
4136:
4132:
4115:
4111:
4074:
4067:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4022:
4018:
4003:
3999:
3984:
3980:
3965:
3961:
3946:
3942:
3903:
3899:
3884:
3880:
3845:
3841:
3806:
3799:
3780:
3776:
3741:
3737:
3716:
3712:
3695:
3691:
3648:
3641:
3602:
3598:
3555:
3551:
3522:
3518:
3483:
3479:
3439:
3435:
3400:
3391:
3356:
3349:
3314:
3307:
3288:
3284:
3265:
3258:
3243:
3239:
3216:
3212:
3181:
3172:
3153:
3146:
3115:
3111:
3094:
3090:
3059:
3055:
3040:
3036:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2961:
2957:
2942:
2938:
2907:
2903:
2884:
2880:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2808:
2799:
2764:
2755:
2720:
2711:
2676:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2632:
2628:
2593:
2586:
2551:
2544:
2509:
2500:
2492:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2453:"Semnopithecus"
2451:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2429:"Semnopithecus"
2427:
2426:
2419:
2403:
2397:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2357:
2350:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2253:
2249:
2217:
2207:
2198:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2120:
2113:
2058:
2051:
2028:
2024:
2008:
2001:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1929:
1923:
1910:
1903:
1889:
1880:
1845:
1828:
1793:
1780:
1765:
1734:
1723:
1719:
1697:are considered
1687:
1647:
1593:
1551:
1504:
1443:
1426:
1397:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1260:T. v. monticola
1256:
1255:
1254:Four subspecies
1249:
1248:
1240:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1170:S. p. thersites
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1080:
1069:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1008:
997:
970:
964:
955:
954:
949:
948:
936:
926:
899:
893:
884:
883:
878:
877:
865:
855:
828:
822:
813:
812:
807:
806:
794:
781:
774:
758:
752:
743:
742:
737:
736:
724:
720:
719:
701:
700:
694:
693:
686:
363:in Bhubaneshwar
338:
321:
319:Characteristics
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
223:
207:
201:
178:
144:Cercopithecidae
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8907:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8884:Primate genera
8881:
8876:
8871:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8837:
8824:
8811:
8798:
8785:
8772:
8759:
8746:
8733:
8720:
8707:
8694:
8681:
8666:
8650:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8627:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8578:
8574:Sahelanthropus
8567:
8556:
8546:
8539:
8535:Graecopithecus
8528:
8518:
8506:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8470:
8466:Nakalipithecus
8459:
8452:
8440:
8438:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8421:
8413:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8383:
8381:
8369:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8343:
8336:
8326:
8323:Lufengpithecus
8316:
8313:Khoratpithecus
8306:
8296:
8286:
8283:Ankarapithecus
8275:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8260:Ouranopithecus
8253:
8250:Nakalipithecus
8243:
8240:Graecopithecus
8233:
8222:
8212:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8186:
8179:
8172:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8137:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8101:Rangwapithecus
8097:
8089:
8086:Nyanzapithecus
8082:
8074:
8071:Dendropithecus
8066:
8064:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8041:
8031:
8021:
8011:
8008:Morotopithecus
8001:
7991:
7987:Kamoyapithecus
7980:
7977:Griphopithecus
7970:
7960:
7950:
7939:
7929:
7924:
7917:
7916:
7904:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7867:
7865:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7836:
7833:Soromandrillus
7826:
7819:
7809:
7799:
7789:
7779:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7731:
7721:
7713:
7711:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7653:Allenopithecus
7648:
7646:
7644:Cercopithecini
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7624:Trachypithecus
7620:
7613:
7606:
7596:
7589:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7541:
7531:
7524:
7514:
7504:
7494:
7484:
7474:
7467:
7456:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7441:Zaltanpithecus
7437:
7430:
7422:
7414:
7406:
7404:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7380:
7374:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7297:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7278:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7251:
7243:
7241:
7239:Pliopithecidae
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7221:
7214:
7206:
7200:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7180:
7172:
7170:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7135:
7133:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7110:
7099:
7089:
7084:
7077:
7076:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7000:
6990:
6983:
6980:Leontopithecus
6976:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6945:
6943:Callitrichidae
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6911:
6901:
6891:
6881:
6874:
6863:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6841:
6831:
6821:
6811:
6804:
6794:
6787:
6777:
6767:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6735:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6713:
6703:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6669:
6659:
6649:
6639:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6548:
6540:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6488:
6478:
6467:
6461:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6405:
6403:
6401:Parapithecidae
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6383:Proteopithecus
6378:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6359:
6351:
6345:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6244:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6214:
6212:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6187:
6176:
6166:
6156:
6144:
6134:
6129:
6122:
6121:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6047:
6040:
6030:
6027:Hesperotarsius
6020:
6013:
6005:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5980:
5969:
5958:
5952:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5785:Gunnelltarsius
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5651:Pseudotetonius
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5595:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5517:
5515:Microchoerinae
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5476:
5470:
5460:
5453:
5452:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5224:
5215:
5205:
5203:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5163:
5154:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5109:
5100:
5094:Javan surili (
5091:
5082:
5073:
5069:P. chrysomelas
5064:
5055:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4929:T. hatinhensis
4924:
4907:
4906:
4897:
4893:T. shortridgei
4888:
4871:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4848:T. crepusculus
4843:
4826:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4754:
4752:
4749:Trachypithecus
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4673:S. schistaceus
4667:
4665:
4661:(Gray langurs)
4646:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4601:
4597:P. parmentieri
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4511:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4410:King colobus (
4407:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4269:
4248:
4247:
4233:
4230:Animals portal
4219:
4216:Mammals portal
4203:
4202:External links
4200:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4140:Macaca mulatta
4130:
4109:
4088:(3–4): 47–54.
4065:
4039:
4016:
3997:
3978:
3959:
3940:
3921:(1–2): 27–57.
3897:
3878:
3839:
3820:(2): 213–247.
3797:
3774:
3755:(3): 139–150.
3735:
3710:
3689:
3639:
3612:(7): 701–712.
3596:
3549:
3516:
3497:(3): 421–443.
3477:
3444:Folia Primatol
3433:
3414:(3): 199–232.
3389:
3370:(3): 231–257.
3364:Int J Primatol
3347:
3305:
3282:
3256:
3237:
3226:(4): 351–361.
3210:
3191:(4): 489–498.
3170:
3144:
3125:(3): 551–568.
3109:
3101:Prasad, M.R.N.
3088:
3069:(2): 237–241.
3053:
3034:
3021:(6): 797–801.
2998:
2955:
2936:
2917:(3): 278–286.
2901:
2878:
2854:
2841:
2797:
2753:
2709:
2667:
2626:
2584:
2542:
2498:
2465:
2441:
2417:
2384:
2372:978-8496553897
2371:
2348:
2329:(2): 683–694.
2306:
2247:
2228:(4): 830–848.
2196:
2167:
2134:(4): 393–399.
2111:
2068:Trachypithecus
2049:
2038:(2): 149–170.
2022:
1999:
1953:
1908:
1901:
1878:
1826:
1778:
1763:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1592:
1589:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1550:
1547:
1503:
1500:
1425:
1422:
1396:
1393:
1335:
1334:
1321: EN
1316:
1298:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1208: NT
1203:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:S. p. anchises
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1109: NT
1104:
1086:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1037: LC
1032:
1014:
1005:
992:
979:
978:
965: VU
960:
942:
934:
921:
912:Nilgiri langur
908:
907:
894: LC
889:
871:
862:
853:S. schistaceus
850:
837:
836:
823: EN
818:
800:
789:
776:
767:
766:
753: LC
748:
730:
723:Southern India
721:
718:
717:
712:
707:
698:
697:
696:
695:
681:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
609:
608:
603:Nilgiri langur
600:
584:Trachypithecus
580:Trachypithecus
568:
567:
559:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
494:Trachypithecus
478:Trachypithecus
446:Trachypithecus
438:Nilgiri langur
421:Trachypithecus
337:
334:
320:
317:
280:native to the
276:is a genus of
267:
266:
220:S. schistaceus
214:
213:
209:
208:
202:
198:Simia entellus
193:
192:
186:
185:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8906:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8869:Semnopithecus
8867:
8866:
8864:
8847:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8690:Semnopithecus
8686:
8682:
8677:
8676:Semnopithecus
8671:
8667:
8662:
8656:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8646:Semnopithecus
8643:
8639:
8634:
8618:
8587:
8586:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8553:Kenyanthropus
8547:
8545:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8467:
8460:
8458:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8388:Anoiapithecus
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8379:Dryopithecini
8373:
8370:
8367:
8362:
8352:
8351:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8234:
8232:
8231:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8205:
8195:
8194:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8108:Rukwapithecus
8105:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8078:Micropithecus
8075:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8028:Otavipithecus
8022:
8020:
8019:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7998:Kenyapithecus
7992:
7989:
7988:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7941:
7940:
7937:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7909:
7905:
7896:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7842:
7841:
7840:Theropithecus
7837:
7835:
7834:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7810:
7808:
7807:
7806:Procercocebus
7800:
7798:
7797:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7740:
7739:
7738:Gorgopithecus
7732:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7667:Cercopithecus
7664:
7662:
7661:
7660:Allochrocebus
7657:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7610:Semnopithecus
7607:
7605:
7604:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7593:Rhinopithecus
7590:
7588:
7587:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7548:Parapresbytis
7542:
7540:
7539:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7491:Kuseracolobus
7485:
7483:
7482:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7367:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7337:Laccopithecus
7334:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7323:Egarapithecus
7320:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7154:Talahpithecus
7151:
7149:
7148:
7147:Oligopithecus
7144:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7107:Micropithecus
7101:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7056:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6828:Protopithecus
6822:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6690:Plecturocebus
6687:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6666:Miocallicebus
6660:
6658:
6657:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6454:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6329:Siamopithecus
6326:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:Bugtipithecus
6290:
6288:
6287:
6286:Amphipithecus
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:Afrotarsiidae
6203:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6173:Aseanpithecus
6167:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6017:Cephalopachus
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5989:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5976:Afrotarsiidae
5970:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5908:Tarkadectinae
5905:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5778:Ekwiiyemakius
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5729:Ageitodendron
5726:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5609:Anaptomorphus
5606:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5365:
5364:
5358:
5348:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5244:
5243:
5242:Rhinopithecus
5238:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5150:P. potenziani
5146:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5006:P. melalophos
5002:
5001:
4999:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:Popa langur (
4862:
4860:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4709:S. hypoleucos
4705:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4654:Semnopithecus
4650:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4606:P. lulindicus
4602:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4525:P. gordonorum
4521:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4421:C. vellerosus
4417:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4403:C. angolensis
4399:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4366:African group
4364:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4206:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4161:
4157:
4154:(1): 97–106.
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4126:81-7035-202-9
4123:
4119:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4062:(1): 177–184.
4061:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4013:(1): 120–123.
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3975:(1): 136–137.
3974:
3970:
3963:
3956:(1): 109–112.
3955:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3894:(3): 227–233.
3893:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3731:0-521-77498-5
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3707:
3706:0-521-86446-1
3703:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:(2): 93–109.
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2897:0-521-33153-6
2894:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2875:0-12-576150-3
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:(2): e87804.
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:Semnopithecus
2056:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2019:0-7894-7764-5
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1902:1-56098-872-X
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:0-801-88221-4
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:Wilson, D. E.
1746:
1744:
1743:Semnopithecus
1738:
1737:Groves, C. P.
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:Vocalizations
1642:
1639:
1638:Alloparenting
1633:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:S. hypoleucos
1374:
1373:S. hypoleucos
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:hybridization
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:S. hypoleucos
1342:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1282:T. v. vetulus
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
991:
989:
984:
980:
977:
971:9,500–10,000
968:
967:
961:
958:
952:
946:
943:
940:
935:
931:
925:
922:
920:
918:
913:
909:
906:
897:
896:
890:
887:
881:
875:
872:
869:
863:
859:
854:
851:
849:
847:
842:
838:
835:
826:
825:
819:
816:
810:
804:
801:
798:
793:
790:
786:
780:
777:
775:
772:
768:
765:
756:
755:
749:
746:
740:
734:
731:
728:
722:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:S. h. achates
703:
702:
690:
685:
684:S. hypoleucos
682:
680:
678:
673:
669:
652:
646:
641:
640:
639:
638:Semnopithecus
631:
629:
628:Semnopithecus
624:
622:
618:
617:S. dussumieri
614:
611:In addition,
607:
604:
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:
591:
589:
588:Semnopithecus
585:
581:
577:
574:gene and two
573:
566:
563:
560:
558:
555:
552:
550:
547:
544:
542:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
520:
518:
515:
512:
511:
510:
508:
507:Semnopithecus
504:
503:
497:
495:
491:
490:Semnopithecus
487:
486:hybridization
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:Semnopithecus
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:capped langur
451:
447:
443:
442:Semnopithecus
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Semnopithecus
423:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
362:
357:
351:
347:
342:
333:
329:
327:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Semnopithecus
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
273:Semnopithecus
265:
264:
263:
258:
257:
252:
251:
246:
245:
244:S. hypoleucos
240:
239:
234:
233:
228:
227:
222:
221:
215:
210:
205:
200:
199:
194:
191:
187:
182:
177:
176:
175:Semnopithecus
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
36:Semnopithecus
33:
30:
19:
8645:
8585:Paranthropus
8583:
8572:
8561:
8551:
8541:
8533:
8523:
8514:Ardipithecus
8512:
8489:
8464:
8454:
8446:
8425:Rudapithecus
8423:
8415:
8407:
8402:Dryopithecus
8400:
8393:
8386:
8350:Sivapithecus
8348:
8338:
8333:Meganthropus
8331:
8321:
8311:
8303:Indopithecus
8301:
8291:
8281:
8258:
8248:
8238:
8228:
8191:
8183:Symphalangus
8181:
8174:
8167:
8157:
8150:
8145:Bunopithecus
8143:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8093:Oreopithecus
8091:
8084:
8076:
8069:
8046:
8036:
8026:
8016:
8006:
7996:
7985:
7975:
7965:
7955:
7947:Afropithecus
7945:
7838:
7831:
7821:
7814:
7804:
7794:
7784:
7774:
7764:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7728:Dinopithecus
7726:
7716:
7698:Nanopithecus
7696:
7686:
7681:Erythrocebus
7679:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7622:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7601:
7591:
7586:Rhinocolobus
7584:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7555:Piliocolobus
7553:
7546:
7536:
7526:
7521:Microcolobus
7519:
7511:Mesopithecus
7509:
7501:Libypithecus
7499:
7489:
7479:
7469:
7462:
7439:
7432:
7426:Prohylobates
7424:
7416:
7411:Noropithecus
7409:
7386:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:Crouzeliidae
7280:
7273:
7255:Pliopithecus
7253:
7246:
7226:
7216:
7209:
7182:
7175:
7152:
7145:
7140:Catopithecus
7138:
7115:
7105:
7002:
6995:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6906:
6896:
6888:Dolichocebus
6886:
6876:
6869:
6846:
6836:
6826:
6816:
6806:
6799:
6789:
6782:
6772:
6762:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6718:
6708:
6698:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6664:
6656:Mazzonicebus
6654:
6644:
6634:
6624:
6617:
6612:Cebupithecia
6610:
6600:
6590:
6583:
6578:Antillothrix
6576:
6553:
6543:
6523:
6513:
6503:
6493:
6485:Perupithecus
6483:
6473:
6436:
6429:
6424:Parapithecus
6422:
6415:
6408:
6388:
6381:
6361:
6354:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6291:
6284:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6224:
6217:
6194:Phileosimias
6192:
6181:
6171:
6161:
6152:Altiatlasius
6150:
6054:Xanthorhysis
6052:
6042:
6037:Oligotarsius
6035:
6025:
6015:
6008:
5985:
5974:
5964:
5950:Tarsiiformes
5929:
5922:
5915:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5813:Macrotarsius
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5665:Strigorhysis
5663:
5658:Sphacorhysis
5656:
5649:
5642:
5637:Chlororhysis
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5538:Microchoerus
5536:
5529:
5522:
5502:
5495:
5489:Altiatlasius
5487:
5479:
5361:
5344:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5296:
5288:R. avunculus
5287:
5278:
5269:
5261:R. roxellana
5260:
5240:
5228:
5219:
5210:
5190:
5167:
5158:
5149:
5141:P. rubicunda
5140:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5078:P. siamensis
5077:
5068:
5059:
5051:P. robinsoni
5050:
5042:P. femoralis
5041:
5032:
5024:P. sumatrana
5023:
5014:
5005:
4985:
4973:
4965:T. delacouri
4964:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4920:T. francoisi
4919:
4912:T. francoisi
4911:
4910:
4901:
4892:
4883:
4875:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4847:
4838:
4830:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4803:T. margarita
4802:
4793:
4785:T. cristatus
4784:
4776:T. mauritius
4775:
4766:
4759:T. cristatus
4758:
4757:
4747:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4672:
4653:
4652:
4645:Langur group
4629:
4617:
4605:
4596:
4588:P. oustaleti
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4480:P. pennantii
4479:
4471:P. waldronae
4470:
4461:
4450:(Red colobi)
4443:Piliocolobus
4441:
4429:
4420:
4412:C. polykomos
4411:
4402:
4393:
4373:
4272:Shah Jahan.
4263:30 September
4261:. Retrieved
4257:
4178:
4151:
4148:Biol Conserv
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4117:
4112:
4085:
4081:
4059:
4055:
4042:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3994:(1): 92–101.
3991:
3987:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3722:
3713:
3697:
3692:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3569:(1): 53–64.
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3450:(2): 85–87.
3447:
3443:
3436:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3188:
3184:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3018:
3014:
3001:
2971:(1): 51–53.
2968:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2886:
2881:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2819:
2815:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2658:. Retrieved
2643:
2637:
2629:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2457:. Retrieved
2433:. Retrieved
2411:
2407:
2376:. Retrieved
2361:
2326:
2322:
2309:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2131:
2127:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2010:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1937:
1933:
1892:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1753:
1742:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1688:
1648:
1634:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1560:
1516:
1458:
1435:
1410:
1398:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1281:
1275:
1266:T. v. nestor
1265:
1259:
1237:
1228:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1138:
1129:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1066:
1057:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1016:
994:
985:
969:
963:
956:
950:
944:
923:
914:
898:
892:
885:
879:
873:
852:
843:
829:1,400–1,500
827:
821:
814:
808:
802:
778:
773:
757:
751:
744:
738:
732:
714:
709:
704:
683:
674:
654:Common name
637:
636:
635:
627:
625:
620:
616:
612:
610:
605:
597:
587:
583:
579:
572:cytochrome b
569:
564:
556:
548:
540:
532:
524:
516:
506:
500:
498:
493:
489:
481:
477:
474:Y chromosome
469:
449:
445:
441:
432:genera, the
430:monophyletic
425:
419:
417:
393:
391:
387:Phylogenetic
376:
368:
366:
330:
322:
296:
294:
289:
286:gray langurs
285:
272:
271:
270:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
217:
196:
190:Type species
174:
173:
130:Infraorder:
35:
29:
8750:iNaturalist
8670:Wikispecies
8133:Hylobatidae
7823:Rungwecebus
7688:Miopithecus
7674:Chlorocebus
7603:Sawecolobus
7538:Paracolobus
7302:Anapithecus
7218:Paidopithex
6973:Leontocebus
6908:Panamacebus
6818:Paralouatta
6754:Brachyteles
6646:Insulacebus
6566:Pitheciidae
6505:Canaanimico
6458:Platyrrhini
6410:Abuqatrania
6226:Afrotarsius
6131:Simiiformes
6118:Simiiformes
6070:Simiiformes
5924:Tarkadectes
5764:Diablomomys
5743:Brontomomys
5679:Teilhardina
5623:Arapahovius
5616:Anemorhysis
5580:Vectipithex
5573:Quercyloris
5566:Pseudoloris
5545:Nannopithex
5531:Melaneremia
5345:S. concolor
5321:N. larvatus
5297:R. strykeri
5279:R. brelichi
5220:P. nigripes
5123:P. canicrus
5087:P. frontata
4884:T. pileatus
4876:T. pileatus
4839:T. obscurus
4831:T. obscurus
4794:T. germaini
4700:S. entellus
4561:P. bouvieri
4498:P. tholloni
4318:(subfamily
3794:(1): 84–93.
3662:(1): 1–27.
3279:(2): 64–68.
1629:Infanticide
1432:Gray langur
1369:S. entellus
1341:S. entellus
1165:S. p. priam
995:S. entellus
715:S. h. iulus
621:S. entellus
576:nuclear DNA
482:T. pileatus
450:T. pileatus
301:terrestrial
238:S. entellus
150:Subfamily:
134:Simiiformes
18:Gray langur
8863:Categories
7967:Equatorius
7926:Hominoidea
7913:Hominoidea
7872:see below↓
7863:Hominoidea
7759:Mandrillus
7745:Lophocebus
7718:Cercocebus
7569:Procolobus
7330:Fanchangia
7086:Catarrhini
7073:Catarrhini
7032:see below↓
7023:Catarrhini
6959:Callithrix
6898:Killikaike
6801:Mohanamico
6784:Chilecebus
6710:Soriacebus
6676:Nuciruptor
6636:Homunculus
6626:Chiropotes
6619:Cheracebus
6602:Carlocebus
6592:Callicebus
6555:Tremacebus
6525:Lagonimico
6515:Branisella
6495:Szalatavus
6322:Pondaungia
6240:Eosimiidae
6079:see below↓
5966:Archicebus
5848:Shoshonius
5792:Hemiacodon
5771:Dyseolemur
5757:Chumashius
5700:Trogolemur
5693:Tetonoides
5602:Absarokius
5552:Necrolemur
5497:Bownomomys
5449:Haplorhini
5404:Haplorhini
5229:P. cinerea
5211:P. nemaeus
5168:P. natunae
5105:P. thomasi
5060:P. percura
5033:P. mitrata
5015:P. bicolor
4857:T. phayrei
4767:T. auratus
4727:S. vetulus
4619:Procolobus
4489:P. preussi
4430:C. guereza
4394:C. satanas
4357:Haplorhini
4355:Suborder:
2494:Nowak 1999
2459:2019-02-01
2435:2019-02-01
2414:(1): 2–38.
2378:2018-08-30
2161:2019-02-08
1717:References
1699:threatened
1537:rhizomes,
1523:coniferous
1519:herbivores
1405:Bangladesh
1238:S. vetulus
930:J. Fischer
440:belong in
401:morphology
383:intergrade
373:subspecies
262:S. vetulus
164:Presbytini
124:Haplorhini
120:Suborder:
8436:Gorillini
8366:Homininae
8209:Hominidae
8159:Hylobates
8038:Proconsul
7796:Pliopapio
7786:Parapapio
7709:Papionini
7576:Pygathrix
7562:Presbytis
7452:Colobinae
7351:Pliobates
7316:Crouzelia
7117:Saadanius
6952:Callimico
6871:Acrecebus
6848:Stirtonia
6791:Lagothrix
6774:Cartelles
6720:Xenothrix
6475:Parvimico
6001:Tarsiidae
5988:Omomyidae
5883:Washakius
5869:Uintanius
5820:Nesomomys
5750:Chipetaia
5736:Asiomomys
5719:Omomyinae
5672:Tatmanius
5630:Aycrossia
5559:Paraloris
5524:Indusomys
5466:Omomyidae
5414:Kingdom:
5192:Pygathrix
5159:P. siberu
5132:P. sabana
5096:P. comata
4994:(Surilis)
4987:Presbytis
4974:T. ebenus
4956:T. laotum
4812:T. barbei
4736:S. johnii
4691:S. hector
4552:P. epieni
4534:P. kirkii
4462:P. badius
4331:Kingdom:
4320:Colobinae
4104:251714842
2952:(1): 103.
2911:EcoHealth
2822:: 43–58.
1994:251696925
1624:gestation
1512:Rajasthan
1460:Ungulates
1401:Himalayas
1389:S. johnii
1365:S. johnii
1353:S. johnii
1291:Sri Lanka
1079:Himalayas
1067:S. hector
924:S. johnii
864:Himalayas
792:Himalayas
645:Desmarest
397:thersites
313:Himalayas
250:S. johnii
232:S. hector
181:Desmarest
154:Colobinae
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
8794:12100693
8655:Wikidata
8502:Hominina
8478:Hominini
8395:Danuvius
8271:Ponginae
8230:Buronius
8176:Nomascus
8115:Simiolus
7004:Saguinus
6966:Cebuella
6918:Patasola
6838:Solimoea
6740:Alouatta
6731:Atelidae
6683:Pithecia
6431:Qatrania
6356:Arsinoea
6256:Eosimias
5890:Wyomomys
5855:Steinius
5841:Rooneyia
5799:Jemezius
5707:Walshina
5686:Tetonius
5644:Gazinius
5504:Kohatius
5481:Altanius
5434:Primates
5428:Mammalia
5422:Chordata
5420:Phylum:
5416:Animalia
5363:Category
5270:R. bieti
5114:P. hosei
4718:S. priam
4630:P. verus
4579:P. langi
4351:Primates
4345:Mammalia
4339:Chordata
4337:Phylum:
4333:Animalia
4036:: 49–57.
4030:Prim Rep
3834:10784560
3814:Primates
3769:37230153
3684:85066777
3676:31941223
3634:26498604
3626:16786522
3591:29570442
3583:11170696
3536:: 3–10.
3472:46828619
3464:12778910
3428:10501648
3384:19555929
3342:22000806
3302:: 33–40.
3296:Prim Rep
3253:: 71–75.
3247:Prim Rep
3205:40545787
3185:Primates
3167:: 47–52.
3161:Prim Rep
3119:Primates
3083:32090680
3063:Primates
2985:11275752
2931:23603380
2836:13993193
2660:July 24,
2654:Archived
2496:, p. 160
2343:18191589
2301:24498377
2261:PLOS ONE
2242:22233326
2156:17712174
2148:21273689
2106:18298809
1773:62265494
1739:(2005).
1527:petioles
1472:leopards
1385:S. priam
1381:S. priam
1361:S. priam
1359:between
1349:S. priam
1327:Unknown
1309:: Forest
1244:Erxleben
1214:Unknown
1139:S. priam
1115:Unknown
1097:: Forest
1043:Unknown
1001:Dufresne
953:: Forest
900:Unknown
811:: Forest
759:Unknown
509:species
488:between
472:, while
336:Taxonomy
256:S. priam
212:Species
204:Dufresne
140:Family:
114:Primates
104:Mammalia
94:Chordata
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
8841:ZooBank
8768:1034701
8742:2436563
8661:Q721407
8563:Orrorin
8456:Gorilla
8152:Hoolock
7528:Nasalis
7471:Colobus
6997:Micodon
6932:Sapajus
6925:Saimiri
6859:Cebidae
6808:Oreonax
6764:Caipora
6585:Cacajao
6536:Aotidae
6417:Apidium
6390:Serapia
6363:Biretia
6249:Bahinia
6219:Afrasia
6183:Nosmips
6163:Amamria
6044:Tarsius
6010:Carlito
5931:Tarkops
5897:Yaquius
5862:Stockia
5834:Ourayia
5806:Loveina
5432:Order:
5426:Class:
5310:Nasalis
5199:(Doucs)
4902:T. geei
4866:T. popa
4682:S. ajax
4507:P. foai
4375:Colobus
4349:Order:
4343:Class:
4170:Sources
3935:2807093
3873:7166290
3511:4718111
3139:1067514
2292:3912124
2269:Bibcode
2097:2268674
1741:"Genus
1617:estrous
1543:lichens
1496:pythons
1488:jackals
1438:diurnal
1418:Jodhpur
1307:Habitat
1246:, 1777)
1194:Habitat
1095:Habitat
1075:, 1928)
1023:Habitat
1003:, 1797)
951:Habitat
932:, 1829)
880:Habitat
858:Hodgson
809:Habitat
787:, 1928)
779:S. ajax
739:Habitat
226:S. ajax
170:Genus:
160:Tribe:
110:Order:
100:Class:
8820:547162
8781:572834
7957:Ekembo
7752:Macaca
7617:Simias
7388:Alophe
6747:Ateles
6308:Krabia
6301:Ganlea
5876:Utahia
5827:Omomys
5334:Simias
4189:
4124:
4102:
3933:
3871:
3832:
3767:
3729:
3704:
3682:
3674:
3632:
3624:
3589:
3581:
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3426:
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3203:
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3099:. In:
3081:
2993:349258
2991:
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2929:
2895:
2873:
2834:
2455:. ITIS
2369:
2341:
2299:
2289:
2240:
2154:
2146:
2104:
2094:
2080:: 58.
2017:
1992:
1899:
1771:
1761:
1541:, and
1539:mosses
1531:bamboo
1484:Wolves
1480:tigers
1476:dholes
1464:bovine
1146:, 1844
1073:Pocock
860:, 1840
785:Pocock
691:, 1841
660:Range
647:, 1822
634:Genus
350:Mysore
206:, 1797
183:, 1822
8833:72227
8807:88028
8763:IRMNG
8755:43520
8729:39164
8703:64384
8340:Pongo
8169:Junzi
7766:Papio
6878:Cebus
6545:Aotus
5917:Tarka
4914:group
4878:group
4833:group
4761:group
4100:S2CID
4052:(PDF)
3830:S2CID
3765:S2CID
3680:S2CID
3630:S2CID
3587:S2CID
3507:S2CID
3468:S2CID
3424:S2CID
3380:S2CID
3338:S2CID
3201:S2CID
3135:S2CID
3079:S2CID
3011:(PDF)
2989:S2CID
2927:S2CID
2832:S2CID
2404:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
2238:S2CID
2218:(PDF)
2152:S2CID
1990:S2CID
1970:(PDF)
1930:(PDF)
1747:. In
1462:like
1144:Blyth
1007:India
689:Blyth
630:are:
466:mtDNA
8802:NCBI
8776:ITIS
8737:GBIF
8716:7FH7
8698:BOLD
8543:Homo
7228:Kapi
6987:Mico
4265:2010
4187:ISBN
4122:ISBN
3931:PMID
3909:and
3869:PMID
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3727:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3672:PMID
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3460:PMID
3406:)".
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2981:PMID
2893:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2782:2020
2738:2020
2694:2020
2662:2023
2611:2020
2569:2020
2527:2020
2367:ISBN
2339:PMID
2297:PMID
2191:2008
2144:PMID
2102:PMID
2066:and
2015:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1863:2020
1811:2020
1769:OCLC
1759:ISBN
1693:and
1622:The
1535:fern
1502:Diet
1494:and
1478:and
1468:deer
1466:and
1413:arid
1387:and
1379:and
1371:and
1363:and
1351:and
1313:Diet
1301:Size
1200:Diet
1188:Size
1101:Diet
1089:Size
1029:Diet
1017:Size
957:Diet
945:Size
886:Diet
874:Size
815:Diet
803:Size
745:Diet
733:Size
492:and
460:and
436:and
403:and
307:and
299:are
8789:MSW
8724:EoL
8711:CoL
8685:ADW
8491:Pan
4156:doi
4090:doi
4086:103
3923:doi
3913:".
3861:doi
3822:doi
3757:doi
3664:doi
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3571:doi
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2092:PMC
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