137:
153:
164:
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1958:
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1968:
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Council for the Press for violating provisions of the
Egyptian Constitution, which state, "Freedom of thought and opinion is guaranteed. Every person has the right to express his opinion verbally, in writing, through imagery, or by any other means of expression and publication," but has been applied against "writers, activists, artists, and bloggers" for "sexual orientation, religious beliefs, political opinions, or moral standing" since the
27:
722:
the minister of interior had fifteen days to object. If the minister overruled the court's decision, the detainee could petition another State
Security Court for release after thirty more days. If the second court supported the detainee's petition, it released the detainee. The minister of interior could, however, simply re-arrest the detainee. The government commonly engaged in this practice in cases involving Islamic extremists.
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746:. Egypt's Civil Code governs "the areas of personal rights, contracts, obligations, and torts." According to EgyptJustice.com, "due to the long court litigation delays caused by a crushing (and steadily growing) backlog of civil cases, plus weak mechanism for enforcing court judgments, large commercial disputes are often resolved through arbitration, as governed by the Arbitration Law (Law 27 of 1994)."
794:. At least as of March 2016, hisbah lawsuits in Egypt "are based on Article 3 of the Code of Procedure". The article allows "anyone to file a lawsuit against any creative work by an artist, writer or public figure as long as the plaintiff has an interest in it" and the lawsuit is "aimed at avoiding imminent damage or at documenting evidence". (While under standard legal rules a
883:
The Court of
Cassation, the only one in its category, was established in 1931 and based in Cairo. The Court of Cassation, the exclusive body atop the judicial hierarchy in Egypt, was designated with the purpose of creating a central tool to provide exclusive and uniform interpretation and application
721:
The
Emergency Law of 1958 authorized the judicial system to detain people without charging them or guaranteeing them due process while an investigation was under way. After thirty days, a detainee could petition the State Security Court to review the case. If the court ordered the detainee's release,
697:
models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by the heritage of
Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. The divergent sources and philosophical origins of these laws and the inapplicability of many borrowed Western legal
814:
Hisbah lawsuits in Egypt (in which the word "áž„isba" may rarely appear, but in which "the logic of áž„isba can easily be detected"), "are submitted to the public prosecutor, who determines their merit". The law has been criticized by the
Institution of Freedom of Thought and Expression and the Supreme
701:
The criminal code listed three main categories of crime: contraventions (minor offenses), misdemeanors (offenses punishable by imprisonment or fines), and felonies (offenses punishable by penal servitude or death). Lower courts handled the majority of the cases that reached adjudication and levied
844:
Amendments to some articles of the 2014 Constitution passed by a public referendum followed on 19â22 April 2019, provide for the president to appoint the heads of the judicial bodies or authorities and to be head of the
Supreme Council for the Judicial Authorities. Other members of that council
827:
According to
Mohamed S. E. Abdel Wahab, "arbitration has established itself as a prominent method for resolving business, commercial, and investment disputes" in Egypt, based on 'Arbitration Law No.27 of the Year 1994'. Egyptian courts are "generally arbitration friendly" with judges "generally"
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Capital crimes that carried a possible death sentence included murder, manslaughter occurring in the commission of a felony, arson or the use of explosives that caused death, rape, treason, and endangerment of state security. Few convictions for capital crimes, however, resulted in execution.
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The Family Court (FC) was established in 2004, motivated by the need to differentiate between family litigations and other disputes. It is intended to provide a specialized judiciary tool that would take cognizance of such cases in an atmosphere totally different from that of other lawsuits.
717:
of 1958 outlined special judicial procedures for some cases. The law enabled authorities to circumvent the increasingly independent regular court system in cases where people were charged with endangering state security. The law applied primarily to
Islamic radicals but also covered leftists
798:
attempting to sue must demonstrate they have standing to sue the defendant because they have not incurred loss or otherwise have any "direct interest", which they would not if they were suing an alleged Muslim deviant for the defendant's beliefs â specifically alleged
840:
consists of administrative and non-administrative courts, a
Supreme Constitutional Court, penal courts, civil and commercial courts, personal status and family courts, national security courts, labour courts, military courts, and other specialized courts or circuits.
764:
appeal to a three-judge panel of Court of Appeals judges. Appeals from the Court of Appeals are limited to legal issues, and are conducted before the Court of Cassation, which is the highest court of Egypt's common court system." according to
807:â under the doctrine of hisbah the plaintiffs have direct interest by virtue of their being "Muslims exercising their duty of commanding right and forbidding wrong". This was made clear by a 1995 ruling by the appeals court against professor
965:
The public prosecution acts as public attorney before criminal courts with the right to file criminal actions. It was given the right by the Egyptian legislation to initiate action even if plaintiff has relinquished his right to do so.
893:
It also has the power to give rulings on requests of reparations for all violated verdicts. The court issues annual collections on approved judicial principles under the title âRulings and Principles of The Court of Cassationâ.
316:
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The judicial authority at that time was not the only authority entrusted with giving rulings on disputes, but rather there was another system that had enabled members of the executive authority to issue rulings in certain
709:
Egypt's laws require that a detained person be brought before a magistrate and formally charged within forty-eight hours or released. An accused is entitled to post bail and had the right to be defended by legal counsel.
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During the Ottoman era, the judiciary power was undertaken by one person known as the Chief Justice, who was assisted by four deputies representing the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence: Hanafi, Shafie, Maleki and
1488:
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During Mohamed Ali's reign of Egypt and his endeavor to build a modern Egyptian state, two significant developments took place in Egypt, leading to the existence of various bodies of civil judiciary in the country.
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Courts of Appeal, some which are called Higher Courts of Appeal, have the competence to consider rulings by the courts of first instance falling under its jurisdiction should these rulings be liable for appeal.
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suspected of political violence, drug smugglers, and illegal currency dealers. It also allowed detention of striking workers, pro-Palestinian student demonstrators, and relatives of fugitives.
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is the highest judicial power in Egypt. Article 25 of the Supreme Constitutional Court's Law No.48 of the Year 1979 (which was still in effect as of 2019), empowers the court to rule on:
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was among the first countries in the world after France to establish a judicial institution. The beginning was in 1875 with the enactment of the modern codification under which the
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interpretation of laws issued by the Legislative Authority and the decrees issued by the Head of the State in case of any divergence with respect to their implementation.
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These courts of first instance have the competence to consider lawsuits filed before them as may fall under their jurisdictions. Their rulings are liable to appeal.
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It also includes examining lawsuits related to judges' actions. In such a case, the court undertakes its role as a court of merit, rather than a court of law.
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include the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the heads of other judicial authorities, the head of the Cairo Court of Appeal and the Attorney-General.
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is the prime source of civil law, and has been the source of law and inspiration for numerous other Middle Eastern jurisdictions, including pre-dictatorship
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According to the Egyptian judiciary law, there are seven courts of appeal in Egypt; in Cairo, Alexandria, Tanta, Mansoura, Ismailia, Beni Swaif and Assuit.
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The jurisdiction of Court of Cassation basically includes consideration of challenges brought to it by either adversary or by the public prosecution.
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This aims to secure psychological peace for the children who may be involved, especially in such cases of tutelage, divorce, alimony, custody, etc.
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fines in about nine out of ten cases. At their discretion, courts could suspend fines or imprisonment (when a sentence did not exceed one year).
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These courts have the competence to issue rulings on lawsuits of limited importance, falling under their geographical and term jurisdictions.
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The ultimate objective of this court is to hammer out an amicable settlement for family problems through specialized guidance bureaus.
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and personal status are primarily based on the religious law of the individual concerned. Thus, there are three forms of
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This judiciary has the jurisdiction to decide on administrative disputes to which any administrative body is involved.
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There are "two levels" of litigation (two trials of fact)" with another appellate level in civil litigation in Egypt.
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The Egyptian judicial institution that existed in the mid 19th century was characterized by the following:
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disputes resulting from enforcement of contradictory rulings issued by two different judicial entities;
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Courts at that time were not entirely national, but rather there were courts for foreigners known as "
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Unlike Saudi Arabia and some other Muslim countries, the Egyptian legal system has no office of
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760:"Larger claims originate with a panel of three Court of First Instance judges, with a right of
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Egypt has adopted a dual system of judiciary, i.e. the ordinary and administrative judiciary.
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Abandonment of the unified judicial system that had existed since the Ottoman rule of Egypt.
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References : An Approach to Legal English & Terminology â DR.Mostafa El-Morshedy
790:. Hisbah is an Islamic doctrine calling for Muslims, including rulers and governments, to
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jurisdiction disputes between judicial bodies or authorities of judicial competence;
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1961:
1125:"Law and Moral Regulation in Modern Egypt: Hisba from Tradition to Modernity"
626:, as the branch is given the responsibility to monitor and run the country's
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of the Egyptian government which includes both secular and religious courts.
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1030:"UPDATE: An Overview of the Egyptian Legal System and Legal Research"
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753:"Small claims cases are tried before a single judge, with a right to
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appeal to a panel of three judges from the Court of First Instance."
26:
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concepts occasioned difficulties in administering Egyptian law.
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based its criminal codes and court operations primarily on
1028:
Abdel Wahab, Mohamed S. E. (NovemberâDecember 2019).
622:The judicial branch plays an important role in the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
619:, and secular (based on the French family laws).
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828:accepting and supporting arbitral proceedings.
858:the constitutionality of laws and regulations;
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1129:International Journal of Middle East Studies
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599:The legal code is derived largely from the
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16:Legal system of the Arab Republic of Egypt
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1095:"Blasphemy trials on the rise in Egypt"
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596:, combined with Islamic (Shariah) law.
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1034:Hauser Global Law School Program. NYU
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931:These rulings are liable to appeal.
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
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592:is based on European and primarily
13:
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14:
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2952:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
954:Egyptian State Lawsuits Authority
594:French legal concepts and methods
158:Member State of the African Union
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2809:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
2012:
1966:
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1489:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1259:Democratic Republic of the Congo
782:force), but it does allows for "
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517:
162:
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135:
25:
3293:Identification card controversy
1093:Saied, Mohamed (1 March 2016).
169:Member State of the Arab League
36:needs additional citations for
2199:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
1924:British Indian Ocean Territory
1123:Ezzat, Ahmed (November 2020).
923:Courts of limited jurisdiction
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1:
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997:
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2826:Twin towns and sister cities
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2338:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
852:Supreme Constitutional Court
312:Supreme Constitutional Court
7:
3354:Vehicle registration plates
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3008:Water supply and sanitation
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2026:
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817:Egyptian revolution of 2011
460:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
241:Mostafa Madbouly's ministry
10:
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3013:Water resources management
792:enjoin good and forbid bad
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624:political process in Egypt
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2908:Impact on the environment
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2355:2011 Egyptian revolution
2296:1952 Egyptian revolution
2092:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1673:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1244:Central African Republic
971:Administrative judiciary
780:Islamic religious police
339:Administrative divisions
266:House of Representatives
2883:Egyptian stock exchange
1934:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
913:Court of First Instance
3214:International rankings
2219:EgyptianâEthiopian War
479:Diplomatic missions of
2819:Terrorism and tourism
2277:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
2109:Library of Alexandria
1404:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1264:Republic of the Congo
1191:Judiciaries of Africa
1062:"Civil Law. Overview"
992:Egyptian Judges' Club
3530:World Heritage Sites
3349:Units of measurement
2804:Proposed new capital
2550:Environmental issues
2311:United Arab Republic
2204:Muhammad Ali dynasty
1848:United Arab Emirates
212:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
60:"Judiciary of Egypt"
45:improve this article
3202:Freedom of religion
3097:Mass sexual assault
2462:Timekeeping devices
2360:2013 Rabaa massacre
2333:EgyptianâLibyan War
1875:limited recognition
1608:Judiciaries of Asia
1479:States with limited
732:Egyptian Civil Code
3607:Judiciary of Egypt
3392:Art (contemporary)
3072:Capital punishment
2962:Telecommunications
2639:Towns and villages
2607:Qattara Depression
2420:Muslim Brotherhood
2390:Cigarette industry
2250:British occupation
2161:Crusader invasions
2131:Rashidun Caliphate
960:Public Prosecution
873:Court of Cassation
581:is an independent
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3466:Football stadiums
3397:Botanical gardens
3276:Catholic dioceses
3168:Gender inequality
3092:Human trafficking
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2918:Military industry
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2728:Islamic extremism
2716:Foreign relations
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2156:Fatimid Caliphate
2151:Ikhshidid dynasty
1980:
1979:
1917:other territories
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1506:other territories
1279:Equatorial Guinea
836:The Judiciary of
765:EgyptJustice.com.
649:were established.
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453:Foreign relations
435:Political parties
370:Recent elections
128:Politics of Egypt
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2878:Economic regions
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2173:Mamluk Sultanate
2104:Diocese of Egypt
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3224:Egyptian Arabic
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2935:Nuclear program
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2760:Nationality law
2753:Supreme Council
2738:Law enforcement
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2629:Sinai Peninsula
2612:Red Sea Riviera
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2255:1919 revolution
2243:Revolt of Cairo
2168:Ayyubid dynasty
2146:Tulunid dynasty
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601:Napoleonic Code
590:judicial system
575:judicial branch
571:judicial system
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530:Other countries
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437:
429:
428:
423:
406:
393:Parliamentary:
387:
366:
356:
355:
341:
331:
330:
307:
297:
296:
256:
248:
247:
197:
182:
181:
173:
161:
160:
150:
149:
130:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3558:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3461:Football clubs
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Animal welfare
3054:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2940:Power stations
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Egyptian pound
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2792:Prime Minister
2789:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Northern coast
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Yom Kippur War
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1551:
1538:
1529:
1515:Canary Islands
1511:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1135:(4): 665â684.
1108:
1078:
1046:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
987:
984:
974:
973:
963:
962:
957:
939:
938:
926:
925:
916:
915:
902:
901:
881:
880:
870:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
833:
830:
824:
821:
771:
768:
767:
766:
758:
727:
724:
679:
676:
668:
667:
664:
660:
639:
636:
565:
564:
562:
561:
554:
547:
539:
536:
535:
533:
532:
526:
513:
512:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
486:
485:
474:
473:
472:
471:
456:
451:
450:
447:
446:
431:
430:
427:
426:
425:
424:
422:
421:
416:
409:
407:
405:
404:
397:
390:
388:
386:
385:
380:
376:Presidential:
373:
367:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
342:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
308:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
244:
243:
233:
232:
231:
219:Prime Minister
216:
215:
214:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
175:
174:
145:
144:
141:
140:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3624:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3587:
3579:
3577:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Art (ancient)
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Blasphemy law
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:Sign Language
3232:
3230:
3229:SaÊœidi Arabic
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2866:National Bank
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:Ottoman Egypt
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:South Ossetia
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Guinea-Bissau
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
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3612:Law of Egypt
3412:Coat of arms
3382:Architecture
3271:Christianity
3251:Prostitution
3197:Human rights
3156:Abaza family
3144:Universities
3109:Demographics
3062:Billionaires
2732:
2706:Constitution
2701:Conscription
2684:Governorates
2565:Halfaya Pass
2435:1954âpresent
2395:Constitution
2350:2010s Crisis
2262:World War II
2224:Urabi revolt
2141:Islamization
2075:31st Dynasty
2070:27th Dynasty
1913:Dependencies
1843:Turkmenistan
1808:Saudi Arabia
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1429:South Africa
1419:Sierra Leone
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1224:Burkina Faso
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1099:. Retrieved
1097:. Al Monitor
1071:13 September
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38:verification
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3576:WikiProject
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3207:LGBT rights
3129:Law schools
2913:Lighthouses
2856:Agriculture
2585:Mount Sinai
2545:Earthquakes
2345:Mubarak era
2316:Six-Day War
2306:Suez Crisis
2301:Land reform
2048:Prehistoric
1972:Asia portal
1873:States with
1793:Philippines
1733:South Korea
1728:North Korea
1623:Afghanistan
1481:recognition
1434:South Sudan
1324:Ivory Coast
823:Arbitration
742:as well as
634:elections.
506:Visa policy
322:Saeed Marie
255:Legislature
3601:Categories
3488:Newspapers
3478:Mass media
3330:Synagogues
3298:Irreligion
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3241:Liberalism
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2691:Civil Code
2634:Suez Canal
2592:Nile Delta
2477:Alexandria
2447:Population
2442:Parliament
2410:Healthcare
2291:Nasser era
2065:Achaemenid
2040:Chronology
1853:Uzbekistan
1828:Tajikistan
1743:Kyrgyzstan
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1633:Azerbaijan
1536:(Portugal)
1494:Somaliland
1414:Seychelles
1379:Mozambique
1364:Mauritania
1349:Madagascar
1304:The Gambia
1239:Cape Verde
998:References
726:Civil code
695:Napoleonic
611:in Egypt:
609:family law
317:Chancellor
261:Parliament
196:Government
71:newspapers
3483:Magazines
3473:Egyptians
3308:Ahmadiyya
3219:Languages
3185:Hospitals
3119:Education
2986:Transport
2945:Aswan Dam
2873:Companies
2814:Terrorism
2780:President
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2733:Judiciary
2711:Elections
2580:Mountains
2509:Geography
2487:Port Said
2430:1939â1954
2425:1928â1938
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2323:Sadat era
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2114:Christian
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1939:Hong Kong
1893:Palestine
1818:Sri Lanka
1813:Singapore
1693:Indonesia
1369:Mauritius
1151:224988970
805:blasphemy
796:plaintiff
617:Christian
364:Elections
305:Judiciary
202:President
3556:Category
3520:Olympics
3456:Football
3288:Hinduism
3256:Religion
3163:Feminism
3151:Families
3114:Diaspora
3077:Censuses
3067:Cannabis
3052:Abortion
2996:Airports
2991:Airlines
2967:Internet
2770:Passport
2748:Military
2721:Missions
2668:Politics
2649:Wildlife
2373:By topic
2286:Republic
2121:Sassanid
1962:Category
1883:Abkhazia
1833:Thailand
1788:Pakistan
1768:Mongolia
1763:Maldives
1758:Malaysia
1658:Cambodia
1560: /
1556: /
1549:(France)
1543: /
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1469:Zimbabwe
1444:Tanzania
1294:Ethiopia
1289:Eswatini
1269:Djibouti
1234:Cameroon
1219:Botswana
986:See also
884:of law.
788:lawsuits
671:Hanbali.
605:Marriage
496:Passport
483:in Egypt
465:Minister
3586:Commons
3505:Museums
3449:regions
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3402:Castles
3374:Culture
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3325:Judaism
3313:Mosques
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2903:Fishing
2861:Banking
2845:Economy
2570:Islands
2560:Geology
2555:Fossils
2540:Deserts
2535:Climate
2525:Borders
2471:By city
2457:Saladin
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2028:History
1858:Vietnam
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1532:Madeira
1527:(Spain)
1523:Melilla
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1394:Nigeria
1384:Namibia
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1339:Liberia
1334:Lesotho
1284:Eritrea
1254:Comoros
1229:Burundi
1204:Algeria
762:de novo
755:de novo
691:Italian
687:British
638:History
613:Islamic
271:Speaker
236:Cabinet
185:history
85:scholar
3566:Portal
3407:Cinema
3261:BahĂĄÊŒĂ
3175:Health
2923:Mining
2893:Energy
2617:Rivers
2530:Cities
2452:Postal
2233:Modern
2178:Mamluk
2136:Fustat
2126:Muslim
2058:topics
2016:topics
1903:Taiwan
1838:Turkey
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1459:Uganda
1399:Rwanda
1354:Malawi
1314:Guinea
1209:Angola
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832:Courts
801:heresy
784:hisbah
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693:, and
663:cases.
583:branch
441:former
290:Senate
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3510:Music
3493:Radio
3434:Films
3364:Women
3318:NiqÄb
3303:Islam
3087:Crime
2928:Mines
2644:Wadis
2602:Oases
2575:Lakes
2520:Biota
2482:Cairo
2400:Copts
2209:Nahda
2099:Roman
2014:Egypt
1944:Macau
1863:Yemen
1823:Syria
1798:Qatar
1778:Nepal
1713:Japan
1688:India
1678:Egypt
1663:China
1519:Ceuta
1439:Sudan
1389:Niger
1344:Libya
1329:Kenya
1309:Ghana
1299:Gabon
1274:Egypt
1214:Benin
1147:S2CID
838:Egypt
744:Qatar
736:Libya
683:Egypt
643:Egypt
579:Egypt
577:) of
92:JSTOR
78:books
3444:list
3439:Flag
3427:Wine
3422:Beer
3102:Rape
2797:list
2785:list
2622:Nile
2415:Jews
1783:Oman
1748:Laos
1703:Iraq
1698:Iran
1449:Togo
1359:Mali
1249:Chad
1103:2021
1073:2021
1041:2021
849:The
740:Iraq
738:and
730:The
713:The
630:and
573:(or
569:The
419:2019
414:2014
401:2025
395:2020
383:2023
378:2018
275:list
223:list
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64:news
1915:and
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803:or
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