362:
1603:
674:
605:
1077:
19:
1566:. Under the petty assizes, a plaintiff initiated proceedings by purchasing a writ from the chancery. The writ instructed the sheriff to choose a jury of 12 free men. The next time a royal justice was in the county, the parties and the jury would appear before him. For novel disseisin, the jury was to answer, "Was the plaintiff evicted unjustly and without judgment from an estate of which he was in peaceful possession?"
400:. These lasted a month on average but could be shorter or longer based on political circumstances. It lasted only three days between the death of William Rufus and the crowning of Henry I, who wanted to secure the throne for himself while his elder brother Robert Curthose was in Normandy. The political uncertainty during an interregnum meant it could be dangerous for the country. The kings of
1190:. The first two Norman kings typically chose sheriffs from among the local barons, and shrievalties were in danger of becoming inherited offices. This trend was reversed under Henry I, who preferred his sheriffs to be clerks or knights drawn either from the royal household or the local civil service. These men were more loyal since they owed their success solely to royal patronage.
71:
459:(also known as the Charter of Liberties). Stephen issued similar charters, and Henry II reconfirmed his grandfather's charter. While Norman and Angevin kings tended to break the promises in the charters, they provided the barons with political precedents in their struggle with King John, ultimately producing Magna Carta.
331:, Henry designated his daughter, Empress Matilda, as his heir and made the barons swear fealty to her on three occasions. In 1133, Henry designated Matilda's infant son, Henry FitzEmpress, as his heir and required the barons to swear fealty. Matilda was unpopular both for being a woman and because she was married to
423:. As part of the ceremony, the king swore a three-fold oath to protect the church and Christian people, to prohibit crime, and to rule with justice and mercy. The clergy and people present were then asked by a bishop if they wanted him as king, to which they replied, "we wish it and grant it". The king was then
917:
was a permanent council that assisted the king with routine government business. Members included the justiciar and household officers (chancellor, chamberlain, seneschal, butler, and clerics). In addition, there were always a few bishops and barons who were valued advisers to the king. It witnessed
167:
As a result of their cross-Channel empires, the Norman and
Angevin kings spent little time in England. This situation did not change until the reign of King John, who lost most of his French lands. John was the first English king since the Conquest to spend large amounts of time in England; however,
1469:
over his vassals and tenants. Manorial courts had jurisdiction over "debt under forty shillings, contracts and conventions made within the power of the lord, cattle wounding , damage to crops by animals, assault not leading to bloodshed, trespass or damaging of timber where the king's peace was not
1443:
County courts met twice a year in Anglo-Saxon times, but some were meeting every three weeks by the 13th century. Local custom and tradition played a large role in the functioning of the county courts, and these customs varied from county to county. The court was presided over by the sheriff. Those
950:
owed their lord the king their attendance and advice when summoned to his court. Royal household officers such as the chancellor, chamberlain, marshal, and constable attended as well. In the Norman era, the largest attendance at these great councils was 75. The average attendance was 50. While some
1461:
of counties to visit. These circuits covered the whole country with the exception of
Chester and Durham, which were exempt due to their special status. The eyre justices would stay in one county for several weeks to hear cases under their jurisdiction before moving on. Their jurisdiction included
825:
because people were ordered to pay a tenth of all income and movables. Later, a 25 percent tax on movables and income was levied for
Richard's ransom. John used this tax on several occasions. In 1207, he levied a "thirteenth" (8 percent) tax and collected £60,000. This was an extraordinary amount
1573:
forbade clergy participation in trial by ordeal. In 1219, the Crown ordered justices to find an alternative and the jury trial was chosen. The first recorded criminal jury trial occurred at
Westminster in 1220. The first juries differed from modern juries in that early jurors were local men with
1637:
After the Norman
Conquest, the king's household troops remained central to any royal army. But the Normans also introduced a new feudal element to the English military. The king's tenants-in-chief (his feudal barons) were obligated to provide mounted knights for service in the royal army or to
1362:
to enforce his rights. Nevertheless, unhappy villeins could collectively make life difficult for their lord through strikes, sabotage, and other forms of resistance. Lords tended to provide villeins with some self-government and adhered to the "custom of the manor" (recorded in
918:
the granting of royal charters, oversaw royal finances, and supervised local officers. The small council decided litigation, and local cases frequently came before it as it traveled with the king. The king could enact laws through the small council but was not required to.
1185:
Once a sheriff paid the county farm to the exchequer, he kept any excess revenue derived from royal lands. This made being sheriff financially rewarding and motivated men to pay for the office. Sheriffs were chosen from the ranks of barons, royal administrators, or local
1035:
The likelihood of resistance to national taxes made consent politically necessary. It was convenient for kings to present the great council as a representative body capable of consenting on behalf of all within the kingdom. Increasingly, the kingdom was described as the
389:, but the idea that kings rule by divine sanction was much older. For this reason, no one could be called a king until he received coronation. Before coronation, he was a feudal prince styled "Lord of the English". King John illustrated this practice by using the title "
759:. According to Domesday Book, over 10 per cent of each county was royal demesne. In four counties, over 30 per cent of the land belonged to the king. This land generated income from peasant rents and the sale of crops and livestock. The king delegated supervision of
512:). The Anglo-Saxon kings had issued formal law codes, but Anglo-Norman legislation took the form of royal edicts. The king had authority over the coinage and the "king's highway" (major roads). He could not be sued and had exclusive jurisdiction over certain crimes.
767:. The sheriff collected the income and paid the Crown a yearly fixed sum known as the county "farm". The size of the Crown lands changed as land was alienated or newly acquired. Kings gave away land as a form of patronage. They received land through confiscations,
852:. These councils were an important way for kings to maintain ties with powerful men in distant regions of the country. The witan had a role in making and promulgating legislation as well as making decisions concerning war and peace. They were also the venues for
1477:
Cases could be transferred from a manorial court to the county court through a process called tolt. A case could be transferred from county court to the royal justices by a writ of pone. Royal justices often presided over special sessions of the county court.
1306:
By the end of the 13th century, over half of all hundreds had been granted to barons, bishops, or abbeys. In these hundreds, the lord's representative presided over the hundred court, and the lord received the profits of justice. They had authority to punish
339:, won support for his accession by making concessions to various barons. The civil war between Stephen and Matilda ended after Stephen adopted Henry FitzEmpress, later Henry II, as his son and heir. In the process, Stephen's own sons were disinherited.
1545:
identify those "accused or notoriously suspect of being a robber, murderer or thief" and provide this information to the itinerant judges when they visited the county. The jury did not yet decide innocence or guilt, which was still proven by ordeal.
1243:
At the time of the
Conquest, England was highly urbanised compared to other parts of Europe, even though only ten per cent of people lived in towns. The only legally recognised towns were the boroughs. Each county had at least one, which became the
446:
The tradition of the coronation oath acknowledged that monarchs owed certain obligations to their subjects in return for obedience. Henry I further developed this concept, promising to reform
William Rufus's abuses and restore the good laws of
721:. The lower exchequer or "exchequer of receipt" was the London treasury. It was staffed by the treasurer, two chamberlains, and other minor officials. Sheriffs paid county revenues to the lower exchequer. Financial records were kept on
1462:
among other things the pleas of the Crown, cases initiated by royal writ, criminal cases, and issues touching the rights of the Crown (wardships, etc.). By 1189, there were around 35 itinerant judges, seven to nine judges per circuit.
1302:
In late Anglo-Saxon and Norman times, hundreds were not yet established in
Northern England and the Welsh border areas. Law enforcement was the responsibility of paramilitary "sergeants of the peace" under the control of local lords.
216:. William the Conqueror claimed ownership of all land in England, making all Englishmen directly or indirectly tenants of the Crown. He confiscated estates wholly owned by Anglo-Saxon lords and granted them to his Norman followers as
1553:
of 1179 gave defendants the option of having the matter settled by a jury of twelve knights instead of trial by battle. Henry also introduced the petty assizes—procedures to allow speedy resolution of land disputes. These include
701:
at
Winchester to store surplus wealth. During the reign of Henry I, the treasury became independent of the chamber and controlled royal finances. It received and disbursed most royal income and provided the chamber with funds. A
820:
In 1166, a new, more complex method of taxation was introduced to fund the
Crusade. It taxed a percentage of movable property ("movables") and income. Similar taxes were collected in 1185 and 1188. The 1188 tax was known as the
274:
If a lord failed to uphold his responsibilities to his vassals (to protect his vassals and fairly exercise his feudal rights), a vassal could renounce his fealty through the ritual act of defiance known as diffidation (Latin:
1494:, documentary evidence, and witness testimony. In many cases, a compromise settlement was reached. When this was not possible, conclusive proof was sought through methods invoking divine intervention: trial by oath (
829:
Kings also made money from their judicial role. Writs could only be had for a fee. The Crown also made money from fines and forfeitures in criminal cases. Fines for violations of the Forest Law were also profitable.
1439:
had a wide-ranging jurisdiction. Most land disputes and serious criminal cases were heard there. Henry I mandated that land disputes between vassals of two different lords were also to be heard in county court.
638:. The master of the writing office assisted him. Once the chancery produced a royal document, the chancellor affixed the great seal to it in the presence of royal witnesses. The Normans continued to issue
1291:. The hundred court met every two to four weeks and was attended by local landholders. Twice a year the hundred court met with the sheriff presiding to ensure that every free adult male was part of a
1057:". Clause 12 stated that certain taxes could only be levied "through the common counsel of our kingdom", and clause 14 specified that this common counsel was to come from bishops, earls, and barons.
232:). The fief-holder was a tenant, not the owner of the fief. He could not sell the land or give it away; however, he could sub-let land to his tenants in return for their service in a process called
972:, "these assemblies were more concerned with ratification and publicity than with debate". Historian Bryce Lyon argued that great councils were used as royal propaganda. Kings did not need the
259:, and It was large enough to support one knight in return for 40 days of military service a year. Besides knight-service, land could also be held in return for non-military service (called
1032:. In 1188, a precedent was established when the great council granted Henry II the Saladin tithe. In granting this tax, the great council was acting as representatives for all taxpayers.
485:" (in English "what pleases the prince has the force of law"). While the coronation oath and charters provided theoretical limits to the king's powers, these promises were often broken.
1474:..." Tenants-in-chief possessed fiefs called "honours" made up of many different manors scattered over several shires. The honour court had jurisdiction over all the honour's manors.
616:
during this period. Not only did kings divide their time between England and Normandy, but within England, kings constantly traveled throughout the kingdom with the small council (
2486:
1367:), which defined the rights and duties of the lord and his tenants. As suitors to the manor court, the villeins had the power to impose these customs on the working of the manor.
353:
after his older brother, William Rufus, died in a hunting accident. This hurried election was part of Henry's attempt to bypass his elder brother Robert's claims to the throne.
1016:
The years between 1189 and 1215 were a time of transition for the great council. The cause of this transition were new financial burdens imposed by the Crown to finance the
755:
While the king technically owned all land in England, the land kept directly under royal control (rather than granted to others as fiefs) was called Crown land or the royal
205:, the recipient (such as a parish priest) was granted the income from the property without having ownership. These forms of land tenure created weak bonds between lords and
1517:. Trial by combat was introduced by the Normans and was frequently used when one person accused another of theft or murder. Civil cases involving property over 10
794:
before he could inherit. As a feudal lord, the king was entitled to the military service of his vassals. But this could be replaced with a money payment called
968:
Great councils allowed kings to consult with their leading subjects, but such consultation rarely resulted in a change in royal policy. According to historian
661:. The chamber, like the rest of the household, was itinerant. Under the Normans, the chamber continued to serve as the household's financial department, but a
285:
as long as the baron had made diffidation. Loss of land held from the king was the only consequence, but most rebellious barons were restored to royal favour.
1667:
was greater than any king would actually need in wartime. Its main purpose was for assessing how much scutage the king was owed. Scutage was used to pay for
1042:(Latin for "community of the realm") and the barons as their natural representatives. But this development also created more conflict between kings and the
775:
of under-aged heirs (the king received the estate's income until the heir reached adulthood). Like any other feudal lord, the king had the right to levy a
546:
Since Norman kings spent most of their time in Normandy, appointing agents to govern England in their absence became necessary. In 1109, Henry I appointed
476:
1415:
split from the Exchequer of Pleas in the 1190s. It had jurisdiction over civil cases (such as debts, property rights, and trespass). It was staffed by a
321:
A king's nominated heir was not always accepted, especially when the heir was female. In 1116, Henry I required the barons to swear fealty to his son,
1124:
were created after the Conquest. England was ultimately divided into 39 counties, which existed with only minor boundary changes until 1974 when the
349:
At times, Norman kings claimed election as a "useful fiction" to bolster their legitimacy. Henry I had himself elected by a small group of barons at
1533:. In particular, the role of juries in both criminal and civil cases was expanded. A jury was a group of men who swore to give a truthful answer (a
877:
for "king's court"). Some chroniclers continued to refer to the curia as a witan, and there were similarities between the two institutions. A small
717:. The exchequer became the government's primary financial department. It gave the chamber the money to pay for the government's operations and the
1582:
Punishments for serious crimes included execution by hanging and mutilation (such as blinding and castration). Lesser offenses were punished by
780:
608:
The Great Seal of Henry II. On one side, the king is seated as lawgiver and judge. On the reverse, he is mounted and armed as a warrior-king.
809:. In 1130, it brought in £2,400. Collection of the geld was discontinued after 1162. In 1194, the government needed a large sum of money to
646:
like the Anglo-Saxons, but they also combined elements of both into the writ-charter. Under the Angevins, the writ-charter developed into
1264:. London enjoyed self-government and was treated more like a shire than a town. In the reign of Richard I, London was recognized as a
1222:
212:
The Normans introduced feudalism, which created stronger and multi-generational ties between lords and vassals and became the basis of
408:, where kings had their heirs crowned as co-kings. Coregency occurred in medieval England only once when Henry II had his eldest son,
1279:
and monastic boroughs. These were part of the demesne of lords or religious houses, and they received fewer privileges as a result.
1275:
Royal boroughs were part of the royal demesne, paid dues to the Crown, and received many privileges from the king. There were also
1213:
appointed their own sheriffs. Kings sometimes granted counties to relatives for short periods. For example, Henry I gave his wife
1618:
889:
by summoning large numbers of barons and bishops to discuss important national business and promulgate legislation. The enlarged
489:
346:, his nephew. After Arthur fell into the French king's custody, Richard decided that his brother John would inherit the throne.
1450:
in Latin) and small landowners (lesser freemen). The large landowners passed judgment, and the lesser freemen deferred to them.
554:. It remained the most powerful office under the king throughout the Norman and Angevin periods until it was abolished in 1234.
1706:
In the 21st century, all land in England and Wales continues to be legally owned by the Crown. Individuals can only possess an
1066:
599:
1690:, royal vassals were obligated to contribute to the fortification of royal castles, to repair bridges, and to maintain roads.
1634:. In addition, holders of bookland were obligated to provide a certain number of men based on the number of hides they owned.
3312:
3288:
3237:
1205:) enjoyed autonomy from royal control because they were located along the Welsh or Scottish borders. Among other things, the
790:
when he knighted his son, married off his daughter, or had to be ransomed. When a baron died, his heir had to pay the king a
515:
As a feudal lord, the king had certain rights and powers over his vassals. His tenants-in-chief owed him military service or
1444:
required to attend court were called "suitors". The suitors were divided between large landowners ("barons of the shire" or
1639:
332:
1642:. The Normans brought castle building to England, and most shires had a royal castle in the charge of a royally appointed
798:. Levies became more frequent in the Angevin period. By the reign of King John, scutage was being levied every 18 months.
1682:
remained an important element of military service and applied to all able-bodied freemen. Similar to the old Anglo-Saxon
59:
1574:
knowledge of the case. Their job was not to weigh evidence but to decide the facts of a case using their own knowledge.
1021:
810:
3463:
3445:
3387:
3203:
1623:
In the Anglo-Saxon period, England had no standing army. The king and magnates retained professional household troops (
1054:
435:
of kingship. After the anointing, he was crowned. The physical crown worn by kings symbolized all of the king's rights
282:
752:(40 per cent), income from feudal rights (16 per cent), taxation (14 per cent), and profits of justice (12 per cent).
3413:
3333:
3259:
3182:
3113:
3092:
1416:
370:
1029:
1003:
of Germany. Nevertheless, it had no power over nonfeudal taxation, and kings levied geld whenever they wished. The
1412:
651:
558:
1661:(Latin: "service owed"), and historian Richard Huscroft estimates this number was around 5,000. In reality, the
3502:
1656:
386:
677:
A pipe roll, part of the increasingly sophisticated system of royal governance at the turn of the 13th century
3084:
1097:
623:) and the royal household staff. King John's household, for example, moved an average of 13 times a month.
565:
with particular responsibility over financial and legal matters. He supervised the royal household and the
365:
Richard I being anointed during his coronation in Westminster Abbey as depicted in a 13th century chronicle
144:, weakened royal authority and ended in a negotiated settlement whereby Matilda's son succeeded Stephen as
1229:. Richard I gave his brother John six counties, but these were forfeited due to John's rebellion in 1194.
3507:
3072:
1491:
1420:
582:) and the itinerant justices. The justiciar's authority continued even during an interregnum. Historians
213:
3169:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
519:
payments. In addition to non-feudal taxation, the barons paid the king customary feudal payments called
100:
to England. Nevertheless, government institutions remained essentially unchanged. The Conqueror's sons,
1253:
979:
710:
627:
3467:
3449:
1288:
1202:
1125:
1117:
302:(the rule that the eldest son inherits) was not yet definitive. William the Conqueror became king by
1295:. Members of a tithing were collectively responsible for one another's conduct in a system known as
1046:
as the latter attempted to defend what they considered the rights belonging to the king's subjects.
251:. Tenants-in-chief were obligated to fight personally for the king, but they also had to contribute
3158:
969:
817:. This tax was levied five more times until 1224. In 1220, two shillings per hide produced £3,400.
416:
336:
160:. The Angevin kings ruled over extensive possessions in the British Isles and France, known as the
130:
47:
844:
Since the unification of England in the 10th century, kings had convened national councils of lay
3355:
1518:
737:
635:
583:
149:
1398:. But the growth of the legal system required specialization, and the judicial functions of the
740:
also sat on the court. The barons were selected from among royal court and household officials.
361:
176:, which would have critical constitutional implications for England's late medieval government.
3280:
A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland
1570:
1376:
662:
247:, the king had around 500 tenants-in-chief. Of these, 170 were wealthy enough to be considered
89:
51:
1435:
had jurisdiction over minor offenses and property disputes. Before the reign of Henry II, the
1343:, and four "of the better men of the township") might be required to attend the county court.
657:
Under the Anglo-Saxon kings, all revenue was received and disbursed by the king's chamber and
658:
432:
248:
157:
101:
78:
39:
3402:
1711:
1510:
1088:. The shire system covered all of England except the far north. A shire was governed by the
590:
theorise "that in some way royal authority resided in the justiciar" during an interregnum.
527:. Preventing the king from abusing these feudal rights was one of the goals of Magna Carta.
1602:
1316:
1269:
687:
639:
448:
409:
198:
185:
153:
55:
1162:
Arranged transportation and provided guards to protect the king when he visited the county
190:
8:
3125:
1591:
1563:
1542:
1538:
703:
382:
145:
1339:, a single village, or a small town. A delegation from each vill (including the priest,
220:. The king granted the use of a fief to his vassal and the vassal's heirs in return for
3408:. The Governance of England. Vol. 2. Stanford, CA, US: Stanford University Press.
3364:
3343:
3267:
3215:
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3077:
1685:
1559:
1332:
1276:
1214:
1010:
729:
547:
456:
343:
112:
3434:
3409:
3383:
3329:
3308:
3284:
3255:
3233:
3199:
3178:
3163:
3130:
3109:
3088:
1454:
1355:
1194:
1131:
The sheriff was appointed by the king and served at his pleasure. His jobs included:
1084:
Before the Conquest, the largest and most important unit of local government was the
1025:
420:
311:
303:
43:
736:. The chief justiciar presided over the exchequer court. The chancellor and several
3170:
1458:
1405:
1265:
1249:
1226:
1210:
999:. For example, it granted an aid for the marriage of Henry I's daughter Matilda to
983:
927:
898:
240:
3217:
The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485
779:
on the serfs and townsmen of his demesne. The king could also demand tallage from
604:
396:
The time between the death of the previous monarch and a coronation was called an
306:, and he could dispose of England as he saw fit. For this reason, his eldest son,
201:
to a person with outright ownership, while loanland was leased temporarily. For a
3482:
3471:
3453:
3323:
3302:
3278:
3227:
3193:
3142:
3103:
1555:
1514:
1499:
1340:
1257:
1238:
1206:
1000:
958:
864:
631:
613:
551:
401:
390:
307:
263:). Some church land was held by knight-service, while other property was held by
256:
221:
126:
35:
3298:
3274:
1707:
1506:
1466:
1336:
1121:
322:
233:
229:
194:
161:
70:
3108:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. Cambridge University Press.
1677:
1096:. The Normans left this system largely unchanged, but they called the shire a
1076:
978:
permission to enact legislation, but they occasionally sought its assent. The
3496:
3375:
3174:
1432:
1187:
1139:
1017:
822:
791:
647:
520:
452:
315:
299:
244:
93:
23:
1457:
in which a group of between two and nine itinerant justices were assigned a
826:
especially considering that John's ordinary revenue was only about £35,000.
298:
In this period, a king had greater latitude to determine his own successor.
18:
3397:
3359:
1614:
1606:
1587:
1550:
1529:
Henry II introduced a number of legal reforms that mark the origins of the
1495:
853:
749:
732:
was an auditing board that examined the sheriffs' accounts each Easter and
587:
499:) and enact new legislation with or without the advice and approval of the
264:
169:
3134:
713:
and absorbed into the exchequer, named for the checkered cloth used as an
2126:
1668:
1436:
1392:(Latin for "in the presence of the king himself") with the advice of his
1386:
The king was the fount of justice. Initially, important cases were heard
1359:
1347:
1308:
1296:
1245:
1153:
1109:
1093:
1050:
962:
857:
839:
806:
805:. Under the Normans, it was usually levied annually at two shillings per
760:
718:
698:
397:
268:
173:
141:
50:
dynasties. The Norman kings preserved and built upon the institutions of
1100:. The Normans extended the shire system into the north. The counties of
883:
assisted the king on a permanent basis. Kings periodically enlarged the
3247:
1927:
1647:
1583:
1530:
1261:
1218:
1113:
1105:
996:
787:
772:
733:
524:
468:
350:
327:
2467:
1630:), and all free men were obligated to perform military service in the
1354:. According to the law, villeins were subject to the authority of the
393:" rather than "King of Ireland", as he was never crowned in Ireland.
1643:
1627:
1152:
Law enforcement (enforce court decisions, maintain order, assist the
722:
682:
566:
541:
438:
405:
260:
97:
3366:
The Governance of Mediaeval England from the Conquest to Magna Carta
3325:
Law, Liberty and the Constitution: A Brief History of the Common Law
2150:
1796:
1487:
1364:
1198:
1043:
1013:. It also tried civil disputes between the great men of the realm.
814:
802:
472:
424:
202:
2998:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1594:
required each county to have a jail in a borough or royal castle.
3277:(2009). "Origins and Beginnings to 1215". In Jones, Clyve (ed.).
2836:
2519:
2517:
1975:
1646:. These were centers of royal administration and the location of
1534:
1351:
1292:
1149:
to supply information for the king or to determine judicial facts
1101:
1089:
965:, and Christmas. It was assembled at other times when necessary.
845:
795:
776:
768:
764:
756:
673:
562:
516:
451:
and William the Conqueror. He also promised to demand only those
2336:
2240:
1847:
1312:
1252:. Half a dozen towns could be called cities, the largest being
1146:
943:
714:
428:
252:
225:
206:
2986:
2872:
2812:
2637:
2625:
2514:
1465:
The lord of a manor automatically enjoyed the right to hold a
479:
legal treatise, written during the reign of Henry II, states "
122:), succeeded him. Henry died without a legitimate male heir.
30:. Row 1: William I and William II. Row 2: Henry I and Stephen.
2039:
1999:
1299:. A tithing could be fined if it failed to detain criminals.
1085:
951:
barons always attended, the composition varied each time the
947:
874:
849:
848:
and leading churchmen. The Anglo-Saxons called such councils
3484:
A History of the Revenues of the Kings of England, 1066–1399
3380:
Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy
2363:
1248:. It served as the sheriff's headquarters and was often the
569:. As chief royal justice, he directed the procedures of the
455:
established by custom. These promises were confirmed in the
2935:
2908:
2896:
2824:
2800:
2661:
2565:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
1963:
1631:
1328:
939:
643:
217:
3027:
3025:
2952:
2950:
2702:
2700:
2230:
2228:
2215:
2213:
961:
from the king. The great council met regularly at Easter,
239:
Vassals who held land directly from the Crown were called
2445:
2443:
1009:
continued to be the setting of state trials, such as the
335:—Normandy's enemy. After Henry I died, Matilda's cousin,
92:. He gradually replaced the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy with
2974:
2925:
2923:
2455:
281:). Armed rebellion against the king, therefore, was not
140:) claimed the throne. The resulting civil war, known as
54:. They also introduced new institutions, in particular,
3404:
The Governance of Norman and Angevin England, 1086–1272
3022:
3010:
2947:
2884:
2848:
2788:
2764:
2697:
2685:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2375:
2252:
2225:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2099:
2075:
2063:
2027:
1987:
1915:
3473:
The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I
3455:
The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I
3252:
A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England
2504:
2502:
2500:
2440:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2353:
2351:
2264:
2162:
1903:
1881:
1879:
1760:
1080:
England in 1086 showing hundreds, wapentakes and wards
801:
Kings could also levy a universal land tax called the
255:
to the king's service. A knight's estate was called a
3079:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225
2962:
2920:
2752:
2613:
2116:
2114:
2087:
1891:
1813:
1811:
1174:
Supervised royal lands and collected the county farm
709:
Sometime in Henry's reign, the treasury was moved to
3049:
2860:
2673:
2051:
1951:
1823:
1736:
1505:
In criminal cases, three forms of ordeal were used:
1327:
The smallest unit of English administration was the
1287:
Counties were divided into 628 smaller units called
58:. For later developments in English government, see
3037:
2740:
2712:
2649:
2497:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2348:
2174:
2138:
1939:
1876:
1864:
1772:
1671:, which were an important part of any Norman army.
209:that were constantly being dissolved and reformed.
3433:
3401:
3363:
3214:
3162:
3146:
3076:
2776:
2111:
1835:
1808:
1748:
3105:Edward I and the Governance of England, 1272–1307
1784:
1335:). A vill could take the form of a collection of
3494:
3354:
2878:
2818:
2643:
2631:
2523:
2246:
2156:
2132:
2021:
1933:
1858:
1653:The total number of knights owed was called the
1590:in London was opened as early as the 1130s. The
1165:Sometimes acted as custodian of the royal castle
1053:. Clause 12 was the origin of the principle of "
626:The most important household department was the
3462:
3444:
3304:The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327
314:as was customary, while his second oldest son,
74:The Angevin Empire during the reign of Henry II
1486:In Norman times, court procedure involved the
786:The king's barons were obligated to pay him a
813:. It revived the land tax in the form of the
557:The chief justiciar functioned as the king's
475:and "masters almost without limitation". The
356:
3254:(2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
1675:
995:could authorise the collection of customary
1683:
1662:
1654:
1549:In civil cases, such as land disputes, the
1445:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1037:
1004:
990:
973:
952:
933:
912:
896:
890:
884:
878:
868:
748:The king's primary sources of revenue were
706:and assistant clerks staffed the treasury.
570:
500:
480:
376:
276:
3476:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
3458:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
3348:De legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglia
172:against him. They forced John to agree to
3342:
3297:
3273:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2434:
2342:
2017:
938:was a feudal court. As tenants-in-chief,
530:
482:quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem
193:recognised several types of land tenure.
3431:
3370:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3221:(4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black.
3212:
3191:
3071:
3031:
3016:
3004:
2980:
2956:
2941:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2854:
2830:
2806:
2794:
2734:
2706:
2691:
2667:
2607:
2583:
2571:
2547:
2535:
2491:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2192:
2105:
2081:
2069:
1981:
1969:
1909:
1897:
1601:
1490:of the parties, information supplied by
1404:were delegated to two courts sitting at
1075:
672:
634:led the chancery and had custody of the
603:
360:
69:
22:England's four Norman kings depicted in
17:
3487:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3374:
3346:(1932). Woodbine, George Edward (ed.).
3165:The Government of England under Henry I
3141:
2758:
2168:
1619:History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)
1225:, was given Cornwall with the title of
1049:John's reign saw the first issuance of
462:
3495:
3480:
3396:
3321:
3122:
2992:
2968:
2866:
2842:
2770:
2746:
2730:
2718:
2679:
2655:
2619:
2057:
1957:
1802:
1778:
1067:History of local government in England
600:Royal Households of the United Kingdom
342:Richard I initially nominated as heir
3266:1st edition available to read online
3157:
2405:
2369:
867:, the king received council from his
65:
42:in 1216, England was governed by the
3246:
3225:
3101:
3055:
3043:
2929:
2782:
2595:
2559:
2508:
2422:
2393:
2381:
2357:
2234:
2219:
2204:
2180:
2144:
2120:
2093:
2045:
2033:
2005:
1993:
1945:
1921:
1885:
1870:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1790:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1159:Chief military officer of the county
1142:(often represented by a subordinate)
982:, for example, were produced at the
333:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
3283:. The Boydell Press. pp. 3–9.
1537:) to a question asked of them. The
1521:were determined by battle as well.
1322:
1060:
492:. He could arbitrarily levy taxes (
404:avoided interregnums by practicing
168:his tyrannical behavior turned the
129:, as his successor, but his nephew
60:Government in late medieval England
13:
3424:
1723:Percentages are for the year 1130.
1586:or financial penalties. The royal
1055:no taxation without representation
1030:Plantagenet and Capetian dynasties
619:
593:
535:
14:
3519:
3440:(2nd ed.). Barnes and Noble.
1417:chief justice of the Common Pleas
1381:
1177:
957:met, depending on who received a
495:
371:Coronation of the British monarch
228:, and specified service (such as
3229:Constitutional History of the UK
3149:The History of the Privy Council
921:
906:
578:
508:
293:
267:(the obligation to pray and say
3129:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
3064:
2733:, p. 100, 7.7b) quoted in
2724:
2479:
2011:
1717:
1674:The Anglo-Saxon fyrd or Norman
1524:
1426:
1370:
1315:. They also could hang thieves
1135:Presiding over the county court
743:
692:
325:. After William's death on the
135:
125:Henry designated his daughter,
117:
106:
83:
1805:, pp. 12–13, 15 & 55.
1700:
833:
488:The king enjoyed an extensive
471:described the Norman kings as
1:
3085:New Oxford History of England
2476:, pp. 123 & 140–143.
2022:Richardson & Sayles (1963
1730:
1577:
903:(Latin for "great council").
3382:. HarperCollins Publishers.
2879:Richardson & Sayles 1963
2819:Richardson & Sayles 1963
2644:Richardson & Sayles 1963
2632:Richardson & Sayles 1963
2524:Richardson & Sayles 1963
2247:Richardson & Sayles 1963
2157:Richardson & Sayles 1963
2133:Richardson & Sayles 1963
1934:Richardson & Sayles 1963
1859:Richardson & Sayles 1963
1421:justices of the Common Pleas
1358:. The lord even had his own
1221:. Henry's illegitimate son,
1024:, and pay for the series of
668:
612:The king and his court were
179:
88:) inherited a sophisticated
7:
3432:Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1963).
3307:. Oxford University Press.
3232:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
3213:Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961).
3198:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
3123:Downer, L. J., ed. (1972).
2845:, pp. 48, 50 & 62.
1597:
1282:
1232:
1175:
1071:
697:) established a stationary
617:
576:
506:
493:
436:
10:
3524:
3468:Maitland, Frederic William
3450:Maitland, Frederic William
3192:Huscroft, Richard (2016).
1612:
1374:
1236:
1064:
980:Constitutions of Clarendon
925:
837:
771:, and temporarily through
680:
597:
539:
368:
357:Interregnum and coronation
269:masses for the lord's soul
183:
3481:Ramsay, James H. (1925).
3195:Ruling England, 1042–1217
3007:, pp. 184 & 186.
2135:, pp. 155 & 159.
2048:, pp. 150 & 162.
2008:, pp. 138 & 141.
1984:, pp. 123 & 125.
1481:
1171:Collected taxes and fines
1126:Local Government Act 1972
419:crowned English kings at
3350:. Yale University Press.
3175:10.1017/CBO9780511560248
2020:, p. 24) quoted in
1693:
1453:Henry II instituted the
1223:Reginald de Dunstanville
417:Archbishop of Canterbury
288:
197:was property granted by
38:of 1066 to the death of
3102:Burt, Caroline (2013).
2995:, pp. 77 & 79.
2372:, pp. 20 & 23.
2345:, pp. 3–4 & 8.
856:, such as the trial of
738:barons of the exchequer
728:The upper exchequer or
152:, followed by his sons
150:Angevin king of England
148:. Henry was the first
3322:Potter, Harry (2015).
3153:. London: John Murray.
1936:, p. 140, note 1.
1684:
1676:
1663:
1655:
1610:
1571:Fourth Lateran Council
1541:of 1166 required that
1446:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1377:History of English law
1346:Those in bondage to a
1081:
1038:
1011:trial of Thomas Becket
1005:
991:
974:
953:
934:
913:
897:
891:
885:
879:
869:
763:in each county to the
678:
630:(writing office). The
609:
571:
531:Central administration
501:
481:
377:
366:
277:
90:Anglo-Saxon government
75:
52:Anglo-Saxon government
31:
3503:Government of England
1605:
1543:juries of presentment
1437:shire or county court
1413:Court of Common Pleas
1375:Further information:
1079:
676:
607:
433:sacramental character
364:
318:, was given England.
79:William the Conqueror
73:
21:
2490:clause 12 quoted in
1168:Executed royal writs
688:Edward the Confessor
463:Rights and authority
449:Edward the Confessor
410:Henry the Young King
191:Anglo-Saxon land law
186:Feudalism in England
3344:Ranulf de Glanville
3126:Leges Henrici Primi
3087:. Clarendon Press.
2944:, pp. 192–193.
2917:, pp. 181–182.
2905:, pp. 179–180.
2833:, pp. 190–191.
2809:, pp. 151–153.
2670:, pp. 156–157.
2598:, pp. 167–168.
2574:, pp. 149–150.
2562:, pp. 169–170.
2384:, pp. 148–150.
2333:, pp. 168–170.
2321:, pp. 166–167.
2309:, pp. 165–166.
2297:, pp. 163–164.
2285:, pp. 161–162.
2237:, pp. 158–159.
2222:, pp. 157–158.
2207:, pp. 156–157.
2159:, pp. 151–152.
2036:, pp. 141–142.
1996:, pp. 140–141.
1972:, pp. 123–125.
1924:, pp. 138–140.
1769:, pp. 123–126.
1592:Assize of Clarendon
1564:darrein presentment
1539:Assize of Clarendon
1511:trial by cold water
1277:seignorial boroughs
1156:, and make arrests)
1138:Presiding over the
1028:fought between the
415:Traditionally, the
412:, crowned co-king.
383:by the grace of God
3508:Kingdom of England
3464:Pollock, Frederick
3446:Pollock, Frederick
3226:Lyon, Ann (2016).
1686:trinoda necessitas
1611:
1419:and several other
1268:and the office of
1128:went into effect.
1082:
730:Court of Exchequer
679:
663:master chamberlain
610:
548:Roger of Salisbury
457:Coronation Charter
431:, symbolizing the
367:
344:Arthur of Brittany
76:
66:Historical context
32:
3356:Richardson, H. G.
3328:. Boydell Press.
3314:978-0-199-58550-2
3290:978-1-843-83717-6
3239:978-1-317-20398-8
2932:, pp. 44–45.
2773:, pp. 82–83.
2096:, pp. 30–32.
1745:, pp. 28–29.
1664:servitium debitum
1657:servitium debitum
1507:trial by hot iron
1447:barones comitatus
1356:lord of the manor
1317:caught red-handed
1195:palatine counties
1026:Anglo-French wars
986:council of 1164.
490:royal prerogative
421:Westminster Abbey
312:Duchy of Normandy
304:right of conquest
28:Historia Anglorum
3515:
3488:
3477:
3459:
3441:
3439:
3436:Angevin Kingship
3419:
3407:
3393:
3371:
3369:
3351:
3339:
3318:
3299:Maddicott, J. R.
3294:
3265:
3243:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3188:
3168:
3159:Green, Judith A.
3154:
3152:
3143:Fitzroy, Almeric
3138:
3119:
3098:
3082:
3073:Bartlett, Robert
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2495:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1832:, p. 30–31.
1827:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:interest in land
1704:
1689:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1473:
1449:
1406:Westminster Hall
1403:
1397:
1391:
1323:Vills and manors
1227:earl of Cornwall
1211:bishop of Durham
1181:
1061:Local government
1041:
1039:communitas regni
1022:ransom Richard I
1008:
1006:magnum concilium
994:
977:
956:
937:
928:Magnum Concilium
916:
902:
899:magnum concilium
894:
888:
882:
872:
811:ransom Richard I
696:
695: 1042–1066
694:
622:
584:H. G. Richardson
581:
574:
511:
504:
498:
484:
442:
380:
375:Henry II added "
337:Stephen of Blois
310:, inherited the
280:
241:tenants-in-chief
214:English land law
139:
138: 1135–1154
137:
121:
120: 1100–1135
119:
110:
109: 1087–1100
108:
87:
86: 1066–1087
85:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3427:
3425:Further reading
3422:
3416:
3390:
3336:
3315:
3291:
3275:Maddicott, John
3262:
3240:
3206:
3185:
3116:
3095:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:, pp. 4–5.
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2498:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2464:, pp. 4–5.
2460:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:, p. 143).
2018:Glanville (1932
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1638:garrison royal
1621:
1613:Main articles:
1600:
1580:
1560:mort d'ancestor
1556:novel disseisin
1527:
1515:trial by combat
1500:trial by ordeal
1484:
1471:
1429:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1325:
1285:
1241:
1239:Ancient borough
1235:
1207:earl of Chester
1074:
1069:
1063:
1001:Emperor Henry V
959:writ of summons
930:
924:
909:
865:Norman Conquest
842:
836:
746:
691:
685:
671:
602:
596:
594:Royal household
552:chief justiciar
544:
538:
536:Chief Justiciar
533:
465:
402:medieval France
391:Lord of Ireland
373:
359:
308:Robert Curthose
296:
291:
243:. According to
188:
182:
134:
127:Empress Matilda
116:
105:
96:and introduced
82:
68:
36:Norman Conquest
26:' 13th century
12:
11:
5:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3490:
3489:
3478:
3460:
3442:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3394:
3389:978-0007307715
3388:
3376:Starkey, David
3372:
3352:
3340:
3334:
3319:
3313:
3295:
3289:
3271:
3260:
3244:
3238:
3223:
3210:
3205:978-1138786554
3204:
3189:
3183:
3155:
3139:
3120:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3058:, p. 161.
3048:
3036:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2983:, p. 193.
2973:
2961:
2959:, p. 192.
2946:
2934:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2893:, p. 179.
2883:
2871:
2859:
2857:, p. 148.
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2797:, p. 177.
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2737:, p. 158)
2735:Bartlett (2000
2723:
2711:
2709:, p. 178.
2696:
2694:, p. 157.
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2610:, p. 148.
2600:
2588:
2586:, p. 197.
2576:
2564:
2552:
2550:, p. 149.
2540:
2538:, p. 147.
2528:
2513:
2511:, p. 166.
2496:
2494:, p. 146)
2492:Bartlett (2000
2478:
2474:Maddicott 2010
2466:
2462:Maddicott 2009
2454:
2450:Maddicott 2009
2439:
2435:Maddicott 2009
2427:
2425:, p. 145.
2410:
2398:
2396:, p. 144.
2386:
2374:
2362:
2360:, p. 142.
2347:
2343:Maddicott 2009
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2261:, p. 159.
2251:
2249:, p. 164.
2239:
2224:
2209:
2197:
2195:, p. 133.
2185:
2183:, p. 155.
2173:
2171:, p. 179.
2161:
2149:
2147:, p. 154.
2137:
2125:
2110:
2108:, p. 164.
2098:
2086:
2084:, p. 121.
2074:
2072:, p. 122.
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1948:, p. 140.
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1888:, p. 139.
1875:
1873:, p. 138.
1863:
1861:, p. 140.
1846:
1834:
1822:
1820:, p. 143.
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1757:, p. 123.
1747:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1708:estate in land
1698:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1599:
1596:
1579:
1576:
1526:
1523:
1483:
1480:
1467:manorial court
1428:
1425:
1383:
1382:Central courts
1380:
1372:
1369:
1324:
1321:
1284:
1281:
1237:Main article:
1234:
1231:
1217:the county of
1183:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1140:hundred courts
1136:
1122:Northumberland
1073:
1070:
1065:Main article:
1062:
1059:
926:Main article:
923:
920:
908:
905:
838:Main article:
835:
832:
745:
742:
681:Main article:
670:
667:
652:letters patent
598:Main article:
595:
592:
559:chief minister
540:Main article:
537:
534:
532:
529:
464:
461:
381:" (Latin for "
369:Main article:
358:
355:
323:William Adelin
295:
292:
290:
287:
234:subinfeudation
230:knight-service
184:Main article:
181:
178:
162:Angevin Empire
67:
64:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3415:0-8047-1307-3
3411:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3398:Warren, W. L.
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:Sayles, G. O.
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3335:9781783270118
3331:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3261:0-393-95132-4
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3184:9780511560248
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3115:9781139851299
3111:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3094:9780199251018
3090:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3052:
3046:, p. 38.
3045:
3040:
3034:, p. 97.
3033:
3032:Huscroft 2016
3028:
3026:
3019:, p. 31.
3018:
3017:Huscroft 2016
3013:
3006:
3005:Bartlett 2000
3001:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2981:Bartlett 2000
2977:
2971:, p. 48.
2970:
2965:
2958:
2957:Bartlett 2000
2953:
2951:
2943:
2942:Bartlett 2000
2938:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2915:Bartlett 2000
2911:
2904:
2903:Bartlett 2000
2899:
2892:
2891:Bartlett 2000
2887:
2881:, p. 36.
2880:
2875:
2869:, p. 56.
2868:
2863:
2856:
2855:Jolliffe 1961
2851:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2831:Bartlett 2000
2827:
2821:, p. 94.
2820:
2815:
2808:
2807:Bartlett 2000
2803:
2796:
2795:Bartlett 2000
2791:
2785:, p. 28.
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2761:, p. 10.
2760:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2707:Bartlett 2000
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:Bartlett 2000
2688:
2682:, p. 62.
2681:
2676:
2669:
2668:Bartlett 2000
2664:
2657:
2652:
2646:, p. 35.
2645:
2640:
2634:, p. 39.
2633:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2608:Bartlett 2000
2604:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2584:Jolliffe 1961
2580:
2573:
2572:Bartlett 2000
2568:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2548:Bartlett 2000
2544:
2537:
2536:Bartlett 2000
2532:
2526:, p. 25.
2525:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2408:, p. 23.
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2331:Bartlett 2000
2327:
2320:
2319:Bartlett 2000
2315:
2308:
2307:Bartlett 2000
2303:
2296:
2295:Bartlett 2000
2291:
2284:
2283:Bartlett 2000
2279:
2273:, p. 89.
2272:
2271:Huscroft 2016
2267:
2260:
2259:Bartlett 2000
2255:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2193:Bartlett 2000
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2123:, p. 37.
2122:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:Bartlett 2000
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2082:Bartlett 2000
2078:
2071:
2070:Bartlett 2000
2066:
2060:, p. 57.
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1982:Bartlett 2000
1978:
1971:
1970:Bartlett 2000
1966:
1960:, p. 19.
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1912:, p. 10.
1911:
1910:Bartlett 2000
1906:
1899:
1898:Bartlett 2000
1894:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1844:, p. 31.
1843:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1793:, p. 30.
1792:
1787:
1781:, p. 12.
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1720:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1569:In 1215, the
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:general eyres
1451:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:hundred court
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1272:was created.
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:bishop's seat
1247:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:Third Crusade
1014:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
987:
985:
981:
976:
971:
966:
964:
960:
955:
949:
945:
941:
936:
929:
922:Great council
919:
915:
907:Small council
904:
901:
900:
895:was called a
893:
887:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
841:
831:
827:
824:
823:Saladin tithe
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
792:feudal relief
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
700:
689:
684:
675:
666:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
648:letters close
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
621:
615:
606:
601:
591:
589:
585:
580:
573:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
543:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
510:
503:
497:
491:
486:
483:
478:
474:
470:
460:
458:
454:
453:feudal duties
450:
444:
440:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
372:
363:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
329:
324:
319:
317:
316:William Rufus
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Primogeniture
294:Becoming king
286:
284:
279:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:feudal barons
246:
245:Domesday Book
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
177:
175:
171:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
132:
128:
123:
114:
103:
99:
95:
94:Anglo-Normans
91:
80:
72:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
24:Matthew Paris
20:
16:
3483:
3472:
3454:
3435:
3403:
3379:
3365:
3347:
3324:
3303:
3279:
3251:
3228:
3216:
3194:
3164:
3148:
3124:
3104:
3078:
3065:Bibliography
3051:
3039:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2937:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2759:Fitzroy 1928
2754:
2749:, p. 7.
2742:
2731:Downer (1972
2726:
2721:, p. 2.
2714:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2658:, p. 4.
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2485:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2452:, p. 6.
2437:, p. 5.
2430:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2169:Starkey 2010
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1900:, p. 9.
1893:
1866:
1837:
1825:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1719:
1702:
1673:
1652:
1636:
1624:
1622:
1615:English Army
1607:Dover Castle
1588:Fleet Prison
1581:
1568:
1551:Grand Assize
1548:
1528:
1525:Trial reform
1504:
1496:compurgation
1485:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1442:
1430:
1427:Local courts
1410:
1385:
1371:Legal system
1350:were called
1345:
1326:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1274:
1242:
1192:
1184:
1130:
1083:
1048:
1034:
1015:
988:
970:Judith Green
967:
931:
910:
862:
854:state trials
843:
828:
819:
800:
785:
781:English Jews
761:royal manors
754:
747:
744:Royal income
727:
708:
686:
665:now led it.
656:
625:
611:
588:G. O. Sayles
556:
545:
514:
487:
466:
445:
414:
395:
374:
348:
341:
326:
320:
297:
273:
265:frankalmoign
257:knight's fee
238:
211:
189:
166:
124:
77:
33:
27:
15:
3248:Lyon, Bryce
2993:Potter 2015
2969:Potter 2015
2867:Warren 1987
2843:Potter 2015
2771:Potter 2015
2747:Warren 1987
2719:Warren 1987
2680:Warren 1987
2656:Warren 1987
2620:Warren 1987
2487:Magna Carta
2058:Warren 1987
1958:Warren 1987
1803:Warren 1987
1779:Warren 1987
1678:arrière-ban
1669:mercenaries
1648:royal mints
1584:amercements
1401:curia regis
1395:curia regis
1360:manor court
1309:petty theft
1297:frankpledge
1246:county town
1154:hue and cry
1145:Empaneling
1110:Westmorland
1094:shire court
1051:Magna Carta
997:feudal aids
992:curia regis
963:Whitsuntide
935:curia regis
914:curia regis
892:curia regis
886:curia regis
880:curia regis
870:curia regis
858:Earl Godwin
840:Curia regis
834:Curia Regis
750:Crown lands
719:privy purse
572:curia regis
502:curia regis
398:interregnum
387:royal style
174:Magna Carta
142:the Anarchy
3497:Categories
2406:Green 1986
2370:Green 1986
1731:References
1578:Punishment
1531:common law
1389:coram rege
1270:Lord Mayor
1262:Winchester
1219:Shropshire
1114:Cumberland
1106:Lancashire
942:, barons,
911:The small
863:After the
788:feudal aid
734:Michaelmas
723:pipe rolls
636:great seal
632:chancellor
550:the first
469:Bryce Lyon
467:Historian
385:") to the
378:dei gratia
351:Winchester
328:White Ship
278:diffidatio
102:William II
3056:Lyon 1980
3044:Lyon 2016
2930:Lyon 2016
2783:Burt 2013
2596:Lyon 1980
2560:Lyon 1980
2509:Lyon 1980
2423:Lyon 1980
2394:Lyon 1980
2382:Lyon 1980
2358:Lyon 1980
2235:Lyon 1980
2220:Lyon 1980
2205:Lyon 1980
2181:Lyon 1980
2145:Lyon 1980
2121:Lyon 2016
2094:Lyon 2016
2046:Lyon 1980
2034:Lyon 1980
2006:Lyon 1980
1994:Lyon 1980
1946:Lyon 1980
1922:Lyon 1980
1886:Lyon 1980
1871:Lyon 1980
1842:Lyon 2016
1830:Lyon 2016
1818:Lyon 1980
1791:Lyon 2016
1767:Lyon 1980
1755:Lyon 1980
1743:Lyon 2016
1644:castellan
1628:housecarl
1519:shillings
1488:pleadings
1365:custumals
1197:(such as
984:Clarendon
860:in 1051.
704:treasurer
683:Exchequer
669:Exchequer
614:itinerant
567:exchequer
542:Justiciar
473:autocrats
439:The Crown
406:coregency
261:serjeanty
180:Feudalism
154:Richard I
98:feudalism
56:feudalism
40:King John
34:From the
3470:(1895).
3452:(1895).
3400:(1987).
3378:(2010).
3362:(1963).
3301:(2010).
3250:(1980).
3161:(1986).
3145:(1928).
3075:(2000).
1598:Military
1470:involved
1352:villeins
1333:township
1289:hundreds
1283:Hundreds
1233:Boroughs
1209:and the
1199:Cheshire
1092:and the
1072:Counties
1044:baronage
846:magnates
815:carucage
773:wardship
699:treasury
659:wardrobe
640:charters
628:chancery
477:Glanvill
425:anointed
203:benefice
195:Bookland
146:Henry II
1640:castles
1609:in Kent
1535:verdict
1459:circuit
1337:hamlets
1293:tithing
1266:commune
1215:Adeliza
1102:Rutland
1090:sheriff
975:curia's
944:bishops
796:scutage
777:tallage
769:escheat
765:sheriff
757:demesne
563:viceroy
521:reliefs
517:scutage
283:treason
253:knights
207:vassals
199:charter
131:Stephen
113:Henry I
48:Angevin
3412:
3386:
3332:
3311:
3287:
3258:
3236:
3202:
3181:
3135:389304
3133:
3112:
3091:
1710:or an
1562:, and
1513:, and
1498:) and
1492:juries
1482:Trials
1472:
1313:affray
1260:, and
1254:London
1203:Durham
1188:gentry
1147:juries
1120:, and
1118:Durham
1098:county
948:abbots
946:, and
850:witans
715:abacus
711:London
429:chrism
226:fealty
222:homage
170:barons
111:) and
44:Norman
1694:Notes
1348:manor
1341:reeve
1178:above
1176:(see
1086:shire
954:curia
940:earls
875:Latin
644:writs
620:below
579:below
509:below
496:below
437:(see
427:with
289:Crown
218:fiefs
3410:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3285:ISBN
3268:here
3256:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3179:ISBN
3131:OCLC
3110:ISBN
3089:ISBN
1632:fyrd
1617:and
1431:The
1411:The
1331:(or
1329:vill
1311:and
1258:York
1201:and
1193:The
989:The
932:The
807:hide
803:geld
650:and
642:and
618:see
586:and
577:see
561:and
525:aids
523:and
507:see
494:see
158:John
156:and
46:and
3171:doi
1625:see
1502:.
654:.
271:).
164:.
3499::
3466:;
3448:;
3358:;
3177:.
3083:.
3024:^
2949:^
2922:^
2699:^
2516:^
2499:^
2442:^
2413:^
2350:^
2227:^
2212:^
2113:^
1878:^
1849:^
1810:^
1650:.
1558:,
1509:,
1423:.
1408:.
1319:.
1256:,
1116:,
1112:,
1108:,
1104:,
1020:,
783:.
725:.
693:r.
443:.
236:.
224:,
136:r.
118:r.
107:r.
84:r.
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3418:.
3392:.
3338:.
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3293:.
3270:.
3264:.
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3187:.
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3097:.
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