644:
Henry the Young King and
Geoffrey of Brittany had not died young, the inheritance of 1189 would have been fundamentally altered. Henry and Richard both planned for partition on their deaths while attempting to provide overriding sovereignty to hold the lands together. For example, in 1173 and 1183, Henry tried to force Richard to acknowledge allegiance to his older brother for the duchy of Aquitaine, and later Richard would confiscate Ireland from John. This was complicated by the Angevins being subjects of the kings of France, who felt these feudal rights of homage and the right of allegiance more legally belonged to them. This was particularly true when the wardship of Geoffrey's son Arthur and lordship of Brittany was contended between 1202 and 1204. Upon the Young King's death in 1183, Richard became heir in chief, but refused to give up Aquitaine to give John an inheritance. More by accident than design this meant that, while Richard inherited the patrimony, John would become lord of Ireland and Arthur would be duke of Brittany. By the mid-thirteenth century, there was a clear unified patrimony and Plantagenet empire but this cannot be called an
944:
1330:
1494:
490:
640:, writing in the 1190s, the plan failed because of Geoffrey's early death in 1151. The dying Geoffrey decided that Henry would have the paternal and maternal inheritances while he needed the resources to overcome Stephen, and left instructions that his body would not be buried until Henry swore an oath that, once England and Normandy were secured, the younger Geoffrey would have Anjou. Henry's brother Geoffrey died in 1158, too soon to receive Anjou, but not before being installed count in Nantes after Henry aided a rebellion by its citizens against their previous lord.
1505:
845:
358:
657:
685:, allowing Stephen to resume control of much of England. Geoffrey never visited England to offer practical assistance, but instead sent Henry as a male figurehead—beginning in 1142 when Henry was only 9—with a view that if England was conquered it would be Henry that would become king. In 1150, Geoffrey also transferred the title of Duke of Normandy to Henry but retained the dominant role in governance. Three fortuitous events allowed Henry to finally bring the conflict to a successful conclusion:
1162:
49:
1266:
629:, who in the event did seize King Henry's English crown. King Henry's great relief in 1133 at the birth of a son to the couple, described as "the heir to the Kingdom", is understandable in the light of this situation. Following this, the birth of a second son raised the question of whether custom would be followed with the maternal inheritance passing to first born and the paternal inheritance going to his brother,
1434:
scholars, in particular, analysed the mechanics of royal power during this period. Anglocentric aspects of many histories of Henry's reign were challenged beginning in the 1980s, with efforts to unite
British and French historical analyses of the period. Detailed study of Henry's written records has cast doubt on earlier interpretations; Robert Eyton's 1878 volume (tracing Henry's itinerary by deductions from
421:
1028:. This collapse had several causes, including long-term changes in economic power, growing cultural differences between England and Normandy and (in particular) the fragile, familial nature of Henry's empire. Henry III continued his attempts to reclaim Normandy and Anjou until 1259, but John's continental losses and the consequent growth of
743:. When Becket tried to leave the country without permission, Henry attempted to ruin him by laying a number of suits relating to Becket's time as chancellor. In response Becket fled into exile for five years. Relations later improved, allowing Becket's return, but soured again when Becket saw the coronation of Henry's son as
895:
controlled much of
Richard's remaining lands. However, when Richard returned to England he forgave John and re-established his control. Leaving England permanently in 1194, Richard fought Philip for five years for the return of holdings seized during his incarceration. On the brink of victory, he was
773:
to expand his power into
Ireland to reform the Irish church. Originally, this would have allowed some territory to be granted to Henry's brother, William, but other matters had distracted Henry and William was now dead. Instead, Henry's designs were made plain when he gave the lordship of Ireland to
738:
to succeed him. Instead, Becket proved to be an inept politician whose defiance alienated the king and his counsellors. Henry and Becket clashed repeatedly: over church tenures, Henry's brother's marriage and taxation. Henry reacted by getting Becket, and other members of the
English episcopate, to
1433:
to begin detailed research into Henry's continental possessions and create the term "Angevin Empire" during the 1880s. However, 20th-century historians challenged many of these conclusions. During the 1950s, Jacques
Boussard, John Jolliffe and others focused on the nature of Henry's "empire"; French
756:
after Becket resisted a botched attempt to arrest him. Within
Christian Europe Henry was widely considered complicit in Becket's death. The opinion of this transgression against the church made Henry a pariah, so in penance he walked barefoot into Canterbury Cathedral where he was scourged by monks.
672:
was closer in
Boulogne, giving him the advantage he needed to race to England and have himself crowned and anointed king of England. Matilda's husband Geoffrey, though he had little interest in England, commenced a long struggle for the duchy of Normandy. To create a second front, Matilda landed in
643:
The unity of Henry's assemblage of domains was largely dependent on the ruling family, influencing the opinion of most historians that this instability made it unlikely to endure. The French custom of partible inheritance at the time would lead to political fragmentation. Indeed, if Henry II's sons
620:
noted that the counts of Anjou extended their dominion over their neighbours by marriage rather than conquest. The marriage of
Geoffrey to the daughter of a king (and widow of an emperor) occurred in this context. It is unknown whether King Henry intended to make Geoffrey his heir, but it is known
825:
took advantage of Henry's failing health and forced him to accept humiliating peace terms, including naming
Richard as his sole heir. Two days later, the old king died, defeated and miserable in the knowledge that even his favoured son John had rebelled. This fate was seen as the price he paid for
681:, prompting the collapse of his support. While Geoffrey pushed on with the conquest of Normandy over the next four years, Matilda threw away her position through arrogance and inability to be magnanimous in victory. She was even forced to release Stephen in a hostage exchange for her half-brother
1446:
Interest in the morality of historical figures and scholars waxed during the Victorian period, leading to increased criticism of Henry's behaviour and Becket's death. Historians relied on the judgement of chroniclers to focus on John's ethos. Norgate wrote that John's downfall was due not to his
1173:
Henry was widely criticised by contemporaries, even in his own court. Nevertheless, William of Newburgh, writing after his death, commented that "the experience of present evils has revived the memory of his good deeds, and the man who in his own time was hated by all men, is now declared to have
1462:
echoes the contemporary consensus that John was a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general" with, as Turner suggests, "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits". John Gillingham (author of a biography of Richard I) agrees and judges John to be a less-effective general than
1442:
have been identified, their interpretation, the financial information in the pipe rolls and broad economic data from his reign has proven more challenging than once thought. Significant gaps in the historical analysis of Henry remain, particularly about his rule in Anjou and the south of France.
1414:
He was a bad king: his great exploits, his military skill, his splendour and extravagance, his poetical tastes, his adventurous spirit, do not serve to cloak his entire want of sympathy, or even consideration, for his people. He was no Englishman, but it does not follow that he gave to Normandy,
751:
as a challenge to his authority and excommunicated those who had offended him. When he heard the news, Henry said: "What miserable drones and traitors have I nurtured and promoted in my household who let their lord be treated with such shameful contempt by a low-born clerk." Three of Henry's men
1370:
and the role of the rebel barons in 1215 have been revised; although the charter's symbolic, constitutional value for later generations is unquestionable, for most historians it is a failed peace agreement between factions. John's opposition to the papacy and his promotion of royal rights and
365:
The adjective Angevin is especially used in English history to refer to the kings who were also counts of Anjou—beginning with Henry II—descended from Geoffrey and Matilda; their characteristics, descendants and the period of history which they covered from the mid-twelfth to early-thirteenth
1277:
recorded that Henry built or renovated castles throughout his domain in Normandy, England, Aquitaine, Anjou, Maine and Tourraine. However, this patronage had no distinctive style except in the use of circular or octagonal kitchens of the Fontevraud type. Similarly, amongst the multiple
1643:
notes at some time around the 16th century, tales of Robin Hood started to mention him as a contemporary and supporter of Richard, Robin being driven to outlawry during John's misrule, while in the narratives Richard was largely absent, away at the Third Crusade. Plays such as
935:
in one of the most decisive battles in French history. John's nephew Otto retreated and was soon overthrown, with John agreeing to a five-year truce. Philip's victory was crucial to the political order in England and France, and the battle was instrumental in establishing
1415:
Anjou, or Aquitaine the love or care that he denied to his kingdom. His ambition was that of a mere warrior: he would fight for anything whatever, but he would sell everything that was worth fighting for. The glory that he sought was that of victory rather than conquest.
621:
that the threat presented by William Clito's rival claim to the duchy of Normandy made his negotiating position very weak. Even so, it is probable that, should the marriage be childless, King Henry would have attempted to be succeeded by one of his Norman kinsmen such as
907:
as heir, while John succeeded in England and Normandy. Philip II of France again destabilised the Plantagenet territories on the European mainland, supporting his vassal Arthur's claim to the English crown. Eleanor supported her son John, who was victorious at the
867:
to the Middle East in early 1190. Opinions of Richard by his contemporaries varied. He had rejected and humiliated the king of France's sister; deposed the king of Cyprus and sold the island; insulted and refused to give spoils from the Third Crusade to
1023:
dynasty. The outcome of the military situation was uncertain at John's death; William Marshall saved the dynasty, forcing Louis to renounce his claim with a military victory. However, Philip had captured all the Angevin possessions in France except
576:
and the kings of France. It was from this marriage that Geoffrey's son, Henry, inherited the claims to England, Normandy and Anjou that marks the beginning of the Angevin and Plantagenet dynasties. This was the third attempt by Geoffrey's father
340:. When Richard died, his brother John – Henry's fifth and last surviving son – took the throne. In 1204, John lost many of the Angevins' continental territories, including Anjou, to the French crown. He and his successors were still recognized as
760:
In 1171, Henry invaded Ireland to assert his overlordship following alarm at the success of knights that he had allowed to recruit soldiers in England and Wales, who had assumed the role of colonisers and accrued autonomous power, including
1237:, for example, drew on Henry's model. Henry's intervention in Brittany, Wales and Scotland had a significant long-term impact on the development of their societies and governments. John's reign, despite its flaws, and his signing of
406:. Whereas the Angevin part of this term has proved uncontentious, the empire portion has proved controversial. In 1986, a convention of historical specialists concluded that there had been no Angevin state and no empire but the term
1658:
works in the mid-17th century, focussing on John's tyranny and transferring the role of Protestant champion to the barons. Graham Tulloch noted that unfavourable 19th-century fictionalised depictions of John were influenced by Sir
615:
As society became more prosperous and stable in the 11th century, inheritance customs developed that allowed daughters (in the absence of sons) to succeed to principalities as well as landed estates. The twelfth-century chronicler
919:
would spend the rest of her life in captivity. John's behaviour drove a number of French barons to side with Philip, and the resulting rebellions by Norman and Angevin barons ended John's control of his continental possessions—the
1454:
with chronicles of Richard's behaviour, two public confessions, penances and childless marriage. Opinion remains divided, with Gillingham arguing against Richard's homosexuality and Jean Flori acknowledging its possibility.
366:
centuries. In addition, it is also used pertaining to Anjou, or any sovereign, government derived from this. As a noun, it is used for any native of Anjou or Angevin ruler. As such, Angevin is also used for other
1074:
Through John, descent from the Angevins (legitimate and illegitimate) is widespread, and includes all subsequent monarchs of England and the United Kingdom. He had five legitimate children with Isabella:
1755:
began describing him as a contemporary (and supporter) of Richard the Lionheart; Robin became an outlaw during the reign of Richard's evil brother, John, while Richard was fighting in the Third Crusade.
801:
and other subjects of Henry II also joined the revolt and it took 18 months for Henry to force the rebels to submit to his authority. In Le Mans in 1182, Henry II gathered his children to plan a
1409:
called Henry a "legislator king" because of his responsibility for major, long-term reforms in England; in contrast, Richard was "a bad son, a bad husband, a selfish ruler, and a vicious man".
1197:
were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard, but more tolerant of the earliest years of John's reign. Accounts of the middle and later years of his reign are limited to
1178:. Known as a valiant, competent and generous military leader, he was criticised by chroniclers for taxing the clergy for the Crusade and his ransom; clergy were usually exempt from taxes.
319:, who were the feudal overlords of his French territories. Henry also struggled to control his sons Henry, Geoffrey, Richard, and John, who rebelled against him in 1173–4, 1183, and 1189.
1253:
said, "hen the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns".
473:, it emphasised Richard's status as Geoffrey's patrilineal descendant. The retrospective usage of the name for all of Geoffrey's male-line descendants was popular during the subsequent
1054:
in medieval Latin). It is uncertain why Richard chose the name, but it emphasised Richard's hierarchal status as Geoffrey's (and six English kings') patrilineal descendant during the
332:" or "Lionheart". He was born and raised in England but spent very little time there during his adult life, perhaps as little as six months. Despite this Richard remains an enduring
876:. His cruelty was exemplified by the massacre of 2,600 prisoners in Acre. However, Richard was respected for his military leadership and courtly manners. Despite victories in the
1401:
historians view Henry's role in Thomas Becket's death and his disputes with the French as worthy of praise. Similarly, increased access to contemporary records during the late
1817:
1458:
According to recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, although John was an unsuccessful monarch, his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers.
1354:, Henry and his reign have attracted historians for many years and Richard (whose reputation has "fluctuated wildly") is remembered largely because of his military exploits.
4554:
1703:, began a cinematic trend in which John was an "effeminate ... arrogant and cowardly stay-at-home". John's character highlights Richard's virtues and contrasts with
1205:, neither of whom were satisfied with John's performance as king. His later negative reputation was established by two chroniclers writing after the king's death:
726:
Henry faced many challenges to secure possession of his father's and grandfathers’ lands that required the reassertion and extension of old suzerainties. In 1162
1594:
4046:
1639:
associated the character with a king named "Edward" and the setting is usually attributed by scholars to either the 13th or the 14th century. As the historian
398:. As far as it is known, there was no contemporary name for this assemblage of territories, which were referred to—if at all—by clumsy circumlocutions such as
4008:
1463:
Turner and Warren do. Bradbury takes a middle view, suggesting that modern historians have been overly lenient in evaluating John's flaws. Popular historian
3978:
1588:, offering a "balanced, dual view of a complex monarch as both a proto-Protestant victim of Rome's machinations and as a weak, selfishly motivated ruler".
3519:
1450:
Richard's sexuality has been controversial since the 1940s, when John Harvey challenged what he saw as "the conspiracy of silence" surrounding the king's
427:(1154–1189), who inherited ancestral lands in Anjou from his father and created the Angevin Empire is also arguably the first Plantagenet king of England.
1467:
wrote that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is "bizarre" and, as a monarch, John "fails almost all those that can be legitimately set".
5203:
4547:
927:
After re-establishing his authority in England, John planned to retake Normandy and Anjou by drawing the French from Paris while another army (under
249:, continued to rule England until 1485; some historians make no distinction between the Angevins and the Plantagenets, while others name John's son
718:, repeated the peace offer that Matilda had rejected in 1142: Stephen would be king for life, Henry his successor, preserving Stephen's second son
4498:
Gillingham, John (2007b). "Historians without Hindsight: Coggshall, Diceto and Howden on the Early Years of John's Reign". In Church, S.D. (ed.).
5198:
1447:
military failures but his "almost superhuman wickedness", and James Ramsay blamed John's family background and innate cruelty for his downfall.
1174:
been an excellent and beneficent prince". Henry's son Richard's contemporary image was more nuanced, since he was the first king who was also a
4540:
3543:
1484:
1480:
739:
recognise sixteen ancient customs—governing relations between the king, his courts, and the church—in writing for the first time in the
1476:
1095:
970:. This would form the basis of every constitutional battle of the 13th and 14th centuries. The barons and the crown failed to abide by
241:, and Henry II's mother. They were also related to the earlier Anglo-Saxon kings of England through Matilda's great-great grandfather,
1233:
at Westminster. Henry's itinerant justices also influenced his contemporaries' legal reforms: Philip Augustus's creation of itinerant
374:
and unrelated later members of the French royal family who were granted the titles to form different dynasties amongst which were the
5173:
1366:
wrote that the Angevins were pivotal in creating a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. Interpretations of
1825:
1273:
There was no distinct Angevin or Plantagenet culture that would distinguish or set them apart from their neighbours in this period.
5153:
1562:
During the Tudor period, popular representations of John emerged. He appeared as a "proto-Protestant martyr" in the anonymous play
1310:
1309:, Eleanor retired there to be a nun and the abbey was originally the site of his grave and those of Eleanor, Richard, his daughter
1123:
734:, died, and Henry saw an opportunity to re-establish what he saw as his rights over the church in England by appointing his friend
541:
1221:
Many of the changes Henry introduced during his rule had long-term consequences. His legal innovations form part of the basis for
17:
344:. The loss of Anjou, for which the dynasty is named, and other French fiefs made John the last of the Angevin kings of England.
4563:
1488:
762:
4509:
4479:
4458:
4320:
4301:
4205:
4184:
4148:
4102:
4077:
4056:
4018:
3958:
3877:
3856:
3784:
3763:
3732:
3711:
3690:
3671:
3612:
3593:
3553:
3529:
3508:
3455:
3434:
3415:
3383:
3364:
3324:
1362:, wrote: "He was a bad son, a bad husband, and a bad king, but a gallant and splendid soldier." Eighteenth-century historian
1119:
514:
1397:
praised John's "great renown" as king, blaming biased medieval chroniclers for the king's poor reputation. Similarly, later
986:
to mark the end of the Angevin period and the beginning of the Plantagenet dynasty. Marshall won the war with victories at
522:
443:
277:
256:
Henry II gained control of a large collection of lands in western Europe which would retrospectively be referred to as the
689:
In 1151, Count Geoffrey died before having time to complete his plan to divide his inheritance between his sons Henry and
5158:
1696:
4195:
1675:
1564:
336:
figure both in England and in France, and is one of very few kings of England remembered by his nickname as opposed to
903:
His failure to produce an heir caused a succession crisis. Anjou, Brittany, Maine and Touraine chose Richard's nephew
4437:
4416:
4390:
4358:
4339:
4248:
4226:
3936:
3917:
3896:
3835:
3803:
3650:
3631:
3572:
3487:
3343:
1035:
431:
1517:
Henry II appears as a fictionalised character in several modern plays and films. The king is a central character in
537:
5193:
5188:
1734:
1109:
526:
305:
4719:
4614:
1733:
roamed (singing a song known only to him and Richard) to find Richard's prison. This story was the foundation of
1580:
1578:, in which John attempts to save England from the "evil agents of the Roman Church". Shakespeare's anti-Catholic
1510:
1230:
622:
31:
30:
This article is about the English royal house of the 12th and early 13th century. For other houses of Anjou, see
5183:
5094:
1598:
demonstrate many of John's negative traits, but approve of the king's stand against the Roman Catholic Church.
1532:
1321:. Henry III visited the abbey in 1254 to reorder these tombs and requested that his heart be buried with them.
916:
897:
682:
3774:
1134:, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and (probably) Philip—and three daughters—
5178:
5168:
1617:
1213:. The latter claimed that John attempted to convert to Islam, but this is not believed by modern historians.
1082:
863:
as a "holocaust". After his coronation, Richard put the Angevin Empire's affairs in order before joining the
810:
711:
518:
502:
297:
285:
4694:
789:. This angered the 18-year-old Young King, who had yet to receive any lands from his father, and prompted a
4704:
1794:
1645:
1527:(1966), depicting an imaginary encounter between Henry's family and Philip Augustus over Christmas 1183 at
884:
719:
943:
960:
John's French defeats weakened his position in England. The rebellion of his English vassals resulted in
937:
928:
4594:
4579:
3444:
Bradbury, Jim (2007). "Philip Augustus and King John: Personality and History". In Church, S.D. (ed.).
1158:
legend to give the Angevins a demonic origin, and the kings were said to tell jokes about the stories.
904:
869:
777:
In 1172, Henry II tried to give his landless youngest son John a wedding gift of the three castles of
740:
133:
4686:
3406:
Bevington, David (2002). "Literature and the theatre". In Loewenstein, David; Mueller, Janel (eds.).
1962:
1683:
narrative. During the 20th century, John also appeared in fictional books and films with Robin Hood.
1385:
1338:
690:
660:
Henry's continental holdings in 1154, showing the lands known as the Angevin Empire in shades of red.
630:
367:
269:
163:
153:
143:
4261:
The History of France, from the final partition of the Empire of Charlemagne to the Peace of Cambray
982:. Many historians use John's death and William Marshall's appointment as protector of nine-year-old
714:
died. The disheartened Stephen, who had also recently been widowed, gave up the fight and, with the
371:
5071:
4589:
4571:
1099:
987:
731:
678:
626:
289:
118:
85:
4993:
4973:
4427:
4216:
1797:, for an overview of the conflict between Henry II and his descendants against the Kings of France
1318:
5163:
5148:
4779:
1967:
1771:
1555:
1405:
led to a recognition of Henry's contributions to the evolution of English law and the exchequer.
1314:
852:
790:
607:, but Henry had the marriage annulled to avoid strengthening William's rival claim to his lands.
578:
375:
1438:), for example, has been criticised for not acknowledging uncertainty. Although many of Henry's
1038:
adopted "Plantagenet" as a family name for himself and his descendants during the 15th century.
668:
heir; but when he died in 1135 Matilda was far from England in Anjou or Maine, while her cousin
5084:
3905:
1708:
1688:
1602:
1380:
991:
722:'s rights to his family estates. Stephen did not live long and so Henry inherited in late 1154.
703:
whom Henry quickly married, greatly increasing his resources and power with the acquisition of
229:, who ruled England from 1154 to 1216. With ancestral lands in Anjou, they were related to the
4998:
4003:
Maley, Willy (2010). "'And bloody England into England gone': Empire, Monarchy, and Nation in
880:
he failed to capture Jerusalem, retreating from the Holy Land with a small band of followers.
556:, was part of a struggle for power during the tenth and eleventh centuries among the lords of
4880:
1975:
1775:
1650:
1493:
1245:
as positive steps in the constitutional development of England and part of a progressive and
1198:
1063:
892:
859:
On the day of Richard's English coronation, there was a mass slaughter of Jews, described by
839:
715:
530:
379:
226:
105:
4629:
3724:
Remaking the Middle Ages: The Methods of Cinema and History in Portraying the Medieval World
5056:
4822:
4709:
4649:
4265:
1785:
1765:
1635:
1115:
1058:. The retrospective use of the name for Geoffrey's male descendants was popular during the
1020:
1016:
983:
979:
975:
873:
848:
835:
814:
806:
802:
753:
700:
510:
506:
323:
250:
246:
222:
61:
4988:
1138:, Maud and (probably) Isabel. Of these, Joan was the best known, since she married Prince
778:
8:
1789:
1747:
1257:
was reissued by the Marshal Protectorate and later as a foundation of future government.
1202:
1186:
1135:
1105:
822:
794:
696:
637:
494:
424:
316:
312:
301:
218:
123:
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292:'s heir in 1153 and inheriting the kingdom in 1154. Henry also exerted influence on the
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in which his eldest son (also called Henry) would inherit England, Normandy and Anjou;
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341:
281:
238:
71:
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3430:
3411:
3379:
3360:
3339:
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1724:
1612:
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1206:
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John also had illegitimate children with a number of mistresses, including nine sons—
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1047:
995:
470:
455:
293:
261:
230:
138:
128:
75:
5014:
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4865:
3582:
Curren-Aquino, Deborah T (1989). "Introduction". In Curren-Aquino, Deborah T (ed.).
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to build a political alliance with Normandy. The first was by marrying his daughter
552:. The marriage of Count Geoffrey to Matilda, the only surviving legitimate child of
477:, perhaps encouraged by the further legitimacy it gave to Richard's great-grandson,
5099:
5089:
4802:
4797:
4754:
4739:
4734:
4599:
4033:
3983:
1956:
1730:
1704:
1302:
1298:
1279:
1190:
1166:
1029:
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in which Louis renounced his claims. In victory, the Marshal Protectorate reissued
948:
924:
end of the Angevin Empire, although Henry III would maintain his claim until 1259.
798:
596:
582:
573:
545:
451:
361:
Northern France around the County of Anjou; red circles mark regional urban centres
181:
4900:
4259:
3995:
5127:
5079:
4769:
4764:
4749:
4676:
4634:
4624:
4499:
4469:
4448:
4291:
4159:
4138:
4092:
3964:
3867:
3846:
3722:
3701:
3663:
Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100–1300
3661:
3583:
3498:
3445:
3354:
3314:
1655:
1574:
1376:
1355:
1351:
1283:
1194:
1151:
1131:
727:
665:
617:
604:
489:
481:. In the late 17th century, this name passed into common usage among historians.
265:
242:
234:
214:
4958:
4933:
4845:
5122:
5044:
5034:
4963:
4910:
4812:
4744:
4714:
4671:
4644:
3987:
1742:
1607:
1589:
1559:, an exploration of Becket's death and Eliot's religious interpretation of it.
1426:
1406:
1291:
766:
586:
463:
447:
391:
257:
158:
4948:
4928:
4923:
1531:. Philip's strong character contrasts with John, an "effete weakling". In the
1062:, perhaps encouraged by the added legitimacy it gave Richard's great-grandson
844:
821:
and, in 1186, Geoffrey died after a tournament accident. In 1189, Richard and
5142:
5117:
5008:
4968:
4895:
4860:
4729:
4664:
4619:
4405:
4129:
1712:
1684:
1518:
1497:
1451:
1439:
1402:
1287:
1210:
883:
Richard was captured by Leopold on his return journey. He was transferred to
877:
864:
735:
673:
England during 1139 to challenge Stephen, instigating the civil war known as
600:
474:
337:
4983:
4870:
3968:
1535:, Henry is a sacrilegious, fiery and determined king. Henry also appears in
1269:
Tomb of Richard I (Lionheart) of England and Isabella of Angoulême (at back)
548:, the county of Anjou from an older line dating from 870 and a noble called
370:; including the three kings' ancestors, their cousins who held the crown of
4885:
4875:
4400:
4282:
4236:
2877:
1692:
1660:
1536:
1464:
1459:
1430:
1383:
viewed John as an early Protestant hero, and Foxe included the king in his
1246:
1242:
1059:
887:, and a 25-percent tax on goods and income was required to pay his 150,000-
770:
469:
It is uncertain why Richard chose this specific name, although, during the
395:
4835:
1729:
During the 13th century, a folktale developed in which Richard's minstrel
5109:
5019:
3776:
Richard Coeur de Lion: Kingship, Chivalry, and War in the Twelfth Century
1700:
1670:
1550:
1222:
962:
953:
888:
674:
357:
4890:
1019:
invasion to mark the end of the Angevin period and the beginning of the
288:, in 1152. He successfully pursued his claim to England, being declared
148:
48:
4759:
4521:
On the Instruction of a Prince: The Upbringing of Henry, the Young King
3751:
1752:
1680:
1630:
1398:
1390:
1363:
967:
648:
as by this date Anjou and most of the continental lands had been lost.
591:
478:
420:
4332:
The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199
1032:
during the 13th century marked a "turning point in European history".
4953:
4855:
4584:
4471:
Restoration and Reform, 1153–1165: Recovery From Civil War in England
4037:
1640:
1569:
1504:
1435:
1372:
1333:
1265:
1161:
818:
459:
4840:
4275:
The Constitutional History of England, in its Origin and Development
4091:
on Stage and Screen". In Kelly, Kathleen Coyne; Pugh, Tison (eds.).
1768:, for details on the successors of the Angevins and the wider family
931:) attacked from the north. However, his allies were defeated at the
813:
Brittany, and John Ireland. This degenerated into further conflict.
4724:
4604:
3703:
Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850–1520
1155:
786:
744:
561:
557:
549:
273:
3521:
The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284
1249:
course of political and economic development in medieval England.
4943:
4938:
4087:
Palmer, R. Barton (2007). "Queering the Lion Heart: Richard I in
1665:
1025:
656:
400:
our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be
1934:
4918:
4850:
4197:
Plantagenet Ancestry: a Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
4140:
Playing Robin Hood: the Legend as Performance in Five Centuries
3181:
3179:
2882:
2880:
1541:
1528:
1306:
1175:
782:
565:
322:
Henry died in 1189 and was succeeded by his eldest living son,
3683:
The Rymes of Robin Hood: An Introduction to the English Outlaw
434:, adopted Plantagenet as his family name in the 15th century.
4830:
4609:
4030:
The Monastic Patronage of King Henry II in England, 1154–1189
3565:
Histoire militaire de la France (tome 1, des origines à 1715)
569:
4113:
3176:
1046:) was Geoffrey's nickname, and his emblem may have been the
326:, whose reputation for martial prowess won him the epithet "
3046:
3044:
3042:
333:
3866:
Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas, eds. (2007).
3500:
Royal Warriors: A Military History of the British Monarchy
3480:
Royal Warriors: A Military History of the British Monarchy
610:
193:
693:, who would have received England and Anjou respectively.
404:
the whole of the kingdom which had belonged to his father
202:
196:
187:
3408:
The Cambridge History of Early Modern English Literature
3039:
1260:
1079:
Henry III – king of England for most of the 13th century
915:
Arthur was murdered (allegedly by John), and his sister
891:
ransom. Philip II of France had overrun Normandy, while
4562:
3424:
1838:
1679:(1883) which cast John as the principal villain of the
1595:
The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington
454:. One of many popular theories suggests the blossom of
27:
12th–13th century English royal house of French origin
2843:
2841:
2477:
2475:
2123:
2121:
1903:
1778:, other dynasties called "Angevin" by some historians
1707:, the "swashbuckling villain" opposing Robin. In the
205:
190:
4241:
A History of Britain – At the edge of the world
2660:
2658:
442:) had been a 12th-century nickname for his ancestor
311:
The expansion of Henry's power caused conflict with
199:
3588:. University of Delaware Press. pp. xix–xxvi.
3467:
Henry II and the Creation of the English Common Law
184:
4526:
4404:
4375:
4167:
3865:
3820:
3602:
3472:
3400:
2838:
2481:
2472:
2118:
2013:
2011:
1955:
1669:. They, in turn, influenced the children's author
1605:used Richard's invasion of Cyprus as the plot for
1371:prerogatives won favour from 16th-century Tudors.
3976:Keefe, Thomas K. (2008). "Henry II (1133–1189)".
3845:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith A. (2001).
3232:
3230:
2655:
1954:
797:supported the rebellion to destabilise Henry II.
5140:
3410:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 428–456.
3395:Finance and the Economy in the Reign of Henry II
3316:A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film
2046:
4114:"The Tardy Adoption of the Plantagenet Surname"
3828:Architecture and Society in Normandy, 1120–1270
2008:
1601:Richard is the subject of two operas: In 1719,
855:of 1189. Exhibited in History Museum of Vendee.
3227:
2619:
2385:
2070:
2034:
1297:The Angevins were closely associated with the
872:, and allegedly arranged the assassination of
493:Thirteenth-century depiction of the Angevins (
4548:
4007:". In Maley, Willy; Tudeau, Margaret (eds.).
3844:
3581:
3425:Blockmans, Wim; Hoppenbrouwers, Mark (2014).
3185:
2969:
2967:
2724:
2397:
2289:
2253:
1812:
1810:
1118:– married William Marshal's son (also called
4329:
4289:
3982:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3951:The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England
3680:
3221:
3170:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2313:
2241:
1999:
1997:
1909:
1822:The Official Website of The British Monarchy
966:, which limited royal power and established
458:, a bright yellow ("gold") flowering plant,
327:
4497:
4221:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press.
3812:
3009:
2997:
2973:
2958:
2922:
2886:
2871:
2859:
2688:
2664:
2462:
2460:
2433:
2277:
2139:
2127:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2058:
1861:
1485:Cultural depictions of Richard I of England
1481:Cultural depictions of Henry the Young King
4555:
4541:
4518:
4330:——; Heiser, Richard R (2000).
4193:
4032:(Ph.D. thesis). University of St Andrews.
3793:
3772:
3603:Danziger, Danny; Gillingham, John (2003).
3562:
3050:
2964:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2565:
2493:
2427:
2421:
2271:
2235:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2151:
2064:
1988:
1897:
1807:
1691:, commits atrocities and acts of torture.
1477:Cultural depictions of Henry II of England
978:when rebel barons provoked an invasion by
793:by Henry II's wife and three eldest sons.
5204:13th-century disestablishments in England
4161:Henry, Duke of the Normans (1149/50-1189)
4027:
3545:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
3538:
3517:
3496:
3427:Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500
3405:
3197:
3134:
2847:
2760:
2577:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2325:
1994:
4453:(Yale ed.). Yale University Press.
4367:
4290:Tiwawi, Subha; Tiwawi, Maneesha (2007).
4214:
3926:
3443:
3098:
3074:
2832:
2820:
2631:
2613:
2457:
1503:
1492:
1328:
1264:
1216:
1160:
942:
896:wounded by an arrow during the siege of
843:
655:
488:
419:
356:
4504:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–26.
4348:
4257:
4065:
3979:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3756:Richard Coeur de Lion: le roi-chevalier
3720:
3477:
3392:
3352:
3333:
3158:
3122:
3021:
2985:
2439:
2307:
2283:
2052:
1718:
1549:. The Becket conflict is the basis for
1500:, a historian during John's early reign
1145:
1010:
677:. In 1141, she captured Stephen at the
611:Inheritance custom and Angevin practice
14:
5199:12th-century establishments in England
5141:
4446:
4425:
4399:
4380:
4310:
4272:
4235:
4172:
4136:
4086:
4044:
3886:
3741:
3659:
3640:
3621:
3373:
3312:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3209:
3146:
3110:
3086:
3033:
2946:
2934:
2910:
2736:
2700:
2676:
2625:
2589:
2583:
2415:
2409:
2391:
2331:
2211:
2076:
2040:
2023:
2017:
1921:
1885:
1850:
1715:) is a "cowardly, thumbsucking lion".
1489:Cultural depictions of John of England
1282:—there was not a unifying literature.
664:Henry I of England named his daughter
280:in 1150–51, and gained control of the
245:. Their descendants, the main line of
4536:
4467:
4383:Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses
4157:
4111:
4002:
3975:
3945:
3825:
3750:
3464:
3296:
3248:
3062:
2898:
2808:
2712:
2649:
2637:
2601:
2466:
2451:
2403:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2319:
2295:
2259:
2247:
2223:
2163:
2157:
2029:
2003:
1873:
1784:, for a peace agreement between King
1470:
1261:Architecture, language and literature
651:
544:. In 1060 this couple inherited, via
3904:
3699:
3681:Dobson, R. B.; Taylor, John (1997).
3236:
2748:
2301:
1976:participating institution membership
4564:Royal houses of Britain and Ireland
3744:Dictionnaire de la France médiévale
1839:Blockmans & Hoppenbrouwers 2014
1002:as the basis of future government.
912:and captured the rebel leadership.
24:
4490:
4411:. University of California Press.
3815:Doing Homage to the King of France
3376:L'Empire de Plantagenêt, 1154–1224
1676:The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood
1565:The Troublesome Reign of King John
589:, who drowned in the wreck of the
25:
5215:
4315:. Longman Medieval World Series.
1346:) viewed John's reign positively.
1324:
1108:– married the Holy Roman Emperor
817:rebelled again before he died of
595:. Fulk then married his daughter
466:, as the source of the nickname.
432:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
385:
5174:English people of French descent
4264:. Baldwin and Craddock. p.
4143:. University of Delaware Press.
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
1278:vernaculars—French, English and
603:, heir to Henry's older brother
306:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
180:
47:
5154:England in the High Middle Ages
4351:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
3758:(in French). Biographie Payot.
3056:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2865:
2853:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2643:
2607:
2595:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2445:
2265:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2145:
2133:
2106:
2094:
2082:
1982:
1948:
1927:
1511:The Life and Death of King John
623:Theobald II, Count of Champagne
497:and his legitimate children): (
4527:Harper-Bill & Vincent 2007
4501:King John: New Interpretations
4474:. Cambridge University Press.
4376:Harper-Bill & Vincent 2007
4313:King John (The Medieval World)
4168:Harper-Bill & Vincent 2007
4010:This England, That Shakespeare
3821:Harper-Bill & Vincent 2007
3721:Elliott, Andrew B. R. (2011).
3666:. Cambridge University Press.
3585:King John: New Interpretations
3473:Harper-Bill & Vincent 2007
3447:King John: New Interpretations
3401:Harper-Bill & Vincent 2007
3305:
2482:Danziger & Gillingham 2003
1915:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1844:
1832:
1741:, and inspired the opening of
1085:– a noted European leader and
683:Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
538:Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais
413:
347:
13:
1:
4028:Martinson, Amanda A. (2007).
3869:Henry II: New Interpretations
3605:1215: The Year of Magna Carta
3563:Contramine, Phillipe (1992).
1801:
1751:. Sixteenth-century tales of
1624:
1358:, in the third volume of the
1165:Tomb of Henry and Eleanor in
1102:, becoming his queen consort.
1015:Historians use the period of
286:Eleanor, duchess of Aquitaine
4519:Strickland, Matthew (2007).
4194:Richardson, Douglas (2004).
4173:Ramsay, James Henry (1903).
3996:UK public library membership
1795:Capetian-Plantagenet rivalry
1169:near Chinon in Anjou, France
1122:) and, later, English rebel
885:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
253:the first Plantagenet king.
7:
4368:Vincent, Nicholas (2007b).
4200:. Genealogical Publishing.
4097:. Ashgate. pp. 45–60.
4013:. Ashgate. pp. 51–62.
3429:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
1759:
1735:André Ernest Modeste Grétry
947:One of only four surviving
938:absolute monarchy in France
929:Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
10:
5220:
5159:Medieval history of France
4407:King John, Revised Edition
3927:Huscroft, Richard (2005).
3700:Dyer, Christopher (2009).
3643:The Isles – A History
3607:. Hodder & Stoughton.
1722:
1633:such as those compiled in
1474:
1420:William Stubbs, on Richard
1395:Historie of Great Britaine
1069:
870:Leopold V, Duke of Austria
833:
829:
741:Constitutions of Clarendon
536:The Angevins descend from
484:
352:
29:
5108:
5070:
4909:
4821:
4778:
4685:
4570:
4468:White, Graeme J. (2000).
4218:A History of the Crusades
4215:Runciman, Steven (1954).
3929:Ruling England, 1042–1217
3851:(2nd ed.). Longman.
3848:Capetian France, 987–1328
3830:. Yale University Press.
3773:Gillingham, John (1994).
3706:. Yale University Press.
3497:Carpenter, David (1996).
3478:Carlton, Charles (2003).
3336:London – A Biography
1963:Oxford English Dictionary
1290:of the secular elite and
1154:borrowed elements of the
1005:
900:and died ten days later.
898:Château de Châlus-Chabrol
368:counts and dukes of Anjou
111:
101:
91:
81:
67:
57:
46:
41:
4311:Turner, Ralph V (1994).
4273:Stubbs, William (1874).
4258:Smedley, Edward (1836).
4094:Queer Movie Medievalisms
3813:—— (2007a).
3548:. Vol. 1. Cassell.
3450:. Boydell & Brewer.
3171:Tiwawi & Tiwawi 2007
1910:Turner & Heiser 2000
1629:The earliest ballads of
1100:Alexander II of Scotland
994:in 1217, leading to the
809:the Duchy of Aquitaine;
774:his youngest son, John.
769:had given Henry a papal
732:Archbishop of Canterbury
394:" was coined in 1887 by
176:Angevin kings of England
86:King Henry II of England
5194:Royal houses of England
5189:Roman Catholic monarchs
4447:—— (2000).
4426:—— (1991).
4349:Vauchez, Andre (2000).
4293:The Plays of T.S. Eliot
3912:. Thames & Hudson.
3794:—— (2001).
3641:—— (1999).
3624:Europe – A History
3622:Davies, Norman (1997).
3518:—— (2004).
3374:Aurell, Martin (2003).
3334:Ackroyd, Peter (2000).
1968:Oxford University Press
1772:Capetian House of Anjou
1556:Murder in the Cathedral
1360:History of the Crusades
1350:According to historian
1315:Raymond VII of Toulouse
826:the murder of Beckett.
710:In 1153, Stephen's son
376:Capetian House of Anjou
231:Norman kings of England
18:Angevin king of England
4158:Power, Daniel (2007).
4112:Plant, John S (2007).
4066:Norgate, Kate (1902).
4045:McLynn, Frank (2007).
3988:10.1093/ref:odnb/12949
3660:Davies, R. R. (1990).
3393:Barratt, Nick (2007).
3353:Anouilh, Jean (2005).
1709:Disney cartoon version
1663:'s historical romance
1654:further developed the
1603:George Frideric Handel
1514:
1501:
1417:
1347:
1270:
1170:
957:
856:
661:
533:
428:
362:
328:
5184:French noble families
5095:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4401:Warren, Wilfred Lewis
4381:Wagner, John (2001).
4370:The Court of Henry II
4137:Potter, Lois (1998).
3887:Harvey, John (1948),
3826:Grant, Lindy (2005).
3742:Favier, Jean (1993).
3685:. Sutton Publishing.
3482:. Pearson Education.
3378:(in French). Tempus.
3313:Aberth, John (2003).
1937:. The Royal Household
1776:Valois House of Anjou
1739:Richard Coeur-de-Lion
1651:King John and Matilda
1618:Richard Coeur-de-lion
1586:The Troublesome Reign
1507:
1496:
1412:
1332:
1319:Isabella of Angoulême
1268:
1217:Constitutional impact
1199:Gervase of Canterbury
1164:
1064:Henry VIII of England
946:
847:
840:John, King of England
716:Treaty of Wallingford
659:
492:
423:
380:Valois House of Anjou
360:
296:, installing his son
284:from his marriage to
106:John, King of England
5179:English royal houses
5169:House of Plantagenet
3746:(in French). Fayard.
3465:Brand, Paul (2007).
1786:Richard I of England
1766:House of Plantagenet
1719:In medieval folklore
1636:A Gest of Robyn Hode
1229:a forerunner of the
1146:Contemporary opinion
1011:House of Plantagenet
951:of the 1215 text of
874:Conrad of Montferrat
836:Richard I of England
803:partible inheritance
754:Canterbury Cathedral
701:Eleanor of Aquitaine
264:and the counties of
62:House of Plantagenet
53:Arms adopted in 1198
4523:. pp. 184–214.
4372:. pp. 278–334.
4334:. Harlow: Longman.
4277:. Clarendon Press.
4176:'The Angevin Empire
3891:, Fontana/Collins,
3779:. Hambledon Press.
3503:. Hambledon Press.
3469:. pp. 347–361.
3397:. pp. 242–256.
2976:, pp. 286, 299
1966:(Online ed.).
1790:Philip II of France
1745:'s film version of
1203:Ralph of Coggeshall
1187:William of Newburgh
823:Philip II of France
697:Louis VII of France
638:William of Newburgh
542:Ermengarde of Anjou
313:Louis VII of France
302:kingdom of Scotland
260:. He inherited the
4710:Mann and the Isles
4164:. pp. 85–128.
4089:The Lion in Winter
3796:The Angevin Empire
3567:(in French). PUF.
3540:Churchill, Winston
3299:, pp. 191–192
3186:Curren-Aquino 1989
3125:, pp. 109–110
3113:, pp. 472–473
3053:, pp. 119–139
2988:, pp. 248–294
2961:, pp. 279–281
2913:, pp. 550–551
2725:HallamEverard 2001
2640:, pp. 484–485
2469:, pp. 221–222
2406:, pp. 161–169
2358:, pp. 140–141
2142:, pp. 119–121
1888:, pp. 228–229
1782:Treaty of Louviers
1711:, John (voiced by
1524:The Lion in Winter
1515:
1502:
1471:In popular culture
1425:The growth of the
1348:
1344:Acts and Monuments
1301:in Anjou. Henry's
1271:
1227:Exchequer of Pleas
1183:Richard of Devizes
1171:
1140:Llywelyn the Great
1087:King of the Romans
958:
933:Battle of Bouvines
910:Battle of Mirebeau
861:Richard of Devizes
857:
749:Archbishop of York
705:Duchy of Aquitaine
662:
652:Arrival in England
554:Henry I of England
534:
429:
408:espace Plantagenet
363:
342:dukes of Aquitaine
315:and his successor
304:; and oversaw the
282:duchy of Aquitaine
237:, the daughter of
5136:
5135:
4511:978-0-8511-5736-8
4481:978-0-5215-5459-6
4460:978-0-3000-8474-0
4322:978-0-5820-6726-4
4303:978-8-1269-0649-9
4207:978-0-8063-1750-2
4186:978-1-1438-2355-8
4150:978-0-8741-3663-0
4104:978-0-7546-7592-1
4079:978-1-2303-1525-6
4058:978-0-7126-9417-9
4051:. Vintage Books.
4020:978-0-7546-6602-8
3994:(Subscription or
3960:978-0-0074-5749-6
3879:978-1-8438-3340-6
3872:. Boydell Press.
3858:978-0-5824-0428-1
3817:. pp. 63–84.
3786:978-1-8528-5084-5
3765:978-2-2288-9272-8
3734:978-0-7864-4624-7
3713:978-0-3001-0191-1
3692:978-0-7509-1661-5
3673:978-0-5210-2977-3
3614:978-0-3408-2475-7
3595:978-0-8741-3337-0
3555:978-0-3043-6389-6
3531:978-0-1401-4824-4
3510:978-1-8528-5137-8
3457:978-0-8511-5736-8
3436:978-1-3179-3425-7
3417:978-0-5216-3156-3
3385:978-2-2620-2282-2
3366:978-0-4136-9540-6
3326:978-0-4159-3886-0
3222:DobsonTaylor 1997
2703:, pp. 11, 14
1974:(Subscription or
1725:Matter of England
1689:1922 film version
1572:'s morality play
1275:Robert of Torigni
1251:Winston Churchill
1207:Roger of Wendover
1124:Simon de Montfort
1091:Holy Roman Empire
1056:Wars of the Roses
996:Treaty of Lambeth
976:First Barons' War
974:, leading to the
815:The younger Henry
752:killed Becket in
679:battle of Lincoln
471:Wars of the Roses
294:duchy of Brittany
278:Geoffrey of Anjou
262:duchy of Normandy
172:
171:
159:Count of Touraine
149:Count of Gâtinais
129:Duke of Aquitaine
16:(Redirected from
5211:
4974:Síl nÁedo Sláine
4881:Ó Máel Sechlainn
4557:
4550:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4485:
4464:
4443:
4422:
4410:
4396:
4373:
4364:
4345:
4326:
4307:
4286:
4269:
4254:
4232:
4211:
4190:
4179:. Sonnenschein.
4165:
4154:
4133:
4108:
4083:
4062:
4041:
4024:
3999:
3991:
3972:
3942:
3923:
3901:
3889:The Plantagenets
3883:
3862:
3841:
3818:
3809:
3790:
3769:
3747:
3738:
3717:
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3677:
3656:
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3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3224:, pp. 14–16
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3174:
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3162:
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3150:
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3114:
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3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3010:Gillingham 2007a
3007:
3001:
2998:Gillingham 2007a
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2974:Gillingham 2007a
2971:
2962:
2959:Gillingham 2007a
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2923:Gillingham 2007a
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2887:Gillingham 2007a
2884:
2875:
2872:Gillingham 2007a
2869:
2863:
2860:Gillingham 2007a
2857:
2851:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2739:, pp. 22–23
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2689:Gillingham 2007a
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2665:Gillingham 2007a
2662:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
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2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
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2485:
2479:
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2464:
2455:
2449:
2443:
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2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
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2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
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2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
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2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2250:, pp. 82–92
2245:
2239:
2238:, pp. 28–29
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2190:, pp. 19–20
2185:
2179:
2178:, pp. 15–18
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2140:Gillingham 2007a
2137:
2131:
2128:Gillingham 2007a
2125:
2116:
2113:Gillingham 2007a
2110:
2104:
2103:, pp. 10–12
2101:Gillingham 2007a
2098:
2092:
2089:Gillingham 2007a
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2006:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1876:, pp. 85–86
1871:
1865:
1864:, pp. 15–23
1862:Gillingham 2007a
1859:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1828:on 9 April 2016.
1824:. Archived from
1814:
1705:Guy of Gisbourne
1687:'s John, in the
1646:Robert Davenport
1611:, and, in 1784,
1421:
1342:(official title
1317:and John's wife—
1299:Fontevraud Abbey
1191:Roger of Hoveden
1167:Fontevraud Abbey
949:exemplifications
799:William the Lion
627:Stephen of Blois
585:to Henry's heir
546:cognatic kinship
452:Duke of Normandy
410:was acceptable.
331:
276:from his father
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
164:Count of Mortain
139:Duke of Normandy
134:Duke of Brittany
51:
39:
38:
21:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5104:
5066:
4905:
4817:
4774:
4681:
4566:
4561:
4531:
4512:
4493:
4491:Further reading
4488:
4482:
4461:
4440:
4419:
4393:
4361:
4342:
4323:
4304:
4251:
4229:
4208:
4187:
4151:
4105:
4080:
4059:
4021:
3993:
3961:
3953:. HarperPress.
3939:
3920:
3899:
3880:
3859:
3838:
3806:
3787:
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3735:
3714:
3693:
3674:
3653:
3634:
3615:
3596:
3575:
3556:
3532:
3511:
3490:
3458:
3437:
3418:
3386:
3367:
3346:
3327:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3051:Gillingham 1994
3049:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2797:Gillingham 2001
2795:
2791:
2785:Gillingham 2001
2783:
2779:
2773:Gillingham 2001
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2566:Richardson 2004
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2494:Gillingham 1994
2492:
2488:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2428:Contramine 1992
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2272:Gillingham 1994
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2236:Gillingham 1994
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2200:Gillingham 1994
2198:
2194:
2188:Gillingham 1994
2186:
2182:
2176:Gillingham 1994
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2152:Gillingham 1994
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2065:Gillingham 2001
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1989:Gillingham 2001
1987:
1983:
1973:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1898:Gillingham 2001
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1762:
1727:
1721:
1695:' John, in the
1627:
1491:
1475:Main articles:
1473:
1423:
1419:
1386:Book of Martyrs
1377:William Tyndale
1356:Steven Runciman
1352:John Gillingham
1339:Book of Martyrs
1327:
1294:or the church.
1263:
1243:Whig historians
1241:, were seen by
1219:
1195:Ralph de Diceto
1152:Gerald of Wales
1150:The chronicler
1148:
1072:
1036:Richard of York
1013:
1008:
893:John of England
842:
834:Main articles:
832:
654:
618:Ralph de Diceto
613:
605:Robert Curthose
487:
418:
388:
355:
350:
243:Edmund Ironside
183:
179:
168:
124:Lord of Ireland
119:King of England
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5217:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5164:House of Anjou
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Medieval kings
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5015:Uí Ceinnselaig
5012:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4979:Clann Cholmáin
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4911:Gaelic Ireland
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:Ó Gallchobhair
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4530:
4529:
4516:
4510:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4423:
4417:
4397:
4391:
4378:
4365:
4359:
4346:
4340:
4327:
4321:
4308:
4302:
4287:
4270:
4255:
4249:
4233:
4227:
4212:
4206:
4191:
4185:
4170:
4155:
4149:
4134:
4109:
4103:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4042:
4025:
4019:
4000:
3973:
3959:
3943:
3937:
3924:
3918:
3902:
3897:
3884:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3823:
3810:
3804:
3791:
3785:
3770:
3764:
3748:
3739:
3733:
3718:
3712:
3697:
3691:
3678:
3672:
3657:
3651:
3638:
3632:
3619:
3613:
3600:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3560:
3554:
3536:
3530:
3515:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3475:
3462:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3422:
3416:
3403:
3390:
3384:
3371:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3331:
3325:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3198:Bevington 2002
3190:
3175:
3163:
3161:, p. xxiv
3151:
3139:
3135:Martinson 2007
3127:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3038:
3026:
3014:
3012:, pp. 5–7
3002:
2990:
2978:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2848:Bevington 2002
2837:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2761:Churchill 1958
2753:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2578:Carpenter 2004
2570:
2558:
2554:Carpenter 2004
2546:
2542:Carpenter 2004
2534:
2530:Carpenter 1996
2522:
2518:Carpenter 1996
2510:
2506:Carpenter 1996
2498:
2486:
2471:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2394:, pp. 100
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2091:, pp. 7–8
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2022:
2007:
1993:
1991:, pp. 2–5
1981:
1947:
1935:"The Angevins"
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1843:
1831:
1818:"The Angevins"
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1779:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1743:Richard Thorpe
1723:Main article:
1720:
1717:
1626:
1623:
1608:Riccardo Primo
1590:Anthony Munday
1547:filmed in 1964
1508:Shakespeare's
1472:
1469:
1440:royal charters
1429:led historian
1427:British Empire
1411:
1407:William Stubbs
1326:
1325:Historiography
1323:
1262:
1259:
1218:
1215:
1147:
1144:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1052:planta genista
1030:Capetian power
1017:Prince Louis's
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
849:King Richard I
831:
828:
767:Pope Adrian IV
724:
723:
708:
694:
653:
650:
646:Angevin Empire
612:
609:
587:William Adelin
486:
483:
464:medieval Latin
448:Count of Anjou
417:
412:
392:Angevin Empire
387:
386:Angevin Empire
384:
354:
351:
349:
346:
258:Angevin Empire
221:and his sons,
170:
169:
167:
166:
161:
156:
154:Count of Maine
151:
146:
144:Count of Anjou
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
44:
43:
32:House of Anjou
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5216:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:Orange-Nassau
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5072:Great Britain
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Ó Conchobhair
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4901:Ó Conchobhair
4899:
4897:
4896:Mac Lochlainn
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4528:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4439:0-4134-5520-3
4435:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4418:0-5200-3643-3
4414:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4392:1-8510-9358-3
4388:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4360:1-5795-8282-6
4356:
4353:. Routledge.
4352:
4347:
4343:
4341:0-5822-5659-3
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4250:0-5635-3483-4
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:Schama, Simon
4234:
4230:
4228:0-5210-6163-6
4224:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:. Macmillan.
4071:
4070:
4069:John Lackland
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4048:John Lackland
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3938:0-5828-4882-2
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3919:0-5002-7541-6
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:0-0063-2949-7
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3837:0-3001-0686-6
3833:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3805:0-3407-4115-5
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:. McFarland.
3726:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3652:0-3337-6370-X
3648:
3645:. MacMillan.
3644:
3639:
3635:
3633:0-7126-6633-8
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3574:2-1304-8957-5
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3489:0-5824-7265-2
3485:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3345:0-0994-2258-1
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:. Routledge.
3318:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3293:
3287:, p. 218
3286:
3281:
3275:, p. 210
3274:
3269:
3263:, p. 166
3262:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3239:, p. 170
3238:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3200:, p. 454
3199:
3194:
3188:, p. 19.
3187:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3137:, p. 263
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3101:, p. 361
3100:
3099:Bradbury 2007
3095:
3088:
3083:
3077:, p. 353
3076:
3075:Bradbury 2007
3071:
3065:, p. 448
3064:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3036:, p. 502
3035:
3030:
3024:, p. 286
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2850:, p. 432
2849:
2844:
2842:
2835:, p. 174
2834:
2833:Huscroft 2005
2829:
2823:, p. 484
2822:
2821:Runciman 1954
2817:
2811:, p. 484
2810:
2805:
2799:, p. 115
2798:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2775:, p. 118
2774:
2769:
2763:, p. 190
2762:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2727:, p. 211
2726:
2721:
2715:, p. 216
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2652:, p. 322
2651:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2628:, p. 215
2627:
2622:
2616:, p. 330
2615:
2614:Vincent 2007b
2610:
2604:, p. 213
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2580:, p. 328
2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2556:, p. 306
2555:
2550:
2544:, p. 344
2543:
2538:
2532:, p. 277
2531:
2526:
2520:, p. 223
2519:
2514:
2508:, p. 270
2507:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2484:, p. 271
2483:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2454:, p. 217
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2418:, p. 176
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2382:, p. 146
2381:
2376:
2370:, p. 145
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2346:, p. 139
2345:
2340:
2334:, p. 351
2333:
2328:
2322:, p. 133
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2298:, p. 128
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2262:, p. 109
2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2226:, p. 53.
2225:
2220:
2214:, p. 142
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2079:, p. 309
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2043:, p. 190
2042:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2020:, p. 206
2019:
2014:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1924:, p. 58.
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1841:, p. 173
1840:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1713:Peter Ustinov
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:Sam De Grasse
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:James Goldman
1513:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1498:Matthew Paris
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1452:homosexuality
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:Victorian era
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1381:Robert Barnes
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:lingua franca
1285:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1211:Matthew Paris
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:Plante Genest
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:
956:
955:
950:
945:
941:
939:
934:
930:
925:
923:
918:
913:
911:
906:
901:
899:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
878:Third Crusade
875:
871:
866:
865:Third Crusade
862:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
772:
768:
764:
758:
755:
750:
746:
742:
737:
736:Thomas Becket
733:
729:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
695:
692:
688:
687:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
667:
658:
649:
647:
641:
639:
636:According to
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
608:
606:
602:
601:William Clito
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:left to right
496:
491:
482:
480:
476:
475:Tudor dynasty
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Plante Genest
437:
433:
426:
422:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
359:
345:
343:
339:
338:regnal number
335:
330:
325:
320:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
300:as duke; the
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
177:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5030:Mac Carthaig
5004:Uí Dúnlainge
4959:Uí Fiachrach
4886:Mac Murchada
4846:Corcu Loígde
4654:
4520:
4500:
4470:
4449:
4428:
4406:
4385:. ABC-CLIO.
4382:
4369:
4350:
4331:
4312:
4296:. Atlantic.
4292:
4274:
4260:
4240:
4217:
4196:
4175:
4160:
4139:
4121:
4117:
4093:
4088:
4068:
4047:
4029:
4009:
4004:
3977:
3950:
3928:
3909:
3888:
3868:
3847:
3827:
3814:
3795:
3775:
3755:
3743:
3723:
3702:
3682:
3662:
3642:
3623:
3604:
3584:
3564:
3544:
3520:
3499:
3479:
3466:
3446:
3426:
3407:
3394:
3375:
3355:
3335:
3315:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3251:, p. 50
3244:
3217:
3212:, p. 70
3205:
3193:
3173:, p. 90
3166:
3159:Anouilh 2005
3154:
3149:, p. 46
3142:
3130:
3123:Elliott 2011
3118:
3106:
3094:
3089:, p. 23
3082:
3070:
3058:
3029:
3022:Norgate 1902
3017:
3005:
3000:, p. 22
2993:
2986:Barratt 2007
2981:
2954:
2949:, p. 19
2942:
2937:, p. 15
2930:
2925:, p. 16
2918:
2906:
2894:
2889:, p. 10
2867:
2855:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2787:, p. 75
2780:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2691:, p. 15
2684:
2672:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2496:, p. 31
2489:
2447:
2442:, p. 72
2440:Smedley 1836
2435:
2430:, p. 83
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2310:, p. 42
2308:Carlton 2003
2303:
2291:
2286:, p. 54
2284:Ackroyd 2000
2279:
2274:, p. 40
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2202:, p. 23
2195:
2183:
2171:
2166:, p. 7.
2159:
2154:, p. 13
2147:
2135:
2130:, p. 21
2115:, p. 18
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2055:, p. 65
2053:Vauchez 2000
2048:
2036:
2025:
1984:
1961:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1929:
1917:
1912:, p. 71
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1846:
1834:
1826:the original
1821:
1746:
1738:
1728:
1697:1938 version
1693:Claude Rains
1674:
1664:
1661:Walter Scott
1649:
1634:
1628:
1616:
1613:André Grétry
1606:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1545:, which was
1540:
1537:Jean Anouilh
1522:
1516:
1509:
1465:Frank McLynn
1460:Jim Bradbury
1457:
1449:
1445:
1431:Kate Norgate
1424:
1418:
1413:
1394:
1384:
1367:
1359:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1296:
1272:
1254:
1247:universalist
1238:
1234:
1231:Common Bench
1220:
1181:Chroniclers
1180:
1172:
1149:
1129:
1110:Frederick II
1073:
1060:Tudor period
1051:
1048:common broom
1043:
1040:Plantegenest
1039:
1034:
1014:
999:
980:Prince Louis
971:
961:
959:
952:
926:
921:
914:
902:
882:
858:
776:
759:
725:
663:
645:
642:
635:
614:
590:
535:
498:
468:
456:common broom
439:
436:Plantegenest
435:
430:
414:
407:
403:
399:
396:Kate Norgate
389:
364:
329:Cœur de Lion
321:
310:
308:in 1169–75.
290:King Stephen
255:
247:Plantagenets
175:
173:
95:
92:Current head
58:Parent house
36:
5110:Isle of Man
5057:Ó Domhnaill
5020:Dalcassians
4994:Glendamnach
4949:Dál nAraidi
4924:Síl Conairi
4720:Northumbria
4705:Strathclyde
4650:Plantagenet
4615:Northumbria
4432:. Methuen.
3931:. Pearson.
3906:Holt, J. C.
3752:Flori, Jean
3626:. Pimlico.
3524:. Penguin.
3359:. Methuen.
3338:. Vintage.
3306:Cited works
3285:Potter 1998
3273:Potter 1998
3261:Aberth 2003
3210:Potter 1998
3147:Palmer 2007
3111:McLynn 2007
3087:Turner 1994
3034:Ramsay 1903
2947:Aurell 2003
2935:Aurell 2003
2911:Stubbs 1874
2901:, p. 3
2874:, p. 3
2862:, p. 4
2751:, p. 4
2737:Davies 1990
2701:Warren 2000
2679:, p. 7
2677:Warren 2000
2667:, p. 2
2626:Warren 2000
2592:, p. 2
2590:Warren 1978
2568:, p. 9
2416:Favier 1993
2392:Turner 1994
2332:Davies 1999
2212:Schama 2000
2077:Davies 1999
2067:, p. 7
2041:Davies 1997
2018:Wagner 2001
1922:Harvey 1948
1900:, p. 1
1886:Warren 1991
1851:Aurell 2003
1701:Errol Flynn
1671:Howard Pyle
1656:Elizabethan
1575:Kynge Johan
1551:T. S. Eliot
1368:Magna Carta
1313:, grandson
1255:Magna Carta
1239:Magna Carta
1225:, with the
1223:English law
1021:Plantagenet
1000:Magna Carta
972:Magna Carta
963:Magna Carta
954:Magna Carta
675:the Anarchy
415:Plantagenet
348:Terminology
102:Final ruler
5143:Categories
5051:FitzGerald
4984:Eóganachta
4871:Ó Domhnail
3998:required.)
3947:Jones, Dan
3910:Robin Hood
3798:. Arnold.
3297:Flori 1999
3249:Maley 2010
3063:Flori 1999
2899:White 2000
2809:Flori 1999
2713:Brand 2007
2650:Flori 1999
2638:Flori 1999
2602:White 2000
2467:Jones 2012
2452:Jones 2012
2404:Jones 2012
2380:Jones 2012
2368:Jones 2012
2356:Jones 2012
2344:Jones 2012
2320:Jones 2012
2296:Jones 2012
2260:Jones 2012
2248:Jones 2012
2224:Jones 2012
2164:Grant 2005
2030:Keefe 2008
2004:Plant 2007
1978:required.)
1941:2023-08-12
1874:Power 2007
1802:References
1753:Robin Hood
1681:Robin Hood
1631:Robin Hood
1625:Robin Hood
1436:pipe rolls
1399:Protestant
1391:John Speed
1364:David Hume
1142:of Wales.
1098:– married
968:common law
853:Great Seal
592:White Ship
479:Henry VIII
390:The term "
5128:Somhairle
4999:Raithlind
4964:Uí Briúin
4954:Connachta
4856:Connachta
4836:Dál Riata
4808:Mathrafal
4788:Aberffraw
4770:Somhairle
4660:Lancaster
4630:Knýtlinga
4429:King John
4130:0141-6340
4124:: 57–84.
4038:10023/470
4005:King John
3969:34461523M
3237:Holt 1982
2749:Dyer 2009
1957:"Angevin"
1788:and King
1737:'s opera
1641:J.C. Holt
1592:'s plays
1584:draws on
1581:King John
1570:John Bale
1533:1968 film
1373:John Foxe
1334:John Foxe
984:Henry III
819:dysentery
795:Louis VII
791:rebellion
763:Strongbow
699:divorced
372:Jerusalem
317:Philip II
251:Henry III
223:Richard I
5118:Uí Ímair
5053:(Norman)
5047:(Norman)
5040:Ó Ruairc
5025:Ó Briain
5009:Uí Ímair
4969:Uí Néill
4891:Ó Briain
4861:Uí Néill
4735:Galloway
4730:Uí Ímair
4725:Bernicia
4687:Scotland
4640:Normandy
4620:Uí Ímair
4605:Bernicia
4450:Henry II
4403:(1978).
4239:(2000).
3949:(2012).
3908:(1982).
3754:(1999).
3542:(1958).
3356:Antigone
1760:See also
1553:'s play
1539:'s play
1521:'s play
1393:'s 1632
1286:was the
1156:Melusine
1106:Isabella
922:de facto
811:Geoffrey
787:Mirebeau
771:blessing
745:coregent
728:Theobald
691:Geoffrey
631:Geoffrey
562:Brittany
558:Normandy
550:Ingelger
519:Geoffrey
495:Henry II
444:Geoffrey
425:Henry II
378:and the
298:Geoffrey
274:Touraine
233:through
219:Henry II
217:") were
213:; "from
42:Angevins
5100:Windsor
5090:Hanover
5062:Ó Néill
5011:(Norse)
4989:Chaisil
4944:Cruthin
4939:Osraige
4934:Dáirine
4876:Ó Néill
4823:Ireland
4803:Gwynedd
4798:Dinefwr
4793:Cunedda
4765:Stewart
4755:Balliol
4740:Dunkeld
4655:Angevin
4585:Wuffing
4572:England
4283:2653225
4243:. BBC.
1748:Ivanhoe
1731:Blondel
1666:Ivanhoe
1280:Occitan
1132:Richard
1120:William
1116:Eleanor
1089:in the
1083:Richard
1070:Descent
1026:Gascony
988:Lincoln
917:Eleanor
830:Decline
807:Richard
747:by the
720:William
712:Eustace
670:Stephen
666:Matilda
597:Sibylla
583:Matilda
523:Eleanor
515:Matilda
511:Richard
503:William
485:Origins
460:genista
353:Angevin
324:Richard
239:Henry I
235:Matilda
96:Extinct
82:Founder
72:England
68:Country
5123:Crovan
5080:Stuart
4919:Laigin
4851:Laigin
4841:Érainn
4750:Sverre
4700:Óengus
4695:Fergus
4677:Stuart
4635:Godwin
4625:Wessex
4595:Sussex
4580:Mercia
4508:
4478:
4457:
4436:
4415:
4389:
4357:
4338:
4319:
4300:
4281:
4247:
4225:
4204:
4183:
4147:
4128:
4118:Nomina
4101:
4076:
4055:
4017:
3992:
3967:
3957:
3935:
3916:
3895:
3876:
3855:
3834:
3802:
3783:
3762:
3731:
3710:
3689:
3670:
3649:
3630:
3611:
3592:
3571:
3552:
3528:
3507:
3486:
3454:
3433:
3414:
3382:
3363:
3342:
3323:
1615:wrote
1542:Becket
1529:Chinon
1487:, and
1307:Abbess
1284:French
1235:bailli
1176:knight
1006:Legacy
905:Arthur
783:Loudun
779:Chinon
579:Fulk V
566:Poitou
334:iconic
272:, and
112:Titles
76:France
5045:Burgh
4929:Ulaid
4831:Ulaid
4813:Tudor
4780:Wales
4760:Bruce
4745:Moray
4715:Alpin
4672:Tudor
4645:Blois
4610:Deira
4600:Essex
1972:
1699:with
1292:Latin
992:Dover
625:, or
574:Maine
570:Blois
507:Henry
270:Maine
266:Anjou
215:Anjou
4665:York
4590:Kent
4506:ISBN
4476:ISBN
4455:ISBN
4434:ISBN
4413:ISBN
4387:ISBN
4355:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4279:OCLC
4245:ISBN
4223:ISBN
4202:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4145:ISBN
4126:ISSN
4099:ISBN
4074:ISBN
4053:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3955:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3914:ISBN
3893:ISBN
3874:ISBN
3853:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3800:ISBN
3781:ISBN
3760:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3628:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3590:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3526:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3484:ISBN
3452:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3321:ISBN
1774:and
1568:and
1379:and
1311:Joan
1305:was
1303:aunt
1209:and
1201:and
1193:and
1136:Joan
1096:Joan
1042:(or
990:and
889:mark
838:and
785:and
540:and
531:John
529:and
527:Joan
450:and
438:(or
227:John
225:and
174:The
4525:in
4374:in
4166:in
4034:hdl
3984:doi
3819:in
3471:in
3399:in
1673:'s
1648:'s
1336:'s
851:'s
599:to
462:in
402:or
5145::
4266:72
4122:30
4120:.
4116:.
3965:OL
3963:.
3229:^
3178:^
3041:^
2966:^
2879:^
2840:^
2657:^
2474:^
2459:^
2120:^
2010:^
1996:^
1960:.
1820:.
1809:^
1621:.
1483:,
1479:,
1389:.
1375:,
1189:,
1185:,
1066:.
940:.
781:,
765:.
730:,
633:.
572:,
568:,
564:,
560:,
525:,
521:,
517:,
513:,
509:,
505:,
501:)
446:,
382:.
268:,
194:dʒ
74:,
4556:e
4549:t
4542:v
4514:.
4484:.
4463:.
4442:.
4421:.
4395:.
4363:.
4344:.
4325:.
4306:.
4285:.
4268:.
4253:.
4231:.
4210:.
4189:.
4153:.
4132:.
4107:.
4082:.
4061:.
4040:.
4036::
4023:.
3990:.
3986::
3971:.
3941:.
3922:.
3882:.
3861:.
3840:.
3808:.
3789:.
3768:.
3737:.
3716:.
3695:.
3676:.
3655:.
3636:.
3617:.
3598:.
3577:.
3558:.
3534:.
3513:.
3492:.
3460:.
3439:.
3420:.
3388:.
3369:.
3348:.
3329:.
1970:.
1944:.
1126:.
1112:.
1050:(
707:.
209:/
206:n
203:ɪ
200:v
197:ɪ
191:n
188:æ
185:ˈ
182:/
178:(
34:.
20:)
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