Grand River land dispute

2357:(a Toronto-based residential development company), with Michael Corrado specifically listed as one of the owners. The land planned for the development amounted to 107 acres (0.43 km). In October and November 2013, the Six Nations Elected Council, through the community engagement website Six Nations Future, engaged in consultation with Six Nations citizens regarding the development. Benefits presented to the community during the consultation process include job prospects for community members and the raising of funds throughout the construction of residential units for the eventual construction of "Kawenn:io/Gaweni:yo Private School", a language school to be built on the reserve. Ultimately, a majority of respondents to the engagement process opposed the project, and the Grand Council voted to not execute an agreement with the developer at a council meeting on December 17, 2013. 41: 2805:. Williams was named as a spokesperson by a group of women in the organization of the camp in order to be the visible face of the movement, allowing others to remain anonymous. Williams was named as a defendant in the Ontario Superior Court case against the land defenders, throughout which Justice R. J. Harper consistently referred to him as the "leader" of the movement, despite the fact that the camp's own releases identified him as a spokesperson. During the trial, Williams was found to be in contempt of the court for refusing to accept its jurisdiction over him and Haudenosaunee affairs in general. His evidence was stricken from the record in the October 22 hearing, during which Justice Harper made the two injunctions against 1492 Land Back Lane permanent. 2512:(now Toronto Metropolitan University) research fellow Courtney Skye (a member of Six Nations of the Grand River, Turtle Clan) were arrested on September 2 and 3, respectively, along with three other arrests on September 2. Dockstader had been covering the occupation as an independent journalist, while Skye was reportedly "sitting on the banks of the Grand River with auntie/sis." Dockstader and Skye were both charged with disobeying a court order and mischief. No further information on the reason for his arrest was given to Dockstader at the time. Dockstader's release barred him from the site and from contacting employees of Foxgate under threat of further charges, conditions for which the OPP faced criticism for limiting 2426:

most media reported that the police fired "a single round from a weapon that shoots rubber bullets", several members of the occupation reported that at least three rubber bullets were fired during the violent enforcement of the injunction, which also involved land defenders throwing rocks at OPP. In response to this, Six Nations community members established a blockade on Argyle Street, the Highway 6 bypass, and the rail line. Tires and wood pellets were set on fire, and while police officers were setting up checkpoints, they were swarmed by protesters and prevented. The vice-president of Losani Homes indicated that the enforcement of the injunction would allow construction to continue.

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The Court of Appeal found that Harper hadn't sufficiently explain why Williams' alleged misconduct, didn't lay out potential consequences, and didn't give him a fair chance to retain an attorney or respond to the allegations against him. The ruling said, "The requirements of fairness in the context of this proceeding constituted an independent right of Mr. Williams. It is no answer to the denial of these rights to say a fair opportunity to be heard would have made no difference in the outcome." The three appellate judges writing the ruling granted Williams $ 20,000 in damages and said a different judge should re-hear the initial matter reviewed by Harper.

2374:"To use all reasonable efforts to work with the owner to support a cessation of any action conducted by any member of any First Nations that is intended or is reasonably likely to delay, frustrate or interfere with the development. If the owner must seek legal remedies to deal with such action or conduct, or respond to any legal action which may be brought by any third party, SNEC shall support the owner and shall provide confirmation of such support in such form as may "be reasonably requested or required by the owner, provided that SNEC is reimbursed by the owner for the legal expenses that SNEC incurs in connection with the provision of SNEC's support." 20: 1980:

the time, testified in court in November 2009 that he was required to carry a native-issued passport and needed approval from the protesters to enter his own house. He also claimed that after arriving "after curfew" one day, he was denied entry and jailed by the OPP when he caused trouble by ignoring the natives. Brown alleged that Native protesters threatened and harassed him repeatedly, and that rocks and mud were thrown at his family and their home. Brown and his wife sought $ 7 million in a civil lawsuit against the OPP on the basis that the police did nothing to protect him and his family during the occupation.

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Institute. In the announcement, Deyohowe:to said, "We are not interested in selling land. There's portions of land that we have leased out that can still be negotiated. The developers need to stop digging in our lands and to come forward now and do the process." Deyohowe:to clarified that the elected council was aware of the announcement, but that its members are "limited" in their authority to assert land sovereignty. He asserted that the federal government needed to step up their response to the issue of land rights, expressing a lack of confidence in the judicial system's ability to bring them justice.

2819:, satisfying the arrest warrants that had been issued for him the previous year. He was released shortly after entering the building on condition that he would not set foot at 1492 Land Back Lane, and would appear before the Ontario Court of Justice on June 1, to face the two counts of mischief, two counts of disobeying an order of the court, intimidation and failure to comply with an undertaking. He told reporters that he had turned himself in, in order to get the judicial process going, so that he wouldn't have to keep " over his shoulder," and could show up more effectively for his family. 1988:

town, the fire department withdrew from fighting the blaze when threatened by protesters. The fire chief told the OPP he did not believe they would protect him or his men. In addition, an electrical substation was destroyed, causing more than $ 1 million in damage and a blackout, when a truck crashed through its gates and was left ablaze. Haggith said that there was little response from the police. Inspector Haggith also testified that he had asked for a change in policy at a subsequent meeting he had with his OPP superiors, but that his request was denied.

1341: 2838:"reiterated and acknowledged" the Confederacy's call for a moratorium on development in the Haldimand Tract. In the spirit of presenting a united front, Hill stated, "We also need to keep in mind that we have a major land claims case coming before the courts in 2022, and it would not be responsible to allow continued development in an uncertain legal environment." He couldn't say whether or not he supports the Haudenosaunee Development Institute overseeing the process, acknowledging that such finer points still needed to be figured out. 2592:

between police and protesters, which included a flaming barricade being set up on a road near the camp and the shutdown of critical infrastructure (including Highway 6, the rail line, and Argyle Street) by the people from Six Nations. According to the protesters, this clash resulted from the OPP using a taser and firing rubber bullets using a "riot control gun" at people near the "safety zone" by Argyle Street and Sixth Line. The OPP allege that the confrontation was initiated by the land defenders, who had damaged a police cruiser.

500: 1500: 906:'s unauthorized use of reserve land for a stretch of rail that runs along the eastern end of the reserve (near the site of the later Douglas Creek Estates dispute). The First Nation eventually accepted a settlement in 1987 that consisted of $ 610,000 in the form of three parcels of land added to the reserve, which added approximately 104,883 hectares (259,170 acres). The council also retained the right to purchase said railway lands if they were not used for railway purposes and were re-acquired by Canada. 1621:

him and he is narrowly pulled to safety by onlookers. Protesters seized sensitive OPP documents from the vehicle, which included information collected by officers surveilling protesters, including personal information of OPP, U.S. Border Patrol, and protesters, as well as documents on an unrelated human smuggling investigation. Documents were given to Powless who stated to the Hamilton Spectator that she photocopied and returned them to protesters. The vehicle and original documents are later returned.

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roadblocks along the access street. During the evening, the protesters put hundreds of tires across the highway, and light them on fire. In addition, they set fire to a wooden bridge over the nearby railway tracks. Firefighters are unable to extinguish both fires because the fire chief is concerned the OPP are not able to adequately protect his men. Several boxes of documents from the land developer's office inside a model home are taken, and some are tossed into a bonfire.

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the development of more permanent buildings by the land defenders, the passage of a year, "the lack of any conformity with or enforcement of the court's orders, and the failure of either government to even respond to our requests for help or intervention." Mayor Ken Hewitt was "disappointed" by the cancellation, saying the development had been planned with the elected council and was going to be able to provide an "attractive price point" (starting at

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and the confrontation was going to end peacefully in the afternoon before Gualtieri arrived and clashed with the young protesters. On December 2, 2011, Richard Smoke (Mohawk) was convicted of assault for the attack on Gualtieri, who had asked Smoke and several others to leave his daughter's house, which he was helping build as a wedding present. Smoke apologized to Gualtieri in court, in one of several criminal cases arising out of the DCE occupation.

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is enough. I'm just losing my patience. I can't direct the police, and I won't direct the police, but people have to obey the rules. I don't care where you come from, you know, what your race, creed, colour, whatever, we have one country, one rule, and that is it! Simple: respect each other. Cause I have a tremendous amount of respect for the Indigenous community, and there's just a few-- couple dozen. Uncalled for. Unacceptable.

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cannot occur if Canada continues to leave Nation-to-Nation relationships in the hands of the police." The Ministry of Transportation was allowed to assess the damage done to the Highway 6 bypass. The OPP did not remove their blockade on Argyle Street that prevents access to the street from Caledonia, estimating that it would take weeks to repair the damage and open the bypass to regular traffic.

577:. The Six Nations were granted the land in perpetuity and allege that lands were improperly sold, leased or given away by various Canadian governments, leaving only 5 per cent of the original lands under Six Nations control. The Six Nations also allege that monies owed to the Six Nations from leases and loans on much of the tract have not been paid or were redirected into government coffers. 2572:

with the day of the hearing. Williams said that the actions were meant to highlight the fact that all developers on the Haldimand Tract need to consult with the hereditary chiefs before development can begin. Later on October 9, Williams' car was swarmed by OPP cruisers and Williams arrested after leaving one of the three sites. Williams had previously been arrested in the August 5 raid.

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the police do not intervene. Another account from the residents recalls an OPP officer restraining a protester after attempting to grab the couples' steering wheel through the window. Following the altercation in the parking lot, more than 300 Caledonia residents gather at the Canadian Tire lot. Moving to a place near the construction site, some clash with OPP officers in full

1189:). Direct action on the part of protesters over the years included blockade of roads and rail lines, damage to a power station resulting in an area blackout and more than $ 1 million in repairs, and low levels of violence from both sides, as well as isolated, more serious attacks. The federal government halted negotiations at times because of the protesters' actions. 605:. Soon after this demonstration, the demonstrators took control of the disputed land, the planned site of a subdivision known as "Douglas Creek Estates". The land, along with all of Caledonia, is part of the "Haldimand Tract". The Government of Ontario compensated the developer and stopped the development, holding the land for planned negotiations. 1713:

of August 8, 2006, he did not include in his final order a direction that the parties cease negotiations. Thus in our view the parties should be free to continue to negotiate if they choose to do so without fear of being in breach or contempt of a court order. To be clear, the order of Justice Marshall does not preclude continued negotiations.

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Little Buffalo along Townline Road (170 Concession 17 Road in Hagersville) being transferred to Six Nations in 2016, as well as a transfer of $ 352,000 to the SNEC for use in future purchases of land, transferred in 2019. In return for these accommodations, the Elected Council agreed to support the development in a variety of ways, namely:

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that the OPP are "committed to the freedom of the press and respects the important role the media has in the community. We value and strive to have collaborative relationships with our media partners." The following day, Lela George (a member of the Oneida First Nation) became the 23rd person to be charged in relation to the occupation.

2599:. Additionally, they acknowledged the frustration members of the community had expressed regarding the accommodation agreement council had signed with Foxgate, committing to doing better in the future, but admitting that they remained bound by the agreement. Chief Mark Hill and the council called for unity and calm going forward. 6918: 2691:

On July 2, 2021, the vice-president of Losani Homes told the CBC that deposits to homeowners were being returned in full, and that the planned development of the McKenzie Meadows project would be officially cancelled. He cited several reasons that the "sales agreements had been frustrated," including

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Following the community report created at the end of 2020, an online community survey was announced in January, expanding on the themes raised in community meetings in the previous two months, including "advancing a moratorium on development within our territory," according to a release from the land

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In response to Brown's claims, Crown lawyer David Felicient stated that the situation "must be understood against the backdrop of the unique character of Aboriginal occupations and protests" and that the OPP were prevented from taking action due to "policy implications." Felicient also suggested that

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calls off negotiations with protesters at the Douglas Creek Estates site, saying that public safety has been compromised by the violence on June 9. He says the province will return to the table only when the barricades come down and native leaders assist police in finding seven suspects in connection

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handed down a ruling that cancelled the injunction against Skyler Williams that had previously been made permanent by Superior Court Justice Harper in October 2020, as well as setting aside the judge's decision to strike Williams's pleadings from the record and to give him a $ 168,163.85 cost award.

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school bus) back to Caledonia Baptist Church, to allow access to the church as well as to allow emergency services quicker access to hospitals in Hamilton. Spokesperson Skyler Williams said that this was done as a show of good faith, in an attempt to " de-escalation and a peaceful resolution, which

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By early September, a support camp referred to by an organizer as a "safety zone" had been established on Kanonhstaton, to provide a meeting place for community members to have shelter, learn about their culture, and support the Land Back Lane camp. Being located off the road and not on the McKenzie

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McKenzie Meadows was a planned residential development project located south of Caledonia, on the west side of McKenzie Road and the south side of Fuller Drive. The project was owned by Foxgate Development (previously by 2036356 Ontario Inc.), a consortium created by Losani Homes and Ballantry Homes

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later in the day on February 24. Eventually, a blockade consisting of pallets and parked vehicles was set up on the highway, forcing traffic to be rerouted to a nearby bridge, and leading the OPP to place concrete barriers around the blockade for safety. The blockade remained up until March 19, when

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On September 13, 2007, builder Sam Gualtieri was attacked and seriously injured in a confrontation with native protesters at the 90-home Stirling South subdivision development in Caledonia. Following a brief occupation two weeks prior, a small group of natives had occupied the property that morning,

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Brown had fabricated portions of his testimony to draw attention to his lawsuit. When Felicient asked why Brown kept a loaded shotgun, Brown responded that "We were doing what we had to do to stay alive. I had no protection from our government. I felt that I needed to protect my wife and my family."

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Throughout the occupation and protests, many Caledonia residents complained that they had been subject to threats and violence from Native protesters and that the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) failed to take any action to protect them. David Brown, who lived with his wife near the disputed area at

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vehicle, with agents reportedly observing the OPP's management of the crisis, is swarmed by Six Nations protesters. Two occupants are immediately forced out of the vehicle and a protester climbs in. A third OPP officer is injured as he tries to escape out the back door. The car is driven directly at

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April 20 – Several hundred people from Six Nations, some of whom are masked and armed with bats, axes and hockey sticks, return to the site in the morning, and a further busload of supporters from other reserves arrive in the evening. The police retreat and the protesters reclaim the site and set up

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on June 6, the statue's head was given as a gift to the people at Land Back Lane, where it was placed on a pike overlooking the site. The placement of the vandalized and severed head at the land reclamation site was seen as a powerful symbolic gesture by some land defenders. As of June 12, the head

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process, despite its slow pace. In the written ruling delivered a week after the hearing, Williams was also ordered to cover Haldimand County and Foxgate's legal fees, amounting to $ 50,349.67 and $ 117,814.18, respectively ($ 168,163.85 in total). After the hearing was concluded, a clash broke out

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As a society, we cannot be held hostage to violence and threats of violence. There are very legitimate grievances and claims of Indigenous people in Canada. As a society and as a court, we must take into account the many years of systemic abuse inflicted upon Indigenous people, and we try to do so.

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According to the affidavit filed on October 5 by OPP West Region Regional Commander John Cain, police intelligence believed that a second raid on the occupation site would result in a very violent confrontation that wouldn't resolve the "underlying land dispute." According to the affidavit, the OPP

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in 2019, where the Court of Appeal of Newfoundland and Labrador set a precedent to distinguish activists and reporters. By the end of the day on September 3, OPP Constable Rodney LeClair estimated that there had been 17 arrests made so far, up from 13 reported earlier that morning. Two more arrests

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You know, you just can't go in and just take over people's future homes, it's wrong. And then, when the police come, this is where the people at home are really gonna-- they get an outhouse, toss it over from a bridge onto a police car, then they start throwing rocks at the police car! Like, enough

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Lonny Bomberry, Director of Six Nations Land and Resources, has said that there is no traditional land claim associated with the occupied development, since it has been under third-party ownership for at least 150 years, and while the entirety of the Haldimand Tract is subject to a land claim, that

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In court testimony, OPP Inspector Brian Haggith stated that the Native protesters "set up a checkpoint... Almost like they were entering another country," and that community lost confidence in the OPP's ability to protect them. Haggith also testified that when natives set fire to a wooden bridge in

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The province owns Douglas Creek Estates. It does not claim that the protesters are on its property unlawfully. It does not seek a court order removing them. It is content to let them remain. We see no reason why it should not be permitted to do so. Despite what Justice Marshall said in his reasons

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May 22 – Around 2:00 PM, protesters re-establish a barricade across Argyle St., using an electrical transmission tower and two backhoes, which dig a trench across the road. The two sides face each other separated by dozens of OPP officers. Scuffles including fistfights and verbal assaults continued

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that allowed him to sell and lease the land so long as it is offered first to the Crown. Ultimately, he sells 381,480 acres (1,543.8 km), an area comprising the northern half of the reserve, for £85,332. The interest on the annuity promises an income of £5,119 per year, far more than any other

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confirms the grant with a limited deed, known as the Simcoe Patent, or the Crown Grant to the Six Nations, or the Haldimand Tract, no. 4. The Simcoe Patent limits the Haldimand Tract to 111,000 hectares (270,000 acres) for the exclusive use of the Six Nations, leaving the rest of the land available

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According to Todd Williams, the co-ordinator for archaeological and environmental monitoring for the Haudenosaunee Development Institute (a subsidiary of the Confederacy Council), three other sites of planned subdivisions, all then in the archaeological phase, were targeted for actions to coincide

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On Tuesday, September 15, Starla Myers, a member of Six Nations and reporter for Real Peoples Media, was arrested and charged with two counts of mischief and one count of disobeying a court order. The OPP continued to face criticism for arresting another reporter, but Constable LeClair re-iterated

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On August 25, the Superior Court extended both the August 7 (despite the final blockade having come down three days prior) and July 30 injunctions, the latter of which "restrains anyone from occupying or hindering development of the construction site" and names Skyler Williams as a defendant. That

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On August 15, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council released a statement in support of the land defenders, stating that the McKenzie Meadows development was within the "red zone", in which the Haudenosaunee have called for a complete development moratorium. In the statement, they called on

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Development of the McKenzie Meadows project continued, but on the afternoon of July 19, 2020, Six Nations community member Skyler Williams, along with a group of about 20 others, walked onto the site at 1535 McKenzie Road in order to stop the development. Once they had managed to put a stop to the

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In 2016 and 2019, the Elected Council of Six Nations of the Grand River received various "accommodations" for the development, as per an agreement signed with Ballantry Homes. The agreement outlined an accommodation for the construction, consisting of 42.3 acres (0.171 km) of land across from

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On April 12, 2007, Haldimand County Mayor Marie Trainer said she received an e-mail from OPP commissioner Julian Fantino implying that the town was encouraging "divisive rallies" at the occupation site. He added that if any officers are harmed, he would not support a renewal of the town's policing

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June 9 – Two elderly Simcoe residents driving by the occupation site get into a verbal altercation with protesters. The couple are followed and surrounded in their car in a parking lot away from the occupation site. Protesters jump onto the vehicle attempting to get inside. According to residents,

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On April 20, 2021, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council, represented by Cayuga Snipe clan chief Deyohowe:to Roger Silversmith, announced a moratorium on development within the entire Haldimand Tract. The HCCC sought a ban on development, unless authorised by the Haudenosaunee Development

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On July 31, 2020, the OPP helped a court sheriff read and deliver a court injunction issued the day before against the demonstrators. The occupation continued, and on August 5, 2020, the OPP moved in to enforce the injunction, arresting nine people in the process, including Skyler Williams. While

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camera operators are surrounded by Six Nations protesters and assaulted when they refuse to hand over video tape containing footage of the protesters swarming the elderly couple's car One reporter is later hospitalized with a head injury. Caledonia residents and the cameramen say the OPP did not

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announced it had bought the disputed tract from the developer and would hold it in trust until negotiations settled the claim. Talks began, including the Confederacy chiefs, but were put on hold in 2009 when litigation of the 1995 lawsuit was resumed. The trial is anticipated to start sometime in

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in the form of protests, blockades, and occupations. Formal negotiations have broken down, and the dispute is before the courts. The Government of Canada's policy to extinguish aboriginal title as a condition of settlement is considered unacceptable by the Six Nations. The Six Nations are seeking

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August 11 – The Government of Ontario announces that it is appealing Superior Court Justice David Marshall's ruling to break off negotiations. The Government says it is seeking a stay of Justice Marshall's order, so that negotiations may resume while the appeal is being prepared. A court date of

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On June 15, 2009, some Caledonia residents announced the formation of an unarmed "militia" to enforce laws they felt the Ontario Provincial Police had failed to uphold. Six Nations Councillor Claudine VanEvery-Albert, along with OPP spokesperson Constable Paula Wright both spoke out against the

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over the developers' purchase of the land. The lawsuit is an accounting claim for "all assets which were not received but ought to have been received, managed or held by the Crown for the benefit of the Six Nations." The case was openly litigated until 2004, when it was paused for "exploratory"

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On September 23, Haldimand County's police services board called on the OPP to step up enforcement of the injunction, claiming their current framework for responding to "Indigenous critical incidents" was not working, and characterizing the occupation as "acts of terrorism" in reference to the

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October 15 – A rally organized by resident Gary McHale attracts an estimated 400 participants. Dubbed the "March for Freedom", the rally is blocked from the main entrance to the Douglas Creek Estates by the OPP. Instead, the rally goes to the grounds of the school that borders the site. McHale

672:, who had been placed in charge of managing the resettlement of the Haudenosaunee, notices an error regarding the northern boundary of the Haldimand Tract. He found that the headwaters of the Grand River did not fall within the land purchased from the Mississaugas in 1784. The Crown's surveyor 1663:

June 16 – The Ontario provincial government announces that it has bought the disputed site from Henco Industries, the company which had sought to develop the land. It simultaneously announces $ 1 million in additional compensation for businesses in the Caledonia area adversely affected by the

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April 21 – Talks begin between the government of Canada, the government of Ontario, the Six Nations Elected Council, and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council, seeking to resolve the dispute. This is the first time since the establishment of the elected council in 1924 that the federal

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On September 29, the land defenders' spokesperson Skyler Williams received a phone call from the OPP informing him that there was a warrant for his arrest, for disobeying the existing injunction, continuing to occupy the site, mischief, and breaching conditions from his arrest on August 5.

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May 22 – Six Nations Confederacy Chief Allen McNaughton (Tekarihoken) says, "As the world has seen, our protest has been firm but peaceful. Our people are responding without weapons, using only their bodies to assert that we are a sovereign people with a long history and that we cannot be

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was blocked off by native protesters, following an earlier visit where the protesters expressed concerns about the construction taking place on the disputed Haldimand Tract. Later in the day, police arrived on the scene and eventually some work was allowed to continue on the site.

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on the part of the provincial government and the OPP for failing to properly protect citizens who lived near Douglas Creek Estates. Some residents continued independent lawsuits. In 2018, a lawyer who oversaw the class-action lawsuit by Caledonia residents was charged with fraud.

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At the injunction hearing on October 22, Justice Harper found Skyler Williams to be in contempt of the court and dismissed all evidence he had filed. The judge also made both injunctions permanent, and encouraged the Haudenosaunee to submit a formal land claim through the

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1843 – A further petition to the Crown says the Six Nations need a reserve of 22,000 hectares (54,000 acres) and want to keep and lease a tier of lots on each side of Plank Road (Highway 6) and several other tracts of land within the territory laid out by the Haldimand

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On August 7, a second court injunction was obtained by Haldimand County that "prevents anyone from blockading or restricting use of public roads in the municipality". That same day, the people at the occupation site requested meetings with federal officials, with only

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In early August, it was reported that some Wetʼsuwetʼen had set up a rail blockade on their territory in northern British Columbia in solidarity with the demonstrators at the encampment, mirroring the blockades in solidarity with the Wetʼsuwetʼen earlier in 2020.

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May 16 – Protesters open one lane of Argyle St. after an accident closed McKenzie Rd., the main detour route into Caledonia from points south of Town. After the accident is cleared, protesters close Argyle St. again, though they agree to let emergency vehicles

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construction work, the group established an encampment, referred to as a "reclamation site", on the site of the development. The reclamation site was eventually dubbed 1492 Land Back Lane by the self-proclaimed "land defenders" (the number referring to

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was concerned with the violent enforcement of the injunction, and had been actively trying to seek peaceful resolutions instead. The affidavit was filed in advance of a hearing on the injunctions in the Ontario Superior Court scheduled for October 9.

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August 7 – Native protesters and non-natives begin throwing rocks and golf balls while shouting insults at each other. Approximately 100 people take part in the violent event, which lasts nearly 3 hours. OPP spokesman Constable Dennis Harwood says to

1628:; Audra Ann Taillefer, 45, of Victoria, B.C., and Trevor Miller, 30. They face a total of 14 charges including attempted murder, assaulting a police officer, forcible confinement, theft of a motor vehicle, dangerous driving, assault and intimidation. 1192:

As protests continued, on June 12, 2006, more than 400 area residents and businesses filed a class-action suit against the Government of Ontario for its "failure to protect them adequately". This was settled in July 2011, with the government paying

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The dispute came to wide attention in Canada in 2006 when the Six Nations formally reactivated litigation initially brought in 1995 against Canada and Ontario. Protesters from the Six Nations of the Grand River demonstrated on a parcel of land in

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offered to resume negotiation of "longstanding and unresolved land issues" with elected chief Mark Hill and the Confederacy chiefs, referring to the negotiations that had been suspended pending litigation first in 1995 and then again in 2009.

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In 1992, Henco Industries Ltd. purchased 40 hectares (99 acres) of land for what it would later call the Douglas Creek Estates. The proposed subdivision was set to be located southeast of Caledonia, between Argyle Street South, 6th Line, the

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to be leased, surrendered, or sold by the Haudenosaunee to the Crown. It does not address the issue of the territory around the headwaters. Brant and the other Six Nations chiefs reject the patent and claim that they are not bound by it.

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On October 25, 2020, the 236th anniversary of the Haldimand proclamation, a solidarity demonstration took place near Caledonia, stopping for a while to demonstrate in front of the OPP barricade on Highway 6. Representatives of several

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the governments of Canada and Ontario to sit down at the negotiation table and address land issues with them, the hereditary chiefs, citing the issues left unresolved after the breakdown of talks following the dispute at Kanonhstaton.

1478:. Trainer denies this, but does not clarify what she did intend by the comment. The municipal council quickly distances itself from her comments, voting to replace her with deputy mayor Bob Patterson as their spokesperson on the issue. 2620:

Meetings hosted by the camp and people of Six Nations throughout November and December led to a "community report" that was delivered to every home, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council, and the Six Nations Elected Council.

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January 18, 1841 – According to the Crown, the Six Nations council agrees to surrender for sale all the lands outside those set aside for a reserve, on the agreement that the government would sell the land and invest the money for

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Williams was held without bail for seven months at Hamilton-Wentworth Detention Centre on charges related to the 2006 Kanonhstaton reclamation, including four months in solitary confinement. The charges were ultimately withdrawn.

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1840 – The government recommends that a reserve of approximately 8,093 hectares (20,000 acres) be established on the south side of the Grand River and the rest sold or leased to the Crown in order to protect them from encroaching

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On February 22, 2010, Marie Trainer said that the province was leaning towards giving the Douglas Creek Estates to the Six Nations Band Council, but that she expected it to be some time before a formal decision would be reached.

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However, the following day, demonstrators returned to the camp, with community members and supporters showing up intermittently to provide support to those occupying the land. When asked about the events at 1492 Land Back Lane,

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August 8 – At a hearing in a Cayuga courtroom, Superior Court Justice David Marshall orders the Ontario provincial government to break off negotiations with the Six Nations community until the protesters have left the disputed

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March 5 - The Sheriff tries to deliver Justice Matheson's order to the protesters late Saturday evening. They do not accept the injunction. One of the protesters, Dawn Smith, burns the order stating "I am an ally to you, not a

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At around 4:30 PM, protesters in Caledonia dug a trench across the Highway 6 bypass and dragged a large part of a hydro tower over the road. The OPP erected two blockades on either side of the bypass to ensure public safety.

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for several hours, in a demonstration meant to reinforce the continent-wide solidarity that had been seen earlier in the year as the Wetʼsuwetʼen opposed the construction of a pipeline on their territory. Another protest in

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300,000) for many of the families hoping to move into the housing development. Skyler Williams, spokesperson for the land defenders, welcomed the cancellation as a victory in a multi-generational battle for indigenous land.

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that the residents of the town are being hurt economically by the protest and "don't have money coming in automatically every month". The protesters take this as an insult, believing she implied they all received provincial

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May 22 – A truck crashes through the gates of a hydro substation, setting it on fire and damaging two transformers. This causes a blackout throughout Haldimand and parts of Norfolk counties, as well as over $ 1 million in

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1995 – After only one of the 29 submitted land claims is resolved, the Government of Canada closes the rest (including those already validated for negotiation), because they receive notice of pending litigation from Six

2800:

Skyler Williams (also spelled Skylar in some reporting on the land dispute) is a spokesperson for the land defenders at 1492 Land Back Lane. He was previously involved in the reclamation of Kanonhstaton as well as the

4995: 3084:. The Royal Canadian Geographical Society in conjunction with National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, Assembly of First Nations, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Métis National Council, and Indspire. 2018. p. 54. 2378:

This agreement was signed by SNEC Chief Ava Hill on June 18, 2019, but was not signed by the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council (HCCC), the organization representing the traditional governance structure of the

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redefines the boundary of the Six Nations' parcel, establishing straight-lined boundaries, including Jones Baseline, which provided the northern boundary of the newly defined parcel, around the later location of

2368:"To publicly support the development as it proceeds, including expressions and statements of ongoing support and commitment to the development (as may reasonably be requested from the owner from time to time); 704:

to sell off some of the land and invest the proceeds to provide annuity for tribal members, who are struggling to survive in the new settlements. The Crown initially opposes the sales but eventually concedes.

5287:"I was just released from being arrested for being at No. 1492LandBackLane I was sitting on the banks of the Grand River with my auntie/sis. I was literally arrested within feet of our river in my homelands" 5888: 6402: 4762: 684:

December 1792 – The Crown purchases the remainder of the land included in the Haldimand Grant (i.e., up to the actual headwaters of the Grand River) from the Mississaugas, but does not transfer it to Six

1967:

In November 2014, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council completed construction of a fence and gate surrounding the Douglas Creek Estates site in order to prevent trespassing on the disputed land.

1512:

May 19 – In a letter to the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council of Chiefs, the Government of Ontario announces that there will be an indefinite moratorium on construction on the Douglas Creek Estates site.

1382:

March 17 – Justice Marshall makes a finding of civil contempt and orders the Sheriff to go to Douglas Creek Estates, read aloud the new contempt order, giving protesters until March 22 to leave the site.

1707:

August 27 – The judges of the three-member panel of Ontario Court of Appeal dealing with the Provincial government's appeal rule that the protesters can stay on the disputed site, writing the following:

1166:. The Six Nations, however, maintained that their title to the land was never relinquished, as their chiefs protested the 1841 surrender and sent a petition to the government arguing against the terms. 824:

May 15, 1848 – The land that would later be the site of the development of Douglas Creek Estates is sold to George Marlot Ryckman for 57 pounds and 10 shillings; a Crown deed of title is issued to

6932: 2564:

However, it is never proper or acceptable to achieve your goals, regardless of how heartfelt they are, in open defiance of the law and open and flagrant disregard for the rights and property of others.

2528:

In a letter dated September 17, Foxgate's legal counsel urged ministers to not enter into negotiations with the "occupiers" while they continued to defy the court injunction Foxgate held against them.

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saw the third banner-drop in solidarity with Indigenous protesters this year, with banners reading "Muskoka Supports Six Nations Land Defenders," "No More Land Theft!" and "We Are All Treaty People."

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day, the OPP reported that they would not be enforcing the injunction again until their liaison team " had a chance to deescalate the situation," but that they would have to move in should that fail.

1732:

encourages the rally members to control their tempers. Meanwhile, some Six Nations people and their Native and non-Native supporters gather together for a "Potluck for Peace" on the contested site.

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March 9 – At Henco's request, motions judge Justice Marshall makes the March 3 court injunction permanent. He also adjourns Henco's contempt motion against the First Nations protesters to March 16.

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In a statement, the Six Nations Elected Council called Justice Harper's decision to make the injunctions permanent "disturbing," claiming that it was indicative of the ongoing presence of

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According to a CBC report released November 25, "here are now plans to extend on farm lands directly across road, the site for a 700-unit housing development called Beattie Estates."

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June 5 – Six Nations protesters and Caledonia residents clash on the town's main street after a police cruiser drives through an area protesters consider "restricted" the night before.

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May 23 – At 1:30 PM, protesters offer to remove the barricade across Argyle St. as long as the counter-barricade is removed as well. By 3:20 PM the road is fully open to traffic.

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Blockades removed, development halted and land bought by Ontario, protesters allowed to stay, class action lawsuits filed by Caledonia citizens against OPP and provincial government

4089: 657:. A contingent of Haudenosaunee people led by Brant decides to settle at the Grand River. The nations' new, shared territory extends 6 miles (9.7 km) from either side of the 5839: 715:

February 5, 1798 – The land sold by Brant to the Crown is parcelled off into six blocks and sold to private land speculators. These blocks later developed into towns as follows:

4197: 6205: 4235: 1667:

June 16 – Audra Ann Taillefer, 45, of Victoria, B.C., is taken into custody on charges of robbery and intimidation, stemming from the June 9 incident involving a Simcoe couple.

6049: 5717: 5416: 6388: 6127: 5744: 5581: 5997: 4959: 4705: 801:

February 4, 1841 – The Six Nations petition against the surrender of land, saying the chiefs had been intimidated and deceived and they had agreed only to lease the land.

569:, a 385,000-hectare (950,000-acre) tract that was granted to Indigenous allies of the British Crown in 1784 to make up for territorial losses suffered as a result of the 6902: 6611: 5659: 5191: 4385: 3260: 3156: 2121: 1971:

The only house at Douglas Creek Estates that had survived the violent confrontations in 2006 nearly burned to the ground overnight on the morning of November 15, 2016.

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The announcement came on the 275th day of the 1492 Land Back Lane camp, and on the 15th anniversary of the April 20, 2006, raid of the Kanonhstaton site by the OPP.

2634:

On January 19, six months after the demonstration at McKenzie Meadows began, the land defenders moved their barricade on Argyle Street (which includes a damaged and

1438:

announces that its trains will be replaced by shuttle buses. In the afternoon, CN announces that it has obtained an injunction to clear blockage from its rail lines.

5896: 4175: 1445:

April 22 – The parties sign an agreement to continue talking, with a view of settling the land claim. They agree to each appoint a representative within two weeks.

1162:

Regarding their right to purchase the land, Henco argued that the Six Nations had surrendered their rights to the land in 1841 and Henco had purchased it from the

6257: 1624:

June 9 – Arrest warrants are issued on charges related to this incident for Albert Douglas, 30; Skyler Williams, 22; Arnold Douglas, 61; and Ken Hill, 47, all of

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By December 16, the 150th day since the camp was erected, several "Tiny Homes" had been erected in the land reclamation camp in preparation for the winter cold.

828:

1850 – The Crown passes a proclamation setting the extent of reserve lands to about 19,000 hectares (47,000 acres), which is agreed to by the Six Nations chiefs.

528: 7122: 5945: 3037: 2088:

On April 25, 2008, Six Nations protesters blocked off the Highway 6 bypass and the CN Rail line to show support for four Mohawks arrested during a protest at

782:) and the surrounding area. The Six Nations agree to lease half a mile of land on each side for the road but did not surrender the land. Lieutenant-Governor 425: 92: 4257: 1518:

May 22 – Early in the morning, native protesters removed their blockade on Argyle St. Traffic remained blocked by the Caledonia residents' counter-blockade.

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OPP allege some of the occupiers threw "large rocks" at officers, and officers responded by firing a single round from a weapon that shoots rubber bullets.

5067: 6606: 149: 5365: 2100:, one of the Tyendinaga protesters arrested, was charged with assault with a weapon, breach of bail conditions, possession of weapons and possession of 7064: 4468: 3730: 2559:, Justice John Harper again extended the injunctions and ordered those occupying the site to vacate it immediately. In his oral judgment, Harper said, 1398:

April 4 – Several hundred people, including some who had bought homes in Douglas Creek Estates, gather in Caledonia to demand an end to the occupation.

1326:

October 25 – Day-long shutdown of Douglas Creek Estates construction by Six Nations’ Land Claims Awareness Group, led by Dawn Smith and Janie Jamieson.

620:, and later with the occupation of the site of another planned subdivision in Caledonia, "McKenzie Meadows". The protestors have called the area "1492 475: 2704:

20,766,736 on their operations enforcing the two injunctions. The police force attempted to obscure this figure over the course of the news company's

1947:

On January 27, 2007, a report from the Department of Justice to the Six Nations Confederacy stated that their land claims would not hold up in court.

768:

1801 – All of the land speculators have fallen behind in their payments due to being unable to sell farm-size lots to settlers fast enough to keep up.

7181: 6152: 4996:"Six Nations Elected Council agreed to 'publicly support' McKenzie Meadows development, help stop protests as part of accommodation deal: court docs" 1331:

October 26 - Six Nations Elected Council Chief David General writes to Henco, expressing concerns about the development proceeding on disputed lands.

450: 354: 5092: 5443: 5234: 4547: 3992: 3819: 4445: 4301: 6885: 6601: 4736: 882:

1974 – The Six Nations Land Claims Research Office (SNLCRO) is created by Six Nations to pursue the terms laid out in the Haldimand Proclamation.

324: 6101: 4119: 3788: 3621: 3587: 3286: 5777: 3758: 1169:

In July 2005, the subdivision plan for Douglas Creek Estates was registered, with title to the property guaranteed by the province of Ontario.

853: 319: 4656: 4025: 1680:

A Caledonian protester is arrested by OPP officers after attempting to breach the police line near the site of the disputed land on October 15

6890: 6737: 6477: 4934: 4882: 3969: 3531: 121: 4328: 2755:) from the protesters at 1492 Land Back Lane, a day of action was held. Protests in solidarity with the land defenders (as well as with the 1159:

negotiated settlement talks with the federal government. These talks were never pursued, due to the Douglas Creek Estates conflict in 2006.

6482: 4058: 2907: 1462:

demanding an end to the occupation. Later in the evening, several hundred residents confront OPP and Six Nations occupiers at the blockade.

875:

relinquishes the ability to legislate on behalf of Canada. All Canadian First Nations affairs are now fully within the jurisdiction of the

821:

1845 – Starting this year, despite the protests of Six Nations citizens, the Crown sells Plank Road and surrounding lands to third parties.

5028: 3372: 6754: 2889: 2117: 613: 238: 87: 4081: 3681: 1388:

March 28 – Justice Marshall issues new order of criminal contempt and warrant of arrest for protesters blockading Douglas Creek Estates.

6283: 4141: 1897: 1283: 521: 5692: 4205: 3453: 7217: 6968: 6895: 6472: 4111: 3204: 2744:

legal fund in support of people facing criminal charges in connection to the camp had raised nearly $ 84,000 from over 1,100 donors.

2658:

The rest of the barricades that had been set up in late October were once again removed, the roads repaired and reopened to traffic.

2164: 1869: 1850: 1770: 1427: 1255: 1236: 923: 493: 218: 109: 6596: 5469: 2748: 1515:

May 19 – Several Caledonia residents establish a counter-blockade on Argyle St., to prevent the protesters from accessing the site.

1419:

April 20 – In solidarity with the protesters at Kanonhstaton, a group of Mohawks raise a banner and Mohawk flags on a bridge near

7242: 7227: 7033: 6464: 1412:(OPP) conduct a pre-dawn raid at 4:30 AM. 21 protesters are arrested over the course of the day, with 16 during the initial raid. 1172:

Starting in February 2006, community members from Six Nations occupied the site of the proposed development, which they named in

228: 104: 6623: 4227: 3059: 1876: 1726:

The entrance to the disputed land during the October 15 "Potluck for Peace" held by the people on the site and their supporters.

1262: 6712: 6697: 4966: 4713: 1154:; the claim had been closed by 1995. In March of that year, the Six Nations sued the federal and provincial governments in the 886: 624:

Lane". Calling themselves "land defenders", the protestors have refused to leave despite being ordered to by an Ontario court.

334: 243: 208: 172: 5495: 4389: 3252: 1957:

that the OPP would neither confirm nor deny the authenticity of the e-mail because it was meant to be private correspondence.

6653: 6350: 6336: 6322: 5971: 5919: 3883: 3486: 3123: 3089: 2415: 514: 455: 349: 266: 233: 198: 5217: 6830: 4596: 3702: 3562: 1649:

for the failure of the provincial government and the OPP to properly protect citizens who lived near Douglas Creek Estates.

213: 1883: 1269: 7237: 6643: 6498: 3780: 3613: 2680: 902:

In 1980, the Six Nations Council, along with SNLCRO, submitted a claim to Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada against

5607: 4167: 4017: 2371:"To not interfere with or disrupt the development, whether by protest, blockade or any other manner of interference; and 818:

December 18, 1844 – A surrender is signed by 47 Six Nations chiefs that authorizes the sale of land to build Plank Road.

7158: 6692: 6618: 6493: 6023: 4495: 4275: 2785: 6179: 5633: 5391: 1951:

contract in 2008 and would back any lawsuit brought against the town by individual officers. An OPP spokesperson told

6727: 6682: 6074: 4792: 3651: 3345: 2007:

which had been filed by 440 residents, 400 businesses and a handful of sub-contractors, which claimed negligence and

1934: 1916: 1865: 1784: 1302: 1251: 1155: 271: 82: 3841: 470: 6956: 6778: 6380: 5159: 4521: 3029: 2977: 2705: 872: 723: 460: 183: 7023: 6362: 4411: 653:, the British Crown provides these nations with territory to replace lands ceded south of the Great Lakes via the 608:

In February and March 2020, the dispute once again entered public consciousness with Mohawk protesters blockading

6973: 5804: 5555: 4261: 2093: 1150:

rail line, and the houses along Thistlemoor Drive. That land was part of an existing land claim submitted by the

193: 144: 6367: 2815:

On May 19, 2021, surrounded by supporters, Williams turned himself in to the Haldimand County OPP Detachment in

7093: 6543: 4623: 2197: 2045: 1854: 1808: 1240: 1001: 968: 550: 3312: 372: 6707: 6677: 6427: 5336: 4853: 1776: 1561: 861: 669: 397: 392: 344: 154: 99: 6749: 3736: 6412: 2946: 2789: 1006: 868: 387: 339: 30: 7038: 649:

October 25, 1784 – In return for military support provided by member states of the Six Nations during the

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the protesters agreed to leave the road and withdraw to Douglas Creek Estates "as a sign of good faith".

2127: 2089: 2083: 1701: 1431: 1151: 5263: 5190:(Press release). Ohsweken, ON: Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council. August 15, 2020. Archived from 4000: 3993:"Top secrets in native hands: Undercover officers' names, classified CSIS information was in stolen SUV" 3811: 6717: 3157:"Ottawa's offer to negotiate Six Nations land issues prompted backlash from McKenzie Meadows developer" 2700:

Documents obtained by APTN National News revealed that, from July 2020 to July 2021, the OPP had spent

2452: 2000: 1964:

In June 2014, the Haldimand County council ordered the removal of a native-made blockade in Caledonia.

737: 708: 570: 281: 6530: 5556:"OPP arrests Six Nations traditional government employee over alleged 1492 Land Back Lane involvement" 2733:

On August 21, a local preacher organised a solidarity protest at the Rainbow Circle overpass south of

1890: 1276: 1197:

to class members. By the end of 2011, several criminal cases related to assaults had been prosecuted.

771:

1828 – Nearly two thirds of the Grand River territory has been sold, leased, or occupied by squatters.

19: 7222: 6867: 6788: 5862: 4679: 2667: 2517: 2270: 1409: 1147: 1034: 903: 598: 329: 5745:"Six Nations elected council addresses controversial agreement with developer, condemns injunctions" 3238:". Six Nations Public Library – Digital Collections, ID: SNPL004409v00d. Six Nations Public Library. 2552:

As of October 9, 29 people had been charged in connection to the occupation and solidarity actions.

1645:

is filed by 440 residents, 400 businesses and a handful of sub-contractors, alleging negligence and

1636:

Counter-protesters, onlookers, media gather at the OPP line after the October 15 "March for Freedom"

7212: 7207: 7202: 7079: 6862: 6783: 6436: 4355: 2456: 2438: 2360:

On September 9, 2015, Foxgate Development acquired the land for the project from Haldimand County.

2135: 2064:

On September 4, 2007, a development site on Grand River Ave within six miles of the Grand River in

1660:

June 15 – Negotiations with the provincial government resume after one of the blockades is removed.

589:

monies owing and ongoing payments for leased lands and the return of lands improperly transferred.

307: 6372: 5660:"Police violence spurs retaliation blockades, attacks on infrastructure in Caledonia land dispute" 5470:"Ontario police services board calls Six Nations members halting housing development 'terrorists'" 5129: 4818: 2138:, members of the Mohawk Nation (Bear Clan) from Six Nations began a peaceful demonstration on the 1664:

protest. The provincial government is holding the land in trust until an agreement can be reached.

7086: 6761: 6636: 6631: 2884: 1843: 1742:

December 16 – OPP arrest Gary McHale for breach of the peace for organizing a rally in Caledonia.

1475: 1229: 139: 51: 7151: 6722: 6702: 6687: 6515: 6128:"'The contempt continues': Land Back Lane spokesperson could be on hook for $ 20M damage claim" 5582:"'The contempt continues': Land Back Lane spokesperson could be on hook for $ 20M damage claim" 3380: 3235: 2642:

Documents obtained by APTN National News revealed that, by January 19, 2021, the OPP had spent

1953: 1459: 654: 581: 574: 566: 707:

c. 1794–6 – Joseph Brant begins selling land to private interests, having reached a deal with

7043: 6825: 6553: 6050:"'This isn't just an issue in Caledonia': Muskokans show solidarity with 1492 Land Back Lane" 5889:"Ryerson statue head on pike at Land Back Lane small 'token' of justice says Skyler Williams" 4680:"Wet'suwet'en solidarity blockade on Highway 6 near Caledonia, Ont. to come down Friday: OPP" 3689: 2972: 2812:

Williams is married to Kahsenniyo, another land defender, and the couple has four daughters.

2580: 2459:

agreeing to sit down and talk, according to a person at the occupation site as of August 10.

2275: 1201: 1039: 658: 558: 5832:"1492 Land Back Lane land defenders move traffic barricades back, MTO inspects Hwy 6 bypass" 6800: 6670: 5527:"Ontario judge extends injunctions against what he calls 'lawless protesters' in Caledonia" 5290: 3875:

Helpless : Caledonia's nightmare of fear and anarchy, and how the law failed all of us

3716:"Caledonia has hydro, backup repairs in works; State of emergency could be lifted Monday," 3478:

Helpless : Caledonia's nightmare of fear and anarchy, and how the law failed all of us

2734: 2533: 2513: 2497:

Meadows site, the safety zone did not fall under either injunction against the protesters.

2407: 2383:, which predates the SNEC (established in 1924) and governs alongside the elected council. 2004: 1642: 1163: 845: 554: 40: 6258:"Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council calls for ban on development of Haldimand Tract" 5920:"Year-long Six Nations protest forces cancellation of major development in Caledonia, Ont" 5444:"Haldimand police services board urges OPP to enforce injunction at Caledonia development" 5286: 5029:"Road blockades up at Caledonia after OPP arrest demonstrators at residential development" 3445: 3212: 2646:

16,272,709 on policing operations in the first six months since the camp's establishment.

8: 7008: 6835: 6310: 5392:"Another Indigenous journalist faces charges tied to injunction at Caledonia development" 5093:"Indigenous protesters return to site of Caledonia, Ont., land dispute day after arrests" 4433: 2879: 2143: 2126:

In response to the OPP moving in to arrest protesters at the level crossing located near

840: 779: 650: 639: 609: 5946:"OPP try and alter figures to manipulate $ 21M cost of policing occupation in Caledonia" 5316: 2521:

were made over the September 5–6 weekend, with the same charges as Skye and Dockstader.

1522:

to break out throughout the day, resulting in injuries to natives, residents and police.

312: 7018: 5998:"Banner drop protest on Hwy. 11 on Friday was in support of Six Nations land defenders" 5496:"Ontario Provincial Police have warrant for arrest of 1492 Land Back Lane spokesperson" 5160:"OPP says 2nd raid on Six Nations land back camp would inflame conflict, solve nothing" 4907: 4793:"28-year-old Six Nations man charged for violating injunction at land reclamation camp" 4597:"Indigenous solidarity protests block Highway 6 in Caledonia, delay Hamilton GO trains" 4539: 3186: 2509: 2431: 2193: 1617: 1605: 1549: 1537:

is declared late in the evening due to the escalation of violence and the power-outage.

1534: 964: 876: 812: 689: 594: 5972:"Court cancels permanent injunction in Caledonia, grants land back spokesman's appeal" 3873: 3476: 2708:

request, but the full tabulation of police spending was finally released in May 2022.

2466:

In a letter dated August 19, Indigenous Services Minister Marc Miller and Minister of

1340: 65: 7176: 7144: 6978: 6857: 6771: 6520: 6442: 6346: 6332: 6318: 6315:

Helpless: Caledonia's Nightmare of Fear and Anarchy, and How the Law Failed All of Us

5417:"Oneida Woman 23rd person charged in connection with Six Nations land rights protest" 3879: 3482: 3341: 3190: 3085: 2481: 2139: 2131: 1688: 1625: 787: 774:

1835 – The Crown approaches the Six Nations about developing the Port Dover-Hamilton

741: 730: 701: 617: 602: 203: 6410: 5805:"1492 Land Back Lane demonstrators plan to move back barricades on Highway 6 bypass" 5634:"Injunction against First Nations land reclamation camp sparks skirmish with police" 5608:"Land Back Lane spokesperson ordered to foot legal bills for Caledonia land dispute" 5068:"Police arrest journalist, researcher in connection with Caledonia land reclamation" 3532:"Only One Law: Indigenous Land Disputes and the Contested Nature of the Rule of Law" 2971:

Sutherland, Stuart R. J.; Tousignant, Pierre; Dionne-Tousignant, Madeleine (2003) .

885:

1974–1995 – SNLCRO submits 29 separate land claims to the Specific Claims Branch of

857: 7000: 6766: 6665: 6232:"Haudenosaunee chiefs declare development moratorium across entire Haldimand Tract" 2874: 2802: 2596: 2265: 1553: 1029: 751: 6206:"Six Nations hereditary leaders declare development moratorium in Haldimand Tract" 4570: 3205:"BACKGROUNDER ON THE CLAIMS OF THE SIX NATIONS OF THE GRAND RIVER BAND OF INDIANS" 1499: 1481:

April 28 – Caledonia residents once again gather to demand an end to the blockade.

747:

Block No. 4 – Nichol Township in Wellington County (opened for settlement in 1822)

7100: 6840: 6793: 6558: 6508: 2857: 2816: 2701: 2693: 2671: 2643: 2608: 2588: 2556: 2470: 2340: 1993: 1653: 1402: 1173: 1097: 849: 402: 377: 114: 6454: 1992:

formation of a militia, and three days later, Ontario Community Safety Minister

1385:

March 22 – Protesters continue to occupy the site beyond court-ordered deadline.

6486: 5718:"OPP commissioner defends officers' conduct at site of Indigenous land dispute" 5235:"'We couldn't just go home': Camp on former Douglas Creek Estates vows to stay" 1487: 1102: 719: 673: 465: 430: 299: 4965:(Press release). Six Nations of the Grand River. July 24, 2020. Archived from 4706:"Ken Hewitt, Mayor of Haldimand County, on the Highway 6 blockade coming down" 2575:

Kahsenniyo (Tahnee Skinner-Wilson), wife of spokesperson Skyler Williams, and

7196: 7130: 7114: 6993: 6852: 6845: 6503: 6284:"Elected chief of Six Nations tries to unify sides ahead of land claim fight" 4960:"COMMUNITY UPDATE: Residential Developments along McKenzie Road in Caledonia" 4356:"Sole house to survive Caledonia land dispute in Douglas Creek Estates burns" 2773: 2752: 2380: 1466: 1092: 783: 585: 504: 407: 223: 188: 4624:"'Tear down this blockade': MPP calls for Caledonia roadblock to be removed" 3732:

Aboriginal protesters remove blockade in Caledonia, Ont. but tensions linger

1449: 1354:

February 28 – A group of community members from Six Nations erect tents, a

7072: 6548: 3287:"As the Caledonian occupation comes to a close in court, its issues linger" 1541: 697: 643: 276: 159: 4763:"Outspoken activist arrested for involvement in land dispute at Caledonia" 3643: 2607:

Documents obtained by APTN National News in 2021 found that the OPP spent

2077: 7137: 6591: 6180:"1492 Land Back Lane spokesman turns self in after 10 months on the land" 6102:"Judge extends Caledonia injunctions, names Skyler Williams as defendant" 2781: 2760: 2756: 2097: 2092:

the day before; this protest was centred around a quarry on the disputed

2008: 1646: 382: 6153:"Open Letter From The Williams Family Regarding Their Rights and Safety" 4525: 2033: 1796: 7028: 6448: 2869: 2863: 2576: 1857: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1704:, where a 3-member panel will determine whether or not to grant a stay. 1369: 1243: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 775: 580:

The dispute has been the subject of many formal negotiations under the

165: 4469:"Lawyer who oversaw Caledonia class action charged with fraud: police" 4329:"County votes to remove barriers at native blockade site in Caledonia" 2142:

bypass near Caledonia, blocking traffic and commuter trains along the

6983: 4935:"Land defenders rebuild McKenzie Meadows camp despite new injunction" 2970: 2555:

In the October 9 injunction hearing at the Ontario Superior Court in

2434: 2411: 2315: 2101: 2065: 1588: 662: 621: 261: 178: 5128:

Brown, Jesse; Vanderklis, Sean; Dockstader, Karl (August 17, 2020).

4737:"Demonstrators clear out after month-long Highway 6 bypass blockade" 4712:(Podcast). Global News Radio. Event occurs at 01:16. Archived from 4082:"Caledonia protesters, residents hurl rocks in latest confrontation" 3313:"Haldimand Tract Litigation Update – Six Nations of the Grand River" 2568:

A subsequent injunction hearing was scheduled for October 22, 2020.

2516:

to the campsite, and going against the decision made in the case of

1832: 1722: 1676: 1632: 1453:

Blockade of Highway 6 over the Grand River by Six Nations protestors

1218: 856:. The establishment of a band council is characterised by some as a 7107: 6075:"Demonstrators march in Caledonia to support land reclamation camp" 3504:"Policing Indigenous Land Reclamations from Ipperwash to Caledonia" 2852: 2847: 2741: 2635: 2246: 1692:, "There was some property damage, but no injuries were sustained." 1557: 1470: 1435: 1420: 1181: 1011: 811:

1843 – Plank Road is completed, which helps to "spur the growth of

6933:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act

1368:

March 3 – Henco Industries, the developer of the land, obtains an

6820: 5693:"OPP spent more than $ 16M policing 1492 Land Back Lane: Records" 5302: 3338:

Conflict in Caledonia: Aboriginal land rights and the rule of law

2834:

In a press conference on April 26, Chief Mark Hill, chief of the

2764: 2675: 1595: 1573:

May 27 – Power is restored to all areas affected by the blackout.

1570:

May 24 – Power is restored to Caledonia during the morning hours.

931: 562: 5264:"Indigenous Journalist Arrested While Reporting on Land Defense" 4386:"Ontario residents eye 'militia' as aboriginal dispute drags on" 3183:"With a Vow to Defend": Indigenous Direct Mobilization in Canada 2611:

3,800,000 on their policing of the camp in November 2020 alone.

2130:

on the morning of February 24, 2020, and in solidarity with the

6926: 5863:"Reopening of Highway 6 in Caledonia will take weeks, says OPP" 5317:"Yellowhead Statement Regarding Arrests At 1492 Land Back Lane" 3735:(Radio broadcast). AM940 Montreal. May 22, 2006. Archived from 2480:

Someone was arrested in connection to the camp on August 24 in

2024: 804:

July 7, 1841 – There is another petition against the surrender.

678: 5887:

Charlotte, Morritt-Jacobs; McDougall, Allana (June 12, 2021).

6368:

Wikimapia placemark showing location of Douglas Creek Estates

1486:

April 30 – The provincial government appoints former premier

1405:

says the land dispute will be settled in a "peaceful manner".

58: 5770:"Land Back Lane marks 150 days... where is Carolyn Bennett?" 4228:"Controversial Figure Arrested At Caledonia Occupation Site" 3878:. Internet Archive. : Doubleday Canada. pp. 4–6. 3588:"Stolen papers offered to Caledonia developer – for a price" 1503:

Blockade of Highway 6 and 7th Line by Six Nations protestors

1372:

from Justice Matheson, ordering the protesters off the land.

6903:

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women

5337:"It's Either A Terrible Mistake Or Something More Sinister" 5185:"STATEMENT REGARDING UNLAWFUL MCKENZIE MEADOWS DEVELOPMENT" 4754: 3503: 2763:) were seen across the country. One solidarity blockade on 2403: 2122:

Timeline of the 2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests

1545: 1355: 6024:"Indigenous Land Rights Action Blocks Northern BC Highway" 5366:"Two more arrests at disputed Caledonia construction site" 3481:. Internet Archive. : Doubleday Canada. p. 38. 2477:

The last blockade near the site was removed on August 22.

5319:(Press release). Yellowhead Institute. September 8, 2020. 5219:

The latest from the 1492 Land Back Lane camp in Caledonia

5127: 3060:"Augustus Jones Determined Present Day County Boundaries" 2666:

Following the toppling of the statue of architect of the

2150: 1560:

protesters in Caledonia. Following negotiations with the

4649:"OPP says Highway 6 By-pass to re-open after inspection" 1613:

has produced photos which show OPP officers intervening.

6373:

Six Nations Future page on McKenzie Meadows Development

5995: 2078:

Tyendinaga gravel quarry occupation solidarity blockade

1358:

and a wooden building on the proposed development site.

909: 897: 4933:

McDougall, Allana; Forester, Brett (August 10, 2020).

4142:"Court date set for Ontario to fight Caledonia ruling" 3932:"Natives photographed OPP moving in to help cameramen" 3082:

Canadian Geographic Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada

1442:

government has negotiated with the Confederacy Chiefs.

963:

Development of Douglas Creek Estates subdivision near

4883:

McKenzie Meadows Community Consultation Report – 2013

4854:"Six Nations people shut down Caledonia construction" 4302:"Province eyes giving DCE to Six Nations, mayor says" 2981:. Vol. 5. University of Toronto/Université Laval 2210:

McKenzie Meadows development cancelled (July 2, 2021)

1200:

During the continuing dispute, on June 16, 2006, the

756:

Block No. 6 – Canborough Township in Haldimand County

601:, roughly 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of 4414:. CTV News Toronto. The Canadian Press. 17 June 2009 4112:"Judge tells Ontario to end Caledonia dispute talks" 3236:"Kanonhstaton "The Protected Place": 10 Years After" 7123:

Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child

4908:"GENERAL COUNCIL MINUTES DECEMBER 17, 2013 6:00 PM" 4276:"OPP threatening to stop policing Caledonia: mayor" 3812:"Barricade comes down day after Caledonia violence" 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3508:

Annual Review of Interdisciplinary Justice Research

2111: 5886: 4051:"Ontario buys land at centre of Caledonia dispute" 3962:"U.S. agents swarmed in Caledonia dispute: police" 3899:Healey, Deirdre; Thompson, Laura (June 10, 2006). 3259:. Ministry of the Attorney General. July 8, 2011. 786:agrees to the lease but later, his successor, Sir 7182:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians 5918:Brown, Desmond; Craggs, Samantha (July 2, 2021). 4932: 3253:"Class Action Settlement For Caledonia Community" 2192:Development of McKenzie Meadows subdivision near 1974: 1564:, the roadblock is removed after about two hours. 1458:April 24 – About 3000 Caledonia residents hold a 864:to ensure the transition of power at Six Nations. 712:Iroquois people had received up until that point. 584:process since the 1970s and several instances of 7194: 4412:"Minister calls Caledonia militia a 'dumb idea'" 4168:"Protesters can stay in Caledonia: appeal court" 3781:"Tensions flare as Caledonia standoff continues" 3666: 3614:"Caledonia blockaders open one lane for traffic" 2003:announced a settlement of $ 20 million ending a 557:. It is focused on land along the length of the 4522:"Native protesters delay Brantford development" 4494:Brown, Dana; Morse, Paul (September 14, 2007). 4018:"Ontario buys site of disputed Caledonia claim" 3280: 3278: 2914:(moved to reclamation.kisikew.org – site owner) 2747:On October 9, in response to a call out across 1490:to help negotiate a settlement in the conflict. 1208: 852:on the Six Nations reserve, known today as the 4703: 3898: 2767:and Wetʼsuwetʼen territory stopped traffic on 2386: 936:An occupied house on the Douglas Creek Estates 854:Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council 642:purchases land along the Grand River from the 6396: 5284: 4438:"Deal tries to hush up disgrace of Caledonia" 2759:fishers in their fight for fishing rights in 2422:claim is not against third-party developers. 1603:reports that Lynda Powless, publisher of the 522: 16:Dispute over Indigenous land rights in Canada 6177: 6022:Hosgood, Amanda Follett (October 10, 2020). 5215: 4258:"Feds say Six Nations land claim is invalid" 3751:"Natives lift blockade of Caledonia roadway" 3275: 2822: 2683:, a former residential school in Brantford. 2025:September 2007 Brantford development protest 7060:Portrayals of the residential school system 5996:Strength of Two Buffalo (August 25, 2020). 5917: 5130:"CANADALAND: Ep. 337 – 1492 Land Back Lane" 4496:"Builder, 52, hurt in Caledonia home clash" 3842:"Tempers flare again at Caledonia standoff" 2890:2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests 2118:2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests 2015: 1785:Learn how and when to remove these messages 614:2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests 6403: 6389: 5261: 4493: 4432: 4198:"Tense rally in Caledonia ends peacefully" 4045: 4043: 3871: 3474: 3174: 3030:"Caledonia land claim Historical Timeline" 1999:On July 8, 2011, Ontario Attorney General 930: 718:Block No. 1 – Township of Dumfries (later 529: 515: 6203: 6125: 6099: 5363: 4467:McQuigge, Michelle (September 13, 2018). 3679: 3560: 3284: 3247: 3245: 2414:, a commonly accepted starting point for 2213:Injunctions cancelled (December 21, 2021) 2165:indigenous specific land claims in Canada 1935:Learn how and when to remove this message 1917:Learn how and when to remove this message 1428:Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation 1423:, blocking traffic for about a half hour. 1303:Learn how and when to remove this message 924:indigenous specific land claims in Canada 860:, not least of all due to the use of the 597:, a community within the municipality of 6750:Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters 6281: 6255: 6229: 5969: 5943: 5860: 5742: 5690: 5657: 5605: 5579: 5524: 5441: 5389: 5335:Goldsbie, Jonathan (September 6, 2020). 5334: 5232: 5065: 4993: 4677: 4594: 4466: 3154: 2247:Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council 2243:Six Nations community members and allies 1721: 1675: 1631: 1498: 1448: 1430:light bonfires by the CN rail line near 1339: 1012:Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council 815:but also the sale of Six Nations lands." 661:, from its source to its termination at 18: 6329:The Iroquois in the American Revolution 6021: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5631: 5553: 5493: 5467: 5216:Pashagumskum, Jamie (August 27, 2020). 5157: 5026: 4760: 4621: 4568: 4383: 4327:Marion, Michael-Allan (June 25, 2014). 4092:from the original on September 29, 2007 4040: 3680:Humphreys, Adrian (November 14, 2009). 3561:Humphreys, Adrian (November 17, 2009). 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3335: 3121: 2784:were present at the protest, including 1746: 688:January 14, 1793 – Lieutenant-Governor 7195: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5549: 5547: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5364:Antonacci, J. P. (September 7, 2020). 5359: 5357: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5262:Vanderklis, Sean (September 3, 2020). 5257: 5255: 5153: 5151: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 4734: 4550:from the original on February 13, 2012 4540:"Police work during protest applauded" 4388:. CanWest News Service. Archived from 4379: 4377: 4353: 4326: 4079: 4012: 4010: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3809: 3791:from the original on November 10, 2006 3712: 3710: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3501: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3377:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 3285:Humphreys, Adrian (December 3, 2011). 3263:from the original on February 21, 2019 3242: 3209:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 3180: 2944: 2151:1492 Land Back Lane (McKenzie Meadows) 2072: 1180: 887:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 173:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 6384: 6126:Forrester, Brett (October 22, 2020). 5970:Forester, Brett (December 21, 2021). 5494:Barrera, Jorge (September 29, 2020). 5468:Barrera, Jorge (September 25, 2020). 5442:Polewski, Lisa (September 23, 2020). 5390:Polewski, Lisa (September 17, 2020). 5233:Forester, Brett (September 2, 2020). 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5066:Forester, Brett (September 3, 2020). 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4989: 4987: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4595:Hristova, Bobby (February 24, 2020). 4122:from the original on January 26, 2007 3990: 3929: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3185:(PhD thesis). University of Toronto. 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2940: 2416:European colonization of the Americas 1434:. CN freight trains are blocked, and 736:Block No. 3 – Pilkington Township in 199:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 6831:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp 6411:Violence and discrimination against 6256:Turcotte, Stephen (April 20, 2021). 6178:Pashagumskum, Jamie (May 19, 2021). 6100:Forrester, Brett (August 25, 2020). 5829: 5792: 5743:Forester, Brett (October 23, 2020). 5658:Forester, Brett (October 23, 2020). 5580:Forester, Brett (October 22, 2020). 5285:Courtney Skye (September 3, 2020). 5099:. The Canadian Press. August 6, 2020 4880: 4238:from the original on August 19, 2020 4178:from the original on August 19, 2020 3563:"Homeowner slept gripping a shotgun" 3456:from the original on August 15, 2020 3310: 3122:Barrera, Jorge (November 25, 2020). 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2724: 2602: 2028: 1855:adding citations to reliable sources 1826: 1791: 1750: 1241:adding citations to reliable sources 1212: 910:Douglas Creek Estates (Kanonhstaton) 898:Canadian National Railway Settlement 549:, is an ongoing dispute between the 6891:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 6499:First Nations nutrition experiments 6204:Antonacci, J. P. (April 20, 2021). 6047: 5830:Gray, Victoria (January 20, 2021). 5677: 5632:Barrera, Jorge (October 22, 2020). 5606:Polewski, Lisa (October 30, 2020). 5554:Barrera, Jorge (October 16, 2020). 5544: 5525:Forester, Brett (October 9, 2020). 5513: 5354: 5323: 5252: 5148: 5046: 4994:Forester, Brett (August 11, 2020). 4881:Hill, Jody MM (December 20, 2013). 4524:. September 4, 2007. Archived from 4374: 4007: 3860: 3822:from the original on March 10, 2016 3707: 3549: 3518: 3395: 3379:. September 5, 2012. Archived from 3373:"Chronology of Events at Caledonia" 3155:Forester, Brett (October 8, 2020). 1344:Occupation of Douglas Creek Estates 696:1796 – The Six Nations grant chief 13: 7159:The Unnatural and Accidental Women 6230:Forester, Brett (April 20, 2021). 5861:Mitchell, Don (January 25, 2021). 5776:. 16 December 2020. Archived from 5691:Forester, Brett (March 30, 2021). 5158:Barrera, Jorge (October 9, 2020). 5114: 5013: 4984: 4952: 4921: 4836: 4761:Powless, Lynda (January 7, 2021). 4735:Clarke, Katrina (March 20, 2020). 4728: 4354:Carter, Adam (November 25, 2016). 4260:. January 27, 2007. Archived from 4204:. October 14, 2006. Archived from 3810:Zronik, John Paul (May 24, 2006). 3354: 3233: 3141: 3098: 3040:from the original on April 7, 2019 2795: 1465:April 25 – Haldimand County Mayor 1426:April 21 – Several members of the 750:Block No. 5 – Moulton Township in 14: 7254: 6920:An Act to amend the Criminal Code 6356: 6282:Forester, Brett (26 April 2021). 5266:(Press release). Haldimand County 4704:Scott Thompson (March 20, 2020). 4569:Edwards, Peter (April 30, 2008). 4360:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 4028:from the original on July 2, 2007 3654:from the original on May 16, 2020 3624:from the original on July 2, 2007 2993: 2945:Filice, Michelle (June 3, 2016). 2917: 2583:were also arrested on October 9. 2134:opposing the construction of the 1766:This section has multiple issues. 1156:Ontario Superior Court of Justice 7218:First Nations history in Ontario 6779:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet 6363:CBC timeline of the 2006 dispute 6275: 6249: 6223: 6197: 6171: 6145: 6119: 6093: 6067: 6041: 6015: 5989: 5963: 5944:Forester, Brett (May 31, 2022). 5937: 5911: 5880: 5854: 5823: 5762: 4678:Mitchell, Don (March 19, 2020). 4655:. March 19, 2020. Archived from 4384:Barrera, Jorge (June 15, 2009). 4282:. Canadian Press. April 12, 2007 4080:Wattie, Chris (August 8, 2006). 3901:"Angry residents clash with OPP" 3446:"Caledonia land claim: Timeline" 2978:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2112:Wetʼsuwetʼen solidarity blockade 2096:that had started in March 2007. 2032: 1831: 1795: 1755: 1217: 995:Indigenous protesters and allies 917:Douglas Creek Estates occupation 873:parliament of the United Kingdom 498: 487: 39: 6974:British Columbia Treaty Process 6048:Law, Sarah (October 13, 2020). 5736: 5710: 5651: 5625: 5599: 5573: 5487: 5461: 5435: 5409: 5383: 5309: 5278: 5226: 5209: 5177: 5085: 5027:Taekema, Dan (August 5, 2020). 4900: 4874: 4811: 4785: 4697: 4671: 4641: 4622:Taekema, Dan (March 10, 2020). 4615: 4588: 4562: 4532: 4514: 4487: 4460: 4426: 4404: 4347: 4320: 4294: 4268: 4250: 4220: 4190: 4160: 4134: 4104: 4073: 4057:. June 18, 2006. Archived from 3984: 3968:. June 11, 2006. Archived from 3954: 3923: 3892: 3834: 3803: 3773: 3743: 3723: 3636: 3606: 3580: 3495: 3468: 3329: 3304: 3227: 3197: 2908:Map of the 1784 Haldimand Tract 2351: 2216:Indigenous land defence ongoing 1842:needs additional citations for 1774:or discuss these issues on the 1228:needs additional citations for 832: 762: 744:Township (incorporated in 1816) 733:Township (incorporated in 1816) 632: 145:British Columbia Treaty Process 7243:Six Nations of the Grand River 7228:Indigenous conflicts in Canada 4852:Duric, Donna (July 22, 2020). 4819:"McKenzie Meadows Development" 4571:"Natives end highway blockade" 3757:. May 24, 2006. Archived from 3074: 3052: 2964: 2901: 2396: 2300:Skyler Williams (spokesperson) 2198:Six Nations of the Grand River 1975:Allegations of police inaction 1700:August 22, 2006 is set in the 1131:Several, notably Sam Gualtieri 1083:Allen McNaughton (Tekarihoken) 1057:Local activists and vigilantes 1023:Canadian government and police 1002:Six Nations of the Grand River 969:Six Nations of the Grand River 551:Six Nations of the Grand River 1: 6304: 3991:Morse, Paul (June 13, 2006). 3930:Morse, Paul (June 12, 2006). 3872:Blatchford, Christie (2010). 3475:Blatchford, Christie (2010). 2740:As of Monday, September 7, a 2711: 2653: 2504:Karl Dockstader (a member of 1599:assist the men. However, the 1562:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 945:February 28 – August 27, 2006 862:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 627: 6413:Indigenous peoples in Canada 3211:. April 2006. Archived from 2790:Ontario Federation of Labour 2543: 2491: 1717: 1209:Dispute timeline (2005–2006) 1007:Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte 150:Crown and Indigenous peoples 23:Thomas Ridout survey of 1821 7: 7034:Old-growth logging protests 5136:(Podcast). Canadaland Media 3514:(6): 75 – via CanLII. 2841: 2836:Six Nations Elected Council 2769:British Columbia Highway 16 2506:Oneida Nation of the Thames 2387:Land reclamation/occupation 2128:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory 2090:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory 2084:Culbertson Tract land claim 1736: 1702:Court of Appeal for Ontario 1432:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory 1401:April 19 – Ontario Premier 1348: 1152:Six Nations Elected Council 388:Indigenous English Dialects 10: 7259: 7238:Aboriginal title in Canada 6801:Judge David William Ramsay 5222:(TV Broadcast). APTN News. 4544:The Kingston Whig-Standard 3340:. UBC Press. p. 176. 2973:"HALDIMAND, Sir FREDERICK" 2716:On December 12, 2021, the 2629: 2468:Crown–Indigenous Relations 2115: 2081: 1866:"Grand River land dispute" 1652:June 12 – Ontario Premier 1469:says in an interview with 1320: 1252:"Grand River land dispute" 571:American Revolutionary War 7172: 7052: 6992: 6955: 6946: 6922:for trafficking of minors 6911: 6876: 6813: 6789:Saskatoon freezing deaths 6736: 6652: 6580: 6571: 6529: 6473:Residential school system 6463: 6426: 6419: 3311:Hill, Jody (2022-10-15). 2951:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2823:Moratorium on development 2668:Indian Residential School 2661: 2597:systemic racism in Canada 2339: 2331: 2326: 2294: 2289: 2271:Ontario Provincial Police 2228: 2223: 2203: 2188: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2157: 1996:called it a "dumb idea." 1671: 1410:Ontario Provincial Police 1186: 1135: 1127: 1122: 1074: 1069: 1035:Ontario Provincial Police 987: 982: 974: 959: 949: 941: 929: 921: 916: 904:Canadian National Railway 494:Indigenous North Americas 6863:Walking With Our Sisters 6784:Killing of Chantel Moore 6678:Winnipeg serial killings 6437:Gradual Civilization Act 3644:"Six Nations Solidarity" 3181:Morden, Michael (2015). 2947:"Haldimand Proclamation" 2895: 2508:, Bear Clan) and Mohawk 2136:Coastal GasLink Pipeline 2016:Assault on Sam Gualtieri 1548:protesters blockade the 1392: 1362: 871:is put into effect; the 543:Grand River land dispute 272:Indigenous personalities 7039:Trans Mountain pipeline 6762:Gustafsen Lake standoff 4710:The Scott Thompson Show 3336:DeVries, Laura (2011). 3124:"Beyond the barricades" 2912:reclamation.kisikew.org 2885:Gustafsen Lake Standoff 2853:Six Nations 40, Ontario 2718:Ontario Court of Appeal 2686: 2679:had been moved to near 2624: 2500:Co-host of the podcast 2391: 2174:July 19, 2020 – present 1657:with earlier incidents. 1577: 1556:in solidarity with the 1335: 1315: 848:establishes an elected 726:, incorporated in 1819) 724:South Dumfries Township 616:in solidarity with the 7014:Caledonia land dispute 6868:Women's Memorial March 6628:Healthcare inequality 6516:High Arctic relocation 6210:The Hamilton Spectator 5836:The Turtle Island News 5421:The Turtle Island News 5370:The Hamilton Spectator 4861:The Turtle Island News 4741:The Hamilton Spectator 4502:. Torstar News Service 4306:The Hamilton Spectator 3997:The Hamilton Spectator 3936:The Hamilton Spectator 3905:The Hamilton Spectator 3648:Six Nations Solidarity 3539:Indigenous Law Journal 3502:Clancy, Devin (2017). 2706:freedom of information 2566: 2448: 2441:briefing on August 6, 2144:Lakeshore West GO line 1954:The Hamilton Spectator 1727: 1715: 1681: 1637: 1609:and reporter with the 1504: 1494: 1454: 1345: 869:Statute of Westminster 655:Haldimand Proclamation 575:Treaty of Paris (1783) 547:Caledonia land dispute 24: 6713:Jean Virginia Sampare 6698:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon 4234:. December 16, 2006. 3942:on September 27, 2007 3911:on September 27, 2007 3530:Newell, Ryan (2012). 3452:. CBC. May 24, 2006. 3257:Government of Ontario 2561: 2443: 2410:made landfall in the 2276:Government of Ontario 2258:Government and police 1725: 1710: 1679: 1635: 1502: 1452: 1343: 1202:Government of Ontario 1187:"the protected place" 1182:[ganũ'sdaːdũ] 1040:Government of Ontario 22: 7094:Missing and Murdered 6654:Missing and Murdered 6494:Forced sterilization 6311:Blatchford, Christie 6157:Yellowhead Institute 5722:Niagara Falls Review 5423:. September 17, 2020 4917:. December 17, 2013. 4475:. The Canadian Press 4434:Blatchford, Christie 3692:on November 14, 2009 3215:on February 14, 2007 3036:. November 1, 2006. 2735:Gravenhurst, Ontario 2681:the Mohawk Institute 2534:Canada Criminal Code 2408:Christopher Columbus 2005:class-action lawsuit 1851:improve this article 1747:Further developments 1643:class-action lawsuit 1237:improve this article 1164:Government of Canada 846:Government of Canada 555:Government of Canada 545:, also known as the 398:Aboriginal syllabics 373:Indigenous languages 7009:Burnt Church Crisis 6836:Moose Hide campaign 6708:Helen Betty Osborne 6607:Criminal sentencing 6581:Structural violence 6428:Settler colonialism 6327:Graymont, Barbara, 5780:on 30 December 2020 4972:on October 26, 2020 4915:Six Nations Council 4799:. December 30, 2020 4362:. Hamilton, Ontario 4308:. February 22, 2010 4264:on August 19, 2020. 4208:on November 3, 2006 4174:. August 27, 2006. 3816:Brantford Expositor 3718:Hamilton Spectator, 3682:"Caledonia lawsuit" 3383:on November 9, 2019 3062:. 27 September 2018 2880:Burnt Church Crisis 2453:Indigenous Services 2158:1492 Land Back Lane 2073:Solidarity protests 1611:Hamilton Spectator, 651:American Revolution 640:Frederick Haldimand 426:Traditional beliefs 267:Indigenous cultures 110:Residential schools 100:Settler colonialism 7233:Protests in Canada 7019:Clayoquot protests 6612:Mass incarceration 6585:and discrimination 6343:The Divided Ground 6288:APTN National News 6236:APTN National News 6184:APTN National News 6159:. October 28, 2020 6132:APTN National News 6106:APTN National News 6081:. October 25, 2020 6054:Gravenhurst Banner 5976:APTN National News 5950:APTN National News 5893:APTN National News 5811:. January 19, 2021 5774:Turtle Island News 5749:APTN National News 5724:. October 26, 2020 5697:APTN National News 5664:APTN National News 5586:APTN National News 5531:APTN National News 5239:APTN National News 5197:on August 18, 2020 5072:APTN National News 5000:APTN National News 4939:APTN National News 4823:Six Nations Future 4773:on 10 January 2021 4767:Turtle Island News 4653:Turtle Island News 4118:. August 8, 2006. 3761:on August 14, 2006 3739:on March 10, 2016. 3161:APTN National News 2650:reclamation camp. 2510:Ryerson University 2194:Caledonia, Ontario 2044:. You can help by 1807:. You can help by 1728: 1682: 1638: 1618:U.S. Border Patrol 1606:Turtle Island News 1601:Hamilton Spectator 1550:Yellowhead Highway 1535:state of emergency 1505: 1455: 1346: 1051:Counter-protestors 965:Caledonia, Ontario 690:John Graves Simcoe 644:Mississauga nation 31:Indigenous peoples 25: 7190: 7189: 7177:Indigenous rights 7168: 7167: 7024:Keystone Pipeline 6979:Yukon Land Claims 6942: 6941: 6858:Sisters in Spirit 6809: 6808: 6693:Pamela Holopainen 6567: 6566: 6521:RCMP dog killings 6443:Numbered Treaties 6351:978-0-679-45471-7 6337:978-0-8156-0083-1 6323:978-0-385-67039-5 6002:MuskokaRegion.com 4716:on March 21, 2020 4659:on March 21, 2020 4148:. August 11, 2006 4024:. June 16, 2006. 3885:978-0-385-67039-5 3488:978-0-385-67039-5 3317:www.sixnations.ca 3091:978-0-9867516-6-0 2725:Solidarity action 2603:November–December 2502:One Dish, One Mic 2482:Hamilton, Ontario 2349: 2348: 2285: 2284: 2140:Ontario Highway 6 2062: 2061: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1901: 1825: 1824: 1789: 1689:The National Post 1313: 1312: 1305: 1287: 1143: 1142: 1065: 1064: 838:1924 – Under the 788:Francis Bond Head 738:Wellington County 702:power of attorney 539: 538: 505:Canada portal 451:Index of articles 204:Numbered Treaties 7250: 7223:Haldimand County 7125: 7087:Highway of Tears 7044:Unistʼotʼen Camp 7001:Water protection 6999: 6960: 6953: 6952: 6874: 6873: 6767:Ipperwash Crisis 6741: 6738:Police brutality 6728:Lisa Marie Young 6718:Loretta Saunders 6683:Immaculate Basil 6666:Highway of Tears 6658:Indigenous Women 6657: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6559:Indian hospitals 6455:Role of the RCMP 6424: 6423: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5899:on June 12, 2021 5895:. Archived from 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5838:. Archived from 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5801: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5522: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5332: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5196: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5125: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5063: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5024: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4991: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4930: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4769:. Archived from 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4444:. Archived from 4436:(11 July 2011). 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4392:on June 25, 2009 4381: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4061:on June 20, 2006 4047: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4014: 4005: 4004: 3999:. Archived from 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3972:on June 15, 2006 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3938:. Archived from 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3907:. Archived from 3896: 3890: 3889: 3869: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3787:. May 23, 2006. 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3688:. Archived from 3677: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3620:. May 16, 2006. 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3558: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3527: 3516: 3515: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3442: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3369: 3352: 3351: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3152: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3096: 3095: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3026: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2942: 2915: 2905: 2875:Ipperwash Crisis 2803:Ipperwash Crisis 2788:Ontario and the 2437:said during his 2266:Haldimand County 2260: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2155: 2154: 2094:Culbertson Tract 2057: 2054: 2036: 2029: 1940: 1933: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1859: 1835: 1827: 1820: 1817: 1799: 1792: 1781: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1554:North Battleford 1408:April 20 – The 1308: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1245: 1221: 1213: 1196: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1176:"Kanonhstaton" ( 1053: 1030:Haldimand County 989: 988: 934: 914: 913: 752:Haldimand County 670:Sir John Johnson 638:May 22, 1784 – 599:Haldimand County 531: 524: 517: 503: 502: 501: 492: 491: 490: 209:Royal Commission 115:Indian hospitals 88:Pre-colonization 43: 27: 26: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7213:2021 in Ontario 7208:2020 in Ontario 7203:2006 in Ontario 7193: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7164: 7121: 7101:The Pass System 7048: 6997: 6994:Land protection 6988: 6969:Specific claims 6958: 6948: 6938: 6907: 6878: 6872: 6841:REDress Project 6805: 6794:Neil Stonechild 6739: 6732: 6671:list of victims 6655: 6648: 6619:Food insecurity 6582: 6573: 6563: 6525: 6509:Kimelman Report 6459: 6415: 6409: 6378: 6359: 6307: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5689: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5552: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5523: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5362: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5333: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5296: 5294: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5231: 5227: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5156: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5126: 5115: 5102: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5064: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5025: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4992: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4931: 4922: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4856: 4850: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4382: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4016: 4015: 4008: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3870: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3708: 3695: 3693: 3678: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3559: 3550: 3534: 3528: 3519: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3444: 3443: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3371: 3370: 3355: 3348: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3283: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3153: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3099: 3092: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3028: 3027: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2943: 2918: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2858:Indian Register 2844: 2825: 2798: 2796:Skyler Williams 2727: 2714: 2689: 2672:Egerton Ryerson 2664: 2656: 2632: 2627: 2605: 2589:specific claims 2557:Cayuga, Ontario 2546: 2494: 2471:Carolyn Bennett 2432:Ontario Premier 2399: 2394: 2389: 2354: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2304: 2303: 2281: 2280: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2239: 2234: 2219: 2184: 2153: 2124: 2116:Main articles: 2114: 2086: 2080: 2075: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2042:needs expansion 2027: 2018: 1994:Rick Bartolucci 1977: 1941: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1860: 1858: 1848: 1836: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1805:needs expansion 1760: 1756: 1749: 1739: 1720: 1674: 1654:Dalton McGuinty 1580: 1497: 1403:Dalton McGuinty 1395: 1365: 1351: 1338: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1246: 1244: 1234: 1222: 1211: 1194: 1177: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1108: 1107: 1098:Dalton McGuinty 1087: 1086: 1061: 1060: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1017: 1016: 955: 937: 912: 900: 850:band government 835: 765: 635: 630: 612:as part of the 567:Haldimand Tract 535: 499: 497: 496: 488: 486: 481: 480: 446: 438: 437: 421: 413: 412: 378:Inuit languages 368: 360: 359: 300:Indian reserves 295: 287: 286: 257: 249: 248: 219:Specific claims 214:Self-government 175: 135: 127: 126: 78: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7256: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7005: 7003: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6929: 6927:Project E-Pana 6924: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6746: 6744: 6742:and misconduct 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6662: 6660: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6644:Long-term DWAs 6641: 6640: 6639: 6637:Joyce Echaquan 6634: 6632:Brian Sinclair 6626: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6604: 6602:Climate change 6599: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6487:Chanie Wenjack 6480: 6469: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6432: 6430: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6357:External links 6355: 6354: 6353: 6341:Taylor, Alan, 6339: 6325: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6274: 6248: 6222: 6196: 6170: 6144: 6118: 6092: 6066: 6040: 6014: 5988: 5962: 5936: 5910: 5879: 5853: 5842:on May 9, 2021 5822: 5791: 5761: 5735: 5709: 5676: 5650: 5624: 5598: 5572: 5543: 5512: 5486: 5460: 5434: 5408: 5382: 5353: 5322: 5308: 5277: 5251: 5225: 5208: 5176: 5147: 5113: 5084: 5045: 5012: 4983: 4951: 4920: 4899: 4873: 4835: 4810: 4784: 4753: 4727: 4696: 4670: 4640: 4614: 4587: 4561: 4531: 4528:on 2009-10-25. 4513: 4486: 4459: 4425: 4403: 4373: 4346: 4319: 4293: 4267: 4249: 4219: 4189: 4159: 4133: 4103: 4072: 4039: 4006: 4003:on 2023-07-21. 3983: 3953: 3922: 3891: 3884: 3859: 3848:. June 5, 2006 3833: 3802: 3772: 3742: 3722: 3706: 3665: 3635: 3605: 3579: 3548: 3517: 3494: 3487: 3467: 3394: 3353: 3346: 3328: 3303: 3274: 3241: 3234:Windle, Jim. " 3226: 3196: 3173: 3140: 3097: 3090: 3073: 3051: 2992: 2963: 2916: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2824: 2821: 2797: 2794: 2726: 2723: 2713: 2710: 2688: 2685: 2663: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2604: 2601: 2545: 2542: 2493: 2490: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2312:Rodney LeClair 2310: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236:Land defenders 2233: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2113: 2110: 2082:Main article: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2039: 2037: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2014: 1976: 1973: 1943: 1942: 1925: 1924: 1839: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1802: 1800: 1790: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1719: 1716: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1650: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1614: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1538: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1488:David Peterson 1483: 1482: 1479: 1463: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1424: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1225: 1223: 1216: 1210: 1207: 1195:CA$ 20 million 1141: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1103:David Peterson 1100: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 998: 992: 985: 984: 980: 979: 976: 972: 971: 961: 957: 956: 953: 951: 947: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 927: 926: 919: 918: 911: 908: 899: 896: 895: 894: 890: 883: 880: 877:Canadian Crown 865: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 822: 819: 816: 809: 805: 802: 799: 795: 791: 772: 769: 764: 761: 760: 759: 758: 757: 754: 748: 745: 734: 729:Block No. 2 – 727: 720:North Dumfries 713: 705: 694: 686: 682: 674:Augustus Jones 666: 647: 634: 631: 629: 626: 537: 536: 534: 533: 526: 519: 511: 508: 507: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 434: 433: 431:Inuit religion 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 316: 315: 310: 302: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 169: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 140:Indigenous law 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 122:Reconciliation 119: 118: 117: 112: 107: 97: 96: 95: 85: 79: 76: 75: 72: 71: 70: 69: 62: 55: 45: 44: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7255: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7131:Rustic Oracle 7128: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7115:Quiet Killing 7112: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6954: 6951: 6945: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879:and inquiries 6875: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:Red handprint 6851: 6847: 6846:Red Dress Day 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723:Amber Tuccaro 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Tina Fontaine 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6597:Child poverty 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6579: 6576: 6570: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6554:Indian agents 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6504:Sixties Scoop 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6433: 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May 5, 2006 3593: 3589: 3583: 3568: 3567:National Post 3564: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3347:9780774821841 3343: 3339: 3332: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3292: 3291:National Post 3288: 3281: 3279: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3230: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3061: 3055: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753:North America 2750: 2749:Turtle Island 2745: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2722: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2384: 2382: 2381:Haudenosaunee 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2070: 2067: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2040:This section 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Chris Bentley 1997: 1995: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1939: 1936: 1921: 1918: 1910: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1868: – 1867: 1863: 1862:Find sources: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1840:This section 1838: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1803:This section 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1594:June 9 – Two 1593: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1530:intimidated." 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1471:CBC Newsworld 1468: 1467:Marie Trainer 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1307: 1304: 1296: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: – 1253: 1249: 1248:Find sources: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1226:This section 1224: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1190: 1183: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:Marie Trainer 1091: 1090: 1082: 1080:David General 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 997: 996: 991: 990: 986: 981: 977: 973: 970: 966: 962: 958: 952: 948: 944: 940: 933: 928: 925: 920: 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CanWest. 3720:27 May 2006 3166:October 12, 2761:Nova Scotia 2457:Marc Miller 2406:, the year 2397:July–August 2098:Shawn Brant 2053:August 2020 2009:malfeasance 1907:August 2020 1816:August 2020 1647:malfeasance 1616:June 9 – A 1558:Six Nations 1533:May 22 – A 1293:August 2020 1185:, English: 1113:Gary McHale 975:Resulted in 867:1931 – The 790:, does not. 659:Grand River 582:land claims 559:Grand River 403:Chinuk pipa 383:Chinuk Wawa 367:Linguistics 350:Territories 320:Atlantic CA 184:Land claims 7197:Categories 7145:This River 7029:Oka Crisis 6957:Indigenous 6478:gravesites 6449:Indian Act 6420:Background 6305:References 5929:August 31, 5341:CANADALAND 5201:August 18, 5140:August 17, 5134:CANADALAND 5103:August 17, 5038:August 12, 5005:August 17, 4976:August 12, 4944:August 17, 4892:August 12, 4866:August 12, 4828:August 12, 4663:August 12, 4633:August 12, 4607:August 12, 4603:. 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