379:
40:
159:
1836:
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1747:
1798:
1723:
1624:
387:
305:
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1824:
1812:
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1759:
1872:
1788:
1711:
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1478:
1860:
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175:
particles in the same size range but angular in shape. The Udden-Wentworth scale, widely used by geologists in the US, defines granular gravel as particles with a size from 2 to 4 mm (0.079 to 0.157 in) and pebble gravel as particles with a size from 4 to 64 mm (0.16 to 2.52 in). This corresponds to all particles with sizes between coarse
174:
The technical definition of gravel varies by region and by area of application. Many geologists define gravel simply as loose rounded rock particles over 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter, without specifying an upper size limit. Gravel is sometimes distinguished from rubble, which is loose rock
324:
is treated as a separate category. In 2020, sand and gravel together made up 23% of all industrial mineral production in the U.S., with a total value of about $ 12.6 billion. Some 960 million tons of construction sand and gravel were produced. This greatly exceeds production of industrial sand and
516:
In locales where gravelly soil is predominant, plant life is generally more sparse. This is due to the inferior ability of gravels to retain moisture, as well as the corresponding paucity of mineral nutrients, since finer soils that contain such minerals are present in smaller amounts.
166:
Colloquially, the term gravel is often used to describe a mixture of different size pieces of stone mixed with sand and possibly some clay. The
American construction industry distinguishes between gravel (a natural material) and
118:
gravel (4–64 mm or 0.2–2.5 in). ISO 14688 grades gravels as fine, medium, and coarse, with ranges 2–6.3 mm (0.079–0.248 in) for fine and 20–63 mm (0.79–2.48 in) for coarse. One
1222:
de Silva, S. L.; Spagnuolo, M. G.; Bridges, N. T.; Zimbelman, J. R. (1 November 2013). "Gravel-mantled megaripples of the
Argentinean Puna: A model for their origin and growth with implications for Mars".
194:
define gravel as particles from 2 to 80 mm (0.079 to 3.150 in) in size, while the German scale (Atterburg) defines gravel as particles from 2 to 200 mm (0.079 to 7.874 in) in size. The
343:
Gravel is widely and plentifully distributed, mostly as river deposits, river flood plains, and glacial deposits, so that environmental considerations and quality dictate whether alternatives, such as
507:, sediment that is largely composed of smooth and spheroidal or flattened pebbles, cobbles, and sometimes small boulders, generally measuring 20 to 200 millimetres (0.79 to 7.87 in) in diameter.
415:
a bed of gravel located on the side of a valley above the present stream bottom, indicating the former location of the stream bed when it was at a higher level. The term is most commonly used in
447:, and other rocks. Also known as "crusher run", DGA (dense grade aggregate) QP (quarry process), and shoulder stone. Crushed stone is distinguished from gravel by the U.S. Geological Survey.
1262:
199:
defines gravel as particles under 3 in (76 mm) in size that are retained by a number 4 mesh, which has a mesh spacing of 4.76 mm (0.187 in). ISO 14688 for
1639:
347:, are more economical. Crushed stone is already displacing natural gravel in the eastern United States, and recycled gravel is also becoming increasingly important.
1750:
1726:
544:
likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record. These include conglomerates of the
Triassic basins of eastern North America and the
1533:
431:
rock crushed and graded by screens and then mixed to a blend of stones and fines. It is widely used as a surfacing for roads and driveways, sometimes with
273:; in near-shore marine settings, where the gravel is supplied by streams or erosion along the coast; and in the deltas of swift-flowing streams. The upper
1774:
1560:
1827:
1273:
942:"ISO 14688-1:2002 – Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of soil – Part 1: Identification and description"
1714:
945:
467:
also known as "pay dirt"; a nickname for gravel with a high concentration of gold and other precious metals. The metals are recovered through
1373:
487:
a coarse gravel carried down from high places by mountain streams and deposited on relatively flat ground, where the water runs more slowly.
2525:
1514:
1505:
1457:
1109:
Bridgland, D. R.; Saville, A.; Sinclair, J. M. (June 1997). "New evidence for the origin of the Buchan Ridge Gravel, Aberdeenshire".
672:
2570:
1323:
Collins
English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 30 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website:
2726:
1553:
246:
grains, since few rocks have mineral grains coarser than about 8 millimeters (0.31 in) in size. Exceptions include quartz
130:
Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Almost half of all gravel production is used as
1179:
Potter, Paul Edwin (January 1955). "The
Petrology and Origin of the Lafayette Gravel: Part 1. Mineralogy and Petrology".
968:
398:
Different varieties of gravel are distinguished by their composition, origin, and use cases. Types of gravel include:
1980:
1578:
1546:
1534:
British
Geological Survey UKGravelBarriers: Understanding coastal protection by gravel barriers in a changing climate
1058:
995:
842:
817:
138:. Much of the rest is used for road construction, either in the road base or as the road surface (with or without
191:
493:
a layer of gravel on a plateau or other region above the height at which stream-terrace gravel is usually found.
2691:
922:
894:
792:
764:
736:
187:
1455:. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment
963:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Littleton, Colorado, USA: Society for mining, metallurgy and exploration (SME).
210:
of gravel varies from 1,460 to 1,920 kg/m (2,460 to 3,240 lb/cu yd). Natural gravel has a high
2228:
2109:
1651:
203:
grades gravels as fine, medium, and coarse with ranges 2 mm to 6.3 mm to 20 mm to 63 mm.
281:
gravels thought to have their origin less than 100 miles (160 km) from the periphery of the embayment.
196:
2541:
2706:
2141:
1586:
378:
2721:
2444:
1839:
1074:
Jennings, S.; Smyth, C. (January 1990). "Holocene evolution of the gravel coastline of East Sussex".
608:
2520:
2510:
2382:
2372:
2202:
1940:
1738:
1569:
39:
2716:
2701:
2360:
2335:
2275:
1955:
1896:
1482:
1381:
613:
31:
17:
871:
2696:
2623:
2434:
2248:
2084:
2059:
1910:
1889:
1781:
561:
540:
of all ages, but usually as a minor component, making up less than 1% of all sedimentary rock.
533:
453:
gravel consisting of particles with a diameter of 2 to 6.3 millimetres (0.079 to 0.248 in)
329:
211:
143:
131:
1324:
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8:
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1985:
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1236:
1192:
1122:
1087:
158:
2711:
2390:
2099:
1882:
1801:
1303:
U.S. Geological Survey (2021). Mineral
Commodity Summaries (Report). pp. 141–143.
1204:
1134:
654:
481:. Used for concrete surfaces, walkways, driveways and as a substrate in home aquariums.
1495:
1095:
2487:
2233:
2124:
2094:
1945:
1208:
1138:
1054:
1001:
991:
964:
918:
890:
838:
813:
788:
760:
732:
658:
545:
285:
103:
114:
gravel is categorized into granular gravel (2–4 mm or 0.079–0.157 in) and
2537:
2424:
2315:
2280:
2255:
2114:
1935:
1490:
1304:
1240:
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537:
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a surface accumulation of coarse gravel produced by the removal of finer particles.
259:
200:
180:
53:
1762:
602:
409:
found in and next to rivers and streams. Also known as "bank run" or "river run".
2653:
2477:
2395:
2330:
2325:
2223:
2089:
1960:
1815:
1461:
444:
420:
27:
Mix of crumbled stones: grain size range between 2 – 63 mm according to ISO 14688
961:
Society for mining, metallurgy and exploration (SME) Mining
Engineering Handbook
835:
Sedimentary geology : an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy
2600:
2492:
2409:
2213:
1975:
1965:
1851:
1519:
11th edition, Short
Nonfiction Collection, Vol. 041, Section 6 (reader VfkaBT)"
576:
247:
239:
2530:
1408:
787:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 135.
242:
along which the rock easily splits. Most gravel particles consist of multiple
91:
geological processes; it is also produced in large quantities commercially as
2685:
2628:
2467:
2345:
2340:
2295:
2064:
1500:
1420:
1152:
Cary, Allen S. (January 1951). "Origin and
Significance of Openwork Gravel".
581:
541:
529:
426:
391:
344:
321:
270:
168:
92:
84:
80:
1835:
1688:
328:
It is estimated that almost half of construction sand and gravel is used as
320:. Sand is not usually distinguished from gravel in official statistics, but
2648:
2643:
2633:
2613:
2300:
2243:
2074:
1791:
1734:
1647:
1538:
1354:
1165:
1053:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 290.
1005:
566:
468:
317:
207:
1700:
1635:
1342:
941:
142:
or other binders.) Naturally occurring porous gravel deposits have a high
2658:
2355:
2238:
2177:
1746:
1396:
456:
309:
120:
43:
Gravel (largest fragment in this photo is about 40 mm (1.6 in))
1797:
1722:
1623:
1509:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 382.
1130:
1051:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
985:
731:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
336:. Other important uses include in road construction, as road base or in
2482:
2462:
2350:
2162:
2157:
2079:
2069:
1950:
1695:
1615:
360:
227:
124:
123:
of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg (4,000 lb), or one
111:
99:
1432:
477:
also known as "pea shingle" is clean gravel similar in size to garden
386:
269:
Gravel is deposited as gravel blankets or bars in stream channels; in
2638:
2618:
2504:
2320:
2305:
1921:
1863:
1663:
1244:
858:
Krumbein, W. C. (1934). "Size frequency distributions of sediments".
440:
289:
255:
251:
1309:
649:
636:
304:
262:. The rock fragments are rapidly rounded as they are transported by
2668:
2555:
2285:
2260:
2187:
2104:
1770:
1523:
1200:
917:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 631.
525:
500:
337:
333:
325:
gravel (68 million tons), which is mostly sand rather than gravel.
135:
1823:
1811:
889:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 57.
266:, often within a few tens of kilometers of their source outcrops.
2608:
2580:
2265:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2167:
1875:
1847:
1221:
436:
243:
235:
223:
147:
139:
107:
88:
1758:
1339:
Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
2590:
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2497:
2270:
2218:
1871:
1787:
1710:
1477:
1029:
1027:
1012:
571:
416:
231:
115:
1611:
71:
2043:
1494:
549:
504:
278:
263:
1859:
1659:
1024:
238:
found in gravel, as it is hard, chemically inert, and lacks
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
1998:
913:
Blatt, Harvey; Middletone, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
885:
Blatt, Harvey; Middletone, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
478:
406:
293:
176:
1325:
http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gravel
908:
906:
990:. Cherry, John A. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
432:
65:
59:
1108:
171:(produced artificially by mechanical crushing of rock.)
1154:
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers
903:
1302:
1044:
1042:
757:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
912:
884:
759:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 523.
499:
Coarse, loose, well-rounded, waterworn, specifically
837:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 67.
812:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
162:
Sand and gravel separator in a gravel pit in Germany
68:
62:
1039:
405:naturally deposited gravel intermixed with sand or
56:
601:
340:; as construction fill; and in myriad minor uses.
83:. Gravel occurs naturally on Earth as a result of
1489:
394:, with particle sizes roughly between 5 and 15 mm
2683:
983:
673:"The complete guide to crushed stone and gravel"
641:U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodies Summary
600:
435:applied over it. Crushed stone may be made from
878:
1033:
1018:
832:
222:Most gravel is derived from disintegration of
1554:
1073:
511:
1568:
1374:"Quarry Process – QP, DGA – NJ, NY, NYC, PA"
785:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
750:
748:
153:
127:weighs about 3,000 lb (1,400 kg).
872:10.1306/D4268EB9-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D
1561:
1547:
1076:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
833:Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (2004).
810:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
754:
536:. Conglomerates are widely distributed in
382:Naturally occurring sedimentary gravel bed
1308:
745:
727:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "gravel".
722:
720:
648:
520:
1256:
1254:
857:
755:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
385:
377:
316:Gravel is a major basic raw material in
303:
284:It has been suggested that wind-formed (
214:, sometimes reaching above 1 cm/s.
157:
38:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1360:
1348:
1298:
1296:
1294:
958:
778:
776:
726:
528:containing over 30% gravel that become
14:
2684:
1270:US Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook
1225:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1178:
1048:
936:
934:
807:
717:
634:
299:
1542:
1260:
1251:
801:
782:
102:range and includes size classes from
1291:
1151:
773:
622:participating institution membership
931:
24:
808:Allaby, Michael (2013). "gravel".
25:
2738:
1579:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1471:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1796:
1786:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1687:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1476:
860:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology
637:"Sand and gravel (construction)"
292:have counterparts on the planet
52:
1444:
1366:
1329:
1317:
1215:
1172:
1145:
1102:
1067:
977:
952:
851:
192:Soil Science Society of America
1263:"Sand and gravel construction"
826:
691:
665:
628:
594:
188:U.S. Department of Agriculture
13:
1:
2727:Soil-based building materials
2229:Mechanically stabilized earth
1096:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80006-5
587:
1981:Hydraulic conductivity tests
350:
197:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
79:) is a loose aggregation of
7:
2542:Stress distribution in soil
1111:Scottish Journal of Geology
959:Hartman, H L., ed. (1992).
915:Origin of sedimentary rocks
887:Origin of sedimentary rocks
555:
532:into solid rock are termed
10:
2743:
1692:Pore pressure measurement
1034:Prothero & Schwab 2004
1019:Prothero & Schwab 2004
703:A.L.Blair Construction Ltd
699:"Crushed stone vs. gravel"
635:Dolley, Thomas P. (2021).
512:Relationship to plant life
288:) gravel "megaripples" in
29:
2599:
2554:
2453:
2445:Preconsolidation pressure
2417:
2408:
2381:
2201:
2150:
2137:
2052:
2006:
1997:
1920:
1840:Standard penetration test
1598:
1585:
1576:
1337:Oxford English Dictionary
984:Freeze, R. Allan (1979).
609:Oxford English Dictionary
217:
154:Definition and properties
110:-sized fragments. In the
1941:California bearing ratio
1739:Rotary-pressure sounding
1570:Geotechnical engineering
373:
146:, making them important
98:Gravel is classified by
2361:Geosynthetic clay liner
2336:Expanded clay aggregate
1956:Proctor compaction test
1897:Crosshole sonic logging
1883:Nuclear densometer test
1640:Geo-electrical sounding
1517:Encyclopedia Britannica
1506:Encyclopædia Britannica
1450:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
614:Oxford University Press
32:Gravel (disambiguation)
2624:Earthquake engineering
2435:Lateral earth pressure
2060:Hydraulic conductivity
1911:Wave equation analysis
1890:Exploration geophysics
1782:Deformation monitoring
1751:Rotary weight sounding
1181:The Journal of Geology
1166:10.1061/TACEAT.0006486
562:Construction aggregate
521:In the geologic record
395:
383:
313:
212:hydraulic conductivity
163:
144:hydraulic conductivity
44:
2692:Aggregate (composite)
1802:Settlement recordings
1727:Rock control drilling
1628:Cone penetration test
1485:at Wikimedia Commons
1049:Leeder, Mike (2011).
389:
381:
307:
275:Mississippi embayment
161:
112:Udden-Wentworth scale
42:
2664:Agricultural science
2366:Cellular confinement
1417:, "piedmont gravel".
1261:Bolen, W.P. (2000).
1231:(11–12): 1912–1929.
390:Graded mechanically
30:For other uses, see
2556:Numerical analysis
2440:Overburden pressure
2430:Pore water pressure
2210:Shoring structures
2085:Reynolds' dilatancy
1986:Water content tests
1971:Triaxial shear test
1931:Soil classification
1904:Pile integrity test
1460:8 June 2013 at the
1429:, "plateau gravel".
1237:2013GSAB..125.1912D
1193:1955JG.....63....1P
1131:10.1144/sjg33010043
1123:1997ScJG...33...43B
1088:1990PrGA..101..213J
783:Boggs, Sam (2006).
729:Glossary of geology
612:(Online ed.).
300:Production and uses
277:contains extensive
234:is the most common
2531:Slab stabilisation
2511:Stability analysis
1384:on 27 January 2018
1279:on 20 October 2021
396:
384:
314:
164:
45:
2707:Natural materials
2679:
2678:
2550:
2549:
2526:Sliding criterion
2488:Response spectrum
2404:
2403:
2234:Pressure grouting
2133:
2132:
1993:
1992:
1946:Direct shear test
1652:Permeability test
1491:Flett, John Smith
1481:Media related to
1363:, "bench gravel".
1021:, pp. 68–70.
705:. 24 October 2017
620:(Subscription or
546:New Red Sandstone
258:, and high-grade
16:(Redirected from
2734:
2722:Stone (material)
2538:Bearing capacity
2425:Effective stress
2415:
2414:
2316:Land reclamation
2256:Land development
2151:Natural features
2148:
2147:
2115:Specific storage
2004:
2003:
1936:Atterberg limits
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1800:
1790:
1775:Screw plate test
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1691:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1596:
1595:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1510:
1498:
1480:
1465:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1380:. Archived from
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1351:, "bank gravel".
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1272:. Archived from
1267:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1245:10.1130/B30916.1
1219:
1213:
1212:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1160:(1): 1296–1308.
1149:
1143:
1142:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1009:
981:
975:
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956:
950:
949:
938:
929:
928:
910:
901:
900:
882:
876:
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855:
849:
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830:
824:
823:
805:
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752:
743:
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724:
715:
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710:
695:
689:
688:
686:
684:
669:
663:
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632:
626:
625:
617:
605:
598:
538:sedimentary rock
260:metamorphic rock
201:soil engineering
78:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
21:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2654:Earth materials
2595:
2557:
2546:
2455:
2449:
2400:
2377:
2331:Earth structure
2326:Erosion control
2224:Ground freezing
2214:Retaining walls
2197:
2139:
2129:
2090:Angle of repose
2048:
1989:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1876:Visible bedrock
1828:Simple sounding
1816:Shear vane test
1592:instrumentation
1591:
1589:
1581:
1572:
1567:
1513:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:. Washington DC
1462:Wayback Machine
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:, "pea gravel".
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:10.3133/mcs2021
1301:
1292:
1282:
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1276:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1220:
1216:
1177:
1173:
1150:
1146:
1107:
1103:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
998:
982:
978:
971:
957:
953:
940:
939:
932:
925:
911:
904:
897:
883:
879:
856:
852:
845:
831:
827:
820:
806:
802:
795:
781:
774:
767:
753:
746:
739:
725:
718:
708:
706:
697:
696:
692:
682:
680:
671:
670:
666:
650:10.3133/mcs2021
633:
629:
619:
599:
595:
590:
558:
523:
514:
484:Piedmont gravel
421:Yukon Territory
376:
359:comes from the
353:
302:
240:cleavage planes
220:
156:
55:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Gardening aids
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Building stone
2699:
2694:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2601:Related fields
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Classification
2518:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2493:Seismic hazard
2490:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
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2387:
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2379:
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2363:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2120:Shear strength
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Friction angle
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Oedometer test
1973:
1968:
1966:Sieve analysis
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1852:Total sounding
1843:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1501:Chisholm, Hugh
1496:"Gravel"
1473:
1472:External links
1470:
1467:
1466:
1453:Abiotic factor
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1378:braenstone.com
1365:
1353:
1341:
1328:
1316:
1290:
1250:
1214:
1201:10.1086/626223
1171:
1144:
1101:
1082:(3): 213–224.
1066:
1059:
1038:
1023:
1011:
996:
976:
970:978-0873351003
969:
951:
930:
923:
902:
895:
877:
850:
843:
825:
818:
800:
793:
772:
765:
744:
737:
716:
690:
679:. 16 June 2020
664:
627:
592:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
557:
554:
522:
519:
513:
510:
509:
508:
497:
494:
491:
490:Plateau gravel
488:
485:
482:
475:
472:
465:
462:
459:
454:
451:
448:
429:
424:
413:
410:
403:
375:
372:
352:
349:
301:
298:
219:
216:
155:
152:
81:rock fragments
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2739:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Sedimentology
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Geomorphology
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Consolidation
2471:
2469:
2468:Frost heaving
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:Geosynthetics
2344:
2342:
2341:Crushed stone
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Cut-and-cover
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Water content
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:Sample series
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:Investigation
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1060:9781405177832
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1036:, p. 74.
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:0-13-365312-9
993:
989:
988:
980:
972:
966:
962:
955:
947:
943:
937:
935:
926:
920:
916:
909:
907:
898:
892:
888:
881:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
846:
844:0-7167-3905-4
840:
836:
829:
821:
819:9780199653065
815:
811:
804:
796:
790:
786:
779:
777:
768:
762:
758:
751:
749:
740:
734:
730:
723:
721:
704:
700:
694:
678:
674:
668:
660:
656:
651:
646:
642:
638:
631:
623:
615:
611:
610:
604:
597:
593:
583:
582:Shingle beach
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
542:Alluvial fans
539:
535:
531:
527:
518:
506:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
476:
473:
470:
466:
463:
460:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
427:Crushed stone
425:
422:
418:
414:
411:
408:
404:
401:
400:
399:
393:
392:crushed stone
388:
380:
371:
369:
365:
362:
358:
348:
346:
345:crushed stone
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
323:
322:crushed stone
319:
311:
306:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
271:alluvial fans
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
172:
170:
169:crushed stone
160:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:particle size
96:
94:
93:crushed stone
90:
86:
82:
76:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2649:Biogeography
2644:Hydrogeology
2634:Soil science
2614:Geochemistry
2373:Infiltration
2301:Cut and fill
2244:Soil nailing
2110:Permeability
2075:Bulk density
2028:
1792:Inclinometer
1715:Ram sounding
1600:
1522:
1516:
1504:
1475:
1452:
1446:
1441:, "shingle".
1439:Jackson 1997
1434:
1427:Jackson 1997
1422:
1415:Jackson 1997
1410:
1403:Jackson 1997
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1377:
1368:
1361:Jackson 1997
1356:
1349:Jackson 1997
1344:
1336:
1335:Gravel, n.,
1331:
1319:
1281:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1269:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1117:(1): 43–50.
1114:
1110:
1104:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1050:
1014:
986:
979:
960:
954:
914:
886:
880:
863:
859:
853:
834:
828:
809:
803:
784:
756:
728:
707:. Retrieved
702:
693:
681:. Retrieved
676:
667:
640:
630:
607:
596:
567:Melon gravel
534:conglomerate
524:
515:
469:gold panning
412:Bench gravel
397:
367:
363:
356:
354:
342:
327:
318:construction
315:
283:
268:
221:
208:bulk density
205:
185:
173:
165:
129:
97:
47:
46:
36:
2659:Archaeology
2383:Foundations
2356:Geomembrane
2239:Slurry wall
2178:Water table
2142:Interaction
2138:Structures
2125:Sensitivity
1922:Laboratory
1515:""Gravel",
1187:(1): 1–38.
987:Groundwater
709:24 November
683:24 November
450:Fine gravel
402:Bank gravel
310:gravel road
121:cubic metre
85:sedimentary
2686:Categories
2516:Mitigation
2498:Shear wave
2483:Earthquake
2478:Compaction
2463:Permafrost
2454:Phenomena/
2351:Geotextile
2276:Embankment
2266:Excavation
2203:Earthworks
2163:Vegetation
2158:Topography
2080:Thixotropy
2070:Void ratio
2053:Properties
1951:Hydrometer
1696:Piezometer
1616:Core drill
924:0136427103
896:0136427103
794:0131547283
766:0716724383
738:0922152349
624:required.)
588:References
474:Pea gravel
464:Pay gravel
457:Lag gravel
361:Old French
312:in Finland
256:intrusions
252:pegmatites
125:cubic yard
2712:Pavements
2639:Hydrology
2619:Petrology
2507:analysis
2505:Landslide
2410:Mechanics
2321:Track bed
2306:Fill dirt
2291:Terracing
1864:Trial pit
1679:Statnamic
1664:Load test
1209:128550835
1139:129225730
659:242973747
548:of south
530:lithified
526:Sediments
441:limestone
355:The word
351:Etymology
330:aggregate
290:Argentina
132:aggregate
2669:Agrology
2558:software
2456:problems
2286:Causeway
2261:Landfill
2188:Subgrade
2105:Porosity
2100:Cohesion
1524:LibriVox
1493:(1911).
1458:Archived
677:Gra-Rock
603:"gravel"
556:See also
501:alluvial
445:dolomite
419:and the
368:gravelle
338:blacktop
334:concrete
228:weathers
190:and the
148:aquifers
136:concrete
2609:Geology
2581:SVSlope
2391:Shallow
2311:Grading
2249:Tieback
2193:Subsoil
2183:Bedrock
2173:Topsoil
2168:Terrain
1961:R-value
1924:testing
1674:Dynamic
1601:in situ
1599:Field (
1503:(ed.).
1283:26 July
1233:Bibcode
1189:Bibcode
1119:Bibcode
1084:Bibcode
1006:4493153
643:: 141.
496:Shingle
437:granite
364:gravele
286:aeolian
254:, deep
244:mineral
236:mineral
224:bedrock
181:cobbles
140:asphalt
108:boulder
104:granule
89:erosive
18:Gravels
2591:Plaxis
2586:UTEXAS
2576:SVFlux
2566:SEEP2D
2418:Forces
2271:Trench
2219:Gabion
2029:Gravel
1669:Static
1483:Gravel
1207:
1137:
1057:
1004:
994:
967:
921:
893:
841:
816:
791:
763:
735:
657:
572:Pebble
417:Alaska
357:gravel
264:rivers
232:Quartz
226:as it
218:Origin
116:pebble
48:Gravel
2571:STABL
2044:Loess
2007:Types
1499:. In
1388:1 May
1277:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
1205:S2CID
1135:S2CID
866:(4).
655:S2CID
618:
550:Devon
505:beach
374:Types
279:chert
248:veins
106:- to
2396:Deep
2039:Loam
2034:Peat
2024:Sand
2019:Silt
2014:Clay
1999:Soil
1701:Well
1390:2014
1285:2021
1055:ISBN
1002:OCLC
992:ISBN
965:ISBN
919:ISBN
891:ISBN
839:ISBN
814:ISBN
789:ISBN
761:ISBN
733:ISBN
711:2021
685:2021
577:Rock
503:and
479:peas
407:clay
332:for
294:Mars
206:The
186:The
179:and
177:sand
134:for
87:and
2281:Cut
1590:and
1305:doi
1241:doi
1229:125
1197:doi
1162:doi
1158:116
1127:doi
1092:doi
1080:101
946:ISO
868:doi
645:doi
433:tar
366:or
2688::
2540:*
1521:.
1376:.
1293:^
1268:.
1253:^
1239:.
1227:.
1203:.
1195:.
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