44:
60:
71:
4205:
3358:
4215:
3368:
611:
927:
426:
3378:
3388:
1236:(The Arab League) is located in Cairo. The Secretary-General of the League has traditionally been an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abu El Ghet is the present Secretary-General of the Arab League. The Arab League moved out of Egypt to Tunis in 1978 as a protest at the peace treaty with Israel but returned in 1989.
1205:
President "may issue a decree to take appropriate measures to maintain security and public order", addressed in
Article 53. This includes "the power to order six-month curfews or evacuations in defined areas, subject to a majority vote in parliament within seven days, or cabinet approval if parliament is not in session."
1247:. Egypt has a major influence amongst other Arab states, and has historically played an important role as a mediator in resolving disputes between various Arab nations, and in the IsraeliâPalestinian dispute. Most Arab nations still give credence to Egypt playing that role, though its effects are often limited.
1157:
had lived under emergency law from 1967 until 31 May 2012 (with one 18-month break starting in 1980). Emergency laws have been extended every three years since 1981. These laws sharply circumscribed any non-governmental political activity: street demonstrations, non-approved political organizations,
1204:
claims "mimics" language "already contained in Egypt's decades-old
Emergency Law". In Article 2, one of many references include terrorism as "any use of intimidation for the purpose of disturbing public order; harms national unity, social peace, or national security". Following to Section 2, the
562:
Article 133 of Egypt's constitution of 2012 determines a 4-year period of presidential mandate, to which the candidate can only be re-elected once. According to the document, to be eligible the candidate âmust be
Egyptian born to Egyptian parents, must have carried no other citizenship, must have
1105:
and that religion has to remain in the private sphere to respect all beliefs. Also forbidden are political parties supporting militia formations or having an agenda that is contradictory to the constitution and its principles, or threatening the country's stability such as national unity between
978:
meets for one eight-month session each year; under special circumstances the
President of the Republic can call an additional session. Even though the powers of the Parliament have increased since the 1980 Amendments of the Constitution, the Parliament continues to lack the powers to balance the
1217:
for his first two terms, then moved more aggressively to block its influence. Trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned. In 2014, in Upper Egypt, several newspapers reported that the region of Upper Egypt wants to secede from Egypt to try to improve living standards.
577:
was held in Egypt from 20 to 22 April 2019, with overseas voting taking place between 19 and 21 April. The proposed changes allowed
President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to remain in power until 2030; under the previous version of the constitution, he would have been barred from contesting the next
1052:
Political parties in Egypt are numerous and exceeds 100 parties. The formation of political parties based on religion, race or gender is prohibited by the
Constitution. Before the revolution in 2011, power was concentrated in the hands of the President of the Republic and the
566:
Article 146 declares the president to be the
Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. However, to declare war or to send armed forces outside state territory, the president must consult the National Defense Council and have the approval of the majority of the MPs.
1033:
was the 264-member upper house of
Parliament created in 1980. In the Shura Council, 176 members were directly elected and 88 members were appointed by the President of the Republic for six-year terms. One half of the Shura Council was renewed every three years.
1200:, forced the resignation of President Mubarak and the Military Junta that succeeded him abrogated the Constitution and promised free and fair elections under a new one. On August 15, 2015, President al-Sisi enacted a new Counter-Terrorism Law, which
524:; Mohammed Naguib was the first to hold the position. Before 2005, the Parliament chose a candidate for the presidency and the people voted, in a referendum, whether or not they approved the proposed candidate for president. After the
1158:
and unregistered financial donations were formally banned. However, since 2000, these restrictions have been violated in practice. In 2003, the agenda shifted heavily towards local democratic reforms, opposition to the succession of
223:
1665:. In: Matthias Koetter / Gunnar Folke Schuppert (Eds.), Understanding of the Rule of Law in various Legal Orders of the World: Working Paper Series Nr. 5 of SFB 700: Governance in Limited Areas of Statehood, Berlin 2010.
1466:
1037:
The Shura
Council's legislative powers were limited. On most matters of legislation, the People's Assembly retained the last word in the event of a disagreement between the two houses.
1006:
and his cabinet are necessarily from the dominant party or coalition in the assembly. In the case of a president and house from opposing parties, this leads to the situation known as
3803:
3799:
3207:
2240:
3795:
1072:
that was considered the first free one since the 1952 revolution. However the elected
Parliament was dissolved by the constitutional court and new elections were held in
3495:
2235:
2230:
3786:
181:
1079:
Below the national level, authority is exercised by and through governors and mayors appointed by the central government and by popularly elected local councils.
3782:
3764:
1608:
498:. In the current system, the President is elected for a six-year term. Furthermore, the President has the power to dissolve Parliament through Article 137. The
1440:
3760:
1462:
1002:
The Constitution reserves fifty per cent of the House may force the resignation of the executive cabinet by voting a motion of censure. For this reason, the
1514:
999:
in 4 nationwide districts while the President can appoint up to 28. The House sits for a five-year term but can be dissolved earlier by the President.
3730:
3500:
1162:
as president, and rejection of violence by state security forces. Groups involved in the latest wave include PCSPI, the Egyptian Movement for Change (
2762:
1299:
4559:
4329:
4170:
2009:
177:
506:
Parliament has the ability to impeach the President through Article 161. With 2020 elections to the new Senate, the chamber became bicameral.
2631:
4251:
1069:
463:
3645:
3485:
2257:
2225:
4180:
3086:
2614:
2096:
347:
4474:
4314:
3098:
2489:
1575:
1393:
1140:) Party, which strongly supports president El-Sisi. The party even increased its majority, partly because of new electoral rules.
4119:
3505:
2533:
2267:
1631:
956:
574:
407:
325:
320:
4094:
3424:
1810:
970:
436:
4334:
3335:
1073:
1014:
820:
4139:
3846:
3159:
2813:
2757:
2713:
2526:
2200:
2190:
2150:
1778:
1133:
1018:
556:
529:
389:
385:
306:
301:
218:
91:
3007:
1324:
4149:
2818:
2558:
2444:
1277:
371:
366:
289:
284:
17:
3271:
3202:
3081:
2703:
2580:
2247:
2128:
2055:
2043:
2004:
1088:
1065:
855:
738:
341:
1734:
Egypt: A Nation in Waiting (Al Jazeera documentary focusing on past trends in Egypt's political history and protests.)
991:
is the principal legislative body. It consists of a maximum 596 representatives with 448 are directly elected through
2806:
2335:
1724:
1685:
1600:
1054:
1436:
1239:
Egypt was the first Arab state to establish diplomatic relations with the state of Israel, after the signing of the
4244:
3756:
2939:
2602:
2325:
1126:
988:
578:
elections, set to take place in 2022. The changes were approved by 88.83% of voters who voted, with a 44% turnout.
172:
129:
1101:, political parties are allowed to exist. Religious political parties are not allowed as it would not respect the
555:, to remove Morsi from office and suspend the constitution of 2012. El-Sisi was then elected head of state in the
3929:
3520:
3298:
3266:
3019:
2745:
2155:
1875:
723:
456:
1506:
488:
4585:
4175:
2867:
2661:
2624:
1704:
1102:
147:
1346:
4349:
4134:
4039:
3154:
2949:
2355:
1880:
1863:
1660:
1240:
563:
civil and political right, cannot be married to a non-Egyptian,â and not be younger than 40 Gregorian years.
3066:
4668:
4632:
4628:
3812:
3130:
2934:
2902:
2718:
2350:
2220:
2143:
1773:
1750:
1295:
548:; the beginning of July 2013 marked the onset of the 2013 Egyptian coup d'Ă©tat, following the decision of
4237:
4144:
3560:
3381:
3293:
3135:
2877:
2767:
2590:
2385:
2252:
2195:
2091:
1966:
996:
949:
910:
525:
521:
112:
1368:
4663:
4641:
4089:
4054:
4009:
3670:
3660:
3465:
3417:
3288:
3093:
2990:
2973:
2956:
2897:
2723:
2678:
2609:
2548:
2521:
2165:
2024:
1803:
1783:
1227:
875:
449:
359:
4389:
3979:
3974:
3869:
3675:
3565:
3254:
3197:
3164:
2929:
2839:
2801:
2796:
2784:
2683:
2375:
2345:
2330:
2082:
1244:
1007:
688:
639:
4624:
4499:
4489:
4294:
4099:
4074:
3989:
3969:
3919:
3889:
3879:
3861:
3839:
3735:
3655:
3620:
3605:
3590:
3545:
3480:
3330:
3310:
3118:
2944:
2740:
2728:
2565:
2543:
2210:
2160:
2101:
2060:
1936:
1931:
1897:
1858:
1677:
1488:
1193:
1137:
870:
698:
484:
397:
4504:
4394:
4324:
4185:
4064:
4059:
3939:
3610:
3239:
2862:
2597:
2449:
2422:
2407:
2402:
2138:
2038:
1003:
125:
1113:
As of 2015, there are more than 100 registered political parties in Egypt. The largest were the
4564:
4484:
4449:
4434:
4419:
4374:
4309:
4129:
4079:
4034:
4014:
4004:
3904:
3710:
3685:
3535:
3530:
3510:
3475:
3460:
3391:
3320:
3249:
3071:
3039:
2733:
2671:
2666:
2380:
1845:
1149:
942:
748:
656:
4615:
4439:
4104:
4019:
3999:
3884:
3874:
3773:
3695:
3665:
3650:
3635:
3625:
3615:
3580:
3575:
3525:
3470:
3445:
3410:
3325:
3217:
3187:
3076:
3056:
3002:
2914:
2553:
2511:
2506:
2484:
2292:
2282:
2067:
1946:
1914:
1796:
1251:
1233:
1182:
1098:
1041:
1030:
860:
805:
764:
629:
257:
252:
245:
85:
1733:
4539:
4514:
4364:
4359:
4339:
4304:
4289:
4084:
4049:
3984:
3964:
3954:
3914:
3899:
3894:
3705:
3700:
3640:
3595:
3555:
3450:
3192:
3142:
3012:
2116:
2106:
1178:
1114:
728:
634:
552:
495:
412:
118:
8:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4524:
4494:
4479:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4409:
4404:
4354:
4299:
4274:
4190:
4159:
4109:
4069:
4044:
4024:
3959:
3934:
3924:
3909:
3832:
3680:
3630:
3585:
3570:
3550:
3540:
3515:
3455:
3303:
3283:
3103:
3051:
3046:
2985:
2887:
2570:
2501:
2496:
2215:
1919:
1258:
975:
880:
865:
850:
845:
790:
755:
708:
549:
499:
167:
559:. On 8 June 2014, Abdel Fatah el-Sisi was officially sworn in as Egypt's new president.
4534:
4529:
4469:
4424:
4384:
4279:
4260:
4029:
3994:
3949:
3944:
3690:
3600:
3490:
3113:
3024:
2924:
2791:
2619:
2585:
2538:
2516:
2412:
2314:
2185:
2072:
2019:
1214:
1201:
1092:
915:
840:
785:
718:
541:
533:
515:
492:
270:
211:
108:
1635:
1411:
570:
In April 2019, Egypt's parliament extended presidential terms from four to six years.
540:, won the election. After a wave of public discontent with autocratic excesses of the
4589:
4509:
4459:
4414:
4399:
4379:
4369:
4284:
4214:
3367:
3261:
3061:
2968:
2919:
2872:
2857:
2772:
2688:
2575:
2454:
2287:
1961:
1956:
1887:
1870:
1853:
1681:
1557:
815:
810:
780:
402:
3123:
1718:
4519:
4429:
4319:
3222:
3179:
3149:
2997:
2779:
2708:
2650:
2365:
2360:
2340:
2262:
2077:
1978:
1909:
1892:
1833:
1549:
1122:
905:
889:
693:
651:
618:
187:
142:
135:
43:
3034:
1169:
Substantial peasant activism exists on a variety of issues, especially related to
3212:
3029:
2980:
2882:
2698:
2434:
2417:
2048:
1973:
900:
795:
733:
703:
681:
646:
3361:
3315:
3169:
3108:
2892:
2693:
2205:
2133:
1992:
1926:
1320:
1118:
1058:
800:
713:
600:
196:
1553:
4657:
4208:
3244:
3232:
3227:
2907:
1997:
1561:
1159:
1068:
that mostly were fragile formed in anticipation of running candidates in the
743:
590:
545:
537:
532:, it was the first free and fair elections in Egypt's political history. The
503:
375:
64:
59:
1537:
3371:
2961:
2370:
2029:
1213:
Before the revolution, Mubarak tolerated limited political activity by the
932:
430:
487:
of government. The current political system was established following the
4218:
2390:
2121:
2111:
1904:
1174:
666:
661:
228:
75:
70:
3402:
2439:
2397:
1538:"The Egyptian Movement for ChangeâKefaya: Redefining Politics in Egypt"
4229:
3824:
3278:
2750:
1261:
has meant that diplomatic relations between the two remain strained.
1254:
served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.
1154:
775:
502:
is the oldest legislative chamber in Africa and the Middle East. The
1136:
confirmed a clear majority of the seats for Egypt's Mostaqbal Watn (
1951:
1170:
481:
982:
610:
1437:"Cabinet preliminarily passes law regulating electoral districts"
1197:
1983:
1941:
1788:
1163:
676:
671:
1412:"Egypt constitutional changes could mean Sisi rule until 2030"
2014:
1819:
1489:"Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt's parliamentary polls"
1186:
1107:
1024:
926:
1278:"Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's first Islamist president"
2427:
1745:
1463:"50 member constitution committee eliminates Shura Council"
1257:
A territorial dispute with Sudan over an area known as the
992:
1719:
Comparison Between Ancient And Modern Egyptian Governments
1705:
Lumbering State, Restless Society: Egypt in the Modern Era
1767:
1394:"Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years"
1623:
1674:
Egyptian Politics: The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule
1132:
In December 2020, final results of the parliamentary
1103:
principle of non-interference of religion in politics
1629:
1702:Nathan J. Brown, Shimaa Hatab, and Amr Adly. 2021.
1082:
1601:"Egypt: Counterterrorism Law Erodes Basic Rights"
536:declared early 18 June 2012, that its candidate,
4655:
1288:
1177:. A major turning point was the 1997 repeal of
983:The House of Representatives (Magles el NowwĂĄb)
1634:. International Affairs Review. Archived from
4245:
3840:
3418:
1804:
1166:), and the Association for Egyptian Mothers.
950:
457:
1366:
4252:
4238:
3847:
3833:
3425:
3411:
1811:
1797:
1047:
1025:The Consultative Council (Maglis El-Shura)
957:
943:
464:
450:
1630:Gratowski, J. Thomas (17 February 2014).
3432:
1535:
1196:, inspired by the recent revolution in
1070:2011â12 Egyptian parliamentary election
1040:The Shura Council was abolished in the
528:, a new presidential election was held
14:
4656:
4259:
3854:
1671:
1362:
1360:
1313:
1250:Former Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister
971:History of Parliamentary life in Egypt
480:takes place within the framework of a
4233:
3828:
3406:
2837:
2648:
2471:
2312:
1831:
1792:
1507:"Egypt lifts unpopular emergency law"
1443:from the original on 11 December 2014
1321:"El-Sisi sworn in as Egypt president"
1296:"Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood"
1208:
581:
3387:
1517:from the original on 2 February 2014
1347:"Egypt's Sisi sworn in as president"
1302:from the original on 2 February 2017
1221:
3377:
1746:Official Egyptian Government Portal
1439:. Aswat Masriya. 10 December 2014.
1357:
1232:The permanent headquarters for the
979:extensive powers of the President.
520:The position was created after the
24:
1696:
1581:. Atlantic Council. September 2015
1374:. Translated by International IDEA
1185:. A pole for this activity is the
1089:List of political parties in Egypt
1013:The recent elections were held in
489:2013 Egyptian military coup d'Ă©tat
25:
4680:
2758:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
1712:
1611:from the original on 4 April 2016
1469:from the original on 4 March 2016
1465:. Ahram Online. 1 December 2013.
1327:from the original on 11 June 2014
65:Member State of the African Union
4560:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4330:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4213:
4204:
4203:
3731:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3501:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3386:
3376:
3366:
3357:
3356:
2615:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
1818:
1367:Tfceccherini (4 February 2020).
1143:
1127:Egyptian Social Democratic Party
995:and another 120 elected through
925:
609:
424:
69:
58:
42:
3099:Identification card controversy
1768:Egypt State Information Service
1653:
1593:
1568:
1529:
1499:
1481:
1298:. Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013.
1179:Nasser-era land reform policies
1083:Political parties and elections
76:Member State of the Arab League
4171:British Indian Ocean Territory
2005:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
1536:Shorbagy, Manar (2007-01-01).
1455:
1429:
1404:
1386:
1369:"Egypt's Constitution of 2012"
1339:
1270:
13:
1:
2313:
1323:. Ahram Online. 8 June 2014.
1264:
509:
2632:Twin towns and sister cities
2472:
2144:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
1779:The People Assembly of Egypt
1187:Land Center for Human Rights
219:Supreme Constitutional Court
7:
3160:Vehicle registration plates
2838:
2814:Water supply and sanitation
2649:
1832:
1708:. Columbia University Press
1194:Egyptian Revolution of 2011
997:proportional representation
526:Egyptian Revolution of 2011
522:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
367:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
148:Mostafa Madbouly's ministry
10:
4685:
2819:Water resources management
1632:"Is Egypt Breaking Apart?"
1228:Foreign relations of Egypt
1225:
1147:
1086:
1061:in the People's Assembly.
968:
557:2014 presidential election
513:
4573:
4548:
4267:
4199:
4158:
4118:
3860:
3744:
3719:
3438:
3352:
3178:
2850:
2846:
2833:
2714:Impact on the environment
2704:Entrepreneurship policies
2657:
2644:
2480:
2467:
2321:
2308:
2276:
2178:
1844:
1840:
1827:
1554:10.1215/08992363-2006-029
1241:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
1055:National Democratic Party
575:constitutional referendum
27:Political system of Egypt
4315:Central African Republic
3920:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3486:Central African Republic
2485:Administrative divisions
2161:2011 Egyptian revolution
2102:1952 Egyptian revolution
1898:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1770:official government site
1764:official government site
1740:General government sites
1678:Lynne Rienner Publishers
1662:The Rule of Law in Egypt
989:House of Representatives
589:This article is part of
544:government of President
485:semi-presidential system
246:Administrative divisions
173:House of Representatives
4181:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2689:Egyptian stock exchange
1784:Egyptian Shoura Council
1774:The Egyptian Presidency
1729:Global Integrity Report
1048:Parliamentary Elections
3020:International rankings
2025:EgyptianâEthiopian War
1150:Emergency law in Egypt
491:, and the takeover of
386:Diplomatic missions of
4475:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4335:Republic of the Congo
3646:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3506:Republic of the Congo
2625:Terrorism and tourism
2083:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1915:Library of Alexandria
1676:. Boulder, Colorado:
1672:Kassem, Maye (2004).
1252:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1234:League of Arab States
1183:structural adjustment
1106:Muslim Egyptians and
1099:Egyptian Constitution
1066:new political parties
1017:and most recently in
4095:United Arab Emirates
3433:Government of Africa
3336:World Heritage Sites
3155:Units of measurement
2610:Proposed new capital
2356:Environmental issues
2117:United Arab Republic
2010:Muhammad Ali dynasty
1576:"Anti-Terrorism Law"
1115:Free Egyptians Party
821:World Heritage Sites
635:Ancient Egyptian art
553:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
496:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
119:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
4669:Government of Egypt
4550:States with limited
4261:Politics of Africa
4122:limited recognition
3721:States with limited
3008:Freedom of religion
2903:Mass sexual assault
2268:Timekeeping devices
2166:2013 Rabaa massacre
2139:EgyptianâLibyan War
1638:on 22 February 2014
1607:. August 19, 2015.
1495:. 14 December 2020.
1181:under pressure for
1108:Christian Egyptians
500:Parliament of Egypt
18:Government of Egypt
3855:Government of Asia
3198:Art (contemporary)
2878:Capital punishment
2768:Telecommunications
2445:Towns and villages
2413:Qattara Depression
2226:Muslim Brotherhood
2196:Cigarette industry
2056:British occupation
1967:Crusader invasions
1937:Rashidun Caliphate
1605:Human Rights Watch
1245:Camp David Accords
1209:Political pressure
1202:Human Rights Watch
1093:Elections in Egypt
911:Telecommunications
582:Legislative branch
542:Muslim Brotherhood
534:Muslim Brotherhood
516:President of Egypt
4664:Politics of Egypt
4651:
4650:
4577:other territories
4350:Equatorial Guinea
4227:
4226:
4164:other territories
3822:
3821:
3748:other territories
3521:Equatorial Guinea
3400:
3399:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3272:Football stadiums
3203:Botanical gardens
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2581:Political parties
2534:Islamic extremism
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1962:Fatimid Caliphate
1957:Ikhshidid dynasty
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1222:Foreign relations
1097:According to the
1057:which retained a
1042:2014 constitution
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876:Foreign relations
856:Political parties
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360:Foreign relations
342:Political parties
277:Recent elections
35:Politics of Egypt
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1284:. June 30, 2012.
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1947:Islamization
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1876:27th Dynasty
1759:
1755:
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1661:
1654:Bibliography
1640:. Retrieved
1636:the original
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1570:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1510:
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1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1431:
1420:. Retrieved
1418:. 2019-04-16
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1351:the Guardian
1350:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
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1422:2021-06-05
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1265:References
1148:See also:
1125:, and the
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866:Corruption
851:Parliament
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756:Television
709:Literature
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3711:Zimbabwe
3686:Tanzania
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