844:
780:
640:. The signal may be intrinsically random, like from stochastic processes in the early Universe, or may be produced by an incoherent superposition of a large number of weak independent unresolved gravitational-wave sources, like supermassive black-hole binaries. Detecting the gravitational wave background can provide information that is inaccessible by any other means about astrophysical source population, like hypothetical ancient supermassive black-hole binaries, and early Universe processes, like hypothetical
561:
38:
756:. They use radio telescopes to monitor the galactic array of millisecond pulsars, which form a galactic-scale detector sensitive to gravitational waves with low frequencies in the nanohertz to 100 nanohertz range. With existing telescopes, many years of observation are needed to detect a signal, and detector sensitivity improves gradually. Sensitivity bounds are approaching those expected for astrophysical sources.
3295:
573:
698:
An astrophysical background is produced by the combined noise of many weak, independent, and unresolved astrophysical sources. For instance, the astrophysical background from stellar mass binary black-hole mergers is expected to be a key source of the stochastic background for the current generation
707:
detectors have already detected individual gravitational-wave events from such black-hole mergers. However, there would be a large population of such mergers which would not be individually resolvable which would produce a hum of random looking noise in the detectors. Other astrophysical sources
766:
are found at the centers of galaxies. It is not known which came first, supermassive black holes or galaxies, or how they evolved. When galaxies merge, it is expected that their central supermassive black holes merge too. These supermassive binaries produce potentially the loudest low-frequency
656:
Several potential sources for the background are hypothesized across various frequency bands of interest, with each source producing a background with different statistical properties. The sources of the stochastic background can be broadly divided into two categories: cosmological sources, and
732:
are sensitive to gravitational-waves in the audio frequency band between approximately 10 Hz to 1000 Hz. In this band the most likely source of the stochastic background will be an astrophysical background from binary neutron-star and stellar mass binary black-hole mergers.
1685:
Agazie, Gabriella; Anumarlapudi, Akash; Archibald, Anne M.; Arzoumanian, Zaven; Baker, Paul T.; BĂ©csy, Bence; Blecha, Laura; Brazier, Adam; Brook, Paul R.; Burke-Spolaor, Sarah; Burnette, Rand; Case, Robin; Charisi, Maria; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatziioannou, Katerina (June 2023).
796:
collaborations announced the first direct detection and observation of gravitational waves, which took place in
September 2015. In this case, two black holes had collided to produce detectable gravitational waves. This is the first step to the potential detection of a GWB.
1798:
Reardon, Daniel J.; Zic, Andrew; Shannon, Ryan M.; Hobbs, George B.; Bailes, Matthew; Di Marco, Valentina; Kapur, Agastya; Rogers, Axl F.; Thrane, Eric; Askew, Jacob; Bhat, N. D. Ramesh; Cameron, Andrew; Curyło, Małgorzata; Coles, William A.; Dai, Shi (29 June 2023).
1646:"The Cosmos Is Thrumming With Gravitational Waves, Astronomers Find - Radio telescopes around the world picked up a telltale hum reverberating across the cosmos, most likely from supermassive black holes merging in the early universe"
1866:
Xu, Heng; Chen, Siyuan; Guo, Yanjun; Jiang, Jinchen; Wang, Bojun; Xu, Jiangwei; Xue, Zihan; Nicolas
Caballero, R.; Yuan, Jianping; Xu, Yonghua; Wang, Jingbo; Hao, Longfei; Luo, Jingtao; Lee, Kejia; Han, Jinlin (29 June 2023).
783:
Plot of correlation between pulsars observed by NANOGrav (2023) vs angular separation between pulsars, compared with a theoretical
Hellings–Downs model (dashed purple) and if there were no gravitational wave background (solid
897:"A Background 'Hum' Pervades the Universe. Scientists Are Racing to Find Its Source - Astronomers are now seeking to pinpoint the origins of an exciting new form of gravitational waves that was announced earlier this year"
720:
event, which can lead to such formations, gravitational waves may theoretically be liberated. Also, in rapidly rotating neutron stars there is a whole class of instabilities driven by the emission of gravitational waves.
1254:
Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P.; Adhikari, R. X.; Adya, V. B.; Affeldt, C.; Afrough, M.; Agarwal, B.; Agathos, M.; Agatsuma, K. (28 February 2018).
825:, i.e., the quadrupolar and higher multipolar correlation between two pulsars as a function of their angular separation in the sky, which is a telltale sign of the gravitational wave origin of the observed background.
2316:
665:
Cosmological backgrounds may arise from several early universe sources. Some examples of these primordial sources include time-varying inflationary scalar fields in the early universe, "preheating" mechanisms after
2248:
2238:
2228:
2197:
2187:
682:, etc. While these sources are more hypothetical, a detection of a primordial gravitational wave background from them would be a major discovery of new physics and would have a profound impact on early-universe
820:
were also published on the same day, providing cross validation of the evidence for the GWB using different telescopes and analysis methods. These observations provided the first measurement of the theoretical
2001:
Four independent collaborations have spotted a background of gravitational waves that passes through our Galaxy, opening a new window on the astrophysical and cosmological processes that could produce such
906:
2259:
2254:
2269:
1381:
Volonteri, Marta; Haardt, Francesco; Madau, Piero (10 January 2003). "The
Assembly and Merging History of Supermassive Black Holes in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation".
708:
which are not individually resolvable can also form a background. For instance, a sufficiently massive star at the final stage of its evolution will collapse to form either a
2015:
2582:
801:
745:
3096:
162:
2541:
2345:
1663:
896:
1949:
Chinese scientists has recently found key evidence for the existence of nanohertz gravitational waves, marking a new era in nanoHertz gravitational research.
767:
gravitational-wave signals; the most massive of them are potential sources of a nanohertz gravitational wave background, which is in principle detectable by
1522:
2454:
3029:
533:
3039:
2470:
2071:
Romano, Joseph D.; Allen, Bruce (30 January 2024). "Answers to frequently asked questions about the pulsar timing array
Hellings and Downs curve".
1436:"The stochastic gravitational-wave background from massive black hole binary systems: implications for observations with Pulsar Timing Arrays"
2330:
2326:
2208:
2122:
603:
2714:
2433:
1932:
724:
The nature of source also depends on the sensitive frequency band of the signal. The current generation of ground based experiments like
828:
The sources of this gravitational-wave background can not be identified without further observations and analyses, although binaries of
2968:
2694:
2224:
2183:
1130:
2264:
2016:"Understanding the gravitational-wave Hellings and Downs curve for pulsar timing arrays in terms of sound and electromagnetic waves"
1324:"Systematic investigation of the expected gravitational wave signal from supermassive black hole binaries in the pulsar timing band"
2642:
3339:
2637:
2321:
3116:
3329:
3334:
3280:
1869:"Searching for the Nano-Hertz Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background with the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array Data Release I"
337:
2166:
3209:
2234:
1645:
2781:
2520:
2406:
3044:
2577:
2115:
1498:
753:
546:
1493:
596:
1603:
843:
3137:
2735:
179:
3199:
3034:
2961:
2157:
2147:
671:
541:
265:
255:
3142:
2391:
184:
3324:
2572:
2131:
2108:
1189:
872:
809:
741:
2802:
1257:"GW170817: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Compact Binary Coalescences"
3319:
3060:
2894:
2776:
2739:
862:
857:
817:
589:
565:
112:
1540:
Abbott, B.P.; et al. (2016). "Observation of
Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger".
3255:
3240:
3065:
3001:
1128:
Ott, Christian D.; et al. (2012). "Core-Collapse
Supernovae, Neutrinos, and Gravitational Waves".
867:
525:
331:
311:
119:
64:
3111:
2954:
157:
779:
3275:
3080:
1072:
326:
91:
3265:
2879:
829:
804:
collaboration announced evidence for a GWB using observational data from an array of millisecond
759:
675:
294:
174:
1753:
Antoniadis, J. (28 June 2023). "The second data release from the
European Pulsar Timing Array".
3173:
3219:
3075:
667:
641:
499:
301:
243:
3250:
2402:
2037:
1974:
1890:
1822:
1801:"Search for an Isotropic Gravitational-wave Background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array"
1709:
1560:
1457:
1400:
1345:
1278:
1208:
1149:
1029:
954:
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8:
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2864:
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321:
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169:
59:
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1978:
1894:
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1713:
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1404:
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958:
444:
3204:
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2771:
2587:
2475:
2142:
2072:
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2027:
1992:
1914:
1880:
1848:
1812:
1780:
1762:
1735:
1699:
1650:
1619:
1584:
1550:
1523:"After 15 years, pulsar timing yields evidence of cosmic gravitational wave background"
1475:
1447:
1416:
1390:
1363:
1335:
1268:
1231:
1198:
1184:
1165:
1139:
1110:
1084:
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944:
932:
813:
749:
629:
464:
434:
399:
369:
316:
260:
29:
1161:
1007:
933:"Detection methods for stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds: a unified treatment"
3260:
3245:
2536:
2057:
1996:
1918:
1906:
1852:
1840:
1784:
1739:
1727:
1655:
1623:
1588:
1576:
1470:
1435:
1304:
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1102:
1045:
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494:
1479:
1367:
1169:
1114:
1057:
3299:
3178:
2869:
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2045:
1982:
1898:
1830:
1772:
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1611:
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1568:
1542:
1465:
1420:
1408:
1353:
1291:
1286:
1256:
1226:
1216:
1157:
1094:
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577:
379:
215:
84:
1776:
389:
364:
3194:
3106:
504:
439:
424:
409:
394:
384:
248:
145:
1933:"Probing the Universe's Secrets: Key Evidence for NanoHertz Gravitational Waves"
2818:
2491:
2100:
1902:
1835:
1800:
1722:
1687:
1098:
849:
489:
449:
1615:
966:
3313:
2928:
2749:
2603:
1910:
1844:
1731:
1659:
1300:
974:
679:
645:
474:
459:
359:
1358:
1323:
1041:
3214:
2889:
1987:
1962:
1868:
1688:"The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background"
1580:
1308:
1240:
1106:
1049:
992:
713:
479:
454:
429:
414:
270:
1963:"Researchers Capture Gravitational-Wave Background with Pulsar "Antennae""
1494:"Focus on NANOGrav's 15 yr Data Set and the Gravitational Wave Background"
3168:
3158:
1395:
227:
220:
1221:
3163:
2855:
2827:
2613:
763:
709:
469:
2438:
2095:
2049:
1684:
1380:
1203:
2977:
2912:
2807:
2377:
2310:
2306:
2274:
2203:
2077:
717:
683:
670:
involving energy transfer from inflaton particles to regular matter,
419:
3121:
3006:
2996:
2812:
2786:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2428:
2423:
1885:
1817:
1767:
1704:
1555:
1412:
1273:
1089:
1006:
Krauss, Lawrence D; Dodelson, Scott; Meyer, Stephan (21 May 2010).
949:
633:
152:
54:
47:
2032:
1452:
1340:
1144:
1024:
2546:
1433:
1127:
716:—in the rapid collapse during the final moments of an explosive
16:
Random background of gravitational waves permeating the
Universe
2834:
2382:
2193:
805:
636:, which is detectable by gravitational-wave experiments, like
2608:
2397:
2366:
2244:
2946:
1434:
Sesana, A.; Vecchio, A.; Colacino, C. N. (11 October 2008).
802:
North
American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves
746:
North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves
37:
2387:
2372:
2362:
2096:
Gravitational Wave Experiments and Early Universe Cosmology
1602:
Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Alexandra (11 February 2016).
789:
725:
700:
1328:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
1253:
1797:
2014:
Jenet, Fredrick A.; Romano, Joseph D. (1 July 2015).
651:
839:
1005:
926:
924:
1954:
1601:
1440:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1185:"Gravitational Waves from Gravitational Collapse"
3311:
2130:
921:
894:
1865:
1604:"Einstein's gravitational waves found at last"
1595:
1064:
1008:"Primordial Gravitational Waves and Cosmology"
699:of ground based gravitational-wave detectors.
2962:
2685:(first-ever possible light from bh-bh merger)
2116:
1183:Fryer, Chris L.; New, Kimberly C. B. (2003).
931:Romano, Joseph D.; Cornish, Neil. J. (2017).
930:
890:
888:
736:An alternative means of observation is using
597:
1637:
1539:
1533:
2070:
2013:
1073:"Stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds"
1070:
2969:
2955:
2123:
2109:
1939:. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2 July 2023
1752:
1131:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements
885:
604:
590:
36:
3040:Religious interpretations of the Big Bang
2076:
2031:
1986:
1884:
1834:
1816:
1766:
1721:
1703:
1554:
1469:
1451:
1394:
1357:
1339:
1290:
1272:
1230:
1220:
1202:
1143:
1088:
1023:
982:
948:
3030:Discovery of cosmic microwave background
2697:(first black hole - neutron star merger)
1182:
1071:Christensen, Nelson (21 November 2018).
778:
693:
1973:. Physics 16, 118 (29 June 2023): 118.
1520:
895:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (4 August 2023).
660:
3312:
1873:Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics
1643:
1321:
2950:
2104:
2255:Stanford gravitational wave detector
1960:
1176:
674:in the early universe (such as the
13:
2407:European Gravitational Observatory
1121:
909:from the original on 4 August 2023
818:Chinese Pulsar Timing Array (CPTA)
652:Sources of a stochastic background
332:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
14:
3351:
3045:Timeline of cosmological theories
2691:(first-ever "mass gap" collision)
2089:
1805:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1692:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1666:from the original on 29 June 2023
1499:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1162:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2013.04.036
754:International Pulsar Timing Array
547:Timeline of cosmological theories
312:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
3293:
1644:Miller, Katrina (28 June 2023).
1521:Sanders, Robert (29 June 2023).
1471:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13682.x
842:
571:
560:
559:
3138:Future of an expanding universe
2064:
2007:
1925:
1859:
1791:
1746:
1678:
1514:
1486:
1427:
327:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
180:Future of an expanding universe
3340:Physical cosmological concepts
3035:History of the Big Bang theory
2148:Gravitational-wave observatory
1573:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102
1374:
1315:
1292:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.091101
1247:
1077:Reports on Progress in Physics
999:
672:cosmological phase transitions
542:History of the Big Bang theory
338:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
3143:Ultimate fate of the universe
3071:Gravitational wave background
2976:
2840:Gravitational wave background
2392:LIGO Scientific Collaboration
878:
618:gravitational wave background
534:Discovery of cosmic microwave
185:Ultimate fate of the universe
3330:Gravitational-wave astronomy
2643:First observation (GW150914)
2429:TAMA 20, later known as LISM
2132:Gravitational-wave astronomy
1755:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1190:Living Reviews in Relativity
937:Living Reviews in Relativity
873:Gravitational-wave astronomy
774:
742:European Pulsar Timing Array
740:(PTAs). Three consortia—the
628:) is a random background of
7:
3335:Cosmic background radiation
3061:Cosmic microwave background
2777:Tests of general relativity
2020:American Journal of Physics
1777:10.1051/0004-6361/202346844
863:Cosmic microwave background
858:Cosmic background radiation
835:
302:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
10:
3356:
3066:Cosmic neutrino background
3002:Chronology of the universe
2439:Caltech 40m interferometer
1322:Sesana, A. (22 May 2013).
868:Cosmic neutrino background
750:Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
65:Chronology of the universe
3289:
3233:
3187:
3151:
3130:
3112:Expansion of the universe
3089:
3053:
3020:
2984:
2848:
2795:
2764:
2704:
2630:
2623:
2596:
2563:
2529:
2513:
2504:
2484:
2463:
2447:
2416:
2355:
2344:
2299:
2283:
2217:
2176:
2165:
2156:
2138:
1616:10.1038/nature.2016.19361
1383:The Astrophysical Journal
967:10.1007/s41114-017-0004-1
788:On 11 February 2016, the
752:(PPTA)—coordinate as the
158:Expansion of the universe
2880:Supermassive black holes
1903:10.1088/1674-4527/acdfa5
1836:10.3847/2041-8213/acdd02
1723:10.3847/2041-8213/acdac6
1099:10.1088/1361-6633/aae6b5
832:are leading candidates.
830:supermassive black holes
760:Supermassive black holes
322:Planck space observatory
108:Gravitational wave (GWB)
3266:Observational cosmology
2719:Resonant mass detectors
1261:Physical Review Letters
1042:10.1126/science.1179541
657:astrophysical sources.
175:Inhomogeneous cosmology
3117:Accelerating expansion
1988:10.1103/Physics.16.118
785:
3220:Shape of the universe
3210:Large-scale structure
3023:cosmological theories
2904:Rotating neutron star
2715:Laser interferometers
1961:Rini, Matteo (2023).
1359:10.1093/mnrasl/slt034
800:On 28 June 2023, the
782:
762:with masses of 10–10
694:Astrophysical sources
626:stochastic background
266:Large-scale structure
244:Shape of the universe
3300:astronomy portal
2796:Effects / properties
2725:Atom interferometers
2638:List of observations
2565:Pulsar timing arrays
823:Hellings-Downs curve
808:. Observations from
748:(NANOGrav), and the
738:pulsar timing arrays
661:Cosmological sources
642:primordial inflation
638:pulsar timing arrays
578:Astronomy portal
536:background radiation
513:List of cosmologists
3325:Gravitational waves
3225:Structure formation
3188:Structure formation
3102:Friedmann equations
3012:Observable universe
2992:Age of the universe
2885:Stellar black holes
2865:quantum fluctuation
2745:Pulsar timing array
2732:Indirect detection
2672:neutron star merger
2455:INDIGO (LIGO-India)
2042:2015AmJPh..83..635J
1979:2023PhyOJ..16..118R
1895:2023RAA....23g5024X
1827:2023ApJ...951L...6R
1714:2023ApJ...951L...8A
1565:2016PhRvL.116f1102A
1462:2008MNRAS.390..192S
1405:2003ApJ...582..559V
1350:2013MNRAS.433L...1S
1283:2018PhRvL.120i1101A
1222:10.12942/lrr-2003-2
1213:2003LRR.....6....2F
1154:2013NuPhS.235..381O
1034:2010Sci...328..989K
959:2017LRR....20....2R
902:Scientific American
688:high-energy physics
678:phase transition),
630:gravitational waves
278:Structure formation
170:Friedmann equations
60:Age of the universe
24:Part of a series on
3320:Effects of gravity
3205:Large quasar group
2772:General relativity
2476:Einstein Telescope
2378:Fermilab holometer
2143:Gravitational wave
1651:The New York Times
814:Parkes Observatory
786:
317:Dark Energy Survey
261:Large quasar group
30:Physical cosmology
3307:
3306:
3261:Illustris project
2944:
2943:
2760:
2759:
2711:Direct detection
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2537:Big Bang Observer
2500:
2499:
2340:
2339:
2050:10.1119/1.4916358
1018:(5981): 989–992.
614:
613:
285:
284:
127:
126:
3347:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3200:Galaxy formation
3179:Lambda-CDM model
3090:Present universe
2971:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2876:Binary inspiral
2870:Phase transition
2861:Cosmic inflation
2628:
2627:
2511:
2510:
2353:
2352:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2083:
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2068:
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2061:
2035:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1937:scitechdaily.com
1929:
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1599:
1593:
1592:
1558:
1543:Phys. Rev. Lett.
1537:
1531:
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1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1398:
1396:astro-ph/0207276
1378:
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1068:
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1027:
1003:
997:
996:
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916:
914:
892:
852:
847:
846:
606:
599:
592:
576:
575:
574:
563:
562:
256:Galaxy formation
216:Lambda-CDM model
205:
204:
197:Components
79:
78:
40:
21:
20:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3285:
3229:
3195:Galaxy filament
3183:
3147:
3131:Future universe
3126:
3085:
3081:Nucleosynthesis
3049:
3022:
3016:
2980:
2975:
2945:
2940:
2849:Types / sources
2844:
2791:
2782:Metric theories
2756:
2700:
2619:
2592:
2551:
2525:
2507:interferometers
2506:
2496:
2480:
2471:Cosmic Explorer
2459:
2443:
2412:
2348:interferometers
2347:
2336:
2331:Mario Schenberg
2295:
2279:
2213:
2209:Mario Schenberg
2168:
2152:
2134:
2129:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2069:
2065:
2012:
2008:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1864:
1860:
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1751:
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1379:
1375:
1320:
1316:
1252:
1248:
1181:
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1126:
1122:
1069:
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1004:
1000:
929:
922:
912:
910:
893:
886:
881:
848:
841:
838:
777:
696:
663:
654:
632:permeating the
610:
572:
570:
552:
551:
538:
535:
528:
526:Subject history
518:
517:
509:
354:
346:
345:
342:
339:
297:
287:
286:
249:Galaxy filament
202:
190:
189:
141:
136:Expansion
129:
128:
113:Microwave (CMB)
92:Nucleosynthesis
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3305:
3304:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
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3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
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3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2826:Chirp signal (
2824:
2821:
2819:speed of light
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
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2753:
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2742:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2720:
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2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2692:
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2680:
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2665:
2660:
2655:
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2640:
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2524:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2492:LIGO-Australia
2488:
2486:
2485:Past proposals
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2449:
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2441:
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2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:Advanced Virgo
2400:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:(downsized to
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:(downsized to
2303:
2301:
2300:Past proposals
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
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2215:
2214:
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2211:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2090:External links
2088:
2085:
2084:
2063:
2026:(7): 635–645.
2006:
1953:
1924:
1858:
1790:
1745:
1677:
1636:
1594:
1532:
1513:
1485:
1446:(1): 192–209.
1426:
1413:10.1086/344675
1389:(2): 559–573.
1373:
1314:
1246:
1175:
1120:
1063:
998:
920:
883:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
854:
853:
850:Physics portal
837:
834:
776:
773:
695:
692:
680:cosmic strings
662:
659:
653:
650:
646:cosmic strings
612:
611:
609:
608:
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586:
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124:
123:
122:
120:Neutrino (CNB)
110:
102:
101:
97:
96:
95:
94:
77:
75:Early universe
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
62:
57:
42:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3352:
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3333:
3331:
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3321:
3318:
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3302:
3301:
3288:
3282:
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3264:
3262:
3259:
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3223:
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3172:
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3156:
3154:
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3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
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3092:
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3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
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3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:Past universe
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2934:
2933:other unknown
2930:
2929:cosmic string
2926:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Neutron stars
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
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2832:
2829:
2825:
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2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2751:
2750:Binary pulsar
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2616:: Gravity Spy
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Einstein@Home
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:Data analysis
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:Advanced LIGO
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:Resonant mass
2164:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1879:(7): 075024.
1878:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1549:(6): 061102.
1548:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1527:Berkeley News
1524:
1517:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1489:
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1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1267:(9): 091101.
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:gr-qc/0206041
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1083:(1): 016903.
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
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956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
925:
908:
904:
903:
898:
891:
889:
884:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
851:
845:
840:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
795:
791:
781:
772:
770:
765:
761:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
711:
706:
702:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
587:
585:
584:
579:
569:
567:
558:
557:
556:
555:
548:
545:
543:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
522:
521:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
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453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
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431:
428:
426:
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421:
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401:
398:
396:
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391:
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368:
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279:
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46:
45:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3291:
3215:Reionization
3174:Quintessence
3107:Hubble's law
3070:
2932:
2916:
2839:
2817:Travel with
2803:Polarization
2722:
2624:Observations
2346:Ground-based
2078:2308.05847v2
2066:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2000:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1948:
1941:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1876:
1872:
1861:
1808:
1804:
1793:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1695:
1691:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1607:
1597:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1497:
1488:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1334:(1): L1–L5.
1331:
1327:
1317:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1194:
1188:
1178:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1080:
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1011:
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936:
911:. Retrieved
900:
827:
799:
787:
764:solar masses
758:
744:(EPTA), the
735:
723:
714:neutron star
697:
664:
655:
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617:
615:
340:Probe (WMAP)
274:
271:Reionization
252:
224:
198:
166:
149:
146:Hubble's law
137:
116:
107:
88:
51:
18:
3234:Experiments
3169:Dark matter
3159:Dark energy
3097:FLRW metric
2924:Hypothesis
2901:Continuous
2505:Space-based
1629:11 February
1608:Nature News
1502:. June 2023
1138:: 381–387.
676:electroweak
295:Experiments
228:Dark matter
221:Dark energy
163:FLRW metric
100:Backgrounds
3314:Categories
3164:Dark fluid
3152:Components
3021:History of
2985:Background
2927:Colliding
2856:Stochastic
2828:chirp mass
2723:Proposed:
2614:Zooniverse
1886:2306.16216
1818:2306.16215
1768:2306.16214
1705:2306.16213
1556:1602.03837
1274:1710.05837
1090:1811.08797
950:1608.06889
879:References
710:black hole
375:Copernicus
353:Scientists
208:Components
3251:BOOMERanG
3076:Inflation
2978:Cosmology
2913:Supernova
2808:Spin-flip
2434:TENKO-100
2311:MiniGRAIL
2275:Weber bar
2204:MiniGRAIL
2158:Detectors
2058:116950137
2033:1412.1142
1997:260750773
1919:259274998
1911:1674-4527
1853:259275121
1845:2041-8205
1811:(1): L6.
1785:259274756
1740:259274684
1732:2041-8205
1698:(1): L8.
1660:0362-4331
1624:182916902
1589:124959784
1453:0804.4476
1341:1211.5375
1301:0031-9007
1145:1212.4250
1025:1004.2504
975:2367-3613
775:Detection
718:supernova
684:cosmology
668:inflation
505:Zeldovich
405:Friedmann
380:de Sitter
307:BOOMERanG
236:Structure
201:Structure
85:Inflation
3122:Redshift
3007:Universe
2997:Big Bang
2915:or from
2833:Carried
2823:h strain
2813:Redshift
2787:Graviton
2695:GW200105
2689:GW190814
2683:GW190521
2678:GW190412
2668:GW170817
2663:GW170814
2658:GW170608
2653:GW170104
2648:GW151226
2583:NANOGrav
2530:Proposed
2464:Proposed
2424:TAMA 300
2327:Graviton
2284:Proposed
2225:EXPLORER
2184:NAUTILUS
2169:antennas
1664:Archived
1581:26918975
1480:18929126
1368:11176297
1309:29547330
1241:28163639
1197:(1): 2.
1170:34040033
1115:53712558
1107:30462612
1058:11804455
1050:20489015
993:28690422
943:(1): 2.
913:4 August
907:Archived
836:See also
634:Universe
566:Category
485:Suntzeff
445:Lemaître
395:Einstein
360:Aaronson
153:Redshift
55:Universe
48:Big Bang
2935:sources
2919:sources
2917:unknown
2736:B-modes
2705:Methods
2670:(first
2547:TianQin
2514:Planned
2448:Planned
2265:GEOGRAV
2235:ALLEGRO
2038:Bibcode
1975:Bibcode
1967:Physics
1943:21 July
1891:Bibcode
1823:Bibcode
1761:: A50.
1710:Bibcode
1670:29 June
1561:Bibcode
1506:29 June
1458:Bibcode
1421:2384554
1401:Bibcode
1346:Bibcode
1279:Bibcode
1232:5253977
1209:Bibcode
1150:Bibcode
1030:Bibcode
1012:Science
984:5478100
955:Bibcode
806:pulsars
686:and on
490:Sunyaev
475:Schmidt
465:Penzias
460:Penrose
435:Huygens
425:Hawking
410:Galileo
3271:Planck
2909:Burst
2835:energy
2765:Theory
2631:Events
2542:DECIGO
2383:GEO600
2356:Active
2260:ALTAIR
2194:AURIGA
2177:Active
2056:
2002:waves.
1995:
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620:(also
564:
500:Wilson
495:Tolman
455:Newton
450:Mather
440:Kepler
430:Hubble
390:Ehlers
370:Alpher
365:Alfvén
273:
251:
223:
165:
148:
140:Future
115:
87:
50:
2609:PyCBC
2398:KAGRA
2367:ACIGA
2322:SFERA
2307:GRAIL
2270:AGATA
2245:NIOBE
2073:arXiv
2054:S2CID
2028:arXiv
1993:S2CID
1915:S2CID
1881:arXiv
1849:S2CID
1813:arXiv
1781:S2CID
1763:arXiv
1736:S2CID
1700:arXiv
1620:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1551:arXiv
1476:S2CID
1448:arXiv
1417:S2CID
1391:arXiv
1364:S2CID
1336:arXiv
1269:arXiv
1199:arXiv
1166:S2CID
1140:arXiv
1111:S2CID
1085:arXiv
1054:S2CID
1020:arXiv
945:arXiv
794:Virgo
730:Virgo
712:or a
705:Virgo
480:Smoot
470:Rubin
415:Gamow
400:Ellis
385:Dicke
3281:WMAP
3276:SDSS
3256:COBE
2931:and
2895:EMRI
2588:PPTA
2578:IPTA
2573:EPTA
2521:LISA
2417:Past
2373:CLIO
2363:AIGO
2317:TIGA
2291:TOBA
2249:IGEC
2239:IGEC
2229:IGEC
2218:Past
2198:IGEC
2188:IGEC
1945:2023
1907:ISSN
1841:ISSN
1728:ISSN
1672:2023
1656:ISSN
1631:2016
1577:PMID
1508:2023
1305:PMID
1297:ISSN
1237:PMID
1103:PMID
1046:PMID
989:PMID
971:ISSN
915:2023
816:and
810:EPTA
792:and
790:LIGO
769:PTAs
728:and
726:LIGO
703:and
701:LIGO
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624:and
616:The
420:Guth
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2740:CMB
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1983:doi
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