1101:
608:. It was traditionally thought that the groups represent lineages, i.e., the extra membrane only evolved once, such that gram-negative bacteria are more closely related to one another than to any gram-positive bacteria. While this is often true, the classification system breaks down in some cases, with lineage groupings not matching the staining result. Thus, Gram staining cannot be reliably used to assess familial relationships of bacteria. Nevertheless, staining often gives reliable information about the composition of the cell membrane, distinguishing between the presence or absence of an
31:
252:
3006:
4947:
264:
559:
3016:
504:
1334:
641:
layer, but also possess an outer cell membrane are suggested as intermediates in the transition between monoderm (gram-positive) and diderm (gram-negative) bacteria. The diderm bacteria can also be further differentiated between simple diderms lacking lipopolysaccharide (LPS); the archetypical diderm
1104:
Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New
England setting. Clinically significant Gram-negative bacteria are usually rods, as shown near bottom
1987:"Negativicoccus succinicivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human clinical samples, emended description of the family Veillonellaceae and description of Negativicutes classis nov., Selenomonadales ord. nov. and Acidaminococcaceae fam. nov. in the bacterial phylum Firmicutes"
2270:"Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Pathogenic Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Isolates from the Same Hospital Environment to Investigate Common Evolutionary Trends Associated with Horizontal Gene Exchange, Mutations and DNA Methylation Patterning"
1031:
and gram-negative bacteria; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers. Transformation has been studied in medically important gram-negative bacteria species such as
1338:
750:
signature. The presence of this CSI in all sequenced species of conventional lipopolysaccharide-containing gram-negative bacterial phyla provides evidence that these phyla of bacteria form a
2194:
2425:
619:
organisms, monoderm prokaryotes are thought to be ancestral. Based upon a number of different observations, including that the gram-positive bacteria are the most sensitive to
2372:
1883:"What are archaebacteria: life's third domain or monoderm prokaryotes related to gram-positive bacteria? A new proposal for the classification of prokaryotic organisms"
4441:
1935:"Origin of diderm (gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes"
4893:
4533:
3805:
4718:
3925:
3905:
3389:
4357:
4258:
4251:
4232:
4059:
3979:
3758:
627:
to antibiotics, it has been proposed that the outer cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria (diderms) evolved as a protective mechanism against antibiotic
4819:
4645:
4621:
4592:
4479:
4403:
4287:
4265:
3506:
4525:
4369:
3991:
3954:
3932:
3841:
3829:
1803:
Desvaux M, HΓ©braud M, Talon R, Henderson IR (April 2009). "Secretion and subcellular localizations of bacterial proteins: a semantic awareness issue".
4725:
4607:
4501:
3817:
3746:
3340:
3303:
3251:
3052:
4391:
4220:
4010:
3972:
522:
2225:
Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP (2014). "Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control".
4900:
4342:
4272:
3884:
4881:
4807:
4239:
642:
bacteria, in which the outer cell membrane contains lipopolysaccharide; and the diderm bacteria in which the outer cell membrane is made up of
4916:
4633:
4425:
4330:
4022:
3872:
3856:
3418:
3194:
1192:
which break down or modify antibiotics. Drugs commonly used to treat gram negative infections include amino, carboxy and ureido penicillins (
1676:"Protein phylogenies and signature sequences: A reappraisal of evolutionary relationships among archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes"
1105:
right. Although some gram-negative bacteria can be recognized by "bench tests", diagnosis in the modern microbiology lab usually involves
124:. They pose significant challenges in the medical field due to their outer membrane, which acts as a protective barrier against numerous
2070:"MNeisseria Gonorrhoae and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among symptomatic patients from Gondar town, north West Ethiopia"
227:. Many of these antibiotics also cover gram-positive bacteria. The antibiotics that specifically target gram-negative organisms include
4580:
4047:
2324:"Cues and regulatory pathways involved in natural competence and transformation in pathogenic and environmental Gram-negative bacteria"
1776:
1285:
3583:
1343:
17:
2364:
3045:
2039:
1499:
1391:
2402:
4924:
2945:
1513:
1405:
2268:
Korotetskiy I, Shilov S, Kuznetsova T, Kerimzhanova B, Korotetskaya N, Ivanova L, Zubenko N, Parenova R, Reva O (2023).
2712:
2452:
1308:
540:
3090:
3038:
4967:
3085:
2702:
2629:
1027:
As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation, about evenly divided between
978:
746:(a monoderm group) or branches in its proximity are also found to possess a diderm cell structure. They lack the
2826:
2557:
3169:
3159:
3142:
855:
1985:
Marchandin H, Teyssier C, Campos J, Jean-Pierre H, Roger F, Gay B, Carlier JP, Jumas-Bilak E (June 2010).
960:
4937:
2667:
1100:
1024:
passes through the intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium.
3574:
3019:
993:
844:
708:
493:
1747:
2821:
2744:
2707:
2503:
2119:
1843:
Sutcliffe IC (October 2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture".
1209:
1114:
997:
624:
609:
600:
and gram-negative bacteria. Having just one membrane, the gram-positive bacteria are also known as
577:
309:
83:
388:, which serves as a link between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan chain by a covalent bond
208:
4737:
3174:
1319:
1013:
965:
444:
212:
71:
518:
2897:
2795:
2445:
1742:
1290:
1134:
1082:
1058:
1046:
1040:
946:
910:
904:
885:
870:
408:
385:
108:
52:
36:
2365:"Gram-Negative Bacteria and Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: Good News Except for Fluoroquinolones"
407:
is a rapid diagnostic tool and once was used to group species at the subdivision of
Bacteria.
4977:
3137:
2937:
2579:
1216:) in the peri-plasmic space. Other classes of drugs that have gram negative spectrum include
1052:
1005:
898:
876:
860:
840:
799:
628:
114:
2145:
Verduin, Cees M.; Hol, Cees; Fleer, Andre; van Dijk, Hans; van Belkum, Alex (January 2002).
1727:
1113:
One of the several unique characteristics of gram-negative bacteria is the structure of the
4788:
3723:
2777:
2652:
2635:
2473:
1076:
1070:
928:
822:
145:
8:
4794:
4549:
3728:
2902:
2787:
2782:
2675:
2645:
2498:
2483:
1265:
1034:
982:
940:
934:
567:
173:
103:
1269:
4843:
3154:
3132:
3120:
3095:
3030:
2932:
2831:
2640:
2552:
2545:
2426:
3D structures of proteins from inner membranes of Ellie Wyithe's gram-negative bacteria
2296:
2269:
2250:
2096:
2069:
1959:
1934:
1768:
1644:
1617:
1460:
1427:
1353:
1153:. That is why some infections with gram-negative bacteria can lead to life-threatening
1149:
and can cause a toxic reaction, resulting in fever, an increased respiratory rate, and
1130:
1126:
1118:
1088:
788:
487:
313:
153:
2171:
2146:
1593:
1568:
757:
and that no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group has occurred.
4972:
4141:
3164:
3127:
3115:
3105:
3009:
2872:
2838:
2805:
2662:
2657:
2615:
2562:
2438:
2345:
2340:
2323:
2301:
2242:
2176:
2101:
2045:
2035:
2008:
1964:
1904:
1899:
1882:
1860:
1820:
1760:
1705:
1700:
1691:
1675:
1649:
1598:
1505:
1495:
1465:
1447:
1397:
1387:
922:
688:
601:
475:
372:
177:
27:
Group of bacteria that do not retain the Gram stain used in bacterial differentiation
2254:
1772:
4799:
4557:
4512:
4465:
4303:
3469:
3079:
2724:
2600:
2535:
2335:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2234:
2166:
2158:
2091:
2081:
1998:
1954:
1946:
1894:
1852:
1812:
1752:
1695:
1687:
1639:
1629:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1547:
1455:
1439:
952:
916:
896:
include a multitude of species. Some of them cause primarily respiratory problems (
893:
811:
771:
196:
98:
2162:
4850:
4754:
4567:
4562:
4316:
4118:
4096:
3911:
3624:
3595:
3545:
3380:
3275:
3243:
2950:
2849:
2734:
2610:
2540:
2493:
2394:
2034:(4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston,
1237:
1064:
736:
700:
692:
335:
192:
188:
181:
120:
1443:
4951:
4830:
4769:
4760:
4657:
4613:
4421:
4384:
4298:
4190:
4131:
3634:
3611:
3314:
3227:
3214:
3209:
3110:
2605:
2569:
1213:
1172:
that would normally damage either the inner membrane or the cell wall (made of
766:
728:
684:
660:
448:
416:
321:
228:
94:
56:
2086:
1950:
1856:
1816:
1756:
1487:
1379:
30:
4961:
4836:
4490:
4209:
4149:
4126:
4065:
3852:
3735:
3713:
3682:
3656:
3557:
3371:
3262:
3238:
3219:
3190:
2959:
2844:
2800:
2772:
2763:
2753:
2729:
2625:
2027:
1451:
1303:
1217:
1173:
1138:
1028:
1017:
881:
832:
724:
704:
696:
680:
648:
638:
597:
440:
368:
356:
342:
302:
291:
267:
240:
200:
149:
137:
79:
68:
64:
1552:
1535:
1288:), if any, governs the document being written. This is further explained at
63:
method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is their
4696:
4686:
4410:
4202:
4174:
4083:
4003:
3939:
3794:
3769:
3692:
3288:
3270:
2989:
2974:
2854:
2595:
2513:
2461:
2349:
2305:
2246:
2180:
2105:
2049:
2028:"Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Proteus"
2012:
2003:
1986:
1968:
1864:
1824:
1764:
1653:
1634:
1509:
1469:
1401:
1201:
1154:
1146:
1021:
817:
805:
732:
672:
643:
424:
329:
165:
1908:
1709:
1602:
1068:. It has also been studied in gram-negative species found in soil such as
338:
exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules
251:
4668:
4572:
4179:
4106:
2877:
2430:
1281:
1205:
1197:
1150:
836:
793:
676:
668:
633:
620:
378:
204:
169:
2238:
1212:
to combat the presence of enzymes that can digest these drugs (known as
604:, while gram-negative bacteria, having two membranes, are also known as
4781:
4673:
4452:
4184:
4111:
3448:
3414:
3294:
3061:
2984:
2969:
2887:
2620:
2267:
1245:
1241:
1221:
1193:
1181:
1161:
974:
970:
865:
851:
827:
777:
664:
616:
593:
572:
432:
428:
404:
232:
224:
216:
129:
125:
60:
345:
there is a space filled with a concentrated gel-like substance called
4164:
3430:
2979:
2810:
2768:
2680:
2574:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1185:
1169:
1106:
751:
743:
467:
463:
452:
436:
420:
392:
346:
325:
295:
275:
256:
236:
220:
133:
75:
86:. These bacteria are found in all environments that support life on
4946:
3149:
3065:
2488:
2465:
1984:
1177:
1142:
1001:
783:
362:
271:
141:
48:
3436:
2918:
2882:
2518:
1494:(4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1386:(4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1176:). The outer membrane provides these bacteria with resistance to
1122:
1009:
352:
317:
305:
layer is present (this is much thicker in gram-positive bacteria)
263:
157:
831:
etc. Other notable groups of gram-negative bacteria include the
191:
have been developed to target gram-negative bacteria, including
2964:
2719:
1189:
740:
412:
2147:"Moraxella catarrhalis: from Emerging to Established Pathogen"
2068:
Yeshanew, Addisu Gize; Geremew, Rozina
Ambachew (2018-07-17).
355:
is directly attached to the outer membrane rather than to the
2892:
2395:"Preferred Usage - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC"
1313:
769:
are a major superphylum of gram-negative bacteria, including
754:
747:
720:
716:
712:
471:
459:
455:
161:
160:
component can trigger a toxic reaction when the bacteria are
87:
1802:
136:
that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and the
2224:
1349:
637:, which stain gram-positive due to the presence of a thick
1728:"The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes"
470:, the property that all descendants be encompassed by the
1165:
282:
Conventional gram-negative (LPS-diderm) bacteria display
3060:
2144:
1020:
virus into the host bacterium). In transformation, the
466:
requires a single common ancestor but does not require
1798:
1796:
1160:
The outer membrane protects the bacteria from several
1000:, in which exogenous genetic material passes from one
4935:
1481:
1479:
1188:(space between the two cell membranes) also contains
623:
and that the gram-negative bacteria are, in general,
592:
Bacteria are traditionally classified based on their
1426:
Silhavy, T. J.; Kahne, D.; Walker, S. (2010-05-01).
1793:
1012:between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and
513:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2120:"Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual"
1838:
1836:
1834:
1536:"Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria"
1476:
1425:
93:Within this category, notable species include the
1618:"Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses"
494:Bacteria Β§ Classification and identification
4959:
1540:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
2067:
2026:Guentzel, M. Neal (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.),
1980:
1978:
1831:
2401:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
2074:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
1615:
1377:
1117:. The outer leaflet of this membrane contains
719:) protein. In addition, a number of bacterial
3046:
2446:
2321:
2187:
2112:
2061:
1533:
1309:Gram-variable and gram-indeterminate bacteria
1272:, their initial letter can be either capital
615:Of these two structurally distinct groups of
2138:
1975:
1842:
1080:, and gram-negative plant pathogens such as
938:), and primarily gastrointestinal problems (
2261:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1609:
988:
889:is another medically relevant coccal type.
566:It has been suggested that this section be
381:are attached to the polysaccharide backbone
164:by immune cells. This reaction may lead to
3053:
3039:
2460:
2453:
2439:
1432:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2339:
2295:
2285:
2170:
2095:
2085:
2002:
1958:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1898:
1876:
1874:
1746:
1699:
1643:
1633:
1592:
1551:
1534:Gibbons, N. E.; Murray, R. G. E. (1978).
1485:
1459:
541:Learn how and when to remove this message
525:, without removing the technical details.
365:have four supporting rings instead of two
2317:
2315:
2213:
2195:"For Clinicians: Haemophilus influenzae"
2025:
1932:
1880:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1566:
1488:"Microbiology of the Circulatory System"
1099:
262:
250:
29:
1373:
1371:
959:Gram-negative bacteria associated with
659:group of gram-negative bacteria (e.g.,
439:of the gram-negative bacteria has been
391:Most, with few exceptions, do not form
14:
4960:
1915:
1871:
1560:
1129:. If gram-negative bacteria enter the
3034:
2434:
2362:
2312:
1716:
1673:
1660:
1145:(hormonal regulators). This leads to
570:out into another article titled
523:make it understandable to non-experts
144:produced by animals as part of their
3015:
1368:
1251:
1208:). These drugs may be combined with
854:include the four types that cause a
707:") are uniquely identified by a few
552:
497:
274:are differentiated chiefly by their
152:of this membrane contains a complex
1378:Baron S, Salton MR, Kim KS (1996).
341:Between the outer membrane and the
34:Microscopic image of gram-negative
24:
2375:from the original on 10 March 2018
2363:GlΓΌck, Thomas (12 December 2003).
1095:
760:
246:
25:
4989:
2419:
1291:Gram staining Β§ Orthographic note
892:Medically relevant gram-negative
850:Medically-relevant gram-negative
398:
4945:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2341:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00353.x
1900:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00978.x
1692:10.1128/MMBR.62.4.1435-1491.1998
1337: This article incorporates
1332:
1004:to another, the other two being
557:
502:
447:. However some authors, such as
2703:Bacterial cellular morphologies
2405:from the original on 2018-01-29
2387:
2356:
2019:
1782:from the original on 2018-07-20
1516:from the original on 2022-04-13
1486:Pelletier, Lawrence L. (1996).
1408:from the original on 2021-07-06
1016:(injection of foreign DNA by a
979:ventilator-associated pneumonia
914:), primarily urinary problems (
2287:10.3390/microorganisms11020323
1585:10.1128/MMBR.51.2.221-271.1987
1527:
1419:
1268:, a Danish bacteriologist; as
996:is one of three processes for
739:) that are either part of the
474:) and refer to the group as a
13:
1:
2163:10.1128/CMR.15.1.125-144.2002
2151:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1991:Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol
1428:"The Bacterial Cell Envelope"
1325:
874:), and respiratory symptoms (
284:the following characteristics
74:sandwiched between an inner (
2322:Seitz P, Blokesch M (2013).
961:hospital-acquired infections
856:sexually transmitted disease
7:
1674:Gupta, RS (December 1998).
1616:Cavalier-Smith, T. (2006).
1444:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414
1297:
1264:derive from the surname of
481:
328:) in its outer leaflet and
67:, which consists of a thin
10:
4994:
2946:Bacteria (classifications)
2668:Primary nutritional groups
491:
485:
4910:
4873:
4747:
4548:
4447:"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
4433:
4420:
4163:
4095:
4037:
3964:
3864:
3851:
3787:
3706:
3675:
3668:
3573:
3413:
3361:
3202:
3189:
3073:
3000:
2931:
2911:
2863:
2752:
2743:
2695:
2588:
2526:
2512:
2472:
2087:10.1186/s13756-018-0376-3
1951:10.1007/s10482-011-9616-8
1857:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005
1817:10.1016/j.tim.2009.01.004
1757:10.1080/10408410091154219
1680:Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev
1210:beta-lactamase inhibitors
1109:and/or multitarget assay.
845:green non-sulfur bacteria
709:conserved signature indel
148:. Furthermore, the outer
4704:"Thermodesulfovibrionia"
4442:Acidulodesulfobacteriota
3457:"Thermosediminibacteria"
3395:"Marinamargulisbacteria"
2822:Bacterial outer membrane
1933:Gupta RS (August 2011).
1881:Gupta RS (August 1998).
1362:
1115:bacterial outer membrane
998:horizontal gene transfer
989:Bacterial transformation
631:. Some bacteria such as
435:(var.). Since 1987, the
419:based on Gram staining:
316:(LPS, which consists of
40:bacteria (pink-red rods)
4738:Thermodesulfobacteriota
4539:"Thermosulfidibacteria"
3398:"Riflemargulisbacteria"
1939:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1553:10.1099/00207713-28-1-1
1320:Outer membrane receptor
966:Acinetobacter baumannii
403:Along with cell shape,
213:piperacillin-tazobactam
209:betalactamase inhibitor
178:reduced oxygen delivery
18:Gram-negative bacterium
4968:Gram-negative bacteria
4894:Salinosulfoleibacteria
4712:"Lambdaproteobacteria"
4534:Thermosulfidibacterota
3811:"Macinerneyibacteriia"
3454:"Thermoanaerobacteria"
3381:Vampirovibrionophyceae
2817:Gram-negative bacteria
2796:Gram-positive bacteria
2371:. NEJM Journal Watch.
2004:10.1099/ijs.0.013102-0
1635:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19
1567:Woese CR (June 1987).
1339:public domain material
1135:innate immune response
1110:
1083:Ralstonia solanacearum
1059:Haemophilus influenzae
1047:Neisseria meningitidis
1041:Legionella pneumophila
947:Salmonella enteritidis
911:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
905:Legionella pneumophila
886:Haemophilus influenzae
871:Neisseria meningitidis
451:still treat them as a
415:was divided into four
279:
260:
211:combinations (such as
189:classes of antibiotics
109:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
53:gram-positive bacteria
45:Gram-negative bacteria
41:
37:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3806:Macinerneyibacteriota
2672:Substrate preference
1569:"Bacterial evolution"
1280:, depending on which
1133:, LPS can trigger an
1103:
1053:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
899:Klebsiella pneumoniae
877:Moraxella catarrhalis
861:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
655:The conventional LPS-
492:Further information:
266:
254:
115:Chlamydia trachomatis
102:, along with various
33:
4789:Polarisedimenticolia
4777:"Guanabaribacteriia"
4719:Schekmaniibacteriota
4460:"Desulfurobacteriia"
4375:"Handelsmanbacteria"
4363:"Krumholzibacteriia"
3926:Firestoneibacteriota
3906:Desantisiibacteriota
3724:Coprothermobacterota
3604:"Absconditabacteria"
3521:"Desulfitobacteriia"
3390:Margulisiibacteriota
2653:Microbial metabolism
2032:Medical Microbiology
1735:Crit. Rev. Microbiol
1492:Medical Microbiology
1490:. In Baron S (ed.).
1384:Medical Microbiology
1382:. In Baron S (ed.).
1270:eponymous adjectives
1228:), aminoglycosides,
1077:Acinetobacter baylyi
1071:Pseudomonas stutzeri
983:intensive-care units
929:Enterobacter cloacae
823:acetic acid bacteria
610:outer lipid membrane
462:; his definition of
343:cytoplasmic membrane
332:in the inner leaflet
146:innate immune system
57:crystal violet stain
55:, do not retain the
4923:Alternative views:
4795:Thermoanaerobaculia
4598:"Anaeroferrophilia"
4550:Deltaproteobacteria
4522:Desulfobacterota G
4385:Neomarinimicrobiota
4358:Krumholzibacteriota
4259:Edwardsiibacteriota
3985:"Hinthialibacteria"
3764:"Thermodesulfobiia"
3729:Coprothermobacteria
3541:"Halanaerobiaeota"
3489:"Thermaerobacteria"
3376:"Sericytochromatia"
2903:Non-motile bacteria
2499:Pathogenic bacteria
2328:FEMS Microbiol. Rev
2239:10.1038/nrmicro3199
2227:Nat. Rev. Microbiol
2201:. February 13, 2018
1284:(e.g., that of the
1266:Hans Christian Gram
1125:portion acts as an
1035:Helicobacter pylori
941:Helicobacter pylori
935:Serratia marcescens
386:Braun's lipoprotein
314:lipopolysaccharides
174:respiratory failure
104:pathogenic bacteria
4651:"Methylomirabilia"
4601:"Deferrimicrobiia"
4485:"Calescibacteriia"
4311:"Raymondbacteriia"
4293:"Fermentibacteria"
4252:Delongiibacteriota
4233:Coatesiibacteriota
4060:Lindowiibacteriota
3980:Hinthialibacterota
3759:Thermodesulfobiota
3607:"Andersenbacteria"
3533:"Syntrophomonadia"
3524:"Desulfotomaculia"
3515:"Carboxydothermia"
3346:"Eudoremicrobiia"
3331:"Heboniibacteriia"
2832:Lipopolysaccharide
1242:folate antagonists
1151:low blood pressure
1131:circulatory system
1119:lipopolysaccharide
1111:
1089:Xylella fastidiosa
789:Enterobacteriaceae
629:selection pressure
596:response into the
488:Bacterial taxonomy
373:lipoteichoic acids
280:
261:
217:folate antagonists
170:low blood pressure
154:lipopolysaccharide
42:
4933:
4932:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4820:Leptospirillaeota
4774:"Fischerbacteria"
4646:Methylomirabilota
4622:Desulfuromonadota
4593:Deferrimicrobiota
4517:"Deferribacteria"
4480:Calescibacteriota
4470:"Campylobacteria"
4404:Tianyaibacteriota
4378:"Latescibacteria"
4288:Fermentibacterota
4266:Eiseniibacteriota
4168:(Sphingobacteria)
4142:Verrucomicrobiota
4100:(Planctobacteria)
3997:"Hydrogenedentia"
3899:"Tritonobacteria"
3783:
3782:
3649:"Saccharimonadia"
3630:"Howlettbacteria"
3569:
3568:
3553:"Selenobacteria"
3518:"Dehalobacteriia"
3512:"Carboxydocellia"
3507:Desulfotomaculota
3497:"Hydrogenisporia"
3486:"Symbiobacteriia"
3475:"Proteinivoracia"
3319:"Abditibacteriia"
3232:"Geothermincolia"
3028:
3027:
2927:
2926:
2873:Bacterial capsule
2839:Periplasmic space
2806:Lipoteichoic acid
2691:
2690:
2663:Microbial ecology
2658:Nitrogen fixation
2041:978-0-9631172-1-2
1726:Gupta RS (2000).
1501:978-0-9631172-1-2
1393:978-0-9631172-1-2
1252:Orthographic note
1186:periplasmic space
1137:, activating the
923:Proteus mirabilis
689:Verrucomicrobiota
602:monoderm bacteria
590:
589:
585:
551:
550:
543:
445:molecular studies
197:ureidopenicillins
16:(Redirected from
4985:
4950:
4949:
4941:
4825:"Leptospirillia"
4800:Vicinamibacteria
4731:"Entotheonellia"
4627:Desulfuromonadia
4558:Bdellovibrionota
4526:Syntrophorhabdia
4513:Deferribacterota
4466:Campylobacterota
4431:
4430:
4370:Latescibacterota
4304:Chitinivibrionia
4281:"Tariuqbacteria"
4154:Verrucomicrobiia
3992:Hydrogenedentota
3955:Ratteibacteriota
3948:"Velamenicoccia"
3933:Goldiibacteriota
3896:"Erginobacteria"
3890:"Ancaeobacteria"
3862:
3861:
3842:Walliibacteriota
3830:Rifleibacteriota
3823:"Muiribacteriia"
3752:"Lithacetigenia"
3673:
3672:
3643:"Microgenomatia"
3620:"Doudnabacteria"
3465:"Dethiobacteria"
3424:
3404:"Termititenacia"
3368:Cyanobacteriota
3352:"Eremiobacteria"
3283:"Limnocylindria"
3257:"Bipolaricaulia"
3200:
3199:
3102:
3082:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2956:Former groupings
2750:
2749:
2601:Human microbiome
2524:
2523:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1997:(Pt 6): 1271β9.
1982:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1930:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1845:Trends Microbiol
1840:
1829:
1828:
1805:Trends Microbiol
1800:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1750:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1375:
1357:
1352:. Archived from
1336:
1335:
1022:genetic material
1010:genetic material
953:Salmonella typhi
917:Escherichia coli
812:Stenotrophomonas
581:
561:
560:
553:
546:
539:
535:
532:
526:
506:
505:
498:
478:"Negibacteria".
285:
193:aminopenicillins
99:Escherichia coli
21:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4944:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4917:Bergey's Manual
4906:
4861:
4856:"Pseudomonadia"
4766:"Aminicenantia"
4755:Acidobacteriota
4743:
4726:Tectimicrobiota
4608:Deferrisomatota
4568:Bdellovibrionia
4563:Bacteriovoracia
4544:
4502:Dadaibacteriota
4424:
4416:
4411:Zixiibacteriota
4397:"Marinisomatia"
4351:"Stahlbacteria"
4324:"Glassbacteria"
4317:Gemmatimonadota
4226:"Cloacimonadia"
4191:Ignavibacteriia
4167:
4159:
4146:Kiritimatiellia
4136:"Uabimicrobiia"
4119:Planctomycetota
4099:
4091:
4040:bacteriobiontes
4039:
4033:
4016:"Saltatorellae"
3960:
3912:Elusimicrobiota
3855:
3847:
3835:"Ozemibacteria"
3818:Muiribacteriota
3779:
3747:Lithacetigenota
3736:Dictyoglomerota
3702:
3664:
3652:"Torokbacteria"
3646:"Paceibacteria"
3640:"Kazanbacteria"
3625:Gracilibacteria
3617:"Dojkabacteria"
3596:Patescibacteria
3589:"Elulimicrobia"
3565:
3483:"Sulfobacillia"
3422:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3401:"Saganbacteria"
3362:Cyanoprokaryota
3357:
3341:Eremiobacterota
3309:"Dormibacteria"
3304:Dormiibacterota
3280:Ktedonobacteria
3276:Dehalococcoidia
3252:Bipolaricaulota
3244:Thermoleophilia
3235:"Humimicrobiia"
3193:
3185:
3184:
3100:
3078:
3069:
3059:
3029:
3024:
2996:
2951:Bacterial phyla
2935:
2923:
2907:
2865:
2859:
2850:Arabinogalactan
2755:
2739:
2687:
2584:
2528:
2516:
2508:
2494:Lysogenic cycle
2475:
2468:
2459:
2422:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2357:
2320:
2313:
2266:
2262:
2223:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2126:. April 3, 2018
2118:
2117:
2113:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2042:
2024:
2020:
1983:
1976:
1931:
1916:
1879:
1872:
1841:
1832:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1748:10.1.1.496.1356
1730:
1724:
1717:
1672:
1661:
1614:
1610:
1565:
1561:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1484:
1477:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1342:
1333:
1328:
1300:
1256:The adjectives
1254:
1238:chloramphenicol
1214:beta-lactamases
1098:
1096:Role in disease
1065:Vibrio cholerae
991:
763:
761:Example species
737:Elusimicrobiota
701:Acidobacteriota
693:Planctomycetota
606:diderm bacteria
586:
583:(November 2023)
562:
558:
547:
536:
530:
527:
519:help improve it
516:
507:
503:
496:
490:
484:
401:
283:
249:
247:Characteristics
229:aminoglycosides
182:lactic acidosis
168:, resulting in
121:Yersinia pestis
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4991:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4955:
4954:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4831:Pseudomonadota
4828:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4770:Blastocatellia
4767:
4764:
4761:Acidobacteriia
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:"Bradymonadia"
4676:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:"Moduliflexia"
4654:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4614:Deferrisomatia
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4507:"Dadabacteria"
4498:
4497:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4428:
4422:Proteobacteria
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4392:Marinisomatota
4388:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:"Hydrothermia"
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:Gemmatimonadia
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4299:Fibrobacterota
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:"Electryoneia"
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:"Cosmopolitia"
4236:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4221:Cloacimonadota
4217:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4196:"Kapabacteria"
4194:
4187:
4182:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:Planctomycetia
4129:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4103:
4101:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:"Brachyspirae"
4071:
4070:"Brevinematia"
4063:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4011:Saltatorellota
4007:
4004:Poribacteriota
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3973:Abyssubacteria
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:Elusimicrobiia
3909:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3893:"Auribacteria"
3891:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3866:
3859:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:Fusobacteriota
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:Dictyoglomeria
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:Katanobacteria
3631:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:Berkelbacteria
3608:
3605:
3602:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:"Thermincolia"
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:Natranaerobiia
3466:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3427:
3425:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:Fimbriimonadia
3326:
3325:Chthonomonadia
3323:
3320:
3315:Armatimonadota
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:Coriobacteriia
3225:
3224:"Aquicultoria"
3222:
3217:
3215:Acidimicrobiia
3210:Actinomycetota
3206:
3204:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:Mesomycetozoea
3172:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3111:Diaphoretickes
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:classification
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2708:cell structure
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2681:Saccharophilic
2678:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Microaerophile
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2420:External links
2418:
2416:
2415:
2386:
2369:www.jwatch.org
2355:
2311:
2274:Microorganisms
2260:
2212:
2186:
2157:(1): 125β144.
2137:
2111:
2060:
2040:
2018:
1974:
1914:
1893:(3): 695β707.
1887:Mol. Microbiol
1870:
1851:(10): 464β70.
1830:
1792:
1715:
1686:(4): 1435β91.
1659:
1608:
1573:Microbiol. Rev
1559:
1526:
1500:
1475:
1438:(5): a000414.
1418:
1392:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1356:on 2009-12-08.
1345:Science Primer
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1276:or lower-case
1253:
1250:
1218:cephalosporins
1141:and producing
1097:
1094:
994:Transformation
990:
987:
969:, which cause
767:proteobacteria
762:
759:
729:Fusobacteriota
685:Fibrobacterota
661:Pseudomonadota
588:
587:
565:
563:
556:
549:
548:
510:
508:
501:
486:Main article:
483:
480:
458:(though not a
449:Cavalier-Smith
411:, the kingdom
400:
399:Classification
397:
396:
395:
389:
382:
376:
369:Teichoic acids
366:
359:
349:
339:
333:
322:polysaccharide
310:outer membrane
306:
299:
270:and -negative
255:Gram-negative
248:
245:
201:cephalosporins
95:model organism
84:outer membrane
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4990:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4902:
4901:Teskebacteria
4898:
4895:
4891:
4887:"Qinglongiia"
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4855:
4852:
4851:Magnetococcia
4848:
4845:
4844:Mariprofundia
4841:
4838:
4837:Caulobacteria
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4813:"Canglongiia"
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:Moduliflexota
4655:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:Chrysiogenota
4489:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4473:Desulfurellia
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:Hydrothermota
4340:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4308:Fibrobacteria
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:Electryoneota
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:Calditrichota
4208:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4153:
4151:
4150:Lentisphaeria
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Phycisphaeria
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4079:"Leptospiria"
4078:
4076:"Exilispiria"
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4066:Spirochaetota
4064:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3945:"Omnitrophia"
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:Endomicrobiia
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:Auribacterota
3882:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:Hydrobacteria
3850:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:Fusobacteriia
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:Fusobacterida
3786:
3774:"Thermotogia"
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:Caldisericota
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:Atribacterota
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:Synergistetes
3674:
3671:
3667:
3658:
3657:Wirthbacteria
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3559:
3558:Selenomonadia
3555:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3546:Halanaerobiia
3543:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3530:"Peptococcia"
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Cyanobacteria
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:Armatimonadia
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:"Caldilineia"
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:Chloroflexota
3261:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Rubrobacteria
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Actinomycetia
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:BV1, BV3, BV5
3192:
3191:Terrabacteria
3188:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Stramenopiles
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:(major groups
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3021:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Schizomycetes
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Teichoic acid
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:Peptidoglycan
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Cell membrane
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2334:(3): 336β63.
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:(3): 181β96.
2232:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:(2): 171β82.
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:(4): 139β45.
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1741:(2): 111β31.
1740:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:(2): 221β71.
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Autochaperone
1302:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:gram-negative
1259:
1258:gram-positive
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:peptidoglycan
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:immune system
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:(LPS), whose
1120:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:gram-positive
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:bacteriophage
1015:
1011:
1008:(transfer of
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:
962:
957:
955:
954:
949:
948:
943:
942:
937:
936:
931:
930:
925:
924:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
900:
895:
890:
888:
887:
883:
882:coccobacillus
879:
878:
873:
872:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:cyanobacteria
830:
829:
824:
820:
819:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
786:
785:
780:
779:
774:
773:
768:
758:
756:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Negativicutes
722:
718:
714:
711:(CSI) in the
710:
706:
705:Hydrobacteria
702:
698:
697:Spirochaetota
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Cyanobacteria
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
650:
649:Mycobacterium
645:
640:
639:peptidoglycan
636:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:gram-positive
595:
594:Gram-staining
584:
579:
575:
574:
569:
564:
555:
554:
545:
542:
534:
524:
520:
514:
511:This section
509:
500:
499:
495:
489:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Gracillicutes
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Gram staining
394:
390:
387:
384:Some contain
383:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
364:
360:
358:
357:peptidoglycan
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
337:
334:
331:
330:phospholipids
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
303:peptidoglycan
300:
297:
293:
292:cell membrane
289:
288:
287:
277:
273:
269:
268:Gram-positive
265:
258:
253:
244:
242:
241:ciprofloxacin
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:antimicrobial
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
117:
116:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:peptidoglycan
66:
65:cell envelope
62:
61:Gram staining
58:
54:
51:that, unlike
50:
46:
39:
38:
32:
19:
4978:Bacteriology
4915:
4882:Qinglongiota
4808:Canglongiota
4697:Nitrospirota
4687:Nitrospinota
4639:"Lernaellia"
4495:Chrysiogenia
4336:"Heilongiia"
4240:Cosmopoliota
4214:Calditrichia
4203:Rhodothermia
4199:"Kryptoniia"
4175:Bacteroidota
4084:Spirochaetia
4028:"Sumerlaeia"
3940:Omnitrophota
3878:"Aerophobia"
3770:Thermotogota
3718:Caldisericia
3693:Synergistota
3687:Atribacteria
3669:Thermotogida
3500:Limnochordia
3494:Bacillota G
3480:Bacillota E
3462:Bacillota D
3444:Bacillota A
3334:"Zipacnadia"
3289:Deinococcota
3271:Chloroflexia
3160:Opisthokonta
2990:Mendosicutes
2975:Gracilicutes
2955:
2855:Mycolic acid
2845:Mycobacteria
2843:
2816:
2815:
2794:
2730:Coccobacilli
2630:in pregnancy
2596:Extremophile
2580:Aerotolerant
2514:Biochemistry
2476:microbiology
2462:Microbiology
2407:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2368:
2358:
2331:
2327:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2230:
2226:
2203:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2053:, retrieved
2031:
2021:
1994:
1990:
1942:
1938:
1890:
1886:
1848:
1844:
1808:
1804:
1784:. Retrieved
1738:
1734:
1683:
1679:
1625:
1622:Biol. Direct
1621:
1611:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1491:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1383:
1354:the original
1344:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1159:
1155:septic shock
1147:inflammation
1112:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1014:transduction
992:
981:in hospital
973:, secondary
964:
958:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
884:
875:
869:
859:
849:
841:green sulfur
837:spirochaetes
826:
818:Bdellovibrio
816:
810:
806:Helicobacter
804:
798:
792:
787:, and other
782:
776:
770:
764:
752:monophyletic
733:Synergistota
673:Bacteroidota
656:
654:
647:
644:mycolic acid
632:
614:
605:
591:
582:
571:
537:
528:
512:
453:monophyletic
409:Historically
402:
379:Lipoproteins
361:If present,
294:is present (
281:
186:
166:septic shock
156:(LPS) whose
119:
113:
107:
97:
92:
59:used in the
44:
43:
35:
4925:Wikispecies
4920:(2001β2012)
4701:Nitrospiria
4691:Nitrospinia
4669:Myxococcota
4634:Lernaellota
4573:Oligoflexia
4331:Heilongiota
4180:Bacteroidia
4123:"Brocadiia"
4107:Chlamydiota
4038:Spirochaeto
4023:Sumerlaeota
3873:Aerophobota
3707:Thermocalda
3697:Synergistia
3527:"Moorellia"
3449:Clostridiia
3295:Deinococcia
3062:Prokaryotes
2878:Slime layer
2558:Facultative
2546:Facultative
2205:January 26,
2130:January 26,
1380:"Structure"
1282:style guide
1246:carbapenems
1222:monobactams
1206:ticarcillin
1202:pipercillin
1198:amoxicillin
1162:antibiotics
1006:conjugation
794:Pseudomonas
723:(including
677:Chlorobiota
669:Chlamydiota
634:Deinococcus
621:antibiotics
617:prokaryotic
312:containing
296:cytoplasmic
233:monobactams
225:carbapenems
205:beta-lactam
128:(including
126:antibiotics
76:cytoplasmic
4962:Categories
4782:Holophagia
4681:Polyangiia
4674:Myxococcia
4453:Aquificota
4434:Aquificida
4185:Chlorobiia
4112:Chlamydiia
4053:"Babeliae"
3415:Firmicutes
3349:"Xenobiia"
2985:Mollicutes
2980:Firmicutes
2970:Prokaryota
2888:Glycocalyx
2713:plasticity
2676:Lipophilic
2529:preference
2504:Resistance
2409:2018-03-04
2280:(2): 323.
2080:(85): 85.
2055:2024-03-28
1786:2017-10-24
1546:(1): 1β6.
1520:2021-05-12
1412:2021-08-18
1326:References
1234:macrolides
1230:quinolones
1194:ampicillin
1182:penicillin
1170:detergents
975:meningitis
971:bacteremia
866:meningitis
852:diplococci
828:Legionella
778:Salmonella
665:Aquificota
573:Gram stain
531:March 2014
476:subkingdom
433:Mendocutes
429:Mollicutes
421:Firmacutes
375:are absent
221:quinolones
134:detergents
130:penicillin
106:, such as
4586:"Binatia"
4457:Aquificia
4165:FCB group
4097:PVC group
3575:CPR group
3431:Bacillota
3155:Amoebozoa
3133:Alveolata
3121:Cryptista
3096:Eukaryota
2938:evolution
2912:Composite
2811:Endospore
2769:Cell wall
2745:Structure
2636:Placental
2575:Nanaerobe
2553:Anaerobic
2484:Infection
1743:CiteSeerX
1452:1943-0264
1226:aztreonam
1143:cytokines
1127:endotoxin
1107:MALDI-TOF
1002:bacterium
800:Moraxella
744:Bacillota
625:resistant
468:holophyly
464:monophyly
441:disproven
437:monophyly
417:divisions
347:periplasm
326:O antigen
290:An inner
278:structure
276:cell wall
259:structure
257:cell wall
237:aztreonam
235:(such as
72:cell wall
4973:Staining
4914:Source:
4581:Binatota
4048:Babelota
3857:BV2, BV4
3437:Bacillia
3150:Amorphea
3128:Rhizaria
3116:Hacrobia
3106:Excavata
3091:Bacteria
3066:Bacteria
3010:Category
2933:Taxonomy
2866:envelope
2756:envelope
2646:Salivary
2563:Obligate
2541:Obligate
2489:Exotoxin
2466:Bacteria
2403:Archived
2379:10 March
2373:Archived
2350:22928673
2306:36838287
2255:23559881
2247:24509783
2181:11781271
2106:30026943
2050:21413290
2013:19667386
1969:21717204
1865:20637628
1825:19299134
1777:Archived
1773:30541897
1765:10890353
1654:16834776
1514:Archived
1510:21413321
1470:20452953
1406:Archived
1402:21413343
1298:See also
1178:lysozyme
963:include
784:Shigella
482:Taxonomy
431:(0) and
363:flagella
272:bacteria
187:Several
142:lysozyme
80:membrane
49:bacteria
4952:Biology
4709:SAR324
3965:Clade 2
3865:Clade 1
3584:Elulota
3165:Animals
3086:Archaea
3020:Commons
2919:Biofilm
2898:Fimbria
2883:S-layer
2864:Outside
2725:Bacilli
2641:Uterine
2626:Vaginal
2536:Aerobic
2519:ecology
2474:Medical
2399:CDC.gov
2297:9961978
2097:6050735
1960:3133647
1909:9723910
1710:9841678
1645:1586193
1603:2439888
1461:2857177
1190:enzymes
1123:lipid A
894:bacilli
772:E. coli
646:(e. g.
578:Discuss
517:Please
353:S-layer
320:, core
318:lipid A
301:A thin
239:), and
158:lipid A
150:leaflet
140:enzyme
82:and an
4938:Portal
4874:others
4748:others
3423:Low GC
3203:others
3143:Plants
3080:Domain
2965:Monera
2735:Spiral
2527:Oxygen
2348:
2304:
2294:
2253:
2245:
2179:
2172:118065
2169:
2104:
2094:
2048:
2038:
2011:
1967:
1957:
1907:
1863:
1823:
1771:
1763:
1745:
1708:
1698:
1652:
1642:
1628:: 19.
1601:
1594:373105
1591:
1508:
1498:
1468:
1458:
1450:
1400:
1390:
1316:(2011)
1244:, and
1184:. The
1168:, and
977:, and
843:, and
741:phylum
735:, and
657:diderm
413:Monera
393:spores
336:Porins
324:, and
223:, and
180:, and
118:, and
3170:Fungi
2893:Pilus
2847:only:
2827:Porin
2819:only:
2798:only:
2720:Cocci
2696:Shape
2616:Mouth
2589:Other
2251:S2CID
1780:(PDF)
1769:S2CID
1731:(PDF)
1701:98952
1363:Notes
1341:from
1314:OMPdb
864:), a
755:clade
748:GroEL
717:GroEL
713:HSP60
568:split
472:taxon
460:clade
456:taxon
443:with
427:(β),
423:(+),
162:lysed
88:Earth
3601:ABY1
2936:and
2754:Cell
2621:Skin
2611:Lung
2517:and
2381:2018
2346:PMID
2302:PMID
2243:PMID
2207:2024
2177:PMID
2132:2024
2102:PMID
2046:PMID
2036:ISBN
2009:PMID
1965:PMID
1905:PMID
1861:PMID
1821:PMID
1761:PMID
1706:PMID
1650:PMID
1599:PMID
1506:PMID
1496:ISBN
1466:PMID
1448:ISSN
1398:PMID
1388:ISBN
1350:NCBI
1260:and
1180:and
1166:dyes
1086:and
1062:and
880:, A
765:The
721:taxa
351:The
308:Has
47:are
4426:BV2
3419:BV3
2788:DAP
2783:NAG
2778:NAM
2606:Gut
2336:doi
2292:PMC
2282:doi
2235:doi
2199:CDC
2167:PMC
2159:doi
2124:CDC
2092:PMC
2082:doi
1999:doi
1955:PMC
1947:doi
1943:100
1895:doi
1853:doi
1813:doi
1753:doi
1696:PMC
1688:doi
1640:PMC
1630:doi
1589:PMC
1581:doi
1548:doi
1456:PMC
1440:doi
1286:CDC
956:).
703:; "
683:",
679:, "
652:).
576:. (
521:to
371:or
215:),
132:),
4964::
4884:"
4822:"
4810:"
4728:"
4660:"
4648:"
4636:"
4624:"
4610:"
4595:"
4583:"
4536:"
4504:"
4482:"
4444:"
4394:"
4372:"
4360:"
4345:"
4333:"
4290:"
4275:"
4242:"
4223:"
4050:"
4025:"
4013:"
3994:"
3982:"
3942:"
3887:"
3875:"
3832:"
3820:"
3808:"
3761:"
3749:"
3598:"
3586:"
3509:"
3392:"
3306:"
3254:"
3064::
2958::
2771::
2464::
2397:.
2367:.
2344:.
2332:37
2330:.
2326:.
2314:^
2300:.
2290:.
2278:11
2276:.
2272:.
2249:.
2241:.
2231:12
2229:.
2215:^
2197:.
2175:.
2165:.
2155:15
2153:.
2149:.
2122:.
2100:.
2090:.
2076:.
2072:.
2044:,
2030:,
2007:.
1995:60
1993:.
1989:.
1977:^
1963:.
1953:.
1941:.
1937:.
1917:^
1903:.
1891:29
1889:.
1885:.
1873:^
1859:.
1849:18
1847:.
1833:^
1819:.
1809:17
1807:.
1795:^
1775:.
1767:.
1759:.
1751:.
1739:26
1737:.
1733:.
1718:^
1704:.
1694:.
1684:62
1682:.
1678:.
1662:^
1648:.
1638:.
1624:.
1620:.
1597:.
1587:.
1577:51
1575:.
1571:.
1544:28
1542:.
1538:.
1512:.
1504:.
1478:^
1464:.
1454:.
1446:.
1434:.
1430:.
1404:.
1396:.
1370:^
1348:.
1294:.
1248:.
1240:,
1236:,
1232:,
1220:,
1204:,
1200:,
1196:,
1164:,
1157:.
1092:.
1074:,
1056:,
1050:,
1044:,
1038:,
985:.
950:,
944:,
932:,
926:,
920:,
908:,
902:,
847:.
839:,
835:,
825:,
821:,
815:,
809:,
803:,
797:,
791:,
781:,
775:,
731:,
727:,
699:,
695:,
691:,
687:,
675:,
671:,
667:,
663:,
612:.
580:)
286::
243:.
231:,
219:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
184:.
176:,
172:,
112:,
90:.
78:)
4940::
4903:"
4899:"
4896:"
4892:"
4880:"
4853:"
4849:"
4846:"
4842:"
4839:"
4835:"
4818:"
4806:"
4791:"
4787:"
4784:"
4780:"
4763:"
4759:"
4740:"
4736:"
4724:"
4721:"
4717:"
4656:"
4644:"
4632:"
4620:"
4606:"
4591:"
4579:"
4532:"
4500:"
4478:"
4440:"
4413:"
4409:"
4406:"
4402:"
4390:"
4387:"
4383:"
4368:"
4356:"
4341:"
4329:"
4286:"
4271:"
4268:"
4264:"
4261:"
4257:"
4254:"
4250:"
4238:"
4235:"
4231:"
4219:"
4193:"
4189:"
4086:"
4082:"
4062:"
4058:"
4046:"
4021:"
4009:"
4006:"
4002:"
3990:"
3978:"
3975:"
3971:"
3957:"
3953:"
3938:"
3935:"
3931:"
3928:"
3924:"
3908:"
3904:"
3883:"
3871:"
3844:"
3840:"
3828:"
3816:"
3804:"
3757:"
3745:"
3659:"
3655:"
3637:"
3633:"
3627:"
3623:"
3614:"
3610:"
3594:"
3582:"
3560:"
3556:"
3548:"
3544:"
3505:"
3472:"
3468:"
3451:"
3447:"
3439:"
3435:"
3388:"
3383:"
3379:"
3343:"
3339:"
3302:"
3297:"
3293:"
3250:"
3177:)
3054:e
3047:t
3040:v
2632:)
2628:(
2454:e
2447:t
2440:v
2412:.
2383:.
2352:.
2338::
2308:.
2284::
2257:.
2237::
2209:.
2183:.
2161::
2134:.
2108:.
2084::
2078:7
2015:.
2001::
1971:.
1949::
1911:.
1897::
1867:.
1855::
1827:.
1815::
1789:.
1755::
1712:.
1690::
1656:.
1632::
1626:1
1605:.
1583::
1556:.
1550::
1523:.
1472:.
1442::
1436:2
1415:.
1278:g
1274:G
1224:(
868:(
858:(
715:(
544:)
538:(
533:)
529:(
515:.
298:)
207:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
